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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2017

Registration No. 333-216239

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 1
to
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization) 7389
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number) 46-0595918
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

115 Perimeter Center Place
Suite 700
Atlanta, GA 30346
(770) 379-2800
(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant's Principal Executive Offices)

J. Douglas Williams
Chief Executive Officer
115 Perimeter Center Place
Suite 700
Atlanta, GA 30346
(770) 379-2800
(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent For Service)

Copies to:
Alexander D. Lynch, Esq. Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP 767 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10153 (212) 310-8000 (Phone) (212) 310-8007 (Fax)	Jonathan Olefson, Esq. Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary 115 Perimeter Center Place Suite 700 Atlanta, GA 30346 (770) 379-2800	Peter M. Labonski, Esq. Keith L. Halverstam, Esq. Latham & Watkins LLP 885 Third Avenue New York, NY 10022 (212) 906-1200 (Phone) (212) 751-4864 (Fax)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

           If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.    o

           If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

           If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

           If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

           Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer ý Smaller reporting company o

           The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

Information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MARCH 6, 2017

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

7,000,000 Shares

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Common Stock

        The selling stockholders named in this prospectus are offering 7,000,000 shares of our common stock. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of common stock to be offered by the selling stockholders. See "Use of Proceeds." Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") under the symbol "COTV." On March 3, 2017, the last sale price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE was $38.00 per share.

        We are an "emerging growth company" as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See "Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company."

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 16 of this prospectus.

	PER SHARE	TOTAL
Public offering price	$	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	$	$
Proceeds to the selling stockholders, before expenses	$	$

⁽¹⁾

We refer you to "Underwriting" beginning on page 145 of this prospectus for additional information regarding underwriter compensation.

        Certain of the selling stockholders named in this prospectus have granted to the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to an additional 1,050,000 shares of common stock from such selling stockholders at the public offering price less underwriting discounts and commissions. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock by the selling stockholders if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

        Delivery of the shares is expected to be made on or about                  , 2017.

Credit Suisse Barclays

Baird	Citigroup	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	J.P. Morgan	Morgan Stanley
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey				William Blair

Leerink Partners

Prospectus dated                  , 2017.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
Prospectus Summary	1
Risk Factors	16
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	51
Use of Proceeds	53
Market Price of Our Common Stock	53
Dividend Policy	54
Capitalization	55
Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data	56
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results Of Operations	58
Business	97
Management	112
Executive and Director Compensation	119
Principal and Selling Stockholders	127
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions	130
Description of Material Indebtedness	132
Description of Capital Stock	136
Shares Eligible for Future Sale	140
Material U.S. Federal Income and Estate Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders	142
Underwriting	145
Legal Matters	150
Experts	150
Where You Can Find More Information	151
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1

          You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may specifically authorize to be delivered or made available to you. Neither we, the selling stockholders nor the underwriters (or any of our or their respective affiliates) have authorized anyone to provide any information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. Neither we, the selling stockholders nor the underwriters (or any of our or their respective affiliates) take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We, the selling stockholders and the underwriters (or any of our or their respective affiliates) are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus and any free writing prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. See "Underwriting." You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any free writing prospectus is only accurate as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or the time of any sale of shares of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Trademarks and Trade Names

          We own or have the rights to use various trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus, including, among others, Cotiviti^SM, Connolly®, iHealth Technologies® and their respective logos. Solely for convenience, we refer to trademarks, service marks and trade names in this prospectus without the TM, SM and ® symbols. Such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent permitted by law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names. Other trademarks, service marks or trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

Market and Industry Information

          Unless otherwise indicated, market data and industry information used throughout this prospectus is based on management's knowledge of the industry and the good faith estimates of management. We also relied, to the extent available, upon management's review of independent industry surveys and publications, other publicly available information prepared by a number of sources, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlantic Information Systems' Directory of Health Plans, the National Retail Federation, the Kaiser Family Foundation Report, SNL Financial and the RAND Corporation. All of the market data and industry information used in this prospectus involves a number of assumptions and limitations. You are cautioned not to give undue weight to such market data, industry information or estimates. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, neither we nor the underwriters can guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information and neither we nor the underwriters have independently verified this information. While we believe the estimated market position, market opportunity and market size information included in this prospectus is generally reliable, such information, which is derived in part from management's estimates and beliefs, is inherently uncertain and imprecise. Projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in "Risk Factors," "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and elsewhere in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in our estimates and beliefs and in the estimates prepared by independent parties.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making a decision to participate in this offering. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, including the information presented under "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and notes related thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to "our company," "we," "us," "our" and "Cotiviti" refer to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Overview

          Cotiviti is a leading provider of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions, focused primarily on the healthcare sector (88% of 2016 revenue). Our integrated solutions help clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. We leverage our robust technology platform, configurable analytics, proprietary information assets and expertise in healthcare reimbursement to help our clients enhance their claims payment accuracy. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies, which resulted in approximately $3.3 billion in savings in 2016. We work with over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicare and Medicaid managed health plans, as well as CMS. We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to over 35 retail clients (12% of 2016 revenue), including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States.

          Timely and accurate healthcare claims processing is critical to the U.S. healthcare system. The administration of healthcare claims is complex and payment inaccuracies can occur for many reasons. Changes in the healthcare industry, such as increasingly complex reimbursement models, increased coding complexity, changing demographics and potential changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (the "Affordable Care Act"), are expected to further increase the need for our solutions. We support healthcare payers in managing the complexities in the claims payment process. Our analytics-driven solutions review claims for accuracy with respect to billing, contract compliance, payment responsibility and clinical appropriateness before and after claims are paid.

          Cotiviti was formed in May 2014 through the merger (the "Connolly iHealth Merger") of Connolly Superholdings, Inc. ("Connolly"), a leader in retrospective payment (post-payment) accuracy solutions for the healthcare and retail sectors, and iHealth Technologies, Inc. ("iHealth Technologies"), a leader in prospective payment (pre-payment) accuracy solutions for the healthcare sector. Through the Connolly iHealth Merger, we significantly broadened our suite of payment accuracy solutions, expanded our client base, enhanced our subject matter expertise and positioned ourselves for significant growth opportunities.

          Our growth strategy for healthcare includes:

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expand within our existing client base by increasing the volume of claims we review with our solutions; expanding utilization across the depth and breadth of our solutions; and cross-selling our prospective and retrospective solutions;

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expand our client base;

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innovate to improve and develop new solutions to expand the scope of our services; and

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pursue opportunistic acquisitions and strategic partnerships in payment accuracy and adjacent markets.

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          As a result of the meaningful savings we deliver to our clients, we have increased our client base and strengthened our long-standing relationships with many of the leading healthcare payers in the United States. In 2016, we generated revenue from six new clients and four cross-sell clients which we believe will drive revenue growth in 2017 and beyond. The average length of our relationships with our ten largest healthcare clients is over ten years. We have also substantially increased the annual savings captured by our healthcare clients over time. As a result, we believe our revenue is highly recurring and we have strong visibility into future revenue.

          We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail market. Retailers process and validate extremely high volumes of transactions with disparate suppliers on varying terms. We work with retail clients in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom to realize their negotiated allowances, concessions, rebates and other incentives associated with merchandise procurement, logistics and other service transactions. In 2016, we generated over $500 million in savings for our retail clients.

          Our track record of consistently delivering value for our clients has enabled strong growth in our revenue and profitability, especially within our core healthcare payer client base. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, our total revenue was $625.2 million, $541.3 million and $441.4 million, respectively. In these same periods, we generated net income (loss) of $48.9 million, $13.9 million and $(25.8) million, respectively, representing 7.8%, 2.6% and (5.9)% of revenue, respectively, and Adjusted EBITDA of $239.7 million, $203.4 million and $172.2 million, respectively, representing 38.3%, 37.6% and 39.0% of revenue, respectively. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, a measure not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), to our net income (loss), see "—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data."

          We operate in two segments, (i) Healthcare and (ii) Global Retail and Other. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide analytics based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions, on a limited basis in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as solutions that improve efficiency and effectiveness of payment networks for a limited number of clients. We derived 88.3%, 86.3% and 81.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, from our Healthcare segment. The remaining 11.7%, 13.7% and 18.4% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were derived from our Global Retail and Other segment.

The Payment Process

          Timely and accurate healthcare claims processing is critical to the U.S. healthcare system. This process is complicated and involves applying specific codes, policies and contracts, cross-referencing disparate data sources and, in many cases, adhering to regulatory requirements. To ensure prompt and accurate claims reimbursement, payers utilize internal processes and systems and third party solutions to review claims and apply analytics throughout the claims payment process. The following graphic represents the healthcare claims payment process.

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          After delivering care, a provider initiates the claims payment process by submitting a claim for reimbursement to the patient's health insurance carrier (Step 1). After the insurance carrier (payer) uses internal and external tools to conform the claim to its claims processing system, it validates that the patient is a member, that the services provided were eligible under the member's benefits and that appropriate prior authorizations were in place. The payer then adjudicates the claim by applying the provider's contract and fee schedule to the claim along with any claim system edits (Step 2). During this adjudication process, the payer uses payment accuracy solutions to perform claim reviews for information discrepancies between the provider's submission and the payer's payment policies. These reviews range in complexity and can be executed by the payer or by third party solutions. After the claim has been adjudicated but before the claim is paid, the payer may utilize the advanced, automated analytical solutions that we provide to review the claim to identify additional discrepancies (Step 3). If the prepayment review identifies a claim inaccuracy, the payer makes the correction and pays the corrected claim (Step 4).

          After payment is made and additional information becomes available, the payer and third party solutions such as Cotiviti's continue to identify, select and evaluate claims for payment accuracy (Step 5). If this retrospective payment review identifies a payment inaccuracy, the payer makes the correction and recovers overpayments through offsets against future claims or by seeking reimbursement from the provider.

Our Solutions

          We apply our analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions at multiple points across the client's claims processing cycle. Our extensive library of complex payment analytics is designed to identify, select and make recommendations for correct application of contracts and coding to meet client payment policies.

          The following is a description of our payment accuracy solutions:

          Prospective Claims Accuracy Solutions.    Our prospective claims accuracy solutions help our healthcare clients identify and address claim discrepancies immediately following claim adjudication and before a claim is paid to a healthcare provider. We help our clients ensure that claims payments meet regulatory, compliance, industry and health plan requirements based on correct coding and clinical guidelines. We customize, configure and integrate our payment policy algorithms to enhance our clients' claims payment systems and automatically and efficiently review our clients' adjudicated claims.

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By directly interfacing with our clients' systems, our solutions analyze claims either in real-time or in batch processes. Our algorithms apply our proprietary library of current payment policies including industry, regulatory and medical specialty coding requirements as well as customized health plan rules. We review claims on a transactional as well as longitudinal basis, evaluating against our accumulated claims data, to make accurate payment policy recommendations. We believe that our differentiated content library, configurable algorithms and other post-adjudication software tools provide our clients with a more thorough and client-specific analysis of claims than other claims adjudication systems, creating more value for our clients. In 2016, our prospective claims accuracy solutions analyzed over $75 billion in claims.

          Retrospective Claims Accuracy Solutions.    Our retrospective claims accuracy solutions help health insurers identify and resolve payment inaccuracies after a claim has been paid to a healthcare provider. These solutions utilize sophisticated analytics and data mining tools to identify potential inaccuracies. Our claim analytics include longitudinal reviews of data to identify discrepancies that may span multiple claims and time periods. Our analytics are configurable to our clients' claims payment processes and enable us to prioritize areas of review based on our clients' operational and financial objectives. If expert validation is required, our claims analysts conduct a deeper review of more complex reimbursement issues. In analyzing claims retrospectively, we leverage additional information sources and broader data sets beyond the claims files, many of which only become accessible post-payment. These data and retrospective analytics enable reviews of a variety of payment accuracy categories, including issues relating to coordination of benefits, member eligibility and provider adherence to complex contract conditions. We also can provide clinical chart validation for our clients, in which our certified clinical and coding specialists review the clinical documentation associated with a claim. Clinical chart validation provides our clients with broader payment accuracy reviews beyond claims files analysis, including more complex clinical appropriateness and payment policies. We believe that our combination of retrospective analytics and clinical and coding expertise provides our clients with more thorough and configurable solutions than they are able to develop on their own, leading to increased savings for our clients. In 2016, our retrospective claims accuracy solutions analyzed over $485 billion in claims.

          Other Services.    Beyond our prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions, we provide analytics and support to our clients in optimizing their operations and enterprise-wide claims payments and trends. These offerings include selective anti-fraud, waste and abuse analytics to identify abnormal patterns in coding and billing practices. We also provide our clients with ongoing surveillance and longitudinal analytics, by reviewing claims submissions and payments across multiple dimensions, including provider, plan-type, procedure and others. In addition, clients engage us for comprehensive claims history analytics to identify necessary areas for direct interaction, as well as to identify policy and program changes that can improve future payment accuracy.

Healthcare Industry Overview

          The market for payment accuracy solutions is large and growing, driven by increasing healthcare costs and payment complexities. From 2004 to 2014, healthcare costs in the United States grew at a 4.8% compounded annual growth rate ("CAGR") to $3.0 trillion and increased 5.8% in 2015 to $3.2 trillion. According to CMS, healthcare costs are expected to continue to grow at an average annual rate of 5.6% through 2025. The introduction of new reimbursement models, the increase in coding complexity and the shift to managed care plans within government healthcare are expected to further increase the complexity of healthcare payments.

          We believe that there is substantial opportunity for continued growth in the payment accuracy solutions market. We estimate that there was over $900 billion in unnecessary or wasteful spending in the U.S. healthcare system in 2016. The U.S. federal government estimates that inaccurate provider claim submissions totaled between 3% and 10% of annual healthcare spend and we estimate that there

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were approximately $170 billion of inaccurate provider claim submissions in 2016. Healthcare payers will continue to invest in payment accuracy solutions in an effort to identify and resolve these inaccurate billings. We estimate that the relevant savings opportunity addressable by our current payment accuracy solutions is approximately $35 billion, for a total addressable market of approximately $5.0 billion. Of this addressable market, approximately 75% of the opportunity is within our existing client base and the balance is new client prospects across the 100 largest health plans.

Cotiviti's potential savings impact and addressable market opportunity

(1)

Source: U.S. National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine and CMS

Our Strengths

          Our operational and financial success is based on the following key strengths:

          Broad suite of specialized solutions.    We offer a broad suite of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions that deliver measurable value to our clients and are highly configurable across provider settings and claim types. Our suite of solutions includes prospective and retrospective analytics that review billing accuracy, contract compliance, payment responsibility and clinical appropriateness. We believe that the breadth of our solutions across multiple points in the claims payment process and the depth of our expertise and capabilities are difficult for any single healthcare payer to replicate.

          Large and expanding library of information and knowledge assets.    Our robust library of information assets includes proprietary algorithms and concepts developed by our research teams over 15 years. We believe that our library of accumulated information and unique knowledge assets is a differentiator that is difficult to replicate by current or potential competitors and provides a competitive advantage. We continuously expand and improve the quality of our library by regularly incorporating new claims data and up-to-date algorithms and concepts. We also have a team of full-time, dedicated, doctors, nurses, claims coders, forensic auditors and other experts focused on developing new proprietary algorithms and analytics assets for our payment accuracy solutions. Additionally, our team of specialists monitors

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hundreds of content sources on medical and payment policy to ensure our algorithms and concepts incorporate the latest standards.

          Advanced and proprietary technology platform and analytics capabilities.    Our advanced proprietary platform and analytics capabilities are the result of significant investment in our technology infrastructure and applications. We are continually developing and improving our scalable technology platform to deliver the speed, integrity and quality necessary for client-specific business solutions. In addition, our focus on analytics, automation and knowledge-sharing allows us to quickly and accurately implement existing algorithms and concepts as well as solutions for newly identified reimbursement discrepancies. We believe that our proprietary technology platform is a key driver of our leading market position.

          Aligned financial model that delivers measureable return.    Our financial performance is directly tied to the savings we deliver to our clients. The majority of our contracts are structured such that we receive a percentage of the savings that we help our clients achieve. We have consistently generated a high return on investment for our clients of approximately 5 to 1 as a result of our aligned financial model. The savings we deliver are incremental to our clients' internal payment accuracy capabilities. As a result, we can provide a substantial contribution to our clients' earnings and create strong alignment and durability in our client relationships. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, our commercial healthcare clients realized approximately $3.2 billion, over $2.5 billion and over $2.0 billion, respectively, in savings using our solutions.

          Long-standing and expanding client relationships.    Our client base includes the largest and most recognized healthcare plan organizations in the United States, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicaid and Medicare managed health plans, as well as CMS. The average length of our relationships with our top ten healthcare clients is over ten years. We also have strong, long-standing relationships with over 35 retail clients, including eight of the ten largest U.S. retailers. We believe our robust client relationships and strong client retention rates reflect a high level of satisfaction with our solutions. Our clients' satisfaction results from how we deliver solutions by configuring our algorithms and analyses to align with their operational, financial and network management priorities.

          Attractive operating model.    We believe we have an attractive operating model due to the recurring nature of our revenue, the scalability of our solutions and the low capital intensity/high free cash flow conversion of our business. Our information asset and technology platform is highly scalable, which allows us to accommodate significant additional transaction volumes with limited incremental costs. We have low capital needs that allow us to generate strong cash flow. Our capital expenditures as a percentage of revenue were 5.6%, 4.2% and 4.3% during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We believe our recurring revenue, combined with our scalable solutions and low capital needs, will continue to contribute to our long-term growth, strong operating margins and flexibility in allocating capital.

          History of innovation.    We have a long history of developing innovative solutions which we continuously incorporate into our suite of offerings. Many of our solutions have been generated as a response to complex client issues. This development process has continually enhanced our solutions, thereby optimizing the value we deliver to our clients over time and allowing us to thrive in an ever-changing and increasingly complex healthcare environment. Our track record of innovation is strengthened by the diverse backgrounds of our clinical and coding specialists who continually and consistently update and develop our content library and analytical algorithms and identify new ways to accelerate our value creation for our clients.

          Experienced management team with a track record of performance.    Our leadership team brings extensive and relevant expertise in the payment accuracy market. Our management has a proven track

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record in adapting to clients' needs and developing innovative analytical solutions to drive growth and profitability.

Our Growth Strategies

          We believe we are well positioned to benefit from the expected growth in claims processing complexity and healthcare spend, which we expect will drive continued demand for payment accuracy solutions among healthcare payers. Our strategies for achieving growth include:

          Expand within our existing client base.    We have significant opportunities to expand our business within our existing client base through the following strategies:

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Increase the volume of claims reviewed by our solutions.  When our clients initially implement our solutions, they typically start by having us review a subset of their claims. As we demonstrate success and deliver value, our clients often increase the volume of claims we review. We have significant opportunities to evaluate additional claim types, plan types, geographic regions and/or provider settings.

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Expand the utilization of our solutions.  When our clients initially implement our solutions, they typically start with a subset of our algorithms and analytical tools. As we demonstrate success and deliver value, our clients often expand the utilization of our algorithms and analytical tools. The opportunity to expand the utilization of our solutions is significant.

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Cross-sell between prospective and retrospective solutions.  We believe we have a significant opportunity to further cross-sell our solutions to existing clients as we have cross-sell opportunities across more than half of our healthcare client base. We continue to actively engage with existing clients to cross-sell our solutions. In 2016, we generated revenue from four successful cross-sells with existing clients.

          Expand our client base.    There is a significant opportunity to increase our client base of healthcare payers by targeting new relationships. The top 100 healthcare payers that are not our existing clients made approximately $240 billion in payments in 2016. We are pursuing these healthcare payers as potential new clients by leveraging our proven value proposition, leadership position, track record of performance and the strong references provided by our diversified client base of leading health plans. The addition of new clients creates revenue growth opportunities for future periods. In 2016, we generated revenue from six new healthcare clients.

          Continue to innovate.    We plan to enhance our existing solutions by developing new concepts and analytical algorithms and improving our information assets to allow us to expand our value creation for our clients. We also plan to continue to improve our processes and upgrade our technology infrastructure to improve the efficiency with which we deliver our solutions. Additionally, we will continue to monitor the evolution of the healthcare environment and develop new solutions in anticipation of increasing complexity in reimbursement models to supplement our core payment accuracy solutions.

          Selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic partnerships.    We plan to selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic partnerships to (i) accelerate the pace of innovation and expansion of our core solutions, (ii) provide cross-sell opportunities, (iii) offer complementary data, technologies or industry expertise to our existing analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions or (iv) expand our addressable market beyond payment accuracy to address other dimensions of healthcare waste, potentially including missed prevention opportunities, inefficiently delivered services, excessive administrative costs and unnecessary services. We have a successful track record of identifying, acquiring and integrating high-quality solutions providers that complement and enhance the value of our existing solutions.

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Our Initial Public Offering

          On May 25, 2016, we priced our initial public offering ("IPO") of 12,500,000 shares of our common stock. On May 26, 2016, our common stock began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "COTV." In addition, on June 29, 2016, the underwriters of our IPO exercised their option to purchase an additional 436,038 shares of common stock from us. As a result, 12,936,038 shares of common stock were issued and sold at a price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds from our IPO (including the exercise of the underwriters' option) of $227.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $18.9 million. We used the net proceeds from our IPO to repay a portion of our outstanding borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility (as defined below) and the remainder for working capital.

Our Refinancing

          On September 28, 2016, our subsidiary Cotiviti Corporation and certain other of our subsidiaries entered into an Amended and Restated First Lien Credit Agreement ("Restated Credit Agreement") pursuant to which the lenders party thereto agreed to provide first lien credit facilities ("First Lien Credit Facilities") consisting of (a) first lien term A loans (the "First Lien Term A Loans") in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, (b) first lien term B loans (the "First Lien Term B Loans") in the original principal amount of $550.0 million (together with the First Lien Term A Loans, the "First Lien Term Loans") and (c) a $100.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolver"). In connection with entering into the Restated Credit Agreement, we refinanced our outstanding first lien credit facilities (the "Initial First Lien Credit Facilities") and second lien credit facility (the "Initial Second Lien Credit Facility" and together with the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, the "Initial Secured Credit Facilities").

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

          As a company with less than $1.0 billion in gross revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act"). An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other regulatory requirements for up to five years that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, among other matters:

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requirement to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations;

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exemption from the auditor attestation requirement on the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act");

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exemption from the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards until they would apply to private companies;

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exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer;

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an exemption from the requirement to seek non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute arrangements; and

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reduced disclosure about executive compensation arrangements.

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          We will remain an emerging growth company until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO unless, prior to that time, we have more than $1.0 billion in annual gross revenue, have a market value for our common stock held by non-affiliates of more than $700 million as of the last day of our second fiscal quarter of the fiscal year and a determination is made that we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period, whether or not issued in a registered offering. We have availed ourselves of the reduced reporting obligations with respect to audited financial statements and related Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and executive compensation disclosure in this prospectus, and expect to continue to avail ourselves of the reduced reporting obligations available to emerging growth companies in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

          In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") for complying with new or revised accounting standards. An emerging growth company can, therefore, delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, we are choosing to "opt out" of that extended transition period and, as a result, we plan to comply with new and revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of those standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

          As a result of our decision to avail ourselves of certain provisions of the JOBS Act, the information that we provide may be different than what you may receive from other public companies in which you hold an equity interest. In addition, it is possible that some investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result of our elections, which may cause a less active trading market for our common stock and more volatility in our stock price.

Risks Associated with Our Business

          Investing in our common stock involves a number of risks. These risks represent challenges to the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. Some of these risks are:

•

Our business and future growth depend on our ability to successfully expand the scope of claims reviewed for, and cross-sell additional solutions to, our existing client base.

•

Internal improvements to healthcare claims and retail billing processes by our clients could reduce the need for, or revenue generated by, our solutions.

•

Healthcare spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare delivery and reimbursement system, programmatic changes to the scope of benefits and limitations to payment integrity initiatives could reduce the need for and the price of our solutions.

•

We may be materially adversely affected if our clients do not renew their agreements with us, renew at lower performance fee levels, choose to reduce the number of claims reviewed by our solutions, or prematurely terminate their agreements with us, and we are unable to replace any related lost revenue.

•

If we are unable to develop new client relationships, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•

We may face system interruptions or failures, including cyber-security breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information.

9

•

We may be adversely affected if we fail to innovate and develop new solutions for our clients or if any such solutions are not adopted by existing and potential clients.

•

Any failure to comply with current and future regulatory requirements, including applicable privacy, security and data laws, regulations and standards, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•

We face significant competition for our solutions and we expect competition to increase.

•

Our outstanding indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition.

•

We are controlled by Advent (as defined below), whose interests may differ from those of our public stockholders.

•

We have elected to take advantage of the "controlled company" exemption to the corporate governance rules for publicly-listed companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.

          For a discussion of these and other risks you should consider before making an investment in our common stock, see the section entitled "Risk Factors."

Our Private Equity Sponsor

          Founded in 1984, Advent International Corporation ("Advent") has invested in more than 315 private equity transactions in 40 countries and, as of September 30, 2016, had $42 billion in assets under management. With offices on four continents, the Advent team includes more than 190 investment professionals across North America, Europe, Latin America and Asia. Advent focuses on investments in five core sectors, including business and financial services; healthcare; industrial; retail, consumer and leisure; and technology, media and telecom.

          Following the closing of this offering, funds managed by Advent (the "Advent Funds") are expected to own approximately 58.3% of our outstanding common stock, or 57.4%, if the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares is fully exercised. As a result, Advent will be able to exercise significant voting influence over fundamental and significant corporate matters and transactions. See "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to This Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock" and "Principal and Selling Stockholders."

Corporate Information

          We were incorporated in Delaware on June 4, 2012, under the name "Husky-C&W Superholdings, Inc." On July 26, 2012, we changed our name to "Strident Superholding, Inc." and on January 28, 2014, we changed our name to "Connolly Superholdings, Inc." On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies, resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger, and on September 24, 2015, we changed our name to "Cotiviti Holdings, Inc." Our principal executive offices are located at 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700 Atlanta, GA 30346, and our telephone number is (770) 379-2800. Our corporate website address is www.cotiviti.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, the website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and is not considered part of, this prospectus. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our common stock.

10

THE OFFERING

Common stock offered by the selling stockholders	7,000,000 shares of common stock (8,050,000 shares if the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full).
Option to purchase additional shares of common stock	The underwriters have an option to purchase an additional 1,050,000 shares of common stock from the selling stockholders. The underwriters can exercise this option at any time within 30 days from the date of this prospectus.
Use of proceeds	We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders. See "Use of Proceeds."
Dividend policy	We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future; however, we may change this policy in the future. See "Dividend Policy."
Controlled company exemption	After completion of this offering, we will continue to be considered a "controlled company" for the purposes of the NYSE listing requirements. See "Management—Director Independence and Controlled Company Exemption."
Risk factors	Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See the "Risk Factors" section of this prospectus beginning on page 16 for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to purchase shares of our common stock.
Listing	Our shares are listed on the NYSE under the symbol "COTV."

          Except as otherwise indicated, the number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 90,741,340 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and:

•

excludes an aggregate of 6,064,667 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of 5,997,372 issued and outstanding stock options and the vesting of 67,295 issued and outstanding restricted stock units ("RSUs"); and

•

excludes an aggregate of 5,277,451 shares of common stock that will be available for future equity awards under our Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan") and our Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Incentive Equity Plan (the "2016 Plan" and together with the 2012 Plan, the "Equity Plans").

          Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase from the selling stockholders up to 1,050,000 additional shares of our common stock.

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SUMMARY HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

          The following tables set forth our summary historical consolidated financial and other data for the periods as of the dates indicated. We derived the summary consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 from the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

          On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies, resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. The results of operations of iHealth Technologies have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of and since the date of the Connolly iHealth Merger. As a result, the consolidated financial statements that include periods prior to such date are not comparable to subsequent periods. For further details, see Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

          Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. You should read the information set forth below together with "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Capitalization" and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

		Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)		2016		2015		2014
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343	$	441,372
Cost of revenue		251,768		204,617		179,088
Selling, general and administrative expenses		156,684		136,745		92,537
Depreciation and amortization		80,969		74,162		59,771
Transaction-related expenses		1,788		1,469		5,745
Impairment of intangible assets		—		27,826		74,034
Operating income		133,953		96,524		30,197
Other expense (income)		64,131		68,819		72,826
Income tax expense (benefit)		20,970		14,401		(16,804)
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		—		(559)		—
Net income (loss)	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825)
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.18	$	(0.40)
Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.18	$	(0.40)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		85,053,890		77,216,133		65,253,954
Diluted		88,578,192		77,641,388		65,253,954
Statement of Cash Flow Data:
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	189,171	$	63,154	$	95,728
Investing activities		(34,032)		(22,581)		(1,091,520)
Financing activities		(193,275)		(8,976)		1,025,872
Other Data:
Operating margin(1)		21.4%		17.8%		6.8%
Adjusted EBITDA(2)	$	239,664	$	203,380	$	172,239

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		As of December 31, 2016
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	110,635
Total assets		2,002,263
Total long-term debt(3)		780,202
Total liabilities		1,062,927
Working capital		31,037
Total stockholders' equity		939,336

⁽¹⁾

Represents operating income as a percentage of net revenue.

⁽²⁾

We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. To supplement this information, we also use Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, in this prospectus. Adjusted EBITDA represents net income (loss) before depreciation and amortization, impairment of intangible assets, interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense such as foreign currency translation, income tax expense (benefit), gain on discontinued operations, transaction-related expenses and other, stock-based compensation and loss on extinguishment of debt. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information regarding these adjustments. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it provides meaningful supplemental information about our operating performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons without regard to our financing methods, capital structure or other items that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing operating performance. By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, management believes we are enhancing investors' understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. In addition, the determination of Adjusted EBITDA is consistent with the definition of a similar measure in our First Lien Credit Facilities other than adjustments for severance costs and non-income based taxes permitted by the First Lien Credit Facilities but not considered by management in evaluating our performance using Adjusted EBITDA.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to operating income (loss), net income (loss), earnings per share or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP as measures of operating performance or operating cash flows or as measures of liquidity. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by these items. Adjusted EBITDA is included in this prospectus because it is a key metric used by management to assess our operating performance.

Although Adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily a measure of liquidity or our ability to fund our operations, we understand that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties as a supplemental measure of financial performance within our industry.

Adjusted EBITDA has important limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

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•

although depreciation is a non-cash charge, the assets being depreciated will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of stock-based compensation upon our results of operations;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our income tax expense (benefit) or the cash requirements to pay our income taxes; and

•

other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.


In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation.

          The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods presented:

		Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)		2016			2015			2014
Net income (loss)	$	48,852		$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Depreciation and amortization		80,969			74,162			59,771
Impairment of intangible assets(a)		—			27,826			74,034
Interest expense		48,653			65,561			51,717
Other non-operating (income) expense(b)		(939	)		(826	)		(415	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		20,970			14,401			(16,804	)
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax(c)		—			(559	)		—
Transaction-related expenses and other(d)		1,788			1,469			5,745
Stock-based compensation(e)		22,954			3,399			2,492
Loss on extinguishment of debt(f)		16,417			4,084			21,524
Adjusted EBITDA	$	239,664		$	203,380		$	172,239

^(a)

Represents a $27,826 impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of our rebranding and the related impact to our trademarks. Also represents a $74,034 impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the change in estimated fair value of our customer relationship intangible asset related to our Medicare RAC contract. Refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further discussion.

^(b)

Represents other non-operating (income) expense that consists primarily of gains and losses on transactions settled in foreign currencies. Income received for certain sub-leases is included herein.

^(c)

Represents payment on a $900 note receivable ($559 net of taxes) related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. This note receivable had been reported in the loss on discontinued operations in 2012 upon the sale of that business. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain.

^(d)

Represents transaction-related expenses that consist primarily of professional services associated with the Connolly iHealth Merger in 2014, certain expenses associated with the

14

preparation for our IPO and other offering costs as well as certain corporate development activity in 2015 and 2016.

^(e)

Represents expense related to stock-based compensation awards granted to certain employees, officers and non-employee directors as long-term incentive compensation. We recognize the related expense for these awards ratably over the vesting period. During the year ended December 31, 2016, performance awards vested resulting in stock compensation expense of $15,898.

^(f)

Represents loss on extinguishment of debt that consists primarily of fees paid and write-offs of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount in connection with the refinancings of our long-term debt in 2014, the repricing of our long-term debt in 2015, the early repayment of a portion of our long-term debt in 2016 and the refinancing of our long-term debt in 2016.

⁽³⁾

Includes the current portion of our long-term debt and is net of debt issuance costs.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following risks and all of the information in this prospectus, including our historical financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus, before purchasing our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, perhaps significantly and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our business and future growth depend on our ability to successfully expand the scope of claims reviewed for, and cross-sell additional solutions to, our existing client base.

          We expect a significant portion of our future revenue growth to come from expanding the scope of claims we review for, and cross-selling additional solutions to, our existing clients. Our efforts to do so may not be successful. If we are unable to successfully expand the scope of payments reviewed by our solutions for or cross-sell additional solutions to our existing clients, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Internal improvements to healthcare claims and retail billing processes by our clients could reduce the need for, and revenue generated by, our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We provide solutions that help our clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex environment. If our clients improve their healthcare claims and retail billing processes, demand for our solutions could be reduced. Since most of our contracts are performance fee-based, enhancement of client internal billing processes could reduce the revenue generated by our solutions. With enough time and investment, many of our clients may be able to reduce or resolve recurring payment process complexities and resulting payment inaccuracies. In addition, many of our clients also utilize third party or internal technology, systems and personnel that review transactions before we do, all of which are constantly updated and improved. As the skills, experience and resources of such technology, systems and personnel improve, they may be able to identify payment inaccuracies before using our solutions, which would reduce the payment inaccuracies identified by our solutions and our ability to generate related revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Healthcare spending fluctuations, simplification of the healthcare delivery and reimbursement system, programmatic changes to the scope of benefits and limitations to payment integrity initiatives could reduce the need for and the price of our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our solutions improve our clients' ability to accurately pay healthcare claims and prevent or recover inaccurate payments, which often are a result of complexities in the healthcare claims payment system. Although the healthcare benefit and payment system continues to grow in complexity due to factors such as increased regulation and increased healthcare enrollment, the need for our solutions, the price clients are willing to pay for them and/or the scope and profitability of the solutions that we provide to our clients could be negatively affected by, among other things:

•

simplification of the U.S. healthcare delivery and reimbursement systems, either through shifts in the commercial healthcare marketplace or through legislative or regulatory changes at the federal or state level;

16

•

reductions in the scope of private sector or government healthcare benefits (for example, decisions to eliminate coverage of certain services) or the possible repeal or restructuring of the Affordable care Act;

•

the transition of healthcare beneficiaries from fee-for-service plans to value-based plans;

•

the adoption of healthcare plans with significantly higher deductibles;

•

limits placed on payment integrity initiatives, including the Medicare RAC program; and

•

lower than projected growth in private health insurance or the various Medicare and Medicaid programs, including Medicare Advantage.

          Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our existing clients do not renew their agreements with us, renew at lower performance fee levels, choose to reduce the number of claims reviewed by our solutions, or prematurely terminate their agreement with us, and we are unable to replace any related lost revenue, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

          We historically have derived, and expect in the future to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from our existing clients and, accordingly, we are reliant on ongoing renewals of our agreements with existing clients. As a result, maintaining a high renewal rate is critical to our future growth and our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may experience significantly more difficulty than we anticipate in renewing our existing client agreements. Factors that may affect the renewal rate for our services and our ability to sell additional solutions include:

•

the price, performance and functionality of our solutions;

•

the availability, price, performance and functionality of competing solutions;

•

our clients' perceived ability to review claims accurately using their internal resources;

•

our ability to develop complementary solutions;

•

our continued ability to access the data necessary to enable us to effectively develop and deliver new solutions to clients;

•

the stability and security of our platform;

•

changes in healthcare laws, regulations or trends; and

•

the business environment of our clients.

          Contracts with our clients generally have stated terms of one to five years. Our clients have no obligation to renew their contracts for our services after the term expires. In addition, our clients may negotiate terms less advantageous to us upon renewal, may renew with a reduced scope of services, may choose to discontinue one or more services under an existing contract, may exercise flexibilities within their contracts to adjust service volumes, or may terminate the agreement prior to its contracted completion date, if any, which could reduce our revenue from these clients. If our clients fail to renew their agreements, renew their agreements upon less favorable terms, at lower performance fee levels or for fewer services, fail to purchase new services from us, or terminate their agreements with us, and we are unsuccessful in generating significant revenue from new or other existing clients to replace any lost revenue, our growth may be constrained and our revenue may decline which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

17

If we are unable to develop new client relationships, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          As part of our strategy, we seek to develop new client relationships, principally among healthcare payers. Our ability to develop new relationships depends on a variety of factors, including the quality and performance of our solutions, as well as the ability to market and sell our solutions effectively and differentiate ourselves from our competitors. We may not be successful in developing new client relationships. If we are unable to develop new client relationships, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have long sales and implementation cycles for many of our solutions and if we fail to close sales after expending time and resources on the sales process, or if we experience delays in implementing the solutions we sell, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Potential clients generally perform a thorough evaluation of available payment accuracy solutions and require us to expend time, effort and money educating them as to the value of our solutions prior to entering into a contract with them. We may expend significant funds and management resources during the sales cycle and ultimately fail to close the sale. Our sales cycle may be extended due to our clients' budgetary constraints or for other reasons. In addition, following a successful sale, the implementation of our systems frequently involves a lengthy process, as we integrate our technology with the new client's technology and learn the new client's business, operations and billing processes and preferences. If we are unsuccessful in closing sales after expending funds and management resources or if we experience delays in such sales or in implementing our solutions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

System interruptions or failures could expose us to liability and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our data and operations centers are essential to our business, which depends on our ability to maintain and protect our information systems. In addition, our operations are spread across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and India and we rely heavily on technology to communicate internally and efficiently perform our services. We have implemented measures that are designed to mitigate the potential adverse effects of a disruption, relocation or change in operating environment; however, we cannot provide assurance that the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage that we maintain will be adequate in any particular case. In addition, despite system redundancy and security measures, our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other sources:

•

power loss, transmission cable cuts and telecommunications failures;

•

damage or interruption caused by fire, earthquake and other natural disasters;

•

attacks by hackers or nefarious actors;

•

human error;

•

computer viruses and other malware, or software defects; and

•

physical break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, terrorist attacks and other events beyond our control.

          If we encounter a business interruption, if we fail to effectively maintain our information systems, if it takes longer than we anticipate to complete required upgrades, enhancements or integrations or if our business continuity plans and business interruption insurance do not effectively compensate on a timely basis, we could suffer operational disruptions, disputes with clients, civil or criminal penalties, regulatory problems, increases in administrative expenses, loss of our ability to produce timely and

18

accurate financial and other reports or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to innovate and develop new solutions, or if these new solutions are not adopted by existing and potential clients, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our results of operations and continued growth will depend on our ability to successfully develop and market new solutions that our existing and potential clients are willing to adopt. We cannot provide assurance that our new or modified solutions will be responsive to client preferences or industry changes, or that the product and service development initiatives we prioritize will yield the gains that we anticipate, if any.

          If we are unable to predict market preferences or if our industry changes, or if we are unable to modify our solutions on a timely basis, we may lose clients or fail to attract new clients. If existing clients are not willing to adopt new solutions, or if potential clients do not value such new solutions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We obtain and process a large amount of sensitive data. Our systems and networks may be subject to cyber-security breaches and other disruptions that could compromise our information. Any real or perceived improper use of, disclosure of, or access to such data could harm our reputation as a trusted brand, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We use, obtain and process large amounts of confidential, sensitive and proprietary data, including protected health information ("PHI") subject to regulation under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (the "HITECH Act," and together with their implemented federal regulations, including the Final Omnibus Privacy, Security, Breach Notification and Enforcement Rules (the "Omnibus Final Rule"), ("HIPAA")), and personally identifiable information ("PII") subject to state and federal privacy, security and breach notification laws. The secure processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. We face risks associated with new personnel, as well as with new processes and technologies which are implemented from time to time to augment our security and privacy management programs. Our databases and systems, as well as those of our third party vendors, have been, and likely will continue to be, subject to computer viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access attempts, denial of service attacks, phishing and other cyber attacks. To date, we have seen no material impact on our business or operations from these attacks, however, we cannot guarantee that our security efforts or the security efforts of our third party vendors will prevent breaches or breakdowns to our or their databases or systems. If our security measures or those of the third party vendors we use who have access to this information are inadequate or are breached as a result of third party action, employee error, malfeasance, malware, phishing, hacking attacks, system error, trickery or otherwise, and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to sensitive information, including PHI and PII, on our systems or our providers' systems, our reputation and business could be damaged. We cannot guarantee that our security efforts will prevent breaches or breakdowns to our or our third party vendors' databases or systems. The occurrence of any of these events could cause our solutions to be perceived as vulnerable, cause our clients to lose confidence in our solutions, negatively affect our ability to attract new clients and cause existing clients to terminate or not renew their use of our services and solutions. If the information is lost, improperly disclosed or threatened to be disclosed, we could incur significant liability and be subject to regulatory scrutiny and penalties. Furthermore, we could be forced to expend significant resources in response to a security breach, including investigating the cause of the breach, repairing system damage, increasing cyber-security protection costs by deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, notifying and

19

providing credit monitoring to affected individuals, paying regulatory fines and litigating and resolving legal claims and regulatory actions, all of which could increase our expenses and divert the attention of our management and key personnel away from our business operations.

          In addition, if our own confidential business information were improperly disclosed, our business could be materially adversely affected. A core aspect of our business is the reliability and security of our technology platform. Any perceived or actual breach of security could have a significant impact on our reputation as a trusted brand, cause us to lose existing clients, prevent us from obtaining new clients, require us to expend significant funds to remedy problems caused by breaches and to implement measures to prevent further breaches, and expose us to legal risk and potential liability. Any security breach at a third party vendor providing services to us could have similar effects. Any breach or disruption of any systems or networks on which we rely could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of our activities present the potential for identity theft or similar illegal behavior by our employees or contractors with respect to third parties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our solutions involve the use and disclosure of personal information that in some cases could be used to impersonate third parties or otherwise improperly gain access to their data or funds. If any of our employees or contractors take, convert or misuse such information, or we experience a data breach creating a risk of identity theft, we could be liable for damages and our business reputation could be damaged. In addition, we could be perceived to have facilitated or participated in illegal misappropriation of documents or data and, therefore, be subject to civil or criminal liability. Federal and state regulators may take the position that a data breach or misdirection of data constitutes an unfair or deceptive act or trade practice. We also may be required to notify individuals affected by any data breaches. Further, a data breach or similar incident could impact the ability of our clients that are creditors to comply with the federal "red flags" rules, which require the implementation of identity theft prevention programs to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with client accounts, which could be costly to our clients and to us. If data utilized in our solutions are misappropriated for the purposes of identity theft or similar illegal behavior, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with applicable privacy, security and data laws, regulations and standards, including with respect to third party service providers that utilize sensitive personal information on our behalf, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

          In order to provide our services and solutions, we often receive, process, transmit and store PHI and PII of individuals, as well as other financial, confidential and proprietary information belonging to our clients and third parties (e.g., private insurance companies, financial institutions, etc.). The receipt, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure and disposal of this information is regulated at the federal, state, international and industry levels. We are also obligated under our contractual requirements with customers, who are themselves subject to extensive regulatory obligations and oversight. These laws, rules and requirements are subject to frequent change. Compliance with new privacy and security laws, regulations and requirements may result in increased operating costs and may constrain or require us to alter our business model or operations. For example, as a result of the Omnibus Final Rule promulgated in 2013 pursuant the HITECH Act, we became subject to direct federal regulations under HIPAA, which provides for governmental investigations, audits, enforcement actions and penalties.

          HIPAA establishes privacy and security standards that limit our use and disclosure of PHI and requires us to implement administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of PHI, as well as notify our covered entity customers of breaches of

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unsecured PHI and security incidents. HIPAA also imposes direct penalties on us for violations of its requirements. In addition to HIPAA, we are subject to varying state laws governing the use and disclosure of PII, including medical record information, as well as state laws requiring notification in case of a breach of such information. The Omnibus Final Rule significantly increased the risk of liability to us and our business associate subcontractors both by making us directly subject to many of HIPAA's requirements and by broadening the breach notification standard to make more incidents of inadvertent disclosure reportable and subject to penalties.

          We act as a HIPAA "business associate" to our covered entity customers because we collect, use, disclose and maintain PHI in order to provide services to these customers. HIPAA requires us to enter into satisfactory written business associate agreements with our covered entity customers, which contain specified written assurances that we will safeguard PHI that we create or access and will fulfill other material obligations. Under the Omnibus Final Rule, we may be held directly liable under our business associate agreements and HIPAA for any violations of HIPAA. Therefore, we could face liability to our customers under our contracts with them as well as liability to the government under HIPAA if we do not comply with our business associate obligations and those provisions of HIPAA that are applicable to us. While we take measures to comply with applicable laws and regulations as well as our own internally disseminated privacy and security policies, such laws, regulations and related legal standards for privacy and security continue to evolve and any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards may result in threatened or actual proceedings, actions and public statements against us by government entities, private parties, consumer advocacy groups or others, or could cause us to lose clients, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The penalties for a violation of HIPAA are significant and, if imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we have included protections in our contracts with our third party service providers, as required by the Omnibus Final Rule, we have limited oversight or control over their actions and practices. In addition, we could also be exposed to data breach risk if there is unauthorized access to one of our or our subcontractors' facilities or servers, or from lost or stolen laptops or other portable media, current or former employee theft of data containing PHI, misdirected mailings containing PHI, or other forms of administrative or operational error. HHS (as defined below) is currently conducting audits to assess HIPAA compliance efforts by covered entities and business associates and is authorized to establish a permanent program for future audits. An audit of us or our business associate subcontractors resulting in findings or allegations of noncompliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

          Noncompliance or findings of noncompliance with applicable laws, regulations or requirements, or the occurrence of any privacy or security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive personal information, whether by us or by one of our third party service providers, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business, including, among other consequences, mandatory disclosure to the media, public and regulators, loss of existing or new customers, significant increases in the cost of managing and remediating privacy or security incidents and material fines, penalties and litigation awards, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. Further, if such laws and regulations are not enforced equally against other competitors in a particular market, our compliance with such laws may put us at a competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis competitors who do not comply with such requirements.

          We have clients throughout all 50 states and our solutions may contain healthcare information of patients located across all 50 states. Therefore, we may be subject to state privacy laws, which vary from state to state and, in some cases, can impose more restrictive requirements than federal law. Where state laws are more protective, we have to comply with the stricter provisions. In addition to fines and penalties imposed upon violators, some of these state laws also afford private rights of action

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to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused. California's patient privacy laws, for example, provide for penalties of up to $250,000 and permit injured parties to sue for damages. The interplay of federal and state laws may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us and our clients and potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. Further, as regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase and laws and regulations concerning the protection of personal information expand and become more complex, these potential risks to our business could intensify. Changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data, such as PHI or PII, along with increased customer demands for enhanced data security infrastructure, could greatly increase our cost of providing our services, decrease demand for our services, reduce our revenue and/or subject us to additional liabilities.

          The following legal and regulatory developments also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations:

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amendment, enactment, or interpretation of laws and regulations that restrict the access and use of personal information and reduce the supply of data available to clients;

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changes in cultural and consumer attitudes to favor further restrictions on information collection and sharing, which may lead to regulations that prevent full utilization of our solutions;

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failure of our solutions to comply with current laws and regulations; and

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failure of our solutions to adapt to changes in the regulatory environment in an efficient, cost-effective manner.

Changes in the United States healthcare environment, or in laws relating to healthcare programs and policies, and steps we take in anticipation of such changes, particularly as they relate to the Affordable Care Act and Medicare and Medicaid programs, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The healthcare industry in the United States is subject to a multitude of changing political, economic and regulatory influences that affect every aspect of our healthcare system. The Affordable Care Act made major changes in how healthcare is delivered and reimbursed, and generally increased access to health insurance benefits to the uninsured and underinsured population of the United States. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act increased the number of individuals with Medicaid and private insurance coverage, implemented reimbursement policies that tie payment to quality, facilitated the creation of accountable care organizations that may use capitation and other alternative payment methodologies, strengthened enforcement of fraud and abuse laws and encouraged the use of information technology. However, many of these changes require implementing regulations which have not yet been drafted or have been released only as proposed rules. Moreover, it is possible that the Affordable Care Act will be repealed or restructured, or that implementation will be suspended under the current administration. Until the Affordable Care Act is fully implemented, or there is more certainty concerning the future of the Affordable Care Act, it will be difficult to predict its full impact and influence on the healthcare industry. In addition, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives to contain healthcare costs, reduce federal and state government spending on healthcare products and services and limit or restrict the scope of the Medicare RAC program and other program integrity initiatives.

          We have made and intend to continue to make investments in personnel, infrastructure and product development, as well as in the overall expansion of the services that we offer to support existing and new clients as they implement the requirements of the Affordable Care Act. However, future changes to the Affordable Care Act and to the Medicare and Medicaid programs and other

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federal or state healthcare reform measures may lower reimbursement rates, establish new payment models, increase or decrease government involvement in healthcare, decrease the Medicare RAC program and otherwise change the operating environment for us and our clients. There have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to, or possibly repeal or restructure of the Affordable Care Act in the future. On January 12, 2017, Congress voted in favor of a budget resolution to produce legislation that, if passed, would repeal certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. Congress is also considering subsequent legislation to replace or repeal elements of or all of the Affordable Care Act. In addition, there have been recent public announcements by members of Congress and the new presidential administration regarding potential plans to repeal and replace all or a portion of the Affordable Care Act. If efforts to waive, modify, restructure or otherwise change or repeal the Affordable Care Act, in whole or in part, are successful, if we are unable to adapt our solutions to meet changing requirements or expand service delivery into new areas, or the demand for our solutions is reduced as a result of healthcare organizations' reactions to changed circumstances and financial pressures, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Healthcare organizations may react to such changed circumstances and financial pressures, including those surrounding the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, by taking actions such as curtailing or deferring their retention of service providers like us, which could reduce the demand for our solutions and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from a limited number of clients, and the loss of one or more of these clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We generate a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of large clients. Our first-, second- and third-largest clients accounted for approximately 15%, 11% and 8% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. In addition, our ten largest clients, in the aggregate, accounted for approximately 59% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. The engagement between these clients and us generally is covered through a master services agreement with multiple separate statements of work, each with different and/or staggered terms, generally ranging from one to three years. In addition, we also rely on our reputation and recommendations from key clients to promote our solutions to potential new clients. Accordingly, if any of these clients fail to renew or terminate their existing contracts or their statements of work with us, or cease to provide us with statements of work under existing master services agreements, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Consolidation among healthcare payers or retailers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The healthcare and retail industries have recently undergone significant consolidation and further consolidation could occur in the future. When companies consolidate, services provided by more than one provider may be consolidated and purchased from a single provider or they may renegotiate or not renew their existing contractual arrangements, which could lead to the loss of a client. Overlapping services that were previously purchased separately typically are purchased only once by the combined entity, resulting in loss of revenue for the service provider. If our clients merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our clients, they may discontinue their use of our services or renegotiate the terms of our agreements. In addition, if an existing client of ours merges with or is acquired by a company that does not use payment accuracy solutions, we could lose our existing client, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The healthcare payment accuracy market is relatively new and unpenetrated, and if it does not develop or if it develops more slowly than we expect, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The healthcare payment accuracy market is relatively new and the overall market opportunity remains relatively unpenetrated. It is uncertain whether the healthcare payment accuracy market will achieve and sustain high levels of demand, client acceptance and market adoption. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of our clients to use, and to increase the frequency and extent of their utilization of, our solutions, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of payment accuracy solutions to healthcare payers and government agencies. If our clients do not perceive the benefits of our solutions, then our market may not continue to develop, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. If any of these events occurs, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative publicity concerning the healthcare payment accuracy industry or patient confidentiality and privacy could limit the future growth of the healthcare payment accuracy market.

          Our payment accuracy solutions help prevent and recover improper payments made to healthcare providers. As a result, healthcare providers and others have criticized the healthcare payment accuracy industry and have hired lobbyists to discredit the reported success that payment accuracy solutions have had in improving the accuracy of payments. Further, negative publicity regarding patient confidentiality and privacy could limit market acceptance of our healthcare solutions. Many consumer advocates, privacy advocates and government regulators believe that the existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy. They have become increasingly concerned with the use of personal information. As a result, they are lobbying for further restrictions on the dissemination or commercial use of personal information to the public and private sectors. If healthcare providers, privacy advocates and others are successful in creating negative publicity for the healthcare payment accuracy industry, government and private healthcare payers could hesitate to contract with payment accuracy providers, such as us, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face significant competition for our solutions and we expect competition to increase.

          Competition among providers of healthcare payment accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare insurance companies is strong and we may encounter additional competition as new competitors enter this area.

          Our current healthcare solutions competitors include:

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other payment accuracy vendors, including vendors focused on discrete aspects of the healthcare payment accuracy process;

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fraud, waste and abuse claim edit and predictive analysis companies;

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primary claims processors;

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numerous regional utilization management companies;

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in-house payment accuracy capabilities;

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Medicare RACs; and

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healthcare consulting firms and other third party liability service providers.

          In addition, our competition for retail solutions consists of one main competitor, PRGX Global, Inc. ("PRGX") and a number of smaller companies that do not have a material market share of the retail payment accuracy market.

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          Many of the payment accuracy solutions we provide may potentially be provided by competitors, and their success in attracting business or winning contract bids could adversely affect our business. In certain cases, our competitors and potential competitors have significantly greater resources and market recognition than we have and may be in a position to bundle services that compete with our product and services offerings, or may be able to devote greater resources to the sale of their services and to developing and implementing new and improved systems and solutions for the clients that we serve.

          We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against existing or new competitors. In addition, we may be forced to lower our pricing or the demand for our solutions may decrease as a result of increased competition. Further, a failure to be responsive to our existing and potential clients' needs could hinder our ability to maintain or expand our client base, hire and retain new employees, pursue new business opportunities, complete future acquisitions and operate our business effectively. Any inability to compete effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how, the value of our solutions may be diminished, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We rely significantly on proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how that are not subject to patent or copyright protection. We seek to protect this information through trade secret or confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, subcontractors or other parties, as well as through other security measures. These agreements and security measures may be inadequate to protect our intellectual property or other proprietary information or deter its misappropriation. Misappropriation of our intellectual property or other proprietary information by third parties, or any disclosure or dissemination of our business intelligence, queries, algorithms and other proprietary information by any means, could undermine competitive advantages we currently derive or may derive therefrom. Any of these situations could result in our expending significant time and incurring expense to enforce our intellectual property rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, others may compete with our business by offering solutions or services that are substantially similar to ours. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or misappropriation by third parties or our employees, the value of our solutions, brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively offer solutions that have the same or similar functionality as our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights.

          Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our proprietary software, confidential information and know-how, technology and other intellectual property and intellectual property rights. To do so, we rely generally on copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with employees and third parties, and license and other agreements with consultants, vendors and clients. There can be no assurance that all of our employees, consultants, vendors and clients have executed such agreements or have not breached or will not breach their agreements with us, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or independently developed by competitors. Additionally, we monitor our use of open source software to avoid uses that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or violate applicable open source licenses, but if we engaged in such uses inadvertently, we could be required to take remedial action or release certain of our proprietary source code. These scenarios could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, despite the protections we place on our intellectual property, a third party could, without authorization, copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology, or develop similar

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technology. In addition, agreement terms that address non-competition are difficult to enforce in many jurisdictions and might not be enforceable in certain cases.

          Pursuant to our initial strategy regarding intellectual property protection, we currently hold one patent that does not apply to our current solutions. As we begin to pursue additional patents, we might not be able to obtain meaningful patent protection for our technology. In addition, if any additional patents are issued to us in the future, they might not provide us with any competitive advantages or might be successfully challenged by third parties.

          We rely on unpatented proprietary technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot assure you that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information. Further, the theft or unauthorized use or publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information could reduce the differentiation of our services and harm our business, reduce the value of our investment in development or business acquisitions or result in third parties making claims against us related to losses of their confidential or proprietary information.

          We rely on our trademarks, service marks, trade names and brand names to distinguish our services from the services of our competitors and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot assure you that our trademark applications will be approved. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks were successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our services, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. Additionally, if we expand our focus to the international payment accuracy market, there is no guarantee that our trademarks, service marks, trade names and brand names will be adequately protected.

Our ability to obtain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights is subject to uncertainty as to the scope of protection, registerability, patentability, validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights in each applicable jurisdiction, as well as the risk of general litigation or third party oppositions.

          Existing U.S. federal and state intellectual property laws offer only limited protection. Moreover, if we expand our business into markets outside of the United States, our intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection as they would in the United States because of the differences in foreign trademark and other laws concerning proprietary rights. Governments may adopt regulations, and government agencies or courts may render decisions, requiring compulsory licensing of intellectual property rights. When we seek to enforce our intellectual property rights we may be subject to claims that the intellectual property rights are invalid or unenforceable. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management's attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our solutions, impair the functionality of our solutions, delay introductions of new solutions, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our solutions, or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to extensive government regulation and our contracts with our clients are subject to governmental audit and investigation. Any violation of the laws and regulations applicable to us or a negative audit or investigation finding could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Much of our business is regulated by the federal government and the states in which we operate. The laws and regulations governing our operations generally are intended to benefit and protect individual citizens, including government program beneficiaries, health plan members and healthcare providers, rather than stockholders. The government agencies administering these laws and regulations have broad latitude to enforce them. These laws and regulations, along with the terms of our government contracts, regulate how we do business, what services we offer and how we interact with our clients, providers, other healthcare payers and the public. We are subject, on an ongoing basis, to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations to verify our compliance with our contracts and with applicable laws and regulations. Increased involvement by us in analytic or audit work that can have an impact on the eligibility of individuals for medical coverage or specific benefits could increase the likelihood and incidence of our being subjected to scrutiny or legal actions by parties other than our clients, based on alleged mistakes or deficiencies in our work, with significant resulting costs and strain on our resources.

          In addition, because we receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws, including the Federal False Claims Act and similar state statutes, which permit government law enforcement agencies to institute suits against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek double or treble damages, penalties and assessments. In addition, private citizens, acting as whistleblowers, can sue on behalf of the government under the "qui tam" provisions of the Federal False Claims Act and similar statutory provisions in many states.

          The expansion of our operations into new products and services may further expose us to requirements and potential liabilities under additional statutes and legislative schemes that previously have not been relevant to our business, such as banking statutes, that may both increase demands on our resources for compliance activities and subject us to potential penalties for noncompliance with statutory and regulatory standards.

          If the government discovers improper or illegal activities in the course of audits or investigations, we may be subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions and debarment from doing business with the government. Such risks, particularly under the Federal False Claims Act and similar state fraud statutes, have increased in recent years due to legislative changes that have (among other impacts) expanded the definition of a false claim to include, potentially, any unreimbursed overpayment received from, or other monetary debt owed to, a government agency. If we are found to be in violation of any applicable law or regulation, or if we receive an adverse review, audit or investigation, any resulting negative publicity, penalties or sanctions could have an adverse effect on our reputation in the industry, cause clients to terminate their contracts with us or impair our ability to compete for new contracts and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Federal or state governments may limit or prohibit the outsourcing of certain services or functions, or may refuse to grant consents and/or waivers necessary to permit private entities, such as us, to perform certain elements of government programs or functions, such as healthcare claim auditing, or there may be state or federal limitations placed on the ability of the government to award contracts to private companies that use non-U.S. personnel, such as us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Federal or state governments could limit or prohibit private contractors like us from operating or performing elements of certain government functions or programs. State or local governments could be required to operate such programs with government employees as a condition of receiving federal funding. Moreover, under current law, in order to privatize certain functions of government programs, the federal government must grant a consent and/or waiver to the petitioning state or local agency. If the federal government does not grant a necessary consent or waiver, the state or local agency will be unable to outsource that function to a private entity. Such a situation could eliminate a contracting opportunity or reduce the value of an existing contract.

          In addition, the federal government and a number of states have considered laws and/or issued rules and orders that would limit, restrict or wholly prohibit the use of non-U.S. labor in performance of government contracts, or impose sanctions for the use of such resources. Some of our clients have already chosen to contractually limit or restrict our ability to use non-U.S. resources. We employ personnel and occasionally engage vendors located outside of the United States, and while we endeavor to only employ non-U.S. personnel and vendors where appropriate and permissible, any such limitations or restrictions could require us to repatriate work currently being done outside the U.S. or prevent us from having additional work done outside the United States, raise our costs of doing business, expose us to unexpected fines or penalties, increase the prices we must charge to clients to realize a profit and eliminate or significantly reduce the value of existing contracts or potential contract opportunities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on effective information processing systems that are compliant with current HIPAA transaction and code set standards and the integrity of the data in, and operations of, our information systems, as well as those of other entities that provide us with data or receive data from us.

          Our ability to conduct our operations and accurately report our financial results depends on the integrity of the data in our information systems and the integrity of the processes performed by those systems. These information systems and applications require continual maintenance, upgrading and enhancement to meet our operational needs, satisfy client requests and handle and enable our expansion and growth. Despite our testing and quality control measures, we cannot be certain that errors or system deficiencies will not be found and that any necessary remediation can be done in a timeframe that is acceptable to our clients or that client relationships will not be impaired by the occurrence of errors or the need for remediation. In addition, implementation of upgrades and enhancements may cost more, take longer or require more testing than originally expected. Given the large amount of data we collect and manage, it is possible that hardware failures, errors or technical deficiencies in our systems could result in data loss or corruption or cause the information that we collect, utilize or disseminate to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our clients regard as significant.

          Moreover, because many of the services we furnish to clients involve submitting high volumes of monetary claims to third parties and processing payments from them, the efficiency and effectiveness of our own operations are to some degree dependent on the claims processing systems of these third parties and their compliance with any new transaction and code set standards. Since October 1, 2015, health plans, commercial payers and healthcare providers have been required to transition to the new ICD-10 coding system, which greatly expands the number and detail of diagnosis codes used for

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inpatient, outpatient and physician claims. The transition to the new transaction and code set standard entailed time and expense, and it is possible that it could initially result in disruptions or delays as we and other affected parties, including clients make necessary system adjustments to be fully compliant and capable of exchanging data.

          In addition, we may experience delays in processing claims and therefore earning our fees if the third parties with whom we work are not in full compliance with these new standards in the required timeframe. Claims processing systems failures, incapacities or deficiencies internal to these third parties could significantly delay or obstruct our ability to recover money for our clients, and thereby interfere with our performance under our contracts and our ability to generate revenue from those contracts in the timeframe we anticipate, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our services could become subject to new, revised or enhanced regulatory requirements in the future, which could result in increased costs, could delay or prevent our introduction of new solutions or could impair the function or value of our existing solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The healthcare industry is highly regulated on the federal, state and local levels, and is subject to changing legislative, regulatory, political and other influences. Changes to existing laws and regulations, or the enactment of new federal and state laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry, could create unexpected liabilities for us, could cause us or our clients to incur additional costs and could restrict our or our clients' operations. Many healthcare laws are complex, subject to frequent change and dependent on interpretation and enforcement decisions from government agencies with broad discretion. The application of these laws to us or our clients, or to the specific services and relationships we have with our clients, is not always clear. In addition, federal and state legislatures periodically have considered or passed programs to reform or amend the U.S. healthcare system at both the federal and state level, such as the enactment of the Affordable Care Act. Our failure to anticipate accurately the application of these laws and similar or future laws and regulations, or our failure to comply with them, could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our services may become subject to new or enhanced regulatory requirements and we may be required to change or adapt our services in order to comply with these regulations. For example, the introduction of the ICD-10 coding framework in 2015 presented challenges for our business, including requiring us to allocate resources to training and upgrading our systems. If we fail to successfully implement the ICD-10 coding framework or other new regulatory requirements, it could adversely affect our ability to offer services deemed critical by our clients, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. New or enhanced regulatory requirements may render our solutions obsolete or prevent us from performing certain services. Further, new or enhanced regulatory requirements could impose additional costs on us, thereby making existing solutions unprofitable, and could make the introduction of new solutions more costly or time consuming than we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be precluded from bidding on and/or performing certain work due to other work that we perform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Various laws, regulations and administrative policies prohibit companies from performing work for government agencies in capacities that might be viewed as creating an actual or perceived conflict of interest. In particular, CMS has stringent conflict of interest rules, which limit our bidding for work that might conflict, or be perceived by CMS to conflict, with contractual work for CMS. State governments and managed care organizations also have conflict of interest restrictions that could limit

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our ability to bid for certain work. Conflict of interest rules and standards change frequently and are subject to varying interpretations and varying degrees and consistency of enforcement at the federal, state and municipal levels, and we cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in navigating these restrictions.

          The expansion and diversification of our business operations increases the possibility that clients or potential clients will perceive conflicts of interest between our various subsidiaries, products, services, activities and client relationships. Such conflicts, whether real or perceived, could result in loss of contracts or require us to divest ourselves of certain existing business in order to qualify for new contract awards. We may be required to adjust our current management and personnel structure, as well as our corporate organization and entity structure, in order to appropriately mitigate conflicts and otherwise accommodate our needs as a company that is expanding in size and complexity. Our failure to devote sufficient care, attention and resources to managing these adjustments may result in technical or administrative errors that could expose us to potential liability or adverse regulatory action. If we are prevented from expanding our business due to real or perceived conflicts of interest, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We obtain a portion of our business through submitting responses to requests for proposals ("RFPs"). Future contracts may not be awarded through this process on the same level and we may not re-procure certain contracts.

          In order to market our solutions to clients, we sometimes are required to respond to RFPs to compete for a contract. This requires that we accurately estimate our cost structure for servicing a proposed contract, the time required to establish operations and the likely terms of any proposals submitted by our competitors. We also must assemble and submit a large volume of information within a RFP's rigid timetable. Our ability to provide timely and complete responses to RFPs will greatly impact our business. Should any part of our business suffer a negative event, for example, a client dispute or a government inquiry, we may be required to disclose the occurrence of that event in a RFP, which could impact our ability to win the contract at issue. We cannot provide assurance that we will continue to obtain contracts in response to RFPs, that we will be successful in reentering into contracts after they expire or that our proposals will result in profitable contracts. In addition, if we are unable to win particular contracts, we may be precluded from entering certain markets for a number of years. If we are unable to consistently win new contract awards or renew expiring contracts over any extended period, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing, we may generate less profit than expected or incur losses on those contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our client contracts are generally performance fee-based. We receive a fee for such contracts based on the payment inaccuracies that we prevent for our prospective solutions clients, or the recoveries received by our retrospective solutions and retail clients. Our ability to earn a profit on a performance fee contract requires that we accurately estimate the costs involved and outcomes likely to be achieved and assess the probability of completing multiple tasks and transactions within the contracted time period.

          We derive a relatively small portion of our revenue on a "fee-for-service" basis whereby billing is based upon a flat fee or a fee per hour. To earn a profit on these contracts, we must accurately estimate costs involved and assess the probability of achieving certain milestones within the contracted time period. If we do not accurately estimate the costs and timing for completing projects, or if we encounter increased or unexpected costs, delays, failures, liabilities or risks, including those outside of our control, our contracts could prove unprofitable for us or yield lower profit margins than

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anticipated. Although we believe that we have recorded adequate provisions in our financial statements for losses on our fee-for-service contracts where applicable, as required under GAAP, we cannot provide assurance that our contract provisions will be adequate to cover all actual future losses. The inability to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          In addition, some of our client contracts guarantee that we will achieve certain performance levels. If we are unsuccessful in reaching these performance levels, we may have to provide the client with service credits or reduce our fees, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to execute on our business plans will be negatively impacted if we fail to properly manage our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          In recent years, our size and the scope of our business operations have expanded rapidly, particularly as a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, and we expect that we will continue to grow and expand into new areas within the healthcare industry; however, such growth and expansion carries costs and risks that, if not properly managed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To effectively manage our business plans, we must continue to improve our operations, while remaining competitive. We must also be flexible and responsive to our clients' needs and to changes in the political, economic and regulatory environment in which we operate. The greater size and complexity of our expanding business puts additional strain on our administrative, operational and financial resources and makes the determination of optimal resource allocation more difficult. A failure to anticipate or properly address the demands that our growth and diversification may have on our resources and existing infrastructure may result in unanticipated costs and inefficiencies and could negatively impact our ability to execute on our business plans and growth goals, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to successfully complete the integration of the Connolly and iHealth Technologies businesses and realize any synergies that we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Connolly iHealth Merger and the success of our combined companies will depend in part upon whether we can complete the integration of the predecessor businesses in an effective and efficient manner. Our ability to integrate the predecessor businesses and realize the long-term synergies that we anticipate is subject to a number of uncertainties, many of which are related to conditions beyond our control, such as general economic trends, changes to regulations and competition. We may also encounter ongoing difficulties in effectively implementing our combined business plan and in implementing operational, accounting and technology policies, processes and systems for the combined business, in integrating the cultures of each of the predecessor businesses, in cross-selling our solutions to the existing clients of the predecessor businesses and in the impairment of acquired intangible assets, including goodwill. An inability to effectively deal with any of those difficulties in a timely and effective manner may result in our failing to fully realize the anticipated benefits of the Connolly iHealth Merger, including anticipated synergies, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the time and energy management has spent and will continue to spend in integrating Connolly and iHealth Technologies may divert the attention of management away from the core operations of the business.

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If we do not successfully integrate future acquisitions or strategic partnerships that we may enter into, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions or partnerships, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We expect to pursue future acquisitions in order to expand and diversify our business. We may also form strategic partnerships with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. We cannot, however, provide assurance that we will be able to identify any potential acquisition or strategic partnership candidates, consummate any additional acquisitions or enter into any strategic partnerships or that any future acquisitions or strategic partnerships will be successfully integrated or will be advantageous to us. Entities we acquire may not achieve the revenue and earnings we anticipate or their liabilities may exceed our expectations. We could face integration issues pertaining to the internal controls and operational functions of the acquired companies and we also could fail to realize cost efficiencies or synergies that we anticipated when selecting our acquisition candidates. Client dissatisfaction or performance problems with a particular acquired entity or resulting from a strategic partnership could have a material adverse effect on our reputation as a whole. We may be unable to profitably manage any acquired entities, or we may fail to integrate them successfully without incurring substantial expenses, delays or other problems. We may not achieve the anticipated benefits from any strategic partnerships we form.

          If we fail to successfully integrate the businesses that we acquire or strategic partnerships that we enter into, we may not realize any of the benefits we anticipate in connection with the acquisitions or partnerships, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to maintain or upgrade our operational platforms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

          We expect to make substantial investments in and changes to our operational platforms, systems and applications to compete effectively and keep up with technological advances. We may face difficulties in integrating any upgraded platforms into our current technology infrastructure. In addition, significant technological changes could render our existing solutions obsolete. Although we have invested, and will continue to invest, significant resources in developing and enhancing our solutions and platforms, any failure to keep up with technological advances or to integrate upgraded operational platforms and solutions into our existing technology infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if the terms of our Medicare RAC program contracts are substantially changed or if Medicare seeks significant refunds under our original Medicare RAC program contract.

          Historically, CMS has been a significant client. Net revenue under our Medicare RAC contract was $14.0 million, $18.5 million and $44.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

          In February 2013, CMS began the reprocurement process for its Medicare RAC program contracts and issued a Request for Quote ("RFQ"). After a protest was filed by potential bidders on the terms of this initial RFQ, CMS issued a group of five new RFQs for the Medicare RAC program. The terms of these new RFQs were also protested by potential bidders, causing CMS to withdraw the new RFQs and resulting in further delays in the reprocurement process. In response to these delays, CMS allowed the current Medicare RAC contractors, including us, to continue active recovery auditing through July 29, 2016. Since this date, our activities under our Medicare RAC program contract have been limited to administrative matters, including collections, related to findings through July 29, 2016.

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Our existing Medicare RAC program contract, including any liability for appeals, ends on January 31, 2018.

          In October 2016, CMS announced that we were awarded two Medicare RAC program contracts to provide retrospective payment accuracy services for Medicare Parts A and B (other than durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies claims and home health and hospice claims). Pursuant to these awards, we are the Medicare RAC for Region 2 (Central U.S.) and Region 3 (Southeast U.S.). The new Medicare RAC program contracts have a one year initial term, with multiple one-year renewal options at the election of CMS. We do not yet know all of the terms of the new Medicare RAC program contracts but CMS has indicated that we may be able to request medical charts in the second quarter of 2017.

          Under Medicare RAC program contracts, we are permitted to review only a small subset of CMS's claims for potential payment inaccuracies. CMS exercises its discretion with respect to the number of claims and types of concepts that Medicare RAC contractors may audit. CMS has suspended the review of certain types of claims, and, effective October 1, 2015, shifted the responsibility for initial medical reviews for certain claims, many of which were profitable to us, to Quality Improvement Organizations. There can be no assurance that CMS will lift its suspension of such reviews and CMS may determine to restrict the types of claims its payment accuracy providers review even further. The continued suspensions of these reviews by the Medicare RACs, changes to the review strategies and any other changes to the Medicare RAC program could have a material impact on our future revenue.

          On August 29, 2014, CMS announced that it would settle with hospitals willing to withdraw inpatient status claims currently pending in the Medicare RAC appeals process by offering to pay hospitals 68% for all eligible claims that they have billed to Medicare. On July 1, 2015, CMS issued a Technical Direction Letter to us and the other Medicare RACs indicating that we will only be entitled to the contract contingency fee on the settled amounts of the claims, or 32% of the original inpatient claim amounts. Based on the initial lists of finalized settlements provided by CMS, we would be required to refund CMS approximately $22.3 million in Medicare RAC contingency fees due to these adjustments, which is in excess of the amount we have accrued for these settlements. CMS further advised that as the hospital settlement project continues, additional settlement lists will be matched to Medicare RAC claims which may result in updated refund amounts to those initially provided. While there are uncertainties in any dispute resolution and results are uncertain, we have disputed CMS's findings based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract and our belief that the backup data provided by CMS is inaccurate and/or incomplete. In addition, on September 28, 2016, CMS announced a second settlement process to allow eligible providers to settle their inpatient status claims currently under appeal beginning December 1, 2016. This second settlement process could result in additional amounts owed to CMS. The amount of any such additional claims cannot presently be determined. Although we accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments, which we estimate are probable of being returned to providers following a successful appeal, and we similarly accrue an allowance against accounts receivables related to fees yet to be collected, the impact of CMS' settlement offer to hospitals remains uncertain. Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we are required to return certain fees we have already been paid under our existing Medicare RAC contract, any final determination of amounts owed by us to CMS under the current Medicare RAC contract materially exceeds our estimated liability for appeals, or we are unable to collect fees for audits we have already performed. There could be a material adverse impact on our revenue, results of operations and cash flows if we are unable to obtain full payments for properly provided services, are required to repay a portion of prior fees associated with the hospital settlement program or if future fees payable to us by CMS are reduced.

          Although we do not anticipate our Medicare RAC contract will represent a significant portion of our business going forward, our Medicare RAC contract with CMS still represents a future business

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opportunity for us. If our new Medicare RAC program contracts contain substantially different terms from our original contract, if the implementation of the new contracts is significantly delayed, if CMS fails to renew the new contracts at the end of any term, if CMS seeks significant refunds from us in connection with its settlement process or if CMS imposes or implements other changes to the Medicare RAC program that materially reduce our revenue or profitability associated with the Medicare RAC program, any such change, action or delay could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. government's determination to award us a Medicare RAC contract may be challenged by an interested party. As a result, the Medicare RAC contract may be delayed or may never be implemented if such a challenge is successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The laws and regulations governing the procurement of goods and services by the U.S. government provide procedures by which other bidders and other interested parties may challenge the award of a government contract. If any such protests are filed, the government agency may decide to withhold a contract award or suspend performance under the contract while the protest is being considered, potentially delaying the start of the contract. If we are the original awardee of a protested contract, we could be forced to expend considerable funds to defend a potential award, while also incurring expenses to maintain our ability to timely start implementation in case the protest is resolved in our favor. In addition, a contract award may be terminated or the government agency may opt to solicit new bids and award a new contract if a protest is successful or the government agency chooses not to uphold its original award. We cannot provide assurance that we will prevail if a contract we have been awarded is protested. Extended implementation delays or successful challenges of our contract awards could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are not able to expand our retail business or reduce costs of implementing our retail solutions, revenue and profitability for our retail business could remain flat or decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The domestic retail payment accuracy market is a highly developed market with limited potential for growth. We have payment accuracy solution contracts with eight of the ten largest U.S. retailers and longer than ten year relationships with many of our top retail clients, which represents a significant share of the retail payment accuracy market and, therefore, the opportunity to grow our share of the existing domestic retail market is limited. In addition, some of our clients have an internal staff that reviews the transactions before we do. As the skills, experience and resources of our retail clients' internal recovery staff improve, they will identify many overpayments themselves and reduce some of our opportunities to identify payment inaccuracies and generate related revenue. If we are not able to reduce the costs of implementing our payment accuracy solutions, our domestic retail business revenue may remain flat or decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our client contracts generally contain provisions under which the client may terminate the use of our solutions prior to the completion of the agreement.

          Many of our client contracts provide that the client may terminate the contract without cause prior to the end of the term of the agreement by providing us with relatively short prior written notice of the termination. As a result, the existence of contractual relationships with our clients is not an assurance that we will continue to provide our solutions to any of our clients through the entire term of their respective agreements. If clients representing a significant portion of our revenue terminated their agreements unexpectedly, we may not, in the short-term, be able to replace the revenue and income

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from such contracts and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, client contract terminations also could harm our reputation within the industry which could negatively impact our ability to obtain new clients.

Our recent rebranding may not be successful.

          Beginning September 24, 2015, we launched a significant rebranding initiative to change our brand and corporate name to Cotiviti. There is no assurance that our rebranding initiative will be successful or result in a positive return on investment. In addition, while the Connolly and iHealth Technologies brand names had established themselves as premium brands in the payment accuracy market, we have virtually no operating history under the Cotiviti brand. We could be required to devote significant additional resources to advertising and marketing in order to increase the awareness of the Cotiviti brand. If we are unable to establish Cotiviti as a premium brand name in the payment accuracy market, or if we expend significant resources in an effort to do so, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be a party to litigation, regulatory actions or other dispute resolution proceedings. Adverse judgments or settlements in any of these proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We are subject and may be a party to lawsuits and other claims that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. These may include lawsuits and claims related to, for example, contracts, subcontracts, protection of confidential information or trade secrets, wage and benefits, employment of our workforce or compliance with any of a wide array of state and federal statutes, rules and regulations that pertain to different aspects of our business. We also may be required to initiate expensive litigation or other proceedings to protect our business interests. In addition, because of the payments we receive from government clients, we may be subject to unexpected inquiries, investigations, legal actions or enforcement proceedings pursuant to the Federal False Claims Act, healthcare fraud, waste and abuse laws or similar legislation. Any investigations, settlements or adverse judgments stemming from such legal disputes or other claims may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against us, as well as reputational injury that could adversely affect us. In addition, litigation and other legal claims are subject to inherent uncertainties and management's view of currently pending legal matters may change in the future. Those uncertainties include, but are not limited to, costs of litigation, unpredictable judicial or jury decisions and the differing laws and judicial proclivities regarding damage awards among the states in which we operate. Unexpected outcomes in such legal proceedings, or changes in management's evaluation or predictions of the likely outcomes of such proceedings (possibly resulting in changes in established reserves), could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on many different entities to supply information. If we are unable to successfully manage our relationships with any of these suppliers, it may harm the quality and availability of our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We obtain data used in our solutions from many sources, including commercial insurance plans, financial institutions, managed care organizations, government entities and non-government entities. From time to time, challenges arise in managing and maintaining our relationships with entities that are not our clients and that furnish information to us pursuant to a combination of voluntary cooperation and legal obligation under laws and regulations that are often subject to differing interpretation. Our data suppliers may determine that some uses of data for our clients are not permitted by our agreements and seek to limit or end our access and use of certain data for particular purposes or clients. They may also make errors in compiling, transmitting or accurately characterizing data, or may have technological limitations that interfere with our receipt or use of the data we are relying upon

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them to provide. If a number of information sources or suppliers become unable or unwilling to provide us with certain data under terms of use that are acceptable to us and our clients, or if the applicable regulatory and law enforcement regime for use and protection of this data changes in a way that imposes unacceptable or unreasonable conditions or risks on us or disincentivizes our suppliers to continue to provide us with data, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain new agreements with alternative data suppliers on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we lose our data sources or access to certain data; are unable to identify and reach the requisite agreements with suitable alternative suppliers and integrate these data sources into our service offerings; or there is a lack of integrity of data that our suppliers provide, we could experience service disruptions, increased costs, reduced quality of our solutions and/or performance penalties under our client contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use software vendors, utility providers and network providers in our business and if they cannot deliver or perform as expected or if our relationships with them are terminated or otherwise change it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Our ability to service our clients and deliver and implement solutions requires that we work with certain third party providers, including software vendors, utility providers and network providers, and depends on such third parties meeting our expectations in both timeliness and quality. We might incur significant additional liabilities if the services provided by these third parties do not meet our expectations, if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us or if they were to offer their services to us on less advantageous terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our operating facilities, an extended outage of utility or network services supplied by these vendors or providers could impair our ability to deliver our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Third parties may claim that we are infringing their intellectual property, and we could suffer significant litigation or licensing expenses or be prevented from selling certain solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We could be subject to claims that we are misappropriating or infringing intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others. These claims, even if not meritorious, could be expensive to defend and divert management's attention from our operations. If we become liable to third parties for infringing these rights, we could be required to pay a substantial damage award and develop non-infringing technology, cease using the solutions or providing the services that use or contain the infringing intellectual property or obtain a license. We may be unable to develop non-infringing solutions or obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We may also be required to indemnify our clients if they become subject to third party claims relating to intellectual property that we license or otherwise provide to them, which could be costly. If we are subject to claims of misappropriating or infringing the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations are subject to significant fluctuations due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. As a result, you will not be able to rely on our results of operations in any particular period as an indication of our future performance.

          Our results of operations may fluctuate and may fail to match our past or projected performance. Because we generally provide solutions under contracts that contain performance fee arrangements and generally recognize revenue only when our clients have received the economic value of the payment inaccuracies discovered using our solutions, we have experienced significant variations in our revenue between reporting periods due to the timing and delays in resolving these inaccuracies. We also

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occasionally face challenges in obtaining full payments for our properly provided solutions from clients and parties to whom we provide solutions, despite our right to prompt and full payment under the terms of our contracts.

          Our revenue and results of operations also have been impacted from period to period as a result of a number of factors, including:

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number of payments reviewed and changes in scope of payments reviewed;

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amount of inaccurate payments identified using our solutions and the amount of related recoveries;

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the success of our cross-selling efforts;

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fluctuations in sales activity given our lengthy sales cycle;

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the commencement, completion or termination of contracts during any particular period;

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expenses related to contracts that are incurred in periods prior to revenue being recognized;

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the timing of government contract awards;

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the time required to resolve bid protests related to government contract awards;

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contract renewal discussions, which may result in delayed payments for previously provided services;

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the intermittent timing of periodic revenue recovery projects, particularly for our retail clients;

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non-recurring retail recovery projects;

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technological and operational issues affecting our clients, including delays in payment receipt for previously recognized revenue due to delays in certain clients processing our findings through their systems;

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adjustments to age/quality of receivables and accruals as a result of delays involving contract limitations and changes, subcontractor performance deficiencies or internal managerial decisions not to pursue identified claim revenue from clients;

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seasonality in our business; and

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regulatory changes or general economic conditions as they affect healthcare providers and payers and retailers.

          In addition, as we seek to expand the scope of solutions used by our existing clients, cross-sell our solutions to existing clients and introduce enhancements to our existing solutions or new solutions, we may not be able to accurately estimate the timing for implementing and completing contracts, making it difficult to reliably forecast revenue under those contracts. We cannot predict the extent to which future revenue variations could occur due to these or other factors. Consequently, our results of operations are subject to significant fluctuation and our results of operations for any particular quarter or fiscal year may not be indicative of results of operations for future periods.

Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations may adversely affect our effective tax rates.

          We have operations in many states within the United States as well as in Canada, the United Kingdom and India. Accordingly, we are subject to taxation in many jurisdictions with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain.

          Unanticipated changes in our tax rates could affect our future financial condition and results of operations. Our future effective tax rates could be unfavorably affected by changes in the tax rates in

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jurisdictions where our income is earned and taxed, by changes in, or our interpretation of, tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, by increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes including impairments of goodwill, by changes in GAAP or other applicable accounting standards or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

          In addition, we are subject to periodic examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and other domestic and international tax authorities. Tax authorities in various jurisdictions may disagree with and subsequently challenge the amount of profits taxed in their state or country, which may result in increased tax liability, including accrued interest and penalties, which would cause our tax expense to increase. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and have reserved for potential adjustments that may result. There can be no assurance that the final determination of any of these examinations will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Because we may expand the sales of our solutions to retail clients located outside of the United States, our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations.

          We maintain operations outside of the United States which we may expand in the future. Conducting and expanding international operations subjects us to new risks that we have not generally faced in the United States. These include:

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exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk;

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difficulties in collecting payments internationally and managing and staffing international operations;

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establishing relationships with subcontractors and suppliers in international locations;

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increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international locations;

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burdens of complying with a wide variety of laws associated with international operations, including data privacy and security, taxes and customs and intellectual property;

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significant fines, penalties and collateral consequences if we fail to comply with anti-bribery laws;

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heightened risk of improper, unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies;

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potentially adverse tax consequences, including repatriation of earnings;

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increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

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political, social and economic instability abroad, terrorist attacks and security concerns in general; and

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reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries.

          The occurrence of any one of these risks could negatively affect our international operations and, consequently, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have operations and customer relationships outside of the United States and we could be materially adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA") and similar anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions.

          The FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. As we expand our international presence, we may operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may be at variance with local customs and practices. While our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws and we have training and compliance programs related to such laws, such policies, programs and our internal control policies and procedures may not protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, subcontractors or agents. Violations of the FCPA or other anti-bribery laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to realize the entire book value of goodwill and other intangible assets from the Connolly iHealth Merger or from other acquisitions.

          As of December 31, 2016, we have $1,196.0 million of goodwill and $533.3 million of net intangible assets, primarily related to the Connolly iHealth Merger and from other acquisitions. We assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment at least annually and more frequently if certain events or circumstances warrant. In the event that the book value of goodwill or other intangible assets is impaired, any such impairment would be charged to earnings in the period of impairment. In the event that we determine that goodwill and other intangible assets are impaired in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success may depend on the continued service and availability of key personnel.

          Our success and future growth is dependent upon the ability of our executive officers, senior managers and other key personnel to operate and manage our business and execute on our growth strategies successfully. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to continue to retain our executive officers, senior managers or other key personnel or attract additional key personnel. We may incur increased expenses in connection with the hiring, promotion, retention or replacement of any of these individuals. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.

          Our ability to operate our business and provide our solutions is dependent on our ability to recruit, employ, train and retain the skilled personnel who have relevant experience in the healthcare and retail industries as well as information technology professionals who can design, implement, operate and maintain complex information technology systems. For example, certain of our employees in our healthcare division must either have or rapidly develop a significant amount of technical knowledge with regard to medical insurance coding and procedures. In addition, certain of our retrospective claims accuracy solutions rely on a team of trained registered nurses or medical coding professionals to review medical information and provide feedback with respect to the medical appropriateness of care provided. Innovative, experienced and technologically proficient professionals, qualified nurses and experienced medical coding professionals are in great demand and are likely to remain a limited resource. Our ability to recruit and retain such individuals depends on a number of factors, including the competitive demands for employees having, or able to rapidly develop, the specialized skills we need and the level and structure of compensation required to hire and retain such employees. We may not be able to recruit or retain the personnel necessary to efficiently operate and

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support our business. Even if our recruitment and retention strategies are successful, our labor costs may increase significantly. In addition, our internal training programs may not be successful in providing inexperienced personnel with the specialized skills required to perform their duties. If we are unable to hire, train and retain sufficient personnel with the requisite skills without significantly increasing our labor costs, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

General economic, political and market forces and dislocations beyond our control could reduce demand for our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The demand for our solutions may be impacted by factors that are beyond our control, including macroeconomic, political and market conditions, the availability of short-term and long-term funding and capital, the level and volatility of interest rates, currency exchange rates and inflation. For example, the United States economy recently experienced periods of contraction and both the future domestic and global economic environments may continue to be less favorable than those of prior years. In addition, the United Kingdom electorate voted on June 23, 2016 to exit the European Union (which has popularly been referred to as "Brexit"), resulting in market volatility that may continue during the Brexit negotiation process. Any one or more of these factors may contribute to reduced activity and prices in the securities markets generally and could result in a reduction in demand for our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness

We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations.

          We are a holding company that does not conduct any business operations of our own. As a result, we are largely dependent upon cash dividends and distributions and other transfers from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations. The agreements governing the indebtedness of our subsidiaries impose restrictions on our subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us. The deterioration of the earnings from, or other available assets of, our subsidiaries for any reason also could limit or impair their ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us.

Our outstanding indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to operate our business, and we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows to meet our debt service obligations.

          On September 28, 2016, our subsidiary Cotiviti Corporation and certain other of our subsidiaries entered into the Restated Credit Agreement, pursuant to which the lenders party thereto agreed to provide the First Lien Credit Facilities consisting of (a) the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, (b) the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and (c) a $100.0 million Revolver, of which $25.0 million may, at our option, be made available for letters of credit and $20.0 million may, at our option, be made available for swingline loans. In connection with entering into the Restated Credit Agreement, we refinanced our previously outstanding Initial Secured Credit Facilities, comprising the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities and the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility.

          As of December 31, 2016, we had $795.5 million outstanding principal amount under our First Lien Term Loans and availability under the Revolver of $99.5 million. Our outstanding indebtedness

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and any additional indebtedness we incur may have important consequences for us, including, without limitation, that:

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we may be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flow to pay the principal of and interest on our indebtedness;

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our indebtedness and leverage may increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressures;

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our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and for general corporate and other purposes may be limited;

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expose us to the risk of increased interest rates because certain of our borrowings, including and most significantly our borrowings under our First Lien Credit Facilities, are at variable rates of interest;

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prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise or successfully carrying out our plans to expand our business; and

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our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry may be limited.

          Under the terms of the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities, we are required to comply with specified financial and operating covenants, which may limit our ability to operate our business as we otherwise might operate it. For example, the obligations under the First Lien Credit Facilities may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default, which includes customary events of default including, without limitation, payment defaults, cross-defaults to certain material indebtedness, covenant defaults, material inaccuracy of representations and warranties, bankruptcy events, material judgments, certain ERISA-related events, material defects with respect to guarantees and collateral, invalidity of subordination provisions and change of control. If not cured, an event of default could result in any amounts outstanding, including any accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable, which would require us to, among other things, seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets and/or reduce or delay planned capital or operating expenditures. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt and any such financing or refinancing might not be available on economically favorable terms or at all. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flows to meet our debt service obligations or are forced to take additional measures to be able to service our indebtedness, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Despite our substantial indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial leverage.

          We may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. Although the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions and the indebtedness we can incur in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. For example, pursuant to incremental facilities under the First Lien Credit Facilities, we may incur up to (i) an aggregate amount of the greater of $230.0 million and 75.0% of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the First Lien Credit Facilities) of additional secured or unsecured debt plus (ii) an unlimited additional amount of secured debt, subject to compliance with certain leverage-based tests, as described in the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities. If we incur additional debt, the risks associated with our substantial leverage would increase.

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Restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us that may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategies.

          The agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests. These include covenants restricting, among other things, our ability to:

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incur additional indebtedness or other contingent obligations;

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grant liens;

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enter into certain agreements with negative pledge clauses or restrictions on subsidiary distributions;

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pay dividends or other distributions from our subsidiaries to us;

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make payments in respect of junior liens or subordinated debt;

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make investments, acquisitions, loans and advances;

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consolidate, merge, liquidate or dissolve;

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sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;

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engage in sale-leaseback transactions;

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engage in transactions with affiliates;

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materially alter the business that we conduct;

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modify organizational documents in a manner that is materially adverse to the lenders under the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities; and

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amend or otherwise change the terms of the documentation governing certain restricted debt.

          The Restated Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires compliance with a secured leverage ratio test set at 5.50:1.00, with stepdowns to 5.25:1.00 and 5.00:1.00 after September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively, as of the period of four consecutive fiscal quarters recently ended, on the last day of any fiscal quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2016. Our ability to meet that financial ratio can be affected by events beyond our control and we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet that ratio. We were in compliance with this covenant as of December 31, 2016, but there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance with such covenant in the future.

          A breach of any covenant or restriction contained in the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities could result in a default under those agreements. If any such default occurs, the lenders under the First Lien Term Loans or Revolver, may elect (after the expiration of any applicable notice or grace periods) to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued and unpaid interest and other amounts payable thereunder, to be immediately due and payable, but in the case of a breach of the financial covenant, the holders of the First Lien Term B Loans may only exercise such rights after a majority of the lenders under the Revolver have terminated the commitments under the Revolver and accelerated the revolving loans thereunder, and the lenders holding a majority of the First Lien Term A Loans have accelerated the First Lien Term A Loans. The lenders under the First Lien Term Loans and Revolver also have the right upon an event of default thereunder to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. Further, following an event of default under the agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities, the lenders under the First Lien Term Loans and the Revolver will have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that debt. If the debt under the First Lien Term Loans or the Revolver was to be accelerated, our assets

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may not be sufficient to repay in full that debt or any other debt that may become due as a result of that acceleration.

We are dependent upon our lenders for financing to execute our business strategy and meet our liquidity needs. If our lenders are unable to fund borrowings under their credit commitments or we are unable to borrow, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          During periods of volatile credit markets, there is risk that lenders, even those with strong balance sheets and sound lending practices, could fail or refuse to honor their legal commitments and obligations under existing credit commitments, including but not limited to, extending credit up to the maximum permitted by the Revolver. If our lenders are unable to fund borrowings under their revolving credit commitments or we are unable to borrow, it could be difficult to obtain sufficient funding to execute our business strategy or meet our liquidity needs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our debt may be downgraded, which could adversely affect our ability to manage our operations and respond to changes in our business.

          A decrease in the ratings that rating agencies assign to our short and long-term debt may negatively impact our access to the debt capital markets and increase our cost of borrowing, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Volatility and weakness in bank and capital markets may adversely affect credit availability and related financing costs for us.

          Bank and capital markets can experience periods of volatility and disruption. If the disruption in these markets is prolonged, our ability to refinance, and the related cost of refinancing, some or all of our debt could be adversely affected. Although we currently can access the bank and capital markets, there is no assurance that such markets will continue to be a reliable source of financing for us. These factors, including the tightening of credit markets, could adversely affect our ability to obtain cost-effective financing. Increased volatility and disruptions in the financial markets also could make it more difficult and more expensive for us to refinance outstanding indebtedness and obtain financing. In addition, the adoption of new statutes and regulations, the implementation of recently enacted laws or new interpretations or the enforcement of older laws and regulations applicable to the financial markets or the financial services industry could result in a reduction in the amount of available credit or an increase in the cost of credit. Disruptions in the financial markets can also adversely affect our lenders, insurers, customers and other counterparties. Any of these could result in a material adverse effect to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to This Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile and you could lose all or part of your investment.

          Securities markets worldwide have experienced in the past, and are likely to experience in the future, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions could reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our results of operations. The trading price of our common stock may become highly volatile and could be subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including, among other things, the risk factors described herein and other factors beyond our control. Factors affecting the trading price of our common stock could include:

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market conditions in the broader stock market;

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actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly financial and operating results;

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developments in the healthcare industry in general or in the healthcare payment or claims processing markets in particular;

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variations in operating results of similar companies;

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introduction of new services by us, our competitors or our clients;

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issuance of new, negative or changed securities analysts' reports, recommendations or estimates;

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investor perceptions of us and the industries in which we or our clients operate;

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sales, or anticipated sales, of our stock, including sales by our officers, directors and significant stockholders;

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additions or departures of key personnel;

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regulatory or political developments;

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the public's response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;

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announcements, media reports or other public forum comments related to litigation, claims or reputational charges against us;

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guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;

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the sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;

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investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our common stock relative to other investment alternatives;

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other events or factors, including those resulting from system failures and disruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes, war, acts of terrorism, other natural disasters or responses to these events;

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changes in accounting principles;

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stock-based compensation expense under GAAP or other applicable accounting standards;

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litigation and governmental investigations; and

•

changing economic conditions.

          These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for shares of our common stock to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock sometimes have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. Securities litigation against us, regardless of the merits or outcome, could result in substantial costs and divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our business, profitability and reputation.

We are controlled by Advent, whose interests may differ from those of our public stockholders.

          We are controlled by Advent and after this offering will continue to be controlled by Advent. After the completion of this offering, the Advent Funds will beneficially own in the aggregate 58.3% of the combined voting power of our common stock, or 57.4% if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full. As a result of this ownership, Advent has effective control over the outcome of votes on all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of

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directors, the adoption of amendments to our charter and bylaws, mergers, consolidations, acquisitions and other significant corporate transactions, and our winding up and dissolution.

          In addition, persons associated with Advent currently serve on our board of directors (our "Board"). Following this offering, the interests of Advent may not always coincide with the interests of our other stockholders, and the concentration of effective control in Advent will limit other stockholders' ability to influence corporate matters. The concentration of ownership and voting power of Advent also may delay, defer or even prevent an acquisition by a third party or other change of control and may make some transactions more difficult or impossible without their support, even if such events are in the best interests of our other stockholders.

          Further, Advent may have an interest in having us pursue acquisitions, divestitures, financing or other transactions, including, but not limited to, the issuance of additional debt or equity and the declaration and payment of dividends, that, in its judgment, could enhance Advent's equity investments, even though such transactions may involve risk to us or to our creditors. Additionally, Advent may make investments in businesses that directly or indirectly compete with us, or may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.

          Advent may take actions that our other stockholders do not view as beneficial, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause the value of your investment to decline.

Our directors and stockholders, with certain exceptions, do not have obligations to present business opportunities to us and may compete with us.

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our directors and stockholders do not have any obligation to offer us an opportunity to participate in business opportunities presented to them even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably have pursued (and therefore may be free to compete with us in the same business or similar businesses), and that, to the extent permitted by law, such directors and stockholders will not be liable to us or our stockholders for breach of any duty by reason of any such activities.

          As a result, our directors and stockholders and their respective affiliates will not be prohibited from investing in competing businesses or doing business with our clients. Therefore, we may be in competition with our directors and stockholders or their respective affiliates, and we may not have knowledge of, or be able to pursue, transactions that could potentially be beneficial to us. Accordingly, we may lose certain corporate opportunities or suffer competitive harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation or prospects. See "Description of Capital Stock—Corporate Opportunities."

Future sales of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

          Prior to and following the consummation of this offering, there will be 91,526,466 shares of our common stock outstanding, of which 7,000,000 shares are shares that the selling stockholders are selling in this offering. All shares of common stock sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. At the time of this offering, we also will have 10,556,992 registered shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our Equity Plans, of which options to purchase 5,728,653 shares of common stock and RSUs representing 300,749 shares of common stock are issued and outstanding, and 1,260,000 registered shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan for U.S. Employees (the "US ESPP") and our Employee Stock Purchase Plan for non-U.S. Employees, which covers employees in Canada, India and

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the United Kingdom (the "Non-US ESPP"), which shares may be freely transferable upon issuance and once vested, subject to any applicable lock-up restrictions then in effect.

          We cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares of our common stock for sale will have on the market price of our common stock prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that those sales will occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Of the remaining shares of common stock outstanding, 68,797,263 shares (or 67,747,263 shares, if the underwriters exercise their options to purchase additional shares in full) will be restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act and subject to certain restrictions on resale following the consummation of this offering. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if they are registered under the Securities Act or are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration such as Rule 144 or Rule 701, as described in "Shares Eligible for Future Sale." We have granted customary demand and piggyback registration rights to Advent and certain of our other stockholders party to a stockholders agreement with us, pursuant to which the selling stockholders named in this prospectus are offering shares of our common stock. Should Advent or any other stockholders further exercise their registration rights, the shares registered would no longer be restricted securities and would be freely tradable in the open market. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement."

          We, each of our officers and directors, and the selling stockholders have agreed that (subject to certain exceptions), for a period of 90 days from the date of this prospectus, we and they will not, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Barclays Capital Inc., dispose of or hedge any shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Barclays Capital Inc., in their sole discretion may release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time, which, in the case of officers and directors, shall be with notice. See "Underwriting." Following the expiration of the applicable lock-up period, all of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock will be eligible for future sale, subject to the applicable volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" for a discussion of the shares of common stock that may be sold into the public market in the future.

We have elected to take advantage of the "controlled company" exemption to the corporate governance rules for publicly-listed companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.

          Because we qualify, and following this offering we will continue to qualify, as a "controlled company" under the corporate governance rules for publicly-listed companies due to Advent's majority ownership of our outstanding common stock, we are not required to have a majority of our Board be independent under the applicable rules of the NYSE, nor are we required to have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised entirely of independent directors. As permitted by our status as a controlled company, our Board has established a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee that is not comprised solely of independent members. In addition, we may choose to change our Board composition. Accordingly, should the interests of Advent differ from those of other stockholders, the other stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance rules for publicly-listed companies. Our status as a controlled company could make our common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.

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Anti-takeover protections in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws or our contractual obligations may discourage or prevent a takeover of our company, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.

          Provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as amended, as well as provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), could delay or make it more difficult to remove incumbent directors or could impede a merger, takeover or other business combination involving us or the replacement of our management or discourage a potential investor from making a tender offer for our common stock, which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the market value of our common stock, even if it would benefit our stockholders.

          In addition, our Board has the authority to cause us to issue, without any further vote or action by the stockholders, up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, in one or more series, to designate the number of shares constituting any series, and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, voting rights, rights and terms of redemption, redemption price or prices and liquidation preferences of such series. The issuance of shares of preferred stock or the adoption of a stockholder rights plan may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company without further action by the stockholders, even where stockholders are offered a premium for their shares. See "Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Provisions."

          In addition, under the Restated Credit Agreement, a Change of Control (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement) would cause us to be in default and the lenders would have the right to terminate the commitments to provide Revolver and accelerate all outstanding loans, and if so accelerated, we would be required to repay all of our outstanding obligations under our First Lien Credit Facilities. From time to time we may enter into other contracts that contain change of control provisions that limit the value of, or even terminate, the contract upon a change of control. These change of control provisions may discourage a takeover of our company, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.

We have and will continue to incur increased costs and obligations as a result of being a public company.

          As a publicly traded company, we have incurred and will continue to incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we were not required to incur in the past, and will incur additional expenses after we cease to be an emerging growth company (to the extent that we take advantage of certain exceptions from reporting requirements that are available to us as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act). We are required to file with the SEC annual and quarterly information and other reports that are specified in Section 13 of the Exchange Act. We are also subject to other reporting and corporate governance requirements, including the requirements of the NYSE and certain provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, which impose additional compliance obligations upon us. Among other things, as a public company:

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we prepare and distribute periodic public reports and other stockholder communications in compliance with our obligations under the federal securities laws and applicable NYSE rules;

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the roles and duties of our Board and committees of the Board are expanded;

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we comply with more comprehensive financial reporting and disclosure compliance functions;

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we manage enhanced investor relations functions; and

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we involve and retain to a greater degree outside counsel and accountants in the activities listed above.

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          These changes require a commitment of additional resources and many of our competitors also comply with these obligations. We may not be successful in complying with these obligations in the future and the commitment of resources required for complying with them could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          The changes necessitated by becoming a public company require a significant commitment of resources and management supervision that has increased and may continue to increase our costs and might place a strain on our systems and resources. As a result, our management's attention might be diverted from other business concerns. If we fail to maintain an effective internal control environment or to comply with the numerous legal and regulatory requirements imposed on public companies, we could make material errors in, and be required to restate, our financial statements. Any such restatement could result in a loss of public confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and sanctions imposed on us by the SEC. If we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

Our management team historically managed a private company and the transition to managing a public company presents new challenges.

          Since our IPO in May 2016, we have been subject to various regulatory requirements, including those of the SEC and the NYSE. These requirements include record keeping, financial reporting and corporate governance rules and regulations. We have not historically had the resources typically found in a public company. Our internal infrastructure may not be adequate to support our increased reporting obligations, and we may be unable to hire, train or retain necessary staff and may be reliant on engaging outside consultants or professionals to overcome our lack of experience or employees. If our internal infrastructure is inadequate, we are unable to engage outside consultants or are otherwise unable to fulfill our public company obligations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are an "emerging growth company" and may elect to comply with reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

          We are an emerging growth company and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, even if we choose to comply with certain of the greater obligations of public companies that are not emerging growth companies, we may avail ourselves of the reduced requirements applicable to emerging growth companies from time to time in the future. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

          We will remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2021, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenue exceeds $1 billion, (ii) the date that we become a "large accelerated filer" as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period, whether or not issued in a registered offering.

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Our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, starting with the second annual report that we file with the SEC as a public company, and generally requires in the same report a report by our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We could be an emerging growth company until December 31, 2021. Once we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating.

          The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation and the incurrence of significant additional expenditures.

          To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we have undertaken various actions, and may need to take additional actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff. In connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. In addition, we may encounter problems or delays in completing the implementation of any requested improvements and receiving a favorable attestation in connection with the attestation provided by our independent registered public accounting firm.

          If we are unable to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to report our financial information accurately on a timely basis, may suffer adverse regulatory consequences or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules, may breach the covenants under our credit facilities and incur additional costs. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because we do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you are able to sell your common stock for a price greater than your purchase price.

          We do not intend in the foreseeable future to pay any dividends to holders of our common stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, for the foreseeable future, to repay indebtedness and to support our general corporate purposes. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your common stock for the foreseeable future and the success of any investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which investors have purchased their shares. The payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board, subject to applicable law, and will depend on, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, statutory and contractual restrictions that apply to the payment of dividends and other considerations that our Board deems relevant. The agreements governing our First Lien Credit Facilities limit the amounts available to us to pay cash dividends, and, to the extent that we require additional funding, financing sources may prohibit the payment of a

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dividend. See "Dividend Policy." As a consequence of these limitations and restrictions, we may not be able to make the payment of dividends on our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts publish unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock and our trading volume could decline.

          The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business and industry. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock likely would decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause the price of our common stock and trading volume to decline.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Pursuant to our charter, our directors will not be liable to us or any stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty, except (i) acts that breach his or her duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders, (ii) acts or omissions without good faith or involving intentional misconduct or knowing violation of the law, (iii) pursuant to Section 174 of the DGCL or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. The bylaws also require us, if so requested, to advance expenses that such director or officer incurred in defending or investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding, provided that such person will return any such advance if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification by us. Any claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides, subject to certain exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate or our amended and restated by-laws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our certificate described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision that will be contained in our certificate to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

          This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as "anticipate," estimate," "expect," "project," "seek," "plan," "intend," "believe," "will," "may," "could," "continue," "likely," "should" and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding the outlook for our future business, financial performance, industry outlook and financial guidance, such as those contained in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

          Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. As a result, our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include regional, national or global political, economic, business, competitive, market and regulatory conditions and the following:

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our inability to successfully leverage our existing client base by expanding the volume of claims reviewed and cross-selling additional solutions;

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improvements to healthcare claims and retail billing processes reducing the demand for our solutions or rendering our solutions unnecessary;

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healthcare spending fluctuations;

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our clients declining to renew their agreements with us or renewing at lower performance fee levels;

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inability to develop new clients;

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delays in implementing our solutions;

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system interruptions or failures, including cyber-security breaches, identity theft or other disruptions that could compromise our information;

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our failure to innovate and develop new solutions for our clients;

•

our failure to comply with applicable privacy, security and data laws, regulations and standards;

•

changes in regulations governing healthcare administration and policies, including governmental restrictions on the outsourcing of functions such as those that we provide;

•

loss of a large client;

•

consolidation among healthcare payers or retailers;

•

slow development of the healthcare payment accuracy market;

•

negative publicity concerning the healthcare payment industry or patient confidentiality and privacy;

•

significant competition for our solutions;

•

our inability to protect our intellectual property rights, proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how;

•

compliance with current and future regulatory requirements, including HIPAA transaction and code set standards;

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•

declines in contracts awarded through competitive bidding or our inability to re-procure contracts through the competitive bidding process;

•

our failure to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing;

•

our inability to manage our growth;

•

our inability to successfully integrate and realize synergies from the Connolly iHealth Merger or any future acquisitions or strategic partnerships;

•

our failure to maintain or upgrade our operational platforms;

•

if the terms of our Medicare RAC program contracts are substantially changed or CMS seeks significant refunds under our original Medicare RAC program contract;

•

our inability to expand our retail business;

•

our rebranding may not be successful;

•

litigation, regulatory or dispute resolution proceedings, including claims or proceedings related to intellectual property infringements;

•

our inability to manage our relationships with information suppliers, software vendors or utility providers;

•

fluctuations in our results of operations;

•

changes in tax rules;

•

risks associated with international operations;

•

our inability to realize the book value of intangible assets;

•

our success in attracting and retaining qualified employees and key personnel; general economic, political and market forces and dislocations beyond our control;

•

risks related to our substantial indebtedness and holding company structure;

•

volatility in bank and capital markets;

•

our status as a controlled company and as an emerging growth company; and

•

provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.

          See "Risk Factors" for a further description of these and other factors. For the reasons described above, we caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements, which should also be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this prospectus speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

          All shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus will be sold by the selling stockholders, some of whom may include our directors, officers and employees. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders. We have agreed to pay certain expenses related to this offering, which we estimate to be approximately $0.9 million.

MARKET PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK

          Our common stock has traded on the NYSE under the symbol "COTV" since May 26, 2016. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our shares. As of December 31, 2016, there were 44 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is considerably greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales prices of our common stock on the NYSE.

	High		Low
Fiscal Year 2016:
Second Quarter (May 26, 2016 (first trading date after IPO) through June 30, 2016	$	21.47	$	17.00
Third Quarter (July 1, 2016 through September 30, 2016)	$	34.36	$	20.65
Fourth Quarter (October 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016)	$	36.44	$	29.19
Fiscal Year 2017:
First Quarter (January 1, 2017 through March 3, 2017)	$	41.38	$	32.97

          On March 3, 2017, the closing price of our common stock on NYSE was $38.00. American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

          Prior to the consummation of our IPO, we paid a special cash dividend of $150.0 million or $1.94 per share (the "Special Cash Dividend") of common stock outstanding, to holders of record of our common stock on May 24, 2016. We do not currently intend to declare or pay any similar special dividends in the future and do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. However, in the future, subject to the factors described below and our future liquidity and capitalization, we may change this policy and choose to pay dividends.

          We are a holding company that does not conduct any business operations of our own. As a result, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock is dependent upon cash dividends and distributions and other transfers from our subsidiaries. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is currently restricted by the terms of our First Lien Credit Facilities and may be further restricted by any future indebtedness we or they incur.

          In addition, under Delaware law, our Board may declare dividends only to the extent of our surplus (which is defined as total assets at fair market value minus total liabilities, minus statutory capital) or, if there is no surplus, out of our net profits for the then current and/or immediately preceding fiscal year.

          Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will take into account:

•

restrictions in our debt instruments, including our First Lien Credit Facilities;

•

general economic business conditions;

•

our net income, financial condition and results of operations;

•

our capital requirements;

•

our prospects;

•

the ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends and make distributions to us;

•

legal restrictions; and

•

such other factors as our Board may deem relevant.

          See "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to This Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock—Because we do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you are able to sell your common stock for a price greater than your purchase price" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources."

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CAPITALIZATION

          The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of December 31, 2016.

          This table should be read in conjunction with "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Description of Capital Stock" and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	110,635
Debt:
First Lien Credit Facilities(1)	$	791,039
Less: debt issuance costs		10,837
Total debt	$	780,202
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share, 600,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 shares issued and 90,741,340 shares outstanding		91
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, actual, and as adjusted, no shares issued and outstanding		—
Additional paid-in capital		911,582
Retained earnings		33,917
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,156	)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016)		(98	)
Total stockholders' equity		939,336
Total capitalization	$	1,719,538

⁽¹⁾

For a description of the facilities, see "Description of Material Indebtedness—First Lien Credit Facilities." As of December 31, 2016, we had $795.5 million outstanding principal amount under our First Lien Term Loans and availability under our Revolver of $99.5 million.

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SELECTED HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

          The following tables set forth our selected historical consolidated financial data for the periods as of the dates indicated. We derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We derived the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 from our audited consolidated financial statements not included elsewhere in this prospectus.

          On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies, resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. The results of operations of iHealth Technologies have been included in our consolidated financial statements as of and since the date of the Connolly iHealth Merger. As a result, the consolidated financial statements for periods prior to such date are not comparable to subsequent periods. For further details, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations—Connolly iHealth Merger" and Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

          Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. You should read the information set forth below together with "Prospectus Summary—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Capitalization" and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

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		Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)		2016		2015			2014
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343		$	441,372
Cost of revenue		251,768		204,617			179,088
Selling, general and administrative expenses		156,684		136,745			92,537
Depreciation and amortization		80,969		74,162			59,771
Transaction-related expenses		1,788		1,469			5,745
Impairment of intangible assets		—		27,826			74,034
Operating income		133,953		96,524			30,197
Other expense (income)		64,131		68,819			72,826
Income tax expense (benefit)		20,970		14,401			(16,804	)
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		—		(559	)		—
Net income (loss)	$	48,852	$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.18		$	(0.40	)
Diluted	$	0.55	$	0.18		$	(0.40	)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		85,053,890		77,216,133			65,253,954
Diluted		88,578,192		77,641,388			65,253,954

		As of December 31,
(in thousands)		2016		2015		2014
Consolidated balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	110,635	$	149,365	$	118,612
Total assets		2,002,263		2,114,088		2,161,091
Total long-term debt(1)		780,202		1,034,070		1,033,938
Total liabilities		1,062,927		1,326,492		1,387,958
Working capital		31,037		90,968		61,296
Total stockholders' equity		939,336		787,596		773,133

⁽¹⁾

Includes the current portion of our long-term debt and is net of debt issuance costs.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

          The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations as of, and for, the periods presented. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the sections entitled "Prospectus Summary—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data," "Risk Factors," "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial Data" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion and analysis of our historical financial statements includes periods before the Connolly iHealth Merger. See "—Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations." As a result, our historical results of operations may not be comparable and may not be indicative of our future results of operations. In addition, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements regarding the industry outlook, our expectations for the performance of our business, our liquidity and capital resources and the other non-historical statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risks and uncertainties described in "Risk Factors" and "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Overview

          Cotiviti is a leading provider of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions, focused primarily on the healthcare sector (88% of 2016 revenue). Our integrated solutions help clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. We leverage our robust technology platform, configurable analytics, proprietary information assets and expertise in healthcare reimbursement to help our clients enhance their claims payment accuracy. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies, which resulted in approximately $3.3 billion in savings in 2016. We work with over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicare and Medicaid managed health plans, as well as CMS. We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to over 35 retail clients (12% of 2016 revenue), including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States. We operate in two segments, Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

          Our growth strategy for healthcare includes:

•

expand within our existing client base by increasing the volume of claims we review with our solutions; expanding utilization across the depth and breadth of our solutions; and cross-selling our prospective and retrospective solutions;

•

expand our client base;

•

innovate to improve and develop new solutions to expand the scope of our services; and

•

pursue opportunistic acquisitions and strategic partnerships in payment accuracy and adjacent markets.

          As a result of the meaningful savings we deliver to our clients, we have increased our client base and strengthened our long-standing relationships with many of the leading healthcare payers in the United States. In 2016, we generated revenue from six new clients and four cross-sell clients which we believe will drive revenue growth in 2017 and beyond. The average length of our relationships with our ten largest healthcare clients is over ten years. We have also substantially increased the annual savings captured by our healthcare clients over time. As a result, we believe our revenue is highly recurring and we have strong visibility into future revenue.

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          We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail market. Retailers process and validate extremely high volumes of transactions with disparate suppliers on varying terms. We work with retail clients in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom to realize their negotiated allowances, concessions, rebates and other incentives associated with merchandise procurement, logistics and other service transactions. In 2016, we generated over $500 million in savings for our retail clients.

Our History

          We were founded as Connolly in 1979 as a provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail industry and launched our retrospective claims accuracy solutions to the healthcare industry in 1998. Connolly was acquired by the Advent Funds in 2012 (the "Advent Acquisition"). In May 2014, Connolly merged with iHealth Technologies, which was founded in 2001. At the time of the merger, Connolly was a leading provider of retrospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers and retailers and iHealth Technologies was a leading provider of prospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers. We rebranded our company as Cotiviti in September 2015.

Recent Developments

          In 2016, total revenue increased 15% compared to 2015. Key drivers of our performance are as follows:

•

Healthcare segment revenue increased 18% as we continued to execute on our strategy, increasing volume and expanding the adoption of our solutions within our existing healthcare clients for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015.

•

Growth in our healthcare business has also benefitted from the addition of new clients and our successful cross-sell efforts. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated $18.2 million in revenue from six new clients added within the past year and from an additional four existing clients who have adopted either prospective or retrospective solutions.

•

During the second quarter 2016, we generated approximately $5.0 million in healthcare revenue from special projects that did not reoccur in the second half of the year.

•

The strengthening U.S. dollar has resulted in a negative impact on growth in our Global Retail and Other segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015 due to our foreign operations in the United Kingdom and Canada.

          In addition, as a result of the early adoption during the third quarter 2016 of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, the exercise of stock options results in excess tax benefits directly impacting income tax expense. During the fourth quarter 2016, employees exercised approximately 500,000 stock options, which resulted in an excess tax benefit of $4.0 million and thereby contributed to the reduction in our effective tax rate for the year to 30.0%.

          In October 2016, CMS announced that we were awarded two Medicare RACs to provide retrospective payment accuracy services for Medicare Parts A and B (other than durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies claims and home health and hospice claims). Pursuant to these awards, we are the Medicare RAC for Region 2 (Central U.S.) and Region 3 (Southeast U.S.). The announcement represents the conclusion of CMS's Medicare RAC reprocurement process. We do not yet know all of the terms of the new Medicare RAC program but CMS has indicated that we may be able to request medical charts in the second quarter of 2017.

          In September 2016, we refinanced our then outstanding Initial Secured Credit Facilities and entered into the Restated Credit Agreement. This refinancing lowered our interest rates applicable to

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our long-term debt. As a result of the refinancing, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt totaling $9.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.

          In September 2016, the vesting criteria associated with outstanding performance-based stock options were satisfied, which resulted in approximately $15.9 million in stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016.

          In May 2016, we launched our IPO, issuing 12,500,000 shares at $19.00 per share. Subsequently, in June 2016, the IPO underwriters partially exercised their option to purchase additional shares from us and we issued an additional 436,038 shares at the IPO price. We received net proceeds from our IPO after the underwriters' discount and other offering expenses of approximately $227.0 million.

          Also, in June 2016, we repaid $223.0 million in outstanding principal under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility using the net proceeds from our IPO. We also made a voluntary prepayment of $13.1 million of outstanding principal under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. As a result of these payments, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt totaling $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.

          In May 2016, we paid the Special Cash Dividend to pre-IPO shareholders of $150.0 million.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Dollar Amount of Claims Reviewed

          Revenue in our Healthcare segment in a given period is impacted by the dollar amount of claims we review for our clients, which impacts inaccurate payments that we identify for our clients and the amount of revenue we receive under our performance fee-based contracts. The dollar amount of claims that we review is driven by the scope of claims submitted to us by our clients. The dollar amount of inaccurate payments we identify is also dependent upon the type and number of our solutions used by our clients. As a result of our long-standing relationships with our clients, we have a highly recurring revenue base.

          The following table presents the dollar amount of claims reviewed in our Healthcare segment for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Amount of claims/payments reviewed by our retrospective claims accuracy solutions(1)(2)	$	485,831,730	$	442,280,513	$	387,899,243
Amount of claims/payments reviewed by our prospective claims accuracy solutions(2)	$	75,995,140	$	65,504,316	$	51,418,642

⁽¹⁾

Excludes our Medicare RAC contract, for which we do not track the dollar amount of claims reviewed.

⁽²⁾

Amounts of claims/payments reviewed for prior periods are reported on a rolling basis. Accordingly, amounts reflected for prior periods are subject to change.

          In our Global Retail and Other segment, our revenue is dependent on (i) the amount of payments that we review for our retail clients and (ii) the timing of our payment reviews, which typically are completed on a batch processing basis following the lapse of a period of time after payment. We do not track the dollar amount of claims reviewed in our Global Retail and Other segment.

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Healthcare Industry and General Economic Conditions

          A majority of our business is directly related to the healthcare industry and is affected by healthcare spending and complexity in the healthcare industry, as follows:

•

Healthcare Spending by Payers.  Changing demographics, the shift to managed care plans within government healthcare and increased healthcare coverage may lead to an increase in healthcare spending by our payer clients. From 2004 to 2014, healthcare costs in the United States grew at a 4.8% CAGR to $3.0 trillion and increased 5.8% in 2015 to $3.2 trillion. According to CMS, healthcare costs are expected to continue to grow at an average annual rate of 5.6% through 2025. Our revenue is impacted by the expansion or contraction of healthcare coverage and spending, which directly affects the number of payments available for our review.

•

Complexity in the Healthcare Industry.  We believe that reimbursement models will continue to become more complex as healthcare payers accommodate new markets and lines of business and as advancements in medical care increase the number of testing and treatment options available. The adoption of the ICD-10 coding framework in October 2015 has resulted in a nearly five times increase of possible diagnosis codes to approximately 68,000, further complicating the claims process. As reimbursement models grow more complex and healthcare coverage increases, the complexity and number of claims may also increase, which could impact the demand for our payment accuracy solutions. Also, many of the changes promulgated by the Affordable Care Act, which may be repealed or restructured under the current administration, require implementing regulations that have not yet been drafted or have been released only as proposed rules. Such changes could have a further impact on our results of operations.

          In addition, our Global Retail and Other segment is impacted by general economic conditions. For example, in a difficult economy, consumers may be willing to spend less and retailers may reduce their purchasing accordingly, thereby reducing their overall payments available for review. Alternatively, in an expanding economy, retailers may increase their purchasing to meet expected increasing demand resulting in increased payments subject to review using our solutions.

Components of Results of Operations

Net revenue

          Our net revenue is generated from contracts with our clients. Our client contracts generally provide for performance fees that are based on a percentage of the inaccurate payments that we prevent through our prospective claims accuracy solutions or the payment recoveries received by our clients that use our retrospective claims accuracy solutions. We derive less than 3% of our revenue on a "fee-for-service" basis whereby billing is based upon a flat fee or a fee per hour. Our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record an estimate for refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by client type. In such cases, we record any such refund as a reduction of revenue. See "—Critical Accounting Policies—Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals."

          Historically, there has been a seasonal pattern to our healthcare revenue with the revenues in the first quarter generally lower than the other quarters and revenues in the fourth quarter generally being higher than the other quarters. Accordingly, the comparison of revenue from quarter to quarter may fluctuate and is dependent on various factors, including, but not limited to, reset of member liability, timing of special projects and timing of inaccurate payments being prevented or recovered as well as the aforementioned seasonal considerations. Consequently, you should not rely on our revenue for any one quarter as an indication of our future performance.

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Cost of revenue

          Our cost of revenue is comprised of:

•

Compensation, which includes the total compensation and benefit-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees who provide direct revenue generating services to clients; and

•

Other costs of revenue, which primarily include expenses related to the use of subcontractors and professional services firms, costs associated with the retrieval of medical records and facilities-related costs associated with locations that are used strictly for revenue generating activities. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our consolidated statement of operations.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

          Our selling, general and administrative expenses are comprised of:

•

Compensation, which includes total compensation and benefit-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, for our employees who are not directly involved in revenue generating activities including those involved with developing new service offerings; and

•

Other selling, general and administrative expenses, which include all of our general operating costs. These costs include, but are not limited to, rent and occupancy costs for facilities associated with locations that are used for employees not serving in revenue generating roles, telecommunications costs, information technology infrastructure costs, software licensing costs, advertising and marketing expenses, costs associated with developing new service offerings and expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional services firms. Selling, general and administrative expenses do not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our consolidated statement of operations.

          We incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses associated with being a public company, including costs associated with our compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

          Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment consists of depreciation related to our investments in property and equipment, including claims accuracy solutions software, as well as amortization of capitalized internal-use software and software development costs.

Amortization of intangible assets

          Amortization of intangible assets includes amortization of customer relationships, acquired software and certain trademarks.

Transaction-related expenses

          Transaction-related expenses consist primarily of professional services associated with the Connolly iHealth Merger, expenses associated with the preparation for our IPO and other offerings as well as certain expenses associated with corporate development activity.

Impairment of intangible assets

          Impairment of intangible assets results from when the carrying value of certain intangible assets exceeds their fair value. We incurred an impairment of a customer relationship asset in 2014 and of certain trademarks in 2015.

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Interest expense

          Interest expense consists of accrued interest and related payments on our outstanding long-term debt as well as the amortization of debt issuance costs. Additionally, interest expense includes any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income when the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt and the related derivate contract settles. See "Description of Material Indebtedness."

Loss on extinguishment of debt

          Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of fees paid and write-offs of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount in connection with the 2014 refinancings, 2015 repricing of our long-term debt, the 2016 early repayment of a portion of our long-term debt and the 2016 refinancing of our long-term debt.

Other non-operating (income) expense

          Other non-operating (income) expense primarily consists of foreign exchange gains and losses. In addition, income received for certain sub-leases, interest income and realized gains and losses, interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in other non-operating (income) expense.

Income tax expense (benefit)

          Income tax expense (benefit) consists of federal, state, local and foreign taxes based on earnings in multiple jurisdictions. Our income tax expense is impacted by the pre-tax earnings in jurisdictions with varying tax rates and any related foreign tax credits or deductions that may be available to us. Our current and future provision for income taxes will vary from statutory rates due to the impact of income tax incentives and holidays, certain non-deductible expenses, valuation allowances in certain countries, withholding taxes, excess tax benefits on the exercise of stock options and other discrete items.

Stock-based compensation expense

          We grant equity incentive awards to certain employees, officers and non-employee directors as long-term incentive compensation. We recognize the related expense for these awards ratably over the applicable vesting period. Such expense is recognized in either cost of revenue or selling, general and administrative expenses based upon the function of the optionee. The following table shows the allocation of stock-based compensation expense among our expense line items for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Cost of revenue	$	5,026	$	963	$	630
Selling, general and administrative expenses		17,928		2,436		1,862
Total	$	22,954	$	3,399	$	2,492

          As of December 31, 2016, we had total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested service-based awards of $13.3 million, which we expect to recognize over the next 3.1 years. Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes approximately $15.9 million as a result of the vesting of performance awards, of which approximately $3.9 million is included in cost of revenue above and the remaining $12.0 million is included in selling, general and administrative expenses above. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2016, stock-based

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compensation expense included in selling, general and administrative expenses includes approximately $2.3 million related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO.

Foreign currency translation adjustments

          The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar are translated into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates effective during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income. We had downward foreign currency translation adjustments of $0.9 million, $0.7 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The downward translation adjustments were the result of the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Canadian Dollar and British Pound over the corresponding period.

Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of related taxes

          We are a party to interest rate cap agreements that hedge the potential impact fluctuations in interest rates may have on payments we make pursuant to our long-term debt. We had a downward net change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of related taxes of approximately $0.4 million, $2.3 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The downward changes were the result of fluctuations in three-month London inter-bank offered rate ("LIBOR").

How We Assess Our Performance

Adjusted EBITDA

          We believe Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) is useful to investors as a supplemental measure to evaluate our overall operating performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a measurement to compare our operating performance to our peers and competitors. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before depreciation and amortization, impairment of intangible assets, interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense such as foreign currency translation, income tax expense (benefit), gain on discontinued operations, transaction-related expenses and other, stock-based compensation and loss on extinguishment of debt. See the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for additional information regarding these adjustments. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it provides meaningful supplemental information about our operating performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons without regard to our financing methods, capital structure or other items that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing operating performance. By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, management believes we are enhancing investors' understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties as a supplemental measure of financial performance within our industry. In addition, the determination of Adjusted EBITDA is consistent with the definition of a similar measure in our First Lien Credit Facilities other than adjustments for severance costs and non-income based taxes permitted by the First Lien Credit Facilities but not considered by management in evaluating our performance using Adjusted EBITDA. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure, see "Prospectus Summary—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data."

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Dollar Amount of Inaccurate Payments Prevented or Recovered

          The majority of our net revenue consists of performance fees earned under our client contracts. Our performance fees generally represent a specified percentage of inaccurate payments that are either prevented prior to payment using our prospective claims accuracy solutions or recovered by our clients after they are identified using our retrospective claims accuracy solutions. For those clients where we identify any payment inaccuracies in advance of payment to the providers, the clients reduce the amount paid to the providers based upon the inaccuracies that we have identified. For those clients where we identify payment inaccuracies using our retrospective claims accuracy solutions after the client has made payment, clients generally recover claims either by taking credits against outstanding payables to healthcare providers or retail vendors, or future purchases from the related retail vendors, or receiving refund checks directly from those healthcare providers or retail vendors.

          The dollar amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered in a given period is impacted by the dollar amount of claims or payments reviewed, the scope of claims or payments that we review, the success of our cross-selling efforts, our ability to retain existing clients and obtain new clients and our ability to enhance our existing solutions or create new solutions.

          We believe the dollar amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered is useful to measure our overall operating performance and how well we are executing on our client contracts.

          The following table presents the combined dollar amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered in our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered(1)	$	3,837,710	$	3,244,535	$	3,133,763
Amount of inaccurate payments prevented or recovered, excluding our Medicare RAC contract(1)	$	3,721,514	$	3,070,738	$	2,534,884

⁽¹⁾

Inaccurate payments prevented or recovered for prior periods are reported to us on a rolling basis. Accordingly, amounts reflected for prior periods are subject to change.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations

          As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations may not be comparable to our results of operations in future periods and our results of operations may not be directly comparable from period to period. Set forth below is a brief discussion of the key factors impacting the comparability of our results of operations.

Connolly iHealth Merger

          Our results of operations prior to the Connolly iHealth Merger, which was consummated in May 2014, do not include the iHealth Technologies business and, accordingly, are not comparable to subsequent periods. The following is a discussion of the major factors affecting the comparability of our results of operations resulting from the Connolly iHealth Merger:

•

Net Revenue.  The periods after the Connolly iHealth Merger include net revenue from the combined businesses.

•

Cost of Revenue.  The periods after the Connolly iHealth Merger include cost of revenue from the combined businesses.

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•

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  The periods after the Connolly iHealth Merger include selling, general and administrative expenses from the combined businesses.

•

Transaction-related Expenses.  In connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, we incurred significant transaction costs, primarily diligence-related costs and professional fees.

•

Amortization and Depreciation Expenses.  As part of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we assigned values to the iHealth Technologies assets we acquired and the liabilities we assumed based upon their fair values at the acquisition date. In the merger, we acquired intangible assets, consisting primarily of client relationships, with a value of $543.2 million. Due to the significant increase in the amount of intangible assets, our amortization expense is significantly higher for the periods following the merger.

•

Goodwill.  As a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we recorded $829.1 million in goodwill, which represents the amount that the $1.2 billion purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired.

•

Income Taxes.  In connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, significant book and tax differences were accounted for in deferred taxes primarily related to business combination accounting for stock acquisitions. These differences include intangible assets and transaction costs. Notwithstanding these differences, the Connolly iHealth Merger did not have a material impact on our income tax expense.

•

Interest Expense and Debt Extinguishment Costs.  In May 2014, we refinanced our indebtedness and entered into the Initial Secured Credit Facilities in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, which increased our total outstanding long-term debt from $319.2 million to $1.08 billion, resulting in a significant increase in interest expense. In addition, we recognized a loss of $9.8 million in debt extinguishment costs primarily associated with the write-off of unamortized fees related to indebtedness that was repaid to certain lenders.

Debt Refinancings, Repayments and Repricing

          In connection with our various debt refinancings, including those associated with the Advent Acquisition and the Connolly iHealth Merger in May 2014, we incurred significant debt issuance costs, primarily associated with the new indebtedness incurred under the Initial Secured Credit Facilities. These debt issuance costs are amortized utilizing the effective interest method over the associated life of the related indebtedness and recorded as interest expense. Unamortized debt issuance costs were $10.8 million and $21.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We incurred $9.8 million and $11.7 million in debt extinguishment costs related to the May 2014 and January 2014 refinancings, respectively, primarily related to indebtedness that was repaid to certain lenders.

          In May 2015, we repriced our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, which reduced the related interest rates. We incurred $4.1 million in debt extinguishment costs for the year ended December 31, 2015 in connection with the repricing primarily related to accelerated recognition of the unamortized portion of debt issuance costs and original issue discount related to indebtedness that was repaid to certain lenders.

          In June 2016, we repaid $223.0 million in outstanding principal under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility using proceeds from our IPO. We also made a voluntary prepayment of $13.1 million of outstanding principal under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. As a result of these repayments, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt totaling $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to the accelerated recognition of the unamortized portion of debt issuance costs and original issue discount. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—First Lien Credit Facilities."

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          In September 2016, we completed a refinancing of our Initial First and Second Lien Credit Facilities and entered into the Restated Credit Agreement, which provides for the First Lien Credit Facilities consisting of (a) the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, (b) the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and (c) a $100.0 million Revolver, reducing our total debt principal outstanding by $22.7 million and reducing the interest rates we pay on our outstanding debt. As a result of this refinancing, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily related to the payment of certain fees and the accelerated recognition of the unamortized portion of debt issuance costs and original issue discount related to indebtedness that was repaid to certain lenders.

Medicare RAC Contract

          Historically, one of our largest clients was CMS under our original Medicare RAC contract. However, as a result of the cessation of the submission of claims for review by CMS for a period of two months in 2014, the continuing reduction of the scope of claims that we review (in particular the ongoing suspension of review of certain of inpatient hospital claims discussed below), the subsequent delays with the contract renewal process and active auditing under the original contract ending on July 29, 2016, net revenue under our original Medicare RAC contract has declined. Net revenue under our original Medicare RAC contract was $14.0 million, $18.5 million and $44.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

          Our original Medicare RAC contract for one region was originally set to expire in February 2014. In November 2015, CMS announced that it would begin to close out the original contracts so the Medicare RACs could complete all outstanding claim reviews and other processes by December 31, 2015 (subsequently extended through July 2016). Since this date, activities under our original Medicare RAC program contract have been limited to administrative matters, including collections, related to findings through July 29, 2016. Our original Medicare RAC program contract, including any liability for appeals, ends on January 31, 2018.

          In October 2016, CMS announced that we were awarded two new Medicare RAC program contracts to provide retrospective payment accuracy services for Medicare Parts A and B (other than durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies claims and home health and hospice claims). Pursuant to these awards, we are the Medicare RAC for Region 2 (Central U.S.) and Region 3 (Southeast U.S.). The new Medicare RAC program contracts have a one year initial term, with multiple one year renewal options at the election of CMS. We do not yet know all of the terms of the new Medicare RAC program but CMS has indicated that we may be able to request medical charts in the second quarter of 2017.

          In late 2013, CMS suspended the review by Medicare RACs of inpatient hospital claims for a determination of whether the inpatient hospital admission and patient status was appropriate. This type of improper medical inpatient claim historically accounted for a substantial portion of the claims we had identified related to our original Medicare RAC contract. Under our new contracts with CMS for two regions, the continued suspensions of these reviews and additional limitations or restrictions on the type of claims reviewed by Medicare RACs, if implemented, likely will result in a reduction of net revenue compared to prior experience under our original Medicare RAC contract and may impact results of operations in the future.

          In August 2014, CMS announced that it would allow hospitals to remove all eligible inpatient status claims then pending in the appeals process by offering to pay hospitals 68% of the original claim amount. On July 1, 2015, CMS issued a Technical Direction Letter to us and the other Medicare RACs, indicating that we will only be entitled to the contract contingency fee on the settled amounts of the claims, or 32% of the original inpatient claim amounts. Based on the initial lists of finalized settlements

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provided by CMS, we would be required to refund CMS approximately $22.3 million in Medicare RAC contingency fees due to these adjustments. CMS further advised that as the hospital settlement project continues, additional settlement lists will be matched to Medicare RAC claims which may result in updated refund amounts to those initially provided. While there are uncertainties in any dispute resolution and results are uncertain, we have disputed CMS's findings based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract and our belief that the backup data provided by CMS is inaccurate and/or incomplete. Our liability for estimated refunds and appeals includes amounts for these settled claims based on our best estimates of the amount we believe will be ultimately payable to CMS based on our interpretation of the terms of the original Medicare RAC contract. We believe that it is possible that we could be required to pay an additional amount up to approximately $13.0 million in excess of the amount we accrued as of December 31, 2016, based on the claims data we have received from CMS to date. As CMS completes its settlement process with the providers and updated files are provided to us, the potential amount owed by us may change. On September 28, 2016, CMS announced a second settlement process to allow eligible providers to settle their inpatient status claims currently under appeal, which began on December 1, 2016. This second settlement process could result in additional amounts owed to CMS. The amount of any such additional claims cannot presently be determined. We do not anticipate our Medicare RAC contract will represent a significant portion of our business going forward.

Impairment of Intangible Assets

          As a result of our Cotiviti rebranding, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27.8 million related to our Connolly and iHealth trademarks during the year ended December 31, 2015. The remaining trademark value of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2016 is related to our retail business that will continue to operate as Connolly, a division of Cotiviti.

          Based on the facts and circumstances surrounding our original Medicare RAC contract, including delays with the contract renewal process, as well as scope reductions that resulted in a decrease to our future revenue projections, we performed an impairment review of our customer relationship intangible asset related to our original Medicare RAC contract with CMS during the year ended December 31, 2014. As a result of this review, we recognized a $74.0 million impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to a change in the estimated fair value of the original Medicare RAC contract, a customer relationship intangible asset.

Stock-based Compensation

          Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes approximately $15.9 million as a result of the vesting of performance awards. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes approximately $2.3 million related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO.

Our Segments

          We report our results of operations in two segments, (i) Healthcare and (ii) Global Retail and Other. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions, on a limited basis in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as solutions that improve efficiency and effectiveness of payment networks for a limited number of clients.

          We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. The cost of revenue for each segment is based on direct expenses associated with

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revenue generating activities of each segment. We allocate selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization to each segment based on the segments' proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment as determined by management. The following table sets forth the net revenue and operating income for our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments for the periods presented (in thousands).

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	552,041	$	467,044	$	359,842
Global Retail and Other		73,121		74,299		81,530
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343	$	441,372
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	123,917	$	84,240	$	23,713
Global Retail and Other		10,036		12,284		6,484
Consolidated operating income	$	133,953	$	96,524	$	30,197

          The following table sets forth our segment net revenue and percentage of consolidated net revenue by product type for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016	%		2015	%		2014	%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	310,496	49.7	$	251,288	46.4	$	240,544	54.5
Prospective claims accuracy		229,491	36.7		201,899	37.3		108,828	24.7
Transaction services		12,054	1.9		13,857	2.6		10,470	2.4
Total Healthcare		552,041	88.3		467,044	86.3		359,842	81.6
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		70,656	11.3		72,060	13.3		80,075	18.1
Other		2,465	0.4		2,239	0.4		1,455	0.3
Total Global Retail and Other		73,121	11.7		74,299	13.7		81,530	18.4
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	100.0	$	541,343	100.0	$	441,372	100.0

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Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

          The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,												Percentage Change
	2016			Percentage of Net Revenue (%)			2015			Percentage of Net Revenue (%)			Period to Period (%)
Net revenue	$	625,162			100.0		$	541,343			100.0			15.5
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		229,601			36.7			183,817			34.0			24.9
Other costs of revenue		22,167			3.5			20,800			3.8			6.6
Total cost of revenue		251,768			40.2			204,617			37.8			23.0
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		97,123			15.6			70,802			13.1			37.2
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		59,561			9.5			65,943			12.2			(9.7	)
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		156,684			25.1			136,745			25.3			14.6
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		20,151			3.2			12,695			2.3			58.7
Amortization of intangible assets		60,818			9.7			61,467			11.4			(1.1	)
Transaction-related expenses		1,788			0.3			1,469			0.3			21.7
Impairment of intangible assets		—			—			27,826			5.1			100.0
Total operating expenses		491,209			78.5			444,819			82.2			10.4
Operating income		133,953			21.5			96,524			17.8			38.8
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		48,653			7.8			65,561			12.1			(25.8	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		16,417			2.6			4,084			0.8			302.0
Other non-operating (income) expense		(939	)		(0.1	)		(826	)		(0.2	)		13.7
Total other expense (income)		64,131			10.3			68,819			12.7			(6.8	)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		69,822			11.2			27,705			5.1			152.0
Income tax expense		20,970			3.3			14,401			2.6			45.6
Income from continuing operations		48,852			7.9			13,304			2.5			267.2
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		—			—			559			0.1			(100.0	)
Net income	$	48,852			7.9		$	13,863			2.6			252.4

Net revenue

          Net revenue was $625.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $541.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $83.9 million was the result of increased Healthcare segment revenue of $85.0 million and decreased Global Retail and Other segment revenue of $1.2 million. See "—Segment net revenue and operating income."

Cost of revenue

          Cost of revenue related to compensation was $229.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $183.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $45.8 million was primarily the result of approximately $34.8 million in additional payroll related

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expenses due to increased headcount and growth of our Healthcare segment. Stock-based compensation increased by approximately $4.1 million due to the vesting of performance-based stock options during the year ended December 31, 2016 as well as additional stock option grants. Employee benefit costs increased approximately $3.7 million due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in the number of our employees. Additionally, we made changes to some of our variable compensation programs in 2016 in order to better align our compensation structure with our business strategy which resulted in additional expense of approximately $3.2 million.

          Other costs of revenue were $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $1.4 million was primarily the result of a $2.1 million increase in facilities related costs and a $1.9 million increase in variable costs to support our growing operations partially offset by a $2.6 million decrease in the cost to retrieve medical records due to reduced volume.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

          Selling, general and administrative expenses related to compensation were $97.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $70.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $26.3 million was primarily related to a $15.5 million increase in stock-based compensation due to the vesting of performance-based stock options and the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as a result of the IPO during the year ended December 31, 2016 as well as additional stock option grants. Compensation related expenses increased $8.9 million primarily due to an increase in the number of employees to support our growing operations, including the enhancement of key corporate functions in connection with being a public company. Employee benefit costs increased approximately $1.9 million due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in number of employees.

          Other selling, general and administrative expenses were $59.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $65.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease of $6.3 million was primarily due to a decrease of $9.1 million in other costs including professional and consulting fees as our current need to leverage external resources in support of our strategic initiatives has been reduced. This decrease was partially offset by a $2.8 million increase in IT infrastructure and telecommunications costs to support our growing operations.

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

          Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment was $20.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $7.5 million was due to continued investments in capital expenditures over the prior year.

Amortization of intangible assets

          Amortization of intangible assets was $60.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $61.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease of $0.7 million was the result of the impairment of our legacy trademarks related to the Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015.

Transaction-related expenses

          Transaction-related expenses were $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to expenses incurred in connection with our IPO and other offering costs as well as certain expenses related to corporate development activity. Transaction-related expenses were $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily related to expenses incurred in connection with our IPO.

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Impairment of Intangible Assets

          Impairment of intangible assets was $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to our Connolly and iHealth trademarks as a result of our Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015. We had no impairment of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Interest expense

          Interest expense was $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $65.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. In May 2015 we repriced our then outstanding Initial First Lien Term Loan (as defined below), lowering the interest rate by 50 basis points. In June 2016, we repaid $236.1 million of outstanding borrowings under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. In September 2016, we entered into the Restated Credit Agreement pursuant to which we refinanced our long-term debt under our Initial Secured Credit Facilities, reducing our outstanding principal by $22.7 million and reducing our overall interest rates. The total decrease in interest expense of $16.9 million was the result of the reduction in principal, which contributed approximately $8.2 million of the interest expense decrease, and the lower interest rates, which contributed the remaining $8.7 million interest expense decrease.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

          Loss on extinguishment of debt was $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the payment of fees and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount as a result of the refinancing of our long-term debt in September 2016 pursuant to the Restated Credit Agreement and the early payment on our outstanding borrowings under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility in June 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2015 we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $4.1 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount as a result of the repricing of our then outstanding Initial First Lien Term Loan.

Other non-operating income (expense)

          Other non-operating income (expense) was $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $0.1 million was primarily the result of foreign exchange gains related to our operations in India.

Income tax expense

          Income tax expense was $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily a result of the increase in pre-tax income. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 30.0% compared to 52.0% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in the effective tax rate is primarily due to a $1.3 million tax benefit related to the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded in a prior period, a $4.0 million excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises due to the early adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, and a $1.1 million tax benefit related to the impact of certain tax planning.

Segment net revenue and operating income

          Healthcare segment net revenue was $552.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $467.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase of $85.0 million was primarily the result of a net increase of $66.8 million due to increased penetration and extended scope of services provided to our existing client base which includes approximately $5.0 million relating to

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special projects that we do not expect to reoccur and a $18.2 million increase due to the addition of new clients and the success of our cross-sell efforts.

          Global Retail and Other segment net revenue was $73.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $74.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease of $1.2 million was primarily related to foreign currency fluctuations due to the strengthening U.S. dollar and the negative impact of certain regulatory changes in the U.K.

          Healthcare segment operating income was $123.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $84.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in operating income of $39.7 million was the result of an increase in net revenue noted above. This was partially offset by an increase in compensation expense of $50.8 million related to an increase in the number of employees in our growing Healthcare segment. Additionally, stock-based compensation expense increased approximately $18.1 million due to the vesting of performance-based stock options and the accelerated vesting of certain stock options upon our IPO. Our ongoing investment in strategic initiatives contributed an additional $2.9 million in expense primarily related to an increase in IT infrastructure costs. Rent and occupancy related costs increased $2.1 million as a result of additional leased office space needed to support our growing operations. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $6.7 million due to our continued investments in capital expenditures. Transaction-related expenses increased $0.3 million primarily related to the costs associated with the IPO and other offerings. These increased expenses were offset by an impairment of intangible assets of $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to our Connolly and iHealth trademarks as a result of our Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015, a $5.6 million decrease in professional and consulting fees as our current need to leverage external resources in support of our strategic initiatives has been reduced and a $2.6 million decrease in the costs to retrieve medical records due to reduced volume. Additionally, certain variable costs decreased approximately $1.1 million.

          Global Retail and Other segment operating income was $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in operating income of $2.3 million was the result of the decrease in net revenue noted above, a $1.5 million increase in stock-based compensation primarily related to the vesting of performance-based stock options and a $1.7 million increase in compensation related expenses. Additionally there was a $0.2 million increase in expenses related to the ongoing costs associated with our IT infrastructure initiatives. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.1 million due to our continued investments in capital expenditures. These increased expenses were partially offset by a $1.5 million impairment of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to our Connolly trademark as a result of our Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015 and a decrease of $0.9 million in certain variable costs.

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Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014

          The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,									Percentage Change
		2015		Percentage of Net Revenue (%)			2014		Percentage of Net Revenue (%)		Period to Period (%)
Net revenue	$	541,343		100.0		$	441,372		100.0		22.7
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		183,817		34.0			164,552		37.3		11.7
Other costs of revenue		20,800		3.8			14,536		3.3		43.1
Total cost of revenue		204,617		37.8			179,088		40.6		14.3
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		70,802		13.1			49,777		11.3		42.2
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		65,943		12.2			42,760		9.7		54.2
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		136,745		25.3			92,537		21.0		47.8
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		12,695		2.3			7,416		1.7		71.2
Amortization of intangible assets		61,467		11.4			52,355		11.8		17.4
Transaction-related expenses		1,469		0.3			5,745		1.3		(74.4	)
Impairment of intangible assets		27,826		5.1			74,034		16.8		(62.4	)
Total operating expenses		444,819		82.2			411,175		93.2		8.2
Operating income		96,524		17.8			30,197		6.8		219.6
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		65,561		12.1			51,717		11.7		26.8
Loss on extinguishment of debt		4,084		0.8			21,524		4.9		(81.0	)
Other non-operating (income) expense		(826	)	(0.2	)		(415	)	(0.1	)	98.9
Total other expense (income)		68,819		12.7			72,826		16.5		(5.5	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		27,705		5.1			(42,629	)	(9.7	)	165.0
Income tax expense (benefit)		14,401		2.6			(16,804	)	(3.8	)	185.7
Income (loss) from continuing operations		13,304		2.5			(25,825	)	(5.9	)	151.5
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		559		0.1			—		—		100.0
Net income (loss)	$	13,863		2.6		$	(25,825	)	(5.9	)	153.7

Net revenue

          Net revenue was $541.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $441.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was the result of increased Healthcare segment revenue of $107.1 million, partially offset by decreased Global Retail and Other segment revenue of $7.2 million. See "—Segment net revenue and operating income."

Cost of revenue

          Cost of revenue related to compensation was $183.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $164.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $19.2 million was primarily the result of approximately $12.2 million in additional compensation

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expense related to the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger, which occurred in May 2014 and therefore there was only a partial year of expense in the prior year. Additionally, compensation expense increased $3.7 million due to a change in our variable compensation program in the fourth quarter of 2015 which resulted in additional expense. Payroll-related expenses also increased approximately $0.8 million due to increased headcount partially offset by savings due to changes made to our variable compensation programs. Employee benefit costs increased approximately $2.2 million due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in number of employees. Stock-based compensation also increased by approximately $0.3 million due to additional stock option grants.

          Other costs of revenue were $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $6.3 million was primarily the result of a $3.1 million increase in costs associated with the retrieval of medical records related to an increase in volume in our Healthcare business. Additionally we had an increase of $0.8 million in rent and occupancy as we expanded into additional facilities and an increase of $0.5 million in other variable costs to support our growing operations. The remaining increase of $1.9 million was primarily the result of the growth in operating costs associated with the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

          Selling, general and administrative expenses related to compensation were $70.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $49.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $21.0 million was due to a $6.8 million increase in payroll-related expenses due to an increase in the number of employees to support our growing operations, a $1.5 million increase in our discretionary match contributions to our employee retirement plans, a $1.0 million increase in employee benefit costs due to rising healthcare coverage costs and the increase in number of employees, a $1.0 million increase in severance costs as we eliminated certain positions and a $0.6 million increase in stock-based compensation due to additional stock option grants. The remaining increase of $10.1 million was primarily the result of the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger.

          Other selling, general and administrative expenses were $65.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $42.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $23.1 million was partially due to ongoing investments to support our ability to grow, including an $8.3 million increase in professional and consulting fees as we have leveraged external resources and expertise and a $6.2 million increase in IT infrastructure and telecommunications costs. The remaining increase of $8.6 million was primarily the result of the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger.

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment

          Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment was $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $5.3 million was due to the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger which increased our property and equipment by $7.6 million as well as capital expenditures of $23.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Amortization of intangible assets

          Amortization of intangible assets was $61.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $52.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $9.1 million was the result of the Connolly iHealth Merger which contributed amortization expense of $42.2 million and $26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was partially offset by the impairment of our CMS customer relationship intangible asset during the fourth quarter of 2014, which reduced amortization expense by $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year.

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Transaction-related expenses

          Transaction-related expenses were $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to expenses incurred in connection with our IPO. Transaction-related expenses were $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and primarily related to diligence and other professional services fees associated with the Connolly iHealth Merger.

Impairment of intangible assets

          Impairment of intangible assets was $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to our Connolly and iHealth trademarks as a result of our Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015. Impairment of intangible assets was $74.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 related to our CMS customer relationship due to the change in estimated fair value of our Medicare RAC contract based on revised expectations of future cash flows from the Medicare RAC program.

Interest expense

          Interest expense was $65.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $51.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. In connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, we issued long-term debt of $1.08 billion associated with our Initial Secured Credit Facilities to fund a portion of the Connolly iHealth Merger. Proceeds were also used to refinance our then outstanding debt under our Initial Secured Credit Facilities, which had an outstanding principal balance of $319.2 million. In May 2015, we repriced our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, lowering the interest rate by 50 basis points. The combination of these transactions, increasing the outstanding principal partially offset by a lower interest rate, resulted in an interest expense increase of $13.9 million.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

          Loss on extinguishment of debt was $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to the repricing of our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities. During the year ended December 31, 2014 we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9.8 million as a result of refinancing our debt in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger in May 2014 and $11.7 million as a result of our debt refinancing in January 2014.

Other non-operating (income) expense

          We had other non-operating (income) expense of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in sublease income.

Income tax expense

          We had total income tax expense of $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an income tax benefit of $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 52.0% as compared to 39.4% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in income tax expense and the effective tax rate are due to changes in uncertain tax positions, an increase in nondeductible costs, an increase in the valuation allowance and the impact of a state deferred tax remeasurement as a result of enacted statutory regulations.

Segment net revenue and operating income

          Healthcare segment net revenue was $467.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $359.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase of $107.1 million was

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the result of the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger which contributed $63.3 million in Healthcare segment net revenue, a $68.3 million increase due to the increased penetration and expanded scope of services provided to our existing client base and a $1.3 million increase due to net new clients, offset by a $25.8 million decrease in net revenue from our Medicare RAC contract due to a significant reduction of claim submissions for review, the continued delays with the contract renewal process, as well as reductions of the scope of claims that we review.

          Global Retail and Other segment net revenue was $74.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $81.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease of $7.2 million was the result of a $6.6 million decrease in revenue from our existing retail client base primarily related to several non-recurring claims in the prior year that did not repeat in 2015 and a $1.4 million decrease as a result of foreign currency fluctuations due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. This decrease was partially offset by a $0.8 million increase due to the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger.

          Healthcare segment operating income was $84.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $23.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in operating income of $60.5 million was the result of the increase in net revenue noted above, offset by an increase in compensation expense of $51.4 million, of which approximately $22.0 million related to the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger and approximately $29.4 million related to increases in headcount partially offset by changes in our variable compensation plans in support of our growing operations. Additionally, the costs to retrieve medical records and the costs associated with the use of certain subcontractors increased by $4.3 million, primarily attributed to increased activity on our Medicare RAC contract. Costs to retrieve medical records occur in advance of the related revenue and we incurred fewer costs during the year ended December 31, 2014 as there was a temporary pause in the Medicare RAC contract. Rent and occupancy related costs increased $2.5 million as a result of additional leased office space needed to support our growing operations. Our ongoing investment in strategic initiatives contributed an additional $23.8 million in expense primarily related to an increase in professional fees as we leverage external resources and other costs as we build our information technology infrastructure. Impairment of intangible assets decreased $47.7 million as we had a $26.3 million impairment in 2015 as a result of our rebranding to Cotiviti as compared to a $74.0 million impairment in 2014 related to our CMS customer relationship intangible asset. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $15.6 million due to the acquisition of $7.6 million of property and equipment and $543.2 million in intangible assets from the Connolly iHealth Merger. Transaction-related expenses decreased $3.2 million as the costs in 2015 relate to our preparation of our IPO compared to expenses in 2014 related to the Connolly iHealth merger.

          Global Retail and Other segment operating income was $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in operating income of $5.8 million was the result of decreases in compensation expense of $11.1 million due to changes in our variable compensation structure partially offset by the decreased revenue discussed above. We incurred $1.5 million in impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to our rebranding to Cotiviti and a reduction in the value of the remaining Connolly trade name. The remaining difference of $3.4 million relates to a decrease in the allocation of selling, general and administrative expenses as a result of the reduction in the segments proportionate share of the business.

Quarterly Results of Operations

          The following table sets forth statement of operations data for each of the quarters presented. We have prepared the quarterly statement of operations data on a basis consistent with the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. In the opinion of management, the financial information reflects all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which we consider necessary for a fair presentation of this data. This information should be read in conjunction with the

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consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period.

		Three Months Ended
		December 31, 2016			September 30, 2016			June 30, 2016			March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015			September 30, 2015			June 30, 2015			March 31, 2015
(unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)
Net revenue	$	167,912		$	156,241		$	158,291		$	142,718		$	151,463		$	136,936		$	133,306		$	119,638
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		62,338			58,517			55,285			53,461			50,889			46,424			44,528			41,976
Other costs of revenue		4,836			6,658			5,275			5,398			6,171			5,646			4,621			4,362
Total cost of revenue		67,174			65,175			60,560			58,859			57,060			52,070			49,149			46,338
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		22,341			32,496			23,176			19,110			18,216			16,997			17,443			18,146
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		15,409			13,978			14,945			15,229			21,520			16,351			14,756			13,316
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		37,750			46,474			38,121			34,339			39,736			33,348			32,199			31,462
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		5,287			5,218			4,811			4,835			3,425			3,773			2,775			2,722
Amortization of intangible assets		15,200			15,203			15,208			15,207			15,211			15,437			15,410			15,409
Transaction-related expenses		879			16			653			240			1,115			354			—			—
Impairment of intangible assets		—			—			—			—			—			27,826			—			—
Total operating expenses		126,290			132,086			119,353			113,480			116,547			132,808			99,533			95,931
Operating income		41,622			24,155			38,938			29,238			34,916			4,128			33,773			23,707
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		8,308			9,625			14,660			16,060			15,706			16,180			16,753			16,922
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			9,349			7,068			—			—			—			4,084			—
Other non-operating (income) expense		(168	)		(113	)		(359	)		(299	)		(442	)		(187	)		(21	)		(176	)
Total other expense (income)		8,140			18,861			21,369			15,761			15,264			15,993			20,816			16,746
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		33,482			5,294			17,569			13,477			19,652			(11,865	)		12,957			6,961
Income tax expense (benefit)		8,190			711			6,676			5,393			10,469			(4,571	)		5,177			3,326
Income (loss) from continuing operations		25,292			4,583			10,893			8,084			9,183			(7,294	)		7,780			3,635
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			559
Net income (loss)	$	25,292		$	4,583		$	10,893		$	8,084		$	9,183		$	(7,294	)	$	7,780		$	4,194

Liquidity and Capital Resources

          Our primary sources of liquidity are our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash provided by operating activities and borrowings under credit facilities. As of December 31, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $110.6 million and availability under the Revolver of $99.5 million. Our total indebtedness was $795.5 million as of December 31, 2016. See "Description of Material Indebtedness."

          On September 28, 2016, our subsidiary Cotiviti Corporation and certain other of our subsidiaries entered into the Restated Credit Agreement pursuant to which the lenders party thereto agreed to provide the First Lien Credit Facilities consisting of (a) the First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, (b) the First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and (c) a $100.0 million Revolver. In connection with entering into the Restated Credit Agreement, we refinanced the Initial Secured Credit Facilities.

          Our principal liquidity needs have been, and we expect them to continue to be, debt service, capital expenditures, working capital and potential mergers and acquisitions. Our capital expenditures support investments in our underlying infrastructure to enhance our solutions and technology for future growth. Our capital expenditures were $35.2 million, $23.0 million and $19.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase is primarily due to expenditures

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associated with enhancing our IT platform. We do not expect our capital expenditures to continue to increase. However, our strategy includes the expansion of our existing solutions and the development of new solutions, which will require cash expenditures over the next few years and will be funded primarily with cash provided by operating activities. Accordingly, we expect our annual capital expenditures to continue to remain high as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015.

          We believe that our cash flow from operations, availability under our First Lien Credit Facilities and available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for at least the foreseeable future. We anticipate that to the extent that we require additional liquidity, it will be funded through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the issuance of equity financings, or a combination thereof. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain this additional liquidity on reasonable terms, or at all. Additionally, our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations and fund our capital requirements are also dependent on our future financial performance, which is subject to general economic, financial and other factors that are beyond our control. Accordingly, we cannot assure that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available from additional indebtedness or otherwise to meet our liquidity needs. If we decide to pursue one or more significant acquisitions, we may incur additional debt or sell additional equity to finance such acquisitions, which could possibly result in additional expenses or dilution.

Cash Flows

          The following table provides a summary of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	189,171		$	63,154		$	95,728
Net cash used in investing activities		(34,032	)		(22,581	)		(1,091,520	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(193,275	)		(8,976	)		1,025,872

Operating Activities

          Net cash provided by operating activities was $189.2 million and $63.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily was due to a $48.4 million increase in net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses, a $0.9 million gain on discontinued operations in the prior year and approximately a $76.7 million increase related to the effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities.

          Net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses was approximately $165.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to $116.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily due to the growth in our Healthcare operations.

          The effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities was an increase of $24.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to a decrease of $52.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The most significant drivers contributing to this increase relate to the following:

•

prior year tax payments of approximately $10.0 million were applied to our tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2016;

•

a payment of $22.3 million to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies during the year ended December 31, 2015 which had been recorded as a liability in accounts payable and accrued other expenses;

•

changes in accounts receivable primarily driven by increased revenue and timing of collections. Accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, decreased $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to an increase of $28.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015; and

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•

changes in accrued compensation primarily driven by an increase in the number of employees and timing of payments. Accrued compensation increased $15.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to an increase of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2015.

          Net cash provided by operating activities was $63.2 million and $95.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily was due to a $26.9 million increase in net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses, a $0.9 million gain on discontinued operations in 2015 and approximately a $58.6 million decrease related to the effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities.

          Net income adjusted for the exclusion of non-cash expenses was approximately $116.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $89.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to the growth in our Healthcare operations.

          The effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities was a decrease of $52.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an increase of $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The most significant drivers contributing to this decrease relate to the following:

•

a payment of $22.3 million to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies during the year ended December 31, 2015 which had been recorded as a liability in accounts payable and accrued other expenses;

•

a $13.7 million increase in taxes paid in the current year compared to the prior year;

•

changes in accounts receivable primarily driven by increased revenue and timing of collections. Accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, increased $28.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an increase of $25.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2014;

•

changes in accrued compensation primarily driven by an increase in the number of employees and timing of payments. Accrued compensation increased $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to a decrease of $38.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily related to the payment of certain incentive compensation to former employees of iHealth Technologies as a result of the change in control from the Connolly iHealth Merger during the year ended December 31, 2014; and

•

changes in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals related to refunds or offsets made to our clients as well as changes in refund liabilities assumed from the Connolly iHealth Merger. The gross estimated liability for refunds and appeals increased $3.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an increase of $45.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2014.

Investing Activities

          Net cash used in investing activities was $34.0 million and $22.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily was due to an increase in capital expenditures due to our ongoing investments, particularly as it relates to enhancing our information technology infrastructure and platforms to support our growing operations.

          Net cash used in investing activities was $22.6 million and $1.09 billion for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. The decrease in cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014

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primarily was due to $1.07 billion in business combination costs related to the Connolly iHealth Merger in 2014.

Financing Activities

          Net cash used in financing activities was $193.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to (a) the payment of the Special Cash Dividend of $150.0 million on May 26, 2016; (b) the repayment of $236.1 million of outstanding borrowings under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility in June 2016; (c) the net payment of $22.7 million of outstanding indebtedness as a result of the September 2016 refinancing of our long-term debt; (d) scheduled debt principal payments of $8.6 million; and (e) payment of $7.1 million in financing fees related to the September 2016 refinancing partially offset by net cash proceeds from our IPO of $227.0 million and proceeds of $4.2 million related to stock option exercises.

          Net cash used in financing activities was $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and net cash provided by financing activities was $1.03 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily due to $1.40 billion in proceeds from the issuance of debt pursuant to our Initial Secured Credit Facilities and $365.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to the Connolly iHealth Merger during the year ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2014 we had $683.9 million in repayments of debt associated with debt refinancings and scheduled principal payments and the payment of $49.6 million in financing fees related to debt refinancings as compared to scheduled principal payments of $8.1 million and payment of $1.1 million in financing fees related to the debt repricing during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Credit Facilities

Initial Secured Credit Facilities

          On May 14, 2014, in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, we entered into the Initial Secured Credit Facilities, consisting of the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities and the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. The Initial First Lien Credit Facilities consisted of an initial first lien term loan in the original principal amount of $810.0 million (the "Initial First Lien Term Loan") and a $75.0 million initial first lien revolver (the "Initial First Lien Revolver"), of which $25.0 million could, at our option, be made available for letters of credit and $20.0 million could, at our option, be made available for swingline loans. The Initial Second Lien Credit Facility consisted of an Initial Second Lien Term Loan in the original principal amount of $265.0 million.

          The Initial First Lien Term Loan was set to mature on May 14, 2021 and the Initial First Lien Revolver was set to mature on May 14, 2019. We were required to make annual amortization payments in respect of the Initial First Lien Term Loan in an amount equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount thereof, payable in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Initial First Lien Term Loan. Such quarterly amortization payments would have been reduced ratably by any mandatory or voluntary prepayments. The Initial Second Lien Credit Facility was set to mature on May 14, 2022 and did not require amortization payments.

          The obligations under the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities were secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the borrowers and the guarantors party thereto, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions. The obligations under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility were secured by second priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the borrowers and the guarantors party thereto, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions. All of our subsidiaries were

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guarantors under the Initial Secured Credit Facilities. The Initial Secured Credit Facilities contained financial covenants and certain business covenants, including restrictions on dividend payments, which we were required to comply with during the term of the agreement.

          Borrowings under the Initial Secured Credit Facilities bore interest at a rate per annum equal to the applicable margin, plus, at our election, either (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the federal funds effective rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) with respect to the Initial First Lien Term Loan and the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility only, 2.00% or (b) LIBOR determined by reference to the applicable Reuters screen page two business days prior to the commencement of the interest period relevant to the subject borrowing, adjusted for certain additional costs, which could not, in the case of borrowings of Initial First Lien Term Loans and loans under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility, be less than 1.00%.

          The applicable margin for the Initial First Lien Term Loan was originally 3.00% for base rate borrowings and 4.00% for LIBOR borrowings. On May 27, 2015, the credit agreement governing our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities was amended to reduce the applicable margin for the Initial First Lien Term Loan to 2.50% for base rate borrowings and 3.50% for LIBOR borrowings. We were also required to pay a customary annual administration fee to the administrative agent under the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities.

          Prior to our IPO, the applicable margin for loans under the Initial First Lien Revolver was determined in accordance with the table set forth below, with the first lien leverage ratio determined in accordance with the terms of the documentation governing the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities:

First Lien Leverage Ratio	Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans		Applicable Margin for LIBOR Loans
Greater than 4.00:1.00	2.25	%	3.25	%
Less than or equal to 4.00:1.00 and greater than 3.50:1.00	2.00	%	3.00	%
Less than or equal to 3.50:1.00	1.75	%	2.75	%

          Following our IPO, the applicable margin for loans under the Initial First Lien Revolver was determined in accordance with the table set forth below:

First Lien Leverage Ratio	Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans		Applicable Margin for LIBOR Loans
Greater than 4.00:1.00	2.00	%	3.00	%
Less than or equal to 4.00:1.00 and greater than 3.50:1.00	1.75	%	2.75	%
Less than or equal to 3.50:1.00	1.50	%	2.50	%

          The applicable margin for the term loan under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility was 5.75% for base rate loans and 6.75% for LIBOR loans. We were also required to pay a customary annual administration fee to the administrative agent under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility.

First Lien Credit Facilities

          On September 28, 2016, we entered into the Restated Credit Agreement, pursuant to which the lenders party thereto agreed to provide the First Lien Credit Facilities, consisting of First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and a $100.0 million Revolver, of which $25.0 million may, at our option, be made available for letters of credit and $20.0 million may, at our option, be made available for swingline loans.

          In connection with entering into the Restated Credit Agreement, we refinanced the Initial Secured Credit Facilities.

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          The First Lien Term A Loans will mature on September 28, 2021. We are required to make annual amortization payments in respect of the First Lien Term A Loans in an amount equal to 5.00% of the original principal amount thereof, with step-ups to 7.50%, 10.00% and 15.00% of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term A Loans after December 2018, December 2019 and December 2020, respectively, payable in equal quarterly installments of 1.25%, 1.875%, 2.50% and 3.75%, respectively, of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term A Loans. Such quarterly amortization payments are reduced by any mandatory or voluntary prepayments in a manner determined by our subsidiary, Cotiviti Corporation.

          The First Lien Term B Loans will mature on September 28, 2023. We are required to make annual amortization payments in respect of the First Lien Term B Loans in an amount equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount thereof, payable in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term B Loans. Such quarterly amortization payments are reduced ratably by any mandatory or voluntary prepayments.

          The Revolver will mature on September 28, 2021 and does not require amortization payments.

          The obligations under the First Lien Credit Facilities are secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the borrowers and the guarantors thereto, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions. Certain of our subsidiaries are guarantors under the First Lien Credit Facilities. The Restated Credit Agreement contains financial covenants (for the benefit of the holders of the First Lien Term A Loans and the lenders under the Revolver) and certain business covenants, including restrictions on dividend payments, with which we must comply during the term of the agreement. As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with the Restated Credit Agreement.

          Borrowings under the First Lien Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the applicable margin, plus, at our election, either (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank effective rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, 1.75% or (b) LIBOR determined by reference to the applicable Reuters screen page two business days prior to the commencement of the interest period relevant to the subject borrowing, adjusted for certain additional costs, which may not, (i) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, be less than 0.75% and (ii) with respect to the First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver only, be less than 0.00%.

          The applicable margin for the First Lien Term B Loans is 1.75% for base rate borrowings and 2.75% for LIBOR borrowings. If Cotiviti Corporation's corporate credit rating from Moody's is Ba3 or better and its corporate family rating from S&P is BB– or better, the applicable margins for the First Lien Term B Loans will be reduced by 0.25% for so long as such ratings are maintained. As of December 31, 2016, Cotiviti Corporation's corporate credit rating from Moody's was B1 and its corporate family rating from S&P was BB–.

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          The applicable margin for the First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver is determined in accordance with the table set forth below:

Secured Leverage Ratio	Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans of First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver			Applicable Margin for LIBOR Loans of First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver
Category 1
Greater than 4.00:1.00		2.00	%		3.00	%
Category 2
Less than or equal to 4.00:1.00 and greater than 3.50:1.00		1.75	%		2.75	%
Category 3
Less than or equal to 3.50:1.00 and greater than 3.00:1.00		1.50	%		2.50	%
Category 4
Less than or equal to 3.00:1.00		1.25	%		2.25	%

          For an additional description of the First Lien Credit Facilities, see "Description of Material Indebtedness—First Lien Credit Facilities."

Contractual Obligations

          As of December 31, 2016, our contractual obligations and other commitments were as follows:

		Payments due by period
		Less than 1 Year		1 - 3 Years		3 - 5 Years		Thereafter		Total
		(in millions)
Principal payments of debt	$	18.0	$	42.3	$	214.1	$	521.1	$	795.5
Interest on long-term debt(1)		30.4		58.6		53.0		34.2		176.2
Asset retirement obligations(2)		0.1		2.6		0.6		—		3.3
Operating lease payments(3)		9.3		11.2		4.9		8.3		33.7
Purchase obligations(4)		11.1		8.5		—		—		19.6
Interest rate cap agreements(5)		1.4		2.4		—		—		3.8
Total	$	70.3	$	125.6	$	272.6	$	563.6	$	1,032.1

⁽¹⁾

Represents the expected cash payments for interest on our long-term debt based on interest rates in place and the amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2016. Because the interest rates under the Initial Secured Credit Facilities are variable, actual payments may differ.

⁽²⁾

Represents asset retirement obligations arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at certain of our facilities.

⁽³⁾

Represents amounts due under existing operating leases related to our offices and other facilities.

⁽⁴⁾

Represents noncancelable commitments for the purchase of software, goods and services.

⁽⁵⁾

Represents amounts due under our existing interest rate cap agreements.

Critical Accounting Policies

          Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of

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assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions for calculating financial estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These judgments are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, our evaluation of trends in the industry, information provided by our clients and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. The accounting policies that we believe to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations and that require the most complex and subjective management judgments are discussed below.

Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

          We base our net revenue on specific contracts with our clients. These contracts generally specify: (a) time periods covered by the work to be performed; (b) nature and extent of services we are to provide; (c) the client's duties in assisting and cooperating with us; and (d) fees payable to us. Our fees earned are most often expressed as a specified percentage of our findings and, in limited cases, as a flat fee. For those clients where we identify any payment errors in advance of payment to the providers, the clients reduce the amount paid to the providers based upon the savings we have identified. For those clients where we identify payment errors after the client has made payment, clients generally recover claims either by taking credits against outstanding payables or future purchases from the related providers or vendors or receiving refund checks directly from those vendors. The manner in which a claim is recovered by a client often is dictated by industry practice. In addition, many clients establish specific procedural guidelines that we must satisfy prior to submitting claims for client approval, and these guidelines are unique to each client.

          We generally recognize revenue for performance fee-based contracts when we have determined our clients have received economic value. This is determined generally through credits taken against existing accounts payable due to the providers or vendors, refund checks received from those vendors, or evidence of reduced payments to providers based upon savings identified by us. Additionally, the following criteria must be met: (a) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (b) services have been rendered; (c) the fee billed to the client is fixed or determinable and (d) collectability is reasonably assured.

          We derive a relatively small portion of revenue on a "fee-for-service" basis whereby billing is based upon a flat fee or a fee per hour. We recognize revenue for these types of services ratably over the contract term, and when criteria (a) through (d) as set forth above are met.

          Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements of our revenue recognition policy, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record any such refunds as a reduction of revenue. We compute an estimate of our refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by type of client. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to amounts otherwise due from clients or by cash refunds to clients.

          In addition to the refund liabilities, we calculate client specific reserves where we determine an additional reserve may be necessary.

          The appeal process established by CMS under our Medicare RAC contract includes five levels of appeals which can extend in excess of two years. Healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate are probable of being returned to CMS following a successful

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appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process.

          At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, a total of $41.0 million and $33.4 million, respectively, was presented as an estimated allowance for refunds and appeals, representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, a total of $62.5 million and $67.8 million, respectively, was presented as an estimated liability for refunds and appeals, representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which had already been collected.

          Our assumptions are based on historical refund data by our clients. We do not believe that we face a risk of significant loss in excess of the amounts accrued, other than a contingent liability of up to $13.0 million for refunds and appeals under our original Medicare RAC contract. Any future changes to our customer contracts, including further modifications to our original and/or new Medicare RAC contract, may require us to apply different estimates and assumptions, which in turn could impact both our revenue and our estimated liability for refunds and appeals in future periods.

          Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, approximately $51.6 million and $51.8 million, respectively, related to unbilled receivables were included in accounts receivable on our consolidated balance sheets.

          Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times, a year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, approximately $6.1 million and $6.4 million, respectively, related to unbilled receivables of this nature were included in accounts receivable on our consolidated balance sheets.

          We record periodic changes in unbilled receivables and refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

          We review long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets with definite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds its fair value. We determine fair value through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. See Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for additional information on impairment testing results.

          We estimate the fair value of long-lived intangible assets using the excess earnings approach. The excess earnings approach considers factors such as the wasting nature of intangible assets and the allowance of a fair return on the net tangible assets and other intangible assets employed in determining an appropriate fair value. This approach also includes performing discounted cash flow analyses which utilize projected cash flows as well as a residual value, which is discounted to the

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present value in order to arrive at fair value. We rely on the following key assumptions in our discounted cash flows analysis:

•

Projected revenues based on our estimates;

•

Discount rate applied to forecasted future cash flows to calculate the present value of those cash flows; and

•

Long-term growth rate applied to our last year forecasted cash flows to calculate the residual value of our future cash flows.

          The determination of the above inputs involves significant estimates and assumptions about several highly subjective variables. Our estimates and assumptions may be based, in part, on the availability of market data. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe are reasonable, but recognize that the assumptions are inherently uncertain.

          Based on the facts and circumstances surrounding our Medicare RAC contract, including continued delays with the contract renewal process, as well as scope reductions that have resulted in a decrease to future revenue projections (see Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for additional information), we performed an impairment review of our customer relationship intangible asset related to our Medicare RAC contract with CMS during the year ended December 31, 2014.

          The discount rate and long-term growth rates used were 10.5% and 2.3%, respectively. As a result of this review, we recognized a $74.0 million impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to a change in the estimated fair value of this customer relationship intangible asset associated with the Medicare RAC contract, bringing its carrying value to $4.7 million at the time of the impairment. Unfavorable changes in the above key assumptions may impact future testing results and could lead to further impairment of our customer relationship intangible asset related to our Medicare RAC contract with CMS, which had a remaining value of $3.5 million as of December 31, 2016.

Goodwill and Indefinite—Lived Intangible Assets

          Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination which are not individually identified and separately recognized. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill has resulted from the Advent Acquisition in 2012 and from the Connolly iHealth Merger in 2014 as described in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of December 31, 2016, we had goodwill of approximately $1.2 billion, which represented approximately 60% of our consolidated total assets.

          We review goodwill for impairment at least annually. An entity is permitted to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying the two-step goodwill impairment test. If an entity concludes it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it need not perform the two-step quantitative impairment test as required in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. Otherwise, the entity must perform the two-step quantitative impairment test. Under the first step, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the entity must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill over the implied fair value of related goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation and the residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow

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analysis. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, step two does not need to be performed.

          We estimate reporting unit fair value using the income approach. We perform discounted cash flow analyses which utilize projected cash flows as well as a residual value, which is discounted to the present value in order to arrive at reporting unit fair value. The determination of whether or not goodwill has become impaired involves a significant level of judgment in the assumptions and estimates underlying the approach used to determine the value of our reporting units. Actual results could differ from management's estimates, and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations. We rely on the following key assumptions, which require significant judgment and estimates, in our discounted cash flows analysis:

•

Reporting unit projected revenues based on our best estimates;

•

Discount rate applied to forecasted future cash flows to calculate the present value of those cash flows; and

•

Long-term growth rate applied to our last year forecasted cash flows to calculate the residual value of our future cash flows.

          Our annual impairment analysis is completed as of October 1 of each year. In our October 1, 2016 analysis, we performed the qualitative assessment for our Healthcare reporting unit and concluded it was not more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value was less than its carrying amount. For our Global Retail and Other reporting unit, the results of the Step 1 test indicated the excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit compared to its carrying value was 27%. Our analysis included the use of a discount rate for our Global Retail and Other reporting unit of 13.0%. The long-term growth rate used for our Global Retail and Other reporting unit was 0.0%. Unfavorable changes in these key assumptions could impact testing results and could lead to a potential failure in the first step of the goodwill impairment testing process.

          Given the significant excess of the fair value over the carrying value for our Global Retail and Other reporting unit, we do not believe an inconsequential change in the discount rate or long-term growth rate assumption would have a significant impact.

          Intangible assets with indefinite lives which are not being amortized, including certain trademarks, are tested for impairment at least annually. An entity is allowed to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If it is determined a quantitative assessment is necessary, then the fair value of the intangible asset is compared to its carrying value. If the carrying value is greater than the implied fair value of the intangible asset, an impairment is recognized for the excess amount.

          We perform our annual impairment review of indefinite-lived intangible assets at October 1, or when a triggering event occurs between annual impairment tests. A $27.8 million impairment related to our trademarks was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of our Cotiviti rebranding in September 2015. No impairment charges for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2014. See Notes 6 and 7 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for additional information on impairment testing results.

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Income Taxes

          We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as for tax attributes such as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

          We recognize net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we reduce the deferred tax asset valuation allowance and record a benefit in our provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

          We record liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Accrued interest and penalties are included within accounts payable and accrued other expenses in the consolidated balance sheets.

Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

          We grant options to purchase shares of our common stock, restricted stock and certain other equity awards to directors, officers and key employees under our 2012 Plan. The issuance of up to 7,243,330 shares of our common stock was authorized under the 2012 Plan. Upon completion of our IPO, issuances under the 2012 Plan were suspended. At that time, we adopted our 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan was established with the authorization for grants of up to 5,490,000 shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock.

          No stock options were granted under the 2012 Plan after December 31, 2015. Awards granted under the 2012 Plan will remain outstanding until the earlier of exercise, forfeiture, cancellation or expiration. To the extent outstanding options under the 2012 Plan are forfeited, cancelled or terminated, the common stock subject to such options will be available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016, there are no shares available for future issuance under the 2012 Plan as it was discontinued upon adoption of the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016 the total number of shares available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan is 5,277,451.

Stock Options

          Under the terms of the 2016 Plan, we may issue options to purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 100% of the market price on the date of grant. Issuances under the 2012 Plan, prior to its suspension, were under terms similar to issuances under the 2016 Plan. Stock options granted are subject to either time of service (service-based awards) or performance (performance-based awards)

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criteria. Service-based awards typically vest ratably over a five year service period from the date of grant under the 2012 Plan and typically vest ratably over a four year service period from the date of grant under the 2016 Plan. In the event of a change in control, any outstanding, unvested service-based awards will vest immediately. Performance-based awards vest in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the executed award agreements. The term of any stock option shall not exceed ten years from the date of grant. However, an incentive stock option granted to an employee who, at the time of grant, owns stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of our stock may not have a term exceeding five years from the date of grant.

          The following table sets forth the options granted, exercised, forfeited or expired under the Equity Plans for the periods presented.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2015
	Shares			Weighted average exercise price	Shares			Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of period	6,441,527		$	9.59	5,024,234		$	7.98
Granted	273,759			19.59	1,997,964			13.76
Exercised	(574,991	)		7.41	(25,620	)		6.26
Forfeited	(127,233	)		12.92	555,051			10.16
Expired	(15,690	)		13.60	—			—
Outstanding at end of period	5,997,372		$	10.18	6,441,527		$	9.59

          The criteria associated with 2,746,592 of our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable.

          Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between our estimated fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in-the-money options. The fair value of common stock was $34.40 as of December 30, 2016 based upon the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2015. The total fair value of stock options vested was $22.5 million, $2.5 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

          We may also issue RSUs, which provide participants the right to receive shares of our common stock on the vesting date of the underlying RSUs. RSUs may be subject to vesting requirements, restrictions and conditions to payment. Such requirements may be based on the continued service for a specified time period or on the attainment of specified performance goals as specified in the award agreements. RSUs are payable in cash or in shares or a combination of both. We began issuing RSUs upon adoption of the 2016 Plan; no RSUs were issued under the 2012 Plan. Under the terms of the 2016 Plan, RSUs have a grant date fair value equal to the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The units typically vest ratably over a four year service period.

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          The following is a summary of RSU activity under the 2016 Plan:

	Year Ended December 31, 2016
	Shares		Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period	—	$	—
Granted	67,295		25.88
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at end of period	67,295	$	25.88

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

          The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The expected term of the option represents the period the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We use the simplified method under the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, for estimating the expected term of the options. Since our shares were not publicly traded until May 2016 and were rarely traded privately, at the time of each grant, there was insufficient volatility data available. Accordingly, we calculate expected volatility using comparable peer companies with publicly traded shares over a term similar to the expected term of the options issued. We do not intend to pay dividends on our common shares, and therefore, the dividend yield percentage is zero. The risk free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity interest rate whose term is consistent with the expected life of our stock options.

          We used the following weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted for the periods presented:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016			2015
Expected term (years)		6.25			6.25
Expected volatility		50.00	%		50.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		1.36	%		1.70	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	9.53		$	7.77

          We recorded total stock-based compensation expense of $23.0 million, $3.4 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 includes $15.9 million related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 also includes $2.3 million related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. We had not previously adjusted stock-based compensation expense for estimated forfeitures as there has been insignificant forfeiture activity to date. We account for forfeitures as they occur. As of December 31, 2016, we had total unrecognized compensation cost related to 1,784,212 unvested service-based stock options and RSUs under the Equity Plans of $13.3 million which we expect to recognize over the next 3.1 years.

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          The valuation of our common stock was determined in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the AICPA Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Since our shares were not publicly traded until May 2016, we considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine our best estimate of the fair value of our common stock, including but not limited to:

•

Our historical financial results and estimated trends and prospects for future financial performance; and

•

Third party valuations in connection with our annual goodwill impairment testing.

          Since 2014, we issued options to purchase shares of our common stock at the following exercise prices (as adjusted to reflect stock split and the Special Cash Dividend):

Option Grant Date	Options Granted		Exercise Price		Grant Date Fair Value of Common Stock
January 2, 2014	61,000	$	6.26	$	9.73
September 26, 2014	1,704,950	$	11.33	$	13.27
June 2, 2015	24,584	$	11.33	$	11.83
November 23, 2015	1,948,844	$	13.79	$	15.73
December 1, 2015	24,584	$	13.79	$	15.73
May 25, 2016	258,877	$	19.00	$	19.00
July 1, 2016	3,356	$	21.32	$	21.32
September 1, 2016	1,848	$	32.53	$	32.53
December 1, 2016	9,678	$	32.24	$	32.24

          Since 2014, we have issued the following RSUs:

RSU Grant Date	RSUs Granted		Grant Date Fair Value of RSUs
May 25, 2016	31,588	$	19.00
July 1, 2016	1,678	$	21.32
September 1, 2016	29,190	$	32.53
December 1, 2016	4,839	$	32.24

          We estimated the fair value of our common stock prior to our IPO using the market approach and income approach, in order to assist our Board in assigning an exercise price to future stock grants. We believe both of these approaches were appropriate methodologies given our stage of development at that time. For the market approach, we utilized the guideline company method by analyzing a population of comparable companies and selected those companies that we considered to be the most comparable to us in terms of size, growth, profitability, risk and return on investment, among others. We then used these guideline companies to develop relevant market multiples and ratios, which were applied to our corresponding financial projections to estimate our total enterprise value. We also included a lack of marketability discount given we were not publicly traded and there was not an active market for our common stock. We relied on the following key assumptions for the market approach:

•

Our projected revenue determined as of the valuation date based on our estimates; and

•

Multiples of market value to expected future revenue, determined as of the valuation date, based on a group of comparable companies.

          For the income approach, we performed discounted cash flow analyses which utilized projected cash flows as well as a residual value, which were discounted to the present value in order to arrive at

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an enterprise value. We relied on the following key assumptions for the income approach in addition to management projections discussed above:

•

Discount rate applied to forecasted future cash flows to calculate the present value of those cash flows; and

•

Terminal value multiple applied to our last year forecasted cash flows to calculate the residual value of our future cash flows.

          The fair value of options and RSUs issued subsequent to our IPO is based on the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE on the grant date.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

          Except for operating leases and certain letters of credit entered into in the normal course of business, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risks

          We are exposed to market risks relating to interest rate fluctuations and inflation.

Interest Rate Risk

          We are exposed to interest rate risk on our First Lien Credit Facilities, which bear interest at variable rates. As of December 31, 2016, we had $795.5 million outstanding principal amount under our First Lien Term Loans. Borrowings under the First Lien Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the applicable margin, plus, at our election, either (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank effective rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, 1.75% or (b) LIBOR determined by reference to the applicable Reuters screen page two business days prior to the commencement of the interest period relevant to the subject borrowing, adjusted for certain additional costs, which may not, (i) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, be less than 0.75% and (ii) with respect to the First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver only, be less than 0.00%.

          We manage our interest rate risk through the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, we enter into interest rate cap agreements to manage our exposure to potential interest rate increases that may result from fluctuations in the three month LIBOR. Interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for a deferred premium.

          As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $540.0 million and $630.0 million, respectively, in notional debt outstanding related to interest rate cap agreements, which cover interest payments through September 2019. The interest rate cap agreements outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 effectively guarantee a ceiling to the interest rate we would otherwise pay on our floating rate debt. This interest rate ceiling on all outstanding hedges is 3.00%. As of December 31, 2016, our interest rate cap agreements were designated as cash flow hedges so that changes in the fair market value of the interest rate cap agreements were included within other comprehensive (loss) income.

          Based on our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2016, and assuming that our mix of debt instruments, interest rate caps and other variables remain the same, the annualized effect of a one percentage point change in variable interest rates would have an annualized pretax impact on our earnings and cash flows of approximately $7.5 million.

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          In the future, in order to manage our interest rate risk, we may refinance our existing debt, enter into additional interest rate cap agreements, modify our existing interest rate cap agreement or make changes that may impact our ability to treat our interest rate caps as cash flow hedges. However, we do not intend or expect to enter into derivative or interest rate cap transactions for speculative purposes.

Inflation Risk

          We do not believe that the effects of inflation have had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to offset such increased costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to offset any such cost increases in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you, however, that our results of operations and financial condition will not be materially impacted by inflation in the future.

Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012

          We qualify as an "emerging growth company" pursuant to the provisions of the JOBS Act. For as long as we are an "emerging growth company," we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies," including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding advisory "say-on-pay" votes on executive compensation and stockholder advisory votes on golden parachute compensation. Under the JOBS Act, we will remain an "emerging growth company" until the earliest of:

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the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more;

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the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO;

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the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt; and

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the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer" under the Exchange Act, which will be the first day of the first fiscal year after we have (i) more than $700 million in outstanding common equity held by our non-affiliates as of the last day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (ii) been a public company for at least 12 months and (iii) filed at least one annual report with the SEC. The value of our outstanding common equity will be measured each year on the last day of our second fiscal quarter.

          The JOBS Act also provides that an "emerging growth company" can utilize the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. However, we chose to opt out of that extended transition period, and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for companies that are not "emerging growth companies." Under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with the new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

          In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"), which is intended to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying

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amount of the goodwill. Instead, an entity should compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value and should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values.

          In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and expect the adoption of this ASU could impact the disclosure of our cash flows from operations.

          In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"), which addresses eight specific cash flow issues in order to reduce diversity in practice. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

          In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share based compensation. ASU 2016-09 changes several aspects of the accounting for share based payment award transactions, including 1) accounting for income taxes, 2) classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, 3) forfeitures, 4) minimum statutory tax withholding requirements and 5) classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes. We early adopted ASU 2016-09 during the third quarter of 2016, which did not result in any significant changes to our current or prior period consolidated financial statements. As a result of this adoption, we recorded an excess tax benefit of approximately $4.0 million during the fourth quarter 2016 related to stock option exercises. In conjunction with adopting ASU 2016-09, we also made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.

          In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"), which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

          In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"), which changes the current financial instruments model primarily impacting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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          In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, ("ASU 2015-17"), which requires entities with a classified balance sheet to present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $32.9 million of current deferred tax assets have been to long-term deferred tax liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows but did reduce our calculation of working capital.

          In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement ("ASU 2015-05"), which established guidance regarding the accounting for software licenses. ASU 2015-05 was effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. We prospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-05 as of January 1, 2016 and have not yet had any material contracts that were impacted by this new guidance.

          In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt and Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"), which establishes guidance to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability, consistent with debt discounts. Prior to the issuance of ASU 2015-03, debt issuance costs were required to be presented as an asset in the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $21.0 million of debt issuance costs were reclassified in the consolidated balance sheet from debt issuance costs, net to long-term debt. The adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

          In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted, but not before the original effective date of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

          We have formed an internal team to evaluate and quantify the potential impact of this new revenue guidance. As of the date of this filing, we have made significant progress on our contract reviews and policy drafting. We will continue to evaluate this new guidance and plan to provide additional information about our method of adoption and the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in future filings.

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BUSINESS

Overview

          Cotiviti is a leading provider of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions, focused primarily on the healthcare sector (88% of 2016 revenue). Our integrated solutions help clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. We leverage our robust technology platform, configurable analytics, proprietary information assets and expertise in healthcare reimbursement to help our clients enhance their claims payment accuracy. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies, which resulted in approximately $3.3 billion in savings in 2016. We work with over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicare and Medicaid managed health plans, as well as CMS. We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to over 35 retail clients (12% of 2016 revenue), including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States.

          Timely and accurate healthcare claims processing is critical to the U.S. healthcare system. The administration of healthcare claims is complex and payment inaccuracies can occur for many reasons. Changes in the healthcare industry, such as increasingly complex reimbursement models, increased coding complexity, changing demographics and potential changes to the Affordable Care Act are expected to further increase the need for our solutions. We support healthcare payers in managing the complexities in the claims payment process. Our analytics-driven solutions review claims for accuracy with respect to billing, contract compliance, payment responsibility and clinical appropriateness before and after claims are paid.

          Cotiviti was formed in May 2014 through the merger of Connolly, a leader in retrospective payment accuracy solutions for the healthcare and retail sectors, and iHealth Technologies, a leader in prospective payment (pre-payment) accuracy solutions for the healthcare sector. Through the Connolly iHealth Merger, we significantly broadened our suite of payment accuracy solutions, expanded our client base, enhanced our subject matter expertise and positioned ourselves for significant growth opportunities.

          Our growth strategy for healthcare includes:

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expand within our existing client base by increasing the volume of claims we review with our solutions; expanding utilization across the depth and breadth of our solutions; and cross-selling our prospective and retrospective solutions;

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expand our client base;

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innovate to improve and develop new solutions to expand the scope of our services; and

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pursue opportunistic acquisitions and strategic partnerships in payment accuracy and adjacent markets.

          As a result of the meaningful savings we deliver to our clients, we have increased our client base and strengthened our long-standing relationships with many of the leading healthcare payers in the United States. In 2016, we generated revenue from six new clients and four cross-sell clients which we believe will drive revenue growth in 2017 and beyond. The average length of our relationships with our ten largest healthcare clients is over ten years. We have also substantially increased the annual savings captured by our healthcare clients over time. As a result, we believe our revenue is highly recurring and we have strong visibility into future revenue.

          We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail market. Retailers process and validate extremely high volumes of transactions with disparate suppliers on varying terms. We work with retail clients in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom to realize their negotiated allowances, concessions, rebates and other incentives associated with merchandise

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procurement, logistics and other service transactions. In 2016, we generated over $500 million in savings for our retail clients.

          Our track record of consistently delivering value for our clients has enabled strong growth in our revenue and profitability, especially within our core healthcare payer client base. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, our total revenue was $625.2 million, $541.3 million and $441.4 million, respectively. In these same periods, we generated net income (loss) of $48.9 million, $13.9 million and $(25.8) million, respectively, representing 7.8%, 2.6% and (5.9)% of revenue, respectively, and Adjusted EBITDA of $239.7 million, $203.4 million and $172.2 million, respectively, representing 38.3%, 37.6% and 39.0% of revenue, respectively. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, to our net income (loss), see "Prospectus Summary—Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data."

          We operate in two segments, (i) Healthcare and (ii) Global Retail and Other. Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide analytics based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions, on a limited basis in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as solutions that improve efficiency and effectiveness of payment networks for a limited number of clients. We derived 88.3%, 86.3% and 81.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, from our Healthcare segment. The remaining 11.7%, 13.7% and 18.4% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were derived from our Global Retail and Other segment.

The Payment Process

          Timely and accurate healthcare claims processing is critical to the U.S. healthcare system. This process is complicated and involves applying specific codes, policies and contracts, cross-referencing disparate data sources and, in many cases, adhering to regulatory requirements. To ensure prompt and accurate claims reimbursement, payers utilize internal processes and systems and third party solutions to review claims and apply analytics throughout the claims payment process. The following graphic represents the healthcare claims payment process.

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          After delivering care, a provider initiates the claims payment process by submitting a claim for reimbursement to the patient's health insurance carrier (Step 1). After the insurance carrier (payer) uses internal and external tools to conform the claim to its claims processing system: it validates that the patient is a member; that the services provided were eligible under the member's benefits; and that appropriate prior authorizations were in place. The payer then adjudicates the claim by applying the provider's contract and fee schedule to the claim along with any claim system edits (Step 2). During this adjudication process, the payer uses payment accuracy solutions to perform claim reviews for information discrepancies between the provider's submission and the payer's payment policies. These reviews range in complexity and can be executed by the payer or by third party solutions. After the claim has been adjudicated but before the claim is paid, the payer may utilize the advanced, automated analytical solutions that we provide to review the claim to identify additional discrepancies (Step 3). If the prepayment review identifies a claim inaccuracy, the payer makes the correction and pays the corrected claim (Step 4).

          After payment is made and additional information becomes available, the payer and third party solutions such as Cotiviti's continue to identify, select and evaluate claims for payment accuracy (Step 5). If this retrospective payment review identifies a payment inaccuracy, the payer makes the correction and recovers overpayments through offsets against future claims or by seeking reimbursement from the provider.

Our Solutions

          We apply our analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions at multiple points across the client's claims processing cycle. Our extensive library of complex payment analytics is designed to identify, select and make recommendations for correct application of contracts and coding to meet client payment policies.

          The following is a description of our payment accuracy solutions:

          Prospective Claims Accuracy Solutions.    Our prospective claims accuracy solutions help our healthcare clients identify and address claim discrepancies immediately following claim adjudication and before a claim is paid to a healthcare provider. We help our clients ensure that claims payments meet regulatory, compliance, industry and health plan requirements based on correct coding and clinical guidelines. We customize, configure and integrate our payment policy algorithms to enhance our clients' claims payment systems and automatically and efficiently review our clients' adjudicated claims. By directly interfacing with our clients' systems, our solutions analyze claims either in real-time or in batch processes. Our algorithms apply our proprietary library of current payment policies including industry, regulatory and medical specialty coding requirements as well as customized health plan rules. We review claims on a transactional as well as longitudinal basis, evaluating against our accumulated claims data, to make accurate payment policy recommendations. We believe that our differentiated content library, configurable algorithms and other post-adjudication software tools provide our clients with a more thorough and client-specific analysis of claims than other claims adjudication systems, creating more value for our clients. In 2016, our prospective claims accuracy solutions analyzed over $75 billion in claims.

          Retrospective Claims Accuracy Solutions.    Our retrospective claims accuracy solutions help health insurers identify and resolve payment inaccuracies after a claim has been paid to a healthcare provider. These solutions utilize sophisticated analytics and data mining tools to identify potential inaccuracies. Our claim analytics include longitudinal reviews of data to identify discrepancies that may span multiple claims and time periods. Our analytics are configurable to our clients' claims payment processes and enable us to prioritize areas of review based on our clients' operational and financial objectives. If expert validation is required, our claims analysts conduct a deeper review of more complex reimbursement issues. In analyzing claims retrospectively, we leverage additional information sources

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and broader data sets beyond the claims files, many of which only become accessible post-payment. These data and retrospective analytics enable reviews of a variety of payment accuracy categories, including issues relating to coordination of benefits, member eligibility and provider adherence to complex contract conditions. We also can provide clinical chart validation for our clients, in which our certified clinical and coding specialists review the clinical documentation associated with a claim. Clinical chart validation provides our clients with broader payment accuracy reviews beyond claims files analysis, including more complex clinical appropriateness and payment policies. We believe that our combination of retrospective analytics and clinical and coding expertise provides our clients with more thorough and configurable solutions than they are able to develop on their own, leading to increased savings for our clients. In 2016, our retrospective claims accuracy solutions analyzed over $485 billion in claims.

          Other Services.    Beyond our prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions, we provide analytics and support to our clients in optimizing their operations and enterprise-wide claims payments and trends. These offerings include selective anti-fraud, waste and abuse analytics to identify abnormal patterns in coding and billing practices. We also provide our clients with ongoing surveillance and longitudinal analytics, by reviewing claims submissions and payments across multiple dimensions, including provider, plan-type, procedure and others. In addition, clients engage us for comprehensive claims history analytics to identify necessary areas for direct interaction, as well as to identify policy and program changes that can improve future payment accuracy.

          The examples below are simplified representations from our extensive library of complex payment analytics.

Solution Area	Example #1	Example #2
Billing Accuracy     Was the claim coded     correctly?     Are the code     reimbursements     consistent with the     payer's payment     policy?	• Under ICD-10 coding guidelines, asthma and bronchitis have different codes. However, there is a single code for patients diagnosed with both asthma and bronchitis • Our solutions identify situations where a provider submitted separate claims for simultaneous asthma and bronchitis diagnoses and recommends claim modification and reimbursement to reflect use of a single code	• Reimbursement for many episodes of care is evolving from separate payments for each service to a bundled payment for the full episode and relevant services • For example, bundled payments for surgical procedures should include the surgical procedure and post-operative follow-up visits • Our solutions perform longitudinal claim reviews to determine if an office visit is related to a previous surgical procedure and should be bundled according to our client's policy

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Solution Area	Example #1	Example #2
Contract Compliance     Is the claim     submitted and     calculated in     accordance with     payer / provider     contract terms?     Is this payment     calculated     appropriately based     on bundles, quality     or value-based care?	• Tests and procedures may be conducted under the supervision both of a general practitioner and a specialist (e.g. a radiologist) • Depending on the provider's contract, reimbursement may be covered either under a global payment or separate payments to each provider • Our solutions cross-reference claims from multiple providers to identify circumstances where a combined reimbursement should be applied	• Increasingly, payers participate in value-based reimbursement arrangements with strategic provider networks • These contractual arrangements are complex and it can be difficult to determine coverage and capitated or fee-for-service reimbursement terms • Our solutions assess claims submissions and support our clients in administering the appropriate contracted liability, coverage and payments terms with the provider network
Payment Responsibility     Does the client have     responsibility for this     claim?     Does any other party     share in the liability?	• Many employer-sponsored benefit plans stipulate that Medicare is the primary payer for beneficiaries who are at least 65 years of age • In such instances, our solutions identify the appropriate payer and we support our clients in working with the provider to bill Medicare	• If both of the dependent's parents are insured by separate health plans, the health plan of the parent whose birthday comes first in the calendar year is designated as the primary insurer • Our solutions determine the health plan liable for dependent claims and support our clients in remedying the inaccurate billing
Clinical Appropriateness     Was care delivered     in accordance with     industry association     and payer     guidelines?     Does chart     documentation     support treatment     and claim     submission?	• The initial symptoms for Acute Renal Failure and Dehydration are very similar and may result in incorrect coding • The level of care, tests and procedures required to treat Acute Renal Failure are significantly higher than for Dehydration • Our solutions and clinical experts identify claims in which treatment details in the medical chart do not support a diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure and, where appropriate, recommend chart edits and revised payment levels to reflect a Dehydration diagnosis	• Many of our health plan clients elect to administer the ABIM Foundation's Choosing Wisely® guidelines to reduce unnecessary tests and procedures • For example, electrocardiograms are measurements of heart activity that are recommended for patients with heart disease but have minimal usefulness for healthy patients • When our clients elect to follow the Choosing Wisely® guidelines in setting policy, we support them in identifying claims that are not deemed clinically appropriate

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Healthcare Industry Overview

          The market for payment accuracy solutions is large and growing, driven by increasing healthcare costs and payment complexities. From 2004 to 2014, healthcare costs in the United States grew at a 4.8% CAGR to $3.0 trillion and increased 5.8% in 2015 to $3.2 trillion. According to CMS, healthcare costs are expected to continue to grow at an average annual rate of 5.6% through 2025. The introduction of new reimbursement models, the increase in coding complexity and the shift to managed care plans within government healthcare are expected to further increase the complexity of healthcare payments.

          We believe that there is substantial opportunity for continued growth in the payment accuracy solutions market. We estimate that there was over $900 billion in unnecessary or wasteful spending in the U.S. healthcare system in 2016. The U.S. federal government estimates that inaccurate provider claim submissions totaled between 3% and 10% of annual healthcare spend and we estimate that there were approximately $170 billion of inaccurate provider claim submissions in 2016. Healthcare payers will continue to invest in payment accuracy solutions in an effort to identify and resolve these inaccurate billings. We estimate that the relevant savings opportunity addressable by our current payment accuracy solutions is approximately $35 billion, for a total addressable market of approximately $5.0 billion. Of this addressable market, approximately 75% of the opportunity is within our existing client base and the balance is new client prospects across the 100 largest health plans.

Cotiviti's potential savings impact and addressable market opportunity

(1)

Source: U.S. National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine and CMS

          The principal drivers of growth in the payment accuracy solutions market are as follows:

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Increasingly complex reimbursement models.  We believe that reimbursement models will continue to become more complex as healthcare payers accommodate new markets and new lines of business. A broader focus on value-based reimbursement and consumer engagement programs, which are designed to reduce costs and improve patient outcomes, adds an additional layer of complexity as payments are migrated from a fee-for-service basis to value-based and risk sharing models. As a result, healthcare payers must reconcile additional data sources, contracts

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with multiple provider networks and longitudinal episodes of care over time, driving demand for payment accuracy solutions.

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Increased coding complexity.  Advancements in medical technology, procedures and medications have resulted in an increasing number of testing and treatment options for providers to utilize. Scientific advancements also have led to an increase in the discovery of treatable or curable diseases. As the acceleration of medical science continues, the way in which health claims are processed is evolving to keep pace. For example, ICD-10, the 10th revision of the International Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, contains diagnosis codes which are used for reimbursement. With the adoption of ICD-10 in October 2015, the total number of diagnosis codes has increased nearly five times to approximately 68,000, resulting in significantly greater coding complexity and an increasing need for payment accuracy review.

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Changing demographics.  An aging and sicker population is driving rising healthcare costs, increased utilization of prescription drugs and increased co-morbidities within patient populations. As the population ages, the number of higher-cost Medicare beneficiaries has increased from 41.5 million in 2005 to 54.3 million in 2015 and is estimated to grow to 72.0 million in 2025. As a result of both high and growing costs, healthcare insurers, the federal government and each of the state governments are under pressure to reduce costs while improving access to care and the quality of patient outcomes, creating a greater demand for highly efficient payment review solutions.

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Shift to managed care plans within government healthcare.  Individuals who receive government sponsored healthcare are transitioning from direct fee-for-service coverage to managed care network models through Medicare Advantage and managed Medicaid plans. The percentage of Medicare eligible patients enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan has steadily increased from 22% in 2008 to 34% as of December 2016. Additionally, many state-administered Medicaid programs are alleviating budget constraints by contracting with private health insurers to manage a growing number of Medicaid eligible enrollees. The shift to managed care networks and increase in individuals covered by private health insurers increases the opportunity for commercially focused payment accuracy solutions such as ours.

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Consolidation of managed care companies.  Managed care providers are going through a period of consolidation driven by regulatory and competitive dynamics. Larger plans have historically been strong adopters of payment accuracy solutions. With a client base including over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicare and Medicaid managed health plans, we believe we are well positioned to benefit from managed care consolidation.

          We believe we are well positioned to benefit from these trends.

Our Strengths

          Our operational and financial success is based on the following key strengths:

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Broad suite of specialized solutions.  We offer a broad suite of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions that deliver measurable value to our clients and are highly configurable across provider settings and claim types. Our suite of solutions includes prospective and retrospective analytics that review billing accuracy, contract compliance, payment responsibility and clinical appropriateness. We believe that the breadth of our solutions across multiple points in the claims payment process and the depth of our expertise and capabilities are difficult for any single healthcare payer to replicate.

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Large and expanding library of information and knowledge assets.  Our robust library of information assets includes proprietary algorithms and concepts developed by our research

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teams over 15 years. We believe that our library of accumulated information and unique knowledge assets is a differentiator that is difficult to replicate by current or potential competitors and provides a competitive advantage. We continuously expand and improve the quality of our library by regularly incorporating new claims data and up-to-date algorithms and concepts. We also have a team of full-time, dedicated, doctors, nurses, claims coders, forensic auditors and other experts focused on developing new proprietary algorithms and analytics assets for our payment accuracy solutions. Additionally, our team of specialists monitors hundreds of content sources on medical and payment policy to ensure our algorithms and concepts incorporate the latest standards.

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Advanced and proprietary technology platform and analytics capabilities.  Our advanced proprietary platform and analytics capabilities are the result of significant investment in our technology infrastructure and applications. We are continually developing and improving our scalable technology platform to deliver the speed, integrity and quality necessary for client-specific business solutions. In addition, our focus on analytics, automation and knowledge-sharing allows us to quickly and accurately implement existing algorithms and concepts as well as solutions for newly identified reimbursement discrepancies. We believe that our proprietary technology platform is a key driver of our leading market position.

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Aligned financial model that delivers measureable return.  Our financial performance is directly tied to the savings we deliver to our clients. The majority of our contracts are structured such that we receive a percentage of the savings that we help our clients achieve. We have consistently generated a high return on investment for our clients of approximately 5 to 1 as a result of our aligned financial model. The savings we deliver are incremental to our clients' internal payment accuracy capabilities. As a result, we can provide a substantial contribution to our clients' earnings and create strong alignment and durability in our client relationships. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, our commercial healthcare clients realized approximately $3.2 billion, over $2.5 billion and over $2.0 billion, respectively, in savings using our solutions.

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Long-standing and expanding client relationships.  Our client base includes the largest and most recognized healthcare plan organizations in the United States, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicaid and Medicare managed health plans, as well as CMS. The average length of our relationships with our top ten healthcare clients is over ten years. We also have strong, long-standing relationships with over 35 retail clients, including eight of the ten largest U.S. retailers. We believe our robust client relationships and strong client retention rates reflect a high level of satisfaction with our solutions. Our clients' satisfaction results from how we deliver solutions by configuring our algorithms and analyses to align with their operational, financial and network management priorities.

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Attractive operating model.  We believe we have an attractive operating model due to the recurring nature of our revenue, the scalability of our solutions and the low capital intensity/high free cash flow conversion of our business. Our information asset and technology platform is highly scalable, which allows us to accommodate significant additional transaction volumes with limited incremental costs. We have low capital needs that allow us to generate strong cash flow. Our capital expenditures as a percentage of revenue were 5.6%, 4.2% and 4.3% during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We believe our recurring revenue, combined with our scalable solutions and low capital needs, will continue to contribute to our long-term growth, strong operating margins and flexibility in allocating capital.

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History of innovation.  We have a long history of developing innovative solutions which we continuously incorporate into our suite of offerings. Many of our solutions have been generated as a response to complex client issues. This development process has continually enhanced our solutions, thereby optimizing the value we deliver to our clients over time and allowing us to

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thrive in an ever-changing and increasingly complex healthcare environment. Our track record of innovation is strengthened by the diverse backgrounds of our clinical and coding specialists who continually and consistently update and develop our content library and analytical algorithms and identify new ways to accelerate our value creation for our clients.

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Experienced management team with a track record of performance.  Our leadership team brings extensive and relevant expertise in the payment accuracy market. Our management has a proven track record in adapting to clients' needs and developing innovative analytical solutions to drive growth and profitability.

Our Growth Strategies

          We believe we are well positioned to benefit from the expected growth in claims processing complexity and healthcare spend, which we expect will drive continued demand for payment accuracy solutions among healthcare payers. Our strategies for achieving growth include:

          Expand within our existing client base.    We have significant opportunities to expand our business within our existing client base through the following strategies:

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Increase the volume of claims reviewed by our solutions.  When our clients initially implement our solutions, they typically start by having us review a subset of their claims. As we demonstrate success and deliver value, our clients often increase the volume of claims we review. We have significant opportunities to evaluate additional claim types, plan types, geographic regions and/or provider settings.

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Expand the utilization of our solutions.  When our clients initially implement our solutions, they typically start with a subset of our algorithms and analytical tools. As we demonstrate success and deliver value, our clients often expand the utilization of our algorithms and analytical tools. The opportunity to expand the utilization of our solutions is significant.

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Cross-sell between prospective and retrospective solutions.  We believe we have a significant opportunity to further cross-sell our solutions to existing clients as we have cross-sell opportunities across more than half of our healthcare client base. We continue to actively engage with existing clients to cross-sell our solutions. In 2016, we generated revenue from four successful cross-sells with existing clients.

          Expand our client base.    There is a significant opportunity to increase our client base of healthcare payers by targeting new relationships. The top 100 healthcare payers that are not our existing clients made approximately $240 billion in payments in 2016. We are pursuing these healthcare payers as potential new clients by leveraging our proven value proposition, leadership position, track record of performance and the strong references provided by our diversified client base of leading health plans. The addition of new clients creates revenue growth opportunities for future periods. In 2016, we generated revenue from six new healthcare clients.

          Continue to innovate.    We plan to enhance our existing solutions by developing new concepts and analytical algorithms and improving our information assets to allow us to expand our value creation for our clients. We also plan to continue to improve our processes and upgrade our technology infrastructure to improve the efficiency with which we deliver our solutions. Additionally, we will continue to monitor the evolution of the healthcare environment and develop new solutions in anticipation of increasing complexity in reimbursement models to supplement our core payment accuracy solutions.

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          Selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic partnerships.    We plan to selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic partnerships to (i) accelerate the pace of innovation and expansion of our core solutions, (ii) provide cross-sell opportunities, (iii) offer complementary data, technologies or industry expertise to our existing analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions or (iv) expand our addressable market beyond payment accuracy to address other dimensions of healthcare waste, potentially including missed prevention opportunities, inefficiently delivered services, excessive administrative costs and unnecessary services. We have a successful track record of identifying, acquiring and integrating high-quality solutions providers that complement and enhance the value of our existing solutions.

Retail Payment Accuracy Solutions

          We are a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to retailers in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, with over 35 years of experience. We serve over 35 retail clients, including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States. Our relationships with these clients tend to be long-term, with an average tenure of more than ten years.

          The retail industry faces significant cost containment challenges as retailers process and validate extremely high volumes of transactions with disparate suppliers on varying terms. The retail payment accuracy market continues to grow in complexity due to shifts in consumer spending habits, such as the increasing adoption of internet-based shopping, as well as newer pricing strategies, such as dynamic pricing and promotional activities.

          We provide value to retailers by helping them identify and recover payments to suppliers of goods and services that are inconsistent with contractual or agreed upon terms. We use automated analytics capabilities and experienced teams to review supplier agreements, invoices, purchase orders, promotions and other transactions and identify discrepancies in merchandise procurement, logistics and other services transactions. In 2016, we generated over $500 million in savings for our retail clients.

Seasonality

          Historically, there has been a seasonal pattern to our healthcare revenue with the revenues in the first quarter generally lower than the other quarters and revenues in the fourth quarter generally being higher than the other quarters. Accordingly, the comparison of revenue from quarter to quarter may fluctuate and is dependent on various factors, including, but not limited to, reset of member liability, timing of special projects and timing of inaccurate payments being prevented or recovered as well as the aforementioned seasonal considerations. Consequently, you should not rely on our revenue for any one quarter as an indication of our future performance.

Sales and Marketing

          Our sales and marketing activities are focused on increasing the scope of claims reviewed by our solutions, cross-selling our solutions to our existing clients and generating new clients. Our sales and client services professionals sell our solutions directly to clients and manage our ongoing client relationships. Marketing activities for our healthcare and retail solutions include targeted direct marketing, advertising, tradeshow participation, workshops, web-based marketing activities, e-newsletters and customer and industry conferences.

Competition

          The payment accuracy solutions business is highly competitive. Competitive factors in the payment accuracy industry include the amount of savings identified, quality of the technology-based solution or service, application features and functions, ease of delivery and integration, ability of the payment accuracy partner to maintain, enhance and support the applications or services, industry experience and expertise, sensitivity to maintaining provider and supplier relationships and pricing. In the healthcare

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payment accuracy market, we compete primarily with other payment accuracy vendors, fraud, waste and abuse claim edit and predictive analysis companies, Medicare RACs, healthcare consulting firms and other third party liability services providers. Competitors for our healthcare solutions include Optum, Inc., Verscend Technologies, Inc. (f/k/a Verisk Health, Inc.), McKesson Corporation, Change Healthcare Corporation, HMS Holdings Corp., The Rawlings Group, Equian, LLC, Zelis Healthcare Corporation and other, smaller companies. In addition, most healthcare payers, including a number of our clients, also have the ability to perform some or all payment accuracy functions in-house.

          In the retail payment accuracy market, we compete primarily with PRGX as well as a number of smaller companies that do not have a material market share of the retail payment accuracy market.

Intellectual Property

          We rely on a combination of confidentiality agreements with our clients, employees, consultants, subcontractors and other parties as well as other security measures, such as information access and distribution controls, to establish and protect our proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how that comprise our solutions. We also have brands that have goodwill in the markets that we serve and we rely on trademarks to protect our related rights.

Research & Development

          Our research and development activities relate primarily to the design, development and enhancement of our payment accuracy solutions. We expect to continue investing significant resources to maintain, enhance and extend the functionality of our proprietary systems and existing solutions, to develop new solutions in response to the needs of our clients, and to enhance the capabilities surrounding our infrastructure.

Government Regulation

          A majority of our business is directly or indirectly related to the healthcare industry and is affected by changes in the healthcare industry, including political, legislative and regulatory changes and fluctuations in healthcare spending. Participants in the healthcare industry, including our clients, are required to comply with extensive and complex federal and state laws and regulations including fraud and abuse, false claims, anti-kickback and privacy and security laws and regulations. Although many of the regulatory and governmental requirements do not directly apply to our operations, many of our clients are required to comply with these requirements, which may impact our business and the demand for our services and solutions. Many of the laws and regulations, including federal and state false claims laws that affect us as a result of some of our services and solutions, are complex and may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and other governmental authorities. Our failure to comply with any applicable laws and regulations could result in restrictions on our ability to provide certain services and solutions, as well as the possible imposition of civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

          In the United States, federal and state legislatures and agencies periodically consider healthcare reform measures that may contain proposals to increase governmental involvement in healthcare, lower reimbursement rates or otherwise change the environment in which healthcare industry participants operate. Our business could be affected by changes in healthcare laws including the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law in March 2010 and is currently under consideration for repeal or restructuring by the current administration. The Affordable Care Act has changed how healthcare services are covered, delivered and reimbursed through expanded coverage of uninsured individuals, reduced Medicare program spending and insurance market reforms. The Affordable Care Act has

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created major changes in how healthcare is delivered and reimbursed and generally increased access to health insurance benefits to the uninsured and underinsured population of the United States. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act has increased the number of individuals with Medicaid and private insurance coverage, implemented reimbursement policies that tie payment to quality, facilitated the creation of accountable care organizations that may use capitation and other alternative payment methodologies, strengthened enforcement of fraud and abuse laws and encouraged the use of information technology.

          While many of the provisions of Affordable Care Act will not be directly applicable to us, the Affordable Care Act, as enacted, will affect the business of our healthcare clients and also will affect the Medicaid programs of the states with which we have contracts, which may in turn affect our business. Many of the changes promulgated by the Affordable Care Act require implementing regulations which have not yet been drafted or have been released only as proposed rules. Until the Affordable Care Act is fully implemented, or there is more certainty concerning the future of the Affordable Care Act, it will be difficult to predict its full impact and influence on the healthcare industry.

          Additionally, the Affordable Care Act has been subject to a number of challenges to its constitutionality. On June 28, 2012, the United States Supreme Court upheld challenges to the constitutionality of the "individual mandate" provision of the Affordable Care Act, which generally requires all individuals to purchase healthcare insurance or pay a penalty, but struck down as unconstitutional the provision that would have allowed the federal government to revoke all federal Medicaid funding to any state that did not expand its Medicaid program. As a result, many states have refused to extend Medicaid eligibility. On June 25, 2015, the United States Supreme Court upheld the legality of premium subsidies made available by the federal government to individuals residing in the 36 states that have federally-run health insurance exchanges. The subsidies are provided to low-income individuals to assist with the cost of purchasing health insurance through federally-run health insurance exchanges. Other legal challenges to the Affordable Care Act are pending. On January 12, 2017, Congress voted in favor of a budget resolution to produce legislation that, if passed, would repeal certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. Congress is also considering subsequent legislation to replace or repeal elements of or all of the Affordable Care Act. In addition, there have been recent public announcements by members of Congress and the new presidential administration regarding potential plans to repeal and replace all or a portion of the Affordable Care Act. As a result, it is difficult to predict the impact the Affordable Care Act will have on our business given the threats to and uncertainty surrounding the Affordable Care Act.

HIPAA and other Health Information Laws

          A significant portion of our business is regulated by HIPAA. Among other things, HIPAA requires business associates and covered entities to comply with certain privacy and security requirements relating to PHI and PII and mandates the way certain types of healthcare services are coded and processed. We frequently act as a business associate to our covered entity clients and, as a result, collect, use, disclose and maintain PHI and PII of individuals, as well as other financial, confidential and proprietary information belonging to our clients and certain third parties from whom we obtain information (e.g., private insurance companies, financial institutions). HIPAA and other state, industry and international laws and regulations require us to establish and maintain reasonable and appropriate administrative, technical and physical safeguards to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of electronic protected health information, which also includes information about the payment for healthcare services. The laws and rules promulgated by these acts are changed frequently by legislation, regulatory issuances and/or administrative interpretation. For instance, in January 2013, the United States Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") issued the Omnibus Final Rule modifying and supplementing many of the standards and regulations under HIPAA. The Omnibus Final Rule

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significantly lowered the disclosure standards required for notifications of breaches in patient privacy and expanded the universe of available liability under certain of HIPAA's requirements, including expanding direct liability for HIPAA's requirements to companies such as ours, which act as business associates to covered entities.

          HIPAA establishes privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of PHI and require the implementation of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of individually identifiable health information in electronic form, as well as breach notification procedures for breaches of PHI and penalties for violation of HIPAA's requirements for entities subject to its regulation. Violations of HIPAA's requirements may result in civil and criminal penalties. Civil penalties may be up to $50,000 per violation with a maximum civil penalty of $1.5 million in a calendar year for violations of the same requirement. However, a single breach incident can result in violations of multiple requirements, resulting in possible penalties well in excess of $1.5 million. In addition, the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Improvements Act of 2015 required all federal agencies to adjust their civil monetary penalties to inflation, no later than August 1, 2016. As a result, the maximum annual penalties for each HIPAA violation, which occurs later than February 17, 2009, are now $1.7 million. Recent enforcement actions by HHS for HIPAA violations have imposed penalties of up to $5.6 million. State attorneys general also have the right to prosecute HIPAA violations committed against residents of their states. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action that would allow individuals to sue in civil court for HIPAA violations, its standards have been used as the basis for the duty of care in state civil suits, such as those for negligence or recklessness in misusing individuals' health information. HHS is currently conducting audits to assess HIPAA compliance efforts by covered entities and business associates and is authorized to establish a permanent program for the future.

          In addition to HIPAA, numerous other federal and state laws govern the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure and disposal of PHI and PII and these laws can be more restrictive than HIPAA, which means that entities subject to them must comply with the more restrictive state law in addition to complying with HIPAA. Not only may some of these state laws impose fines and penalties upon violators, but some, unlike HIPAA, may also afford private rights of action to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused. State laws are changing rapidly, and there is discussion of a new federal privacy law or federal breach notification law. Further, the United States Congress and a number of states have considered or are considering additional prohibitions or limitations on the disclosure of medical or other information to individuals or entities located outside of the United States.

Healthcare Administrative Simplification

          HIPAA mandates a package of interlocking administrative simplification rules to establish standards and requirements for the electronic transmission of certain healthcare claims and payment transactions, to encourage electronic commerce in the healthcare industry. The standard transaction regulations established under HIPAA mandate certain format and data content standards for the most common electronic healthcare transactions, using technical standards promulgated by recognized standards publishing organizations.

          In January 2009, CMS published a final rule adopting updated standard code sets for diagnoses and procedures known as the ICD-10 code sets, which contain significantly more diagnostic and procedural codes than the existing ICD-9 coding system. All Medicare claims with a date of service after October 1, 2015, must contain the new ICD-10 codes. As a result, we have adapted our solutions to the new coding system.

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Reductions in Government Healthcare Spending

          In recent years, legislative and regulatory changes have limited, and in some cases reduced, the levels of payment that healthcare payers receive for various services under the Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. In some cases, healthcare payers base their payment rates on Medicare policy, and therefore, adjustments that negatively impact Medicare payments also may negatively impact payments received by healthcare providers from other payers. The Affordable Care Act provides for significant federal healthcare program spending reductions, including reductions in Medicare payments to most healthcare providers and Medicare Advantage plans. In addition to reductions required by the Affordable Care Act, the Budget Control Act of 2011 (the "Budget Control Act") requires automatic spending reductions of $1.2 trillion for federal fiscal years 2013 through 2021, minus any deficit reductions enacted by Congress and debt service costs. Under the Budget Control Act, the percentage reduction for most Medicare programs may not be more than 2% for a fiscal year, with a uniform percentage reduction across those Medicare programs. Due to subsequent legislation, the reductions have been extended through 2025. The Medicaid program, however, is not included in the reductions. Federal healthcare program spending continues to be a "hot-button" issue in the United States and the federal government continues to consider deficit reduction measures and other changes to government healthcare programs, including a possible repeal or restructuring of the Affordable Care Act.

Employees

          As of the year ended December 31, 2016, we had approximately 3,000 employees. None of our employees are represented by labor unions. We have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Properties

          Our corporate headquarters is located at The Terraces South, 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 30346. We do not own any of our facilities. As of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, we had the following leased facilities:

Location	Number of Facilities:
Connecticut		3
Pennsylvania		3
Georgia		2
Massachusetts		2
Texas		2
Arkansas		1
Illinois		1
Kentucky		1
Minnesota		1
North Carolina		1
Utah		1
Washington, DC		1
Non-U.S. Locations(1)		6

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We lease one facility in Canada, two facilities in India, one facility in Switzerland and two facilities in the United Kingdom.

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Legal Proceedings

          We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Our management currently does not expect that the results of any of these legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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MANAGEMENT

Directors and Executive Officers

          The following table sets forth the names and ages, as of December 31, 2016, of the individuals who serve as our executive officers and directors at the time of the offering.

Name	Age	Position
J. Douglas (Doug) Williams	55	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Steve Senneff	47	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
David Beaulieu	60	Senior Vice President and Chief Operations Officer
Jonathan Olefson	41	Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Damien Creavin	60	Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer
David Swift	58	Director (Chairman)
Elizabeth (Libby) Connolly Alexander	54	Director
Mala Anand	49	Director
J. Lawrence (Larry) Connolly	60	Director
Kenneth Goulet	57	Director
Ruben Jose King-Shaw, Jr.	55	Director
John Maldonado	41	Director
James (Jamie) Parisi	51	Director
Christopher Pike	47	Director
Douglas Present	52	Director

          There are no family relationships between or among our directors and executive officers, except that Ms. Alexander and Mr. Connolly are siblings.

J. Douglas (Doug) Williams

          Mr. Williams is our Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since May 2014. He has served as a member of our Board since May 2014. Prior to the Connolly iHealth Merger, Mr. Williams served as President and Chief Executive Officer of iHealth Technologies since its inception in May 2001. Prior to his position with iHealth Technologies, Mr. Williams served as Chief Executive Officer of Magellan Specialty Health from April 2000 to May 2001. Mr. Williams has also served in various executive and managerial roles with Vivra Specialty Partners and CIGNA Healthcare. Mr. Williams holds a B.S. in Business Administration from Appalachian State University. We believe that Mr. Williams' extensive leadership experience, institutional knowledge of our Company and broad familiarity with the payment accuracy market qualify him to serve as one of our directors.

Steve Senneff

          Mr. Senneff is our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since April 2015. Mr. Senneff previously served as our Chief Operations Officer from May 2014 to April 2015. Prior to the Connolly iHealth Merger, Mr. Senneff served as Chief Financial Officer of Connolly from October 2012 to May 2014. Mr. Senneff previously held various leadership positions at the Nielsen Company, most recently as Senior Vice President, Global Financial Planning & Analysis from January 2011 to October 2012. Mr. Senneff holds a B.B.A. in Accounting from the University of Iowa and a Master's degree in Finance from the Krannert School of Management at Purdue University.

David Beaulieu

          Mr. Beaulieu is our Senior Vice President and Chief Operations Officer, a position he has held since April 2015. Mr. Beaulieu previously served as our Senior Vice President, Technology and Innovation, from May 2014 to April 2015. Prior to the Connolly iHealth Merger, Mr. Beaulieu served

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as Chief Operating Officer of iHealth Technologies since July 2010. Mr. Beaulieu previously served as Executive Vice President of Marketing, Sales & Business Solutions at DST Health Solutions from October 2008 to June 2010, and as Chief Operating Officer at Amisys Synertech from 2004 to 2008 prior to its acquisition by DST Health Solutions. Prior to this, Mr. Beaulieu was the Managing Partner for Government Business Services at First Consulting Group and held various operational and executive positions at CIGNA Healthcare. Mr. Beaulieu holds a B.A. in Government from Bates College.

Jonathan Olefson

          Mr. Olefson is our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, a position he has held since October 2013. Prior to joining us, Mr. Olefson spent nine years in senior legal and compliance roles at Cognizant Technology Solutions, most recently as Vice President and General Counsel (Corporate, M&A and Intellectual Property) from 2012 to 2013. Prior to this, he was an Associate at Fulbright & Jaworski, L.L.P from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Olefson holds a J.D. from the George Washington University and a B.A. in Political Science from Emory University.

Damien Creavin

          Mr. Creavin is our Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer, a position he has held since July 2015. Prior to joining us, Mr. Creavin was Chief Information Officer/Chief Technology Officer at Emdeon Inc. from June 2004 to July 2014. Prior to this, Mr. Creavin was Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer at Primedia Inc. from October 2000 to October 2003. Mr. Creavin holds B.S. degrees in Mathematics and Engineering Science from Trinity College, Dublin and an M.B.A. from the Stern School of Business at New York University.

David Swift

          Mr. Swift has served as Chairman of our Board since joining the Board in November 2014. Mr. Swift has served as an Executive Business Partner at Advent since August 2014. Mr. Swift was President and Chief Executive Officer of Goodman Manufacturing from April 2008 to April 2014. Prior to this, Mr. Swift served in a variety of senior leadership roles at Whirlpool Corporation, most recently as President (North America) of Whirlpool Corporation from December 2005 to July 2007. Before joining Whirlpool in October 2001, Mr. Swift served as the President of Eastman Kodak Company's Professional Group, prior to which he served as the Chairman and President of Kodak's Greater Asian Region based in Shanghai, China for more than four years. Mr. Swift is a member of the board of directors of Dawn Holdings, Inc. and ATI Holdings, Inc., and is a member of the Board of Overseers of the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. He previously served as a member of the Boards of Directors of Daikin Industries, Limited, Goodman Manufacturing and Whirlpool Corporation. He holds a B.A. in Physics and Mathematics from Amherst College, a Master's degree in Engineering from Dartmouth College and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. We believe that Mr. Swift's investment and management expertise and his experience serving on public and private boards qualify him to serve as one of our directors.

Elizabeth (Libby) Connolly Alexander

          Ms. Alexander has served as a director since July 2012. Ms. Alexander has held a variety of senior leadership positions since joining us in 1984 and is responsible for establishing Connolly's healthcare practice in 1998. Prior to the Connolly iHealth Merger, Ms. Alexander most recently served as Chief Executive Officer of Connolly from January 2013 until May 2014. Ms. Alexander serves on the board of directors of CT Fund for the Environment, Save the Sound and the Eaglebrook School. She holds a B.A. from Tulane University. We believe that Ms. Alexander's three decades of institutional knowledge

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of our Company and extensive knowledge of the recovery audit process qualify her to serve as one of our directors.

Mala Anand

          Ms. Anand has served as a director since December 2016. Ms. Anand has served as President of Analytics at SAP SE since October 2016. Prior to joining SAP SE, Ms. Anand led the Data & Analytics | Automation Software Platforms for Cisco Systems, Inc. from October 2007 to October 2016. Before this Ms. Anand served as Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice President for Software Products and Services at Informative. Ms. Anand was also an entrepreneur in residence for Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield and Byers from 2001 to 2003, and has developed software products for CoroSoft Technologies, Inc., Rapt, Inc. (Microsoft Corporation), and Beyond, Inc. Ms. Anand also led enterprise software and go-to-market teams at Oracle Corporation from 1994 to 1998 and Digital Equipment Corporation from 1990 to 1994. Ms. Anand holds a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Massachusetts and a M.S. in Computer Science from Brown University. We believe that Ms. Anand's deep experience in software development, analytics and developing technology solutions, along with her leadership experience and entrepreneurial background qualify her to serve as one of our directors.

J. Lawrence (Larry) Connolly

          Mr. Connolly has served as a director since July 2012. Mr. Connolly has held a variety of senior leadership positions with us since 1982, most recently as Chief Executive Officer of Connolly from 1991 until his retirement in January 2013. Mr. Connolly currently serves as President of the Connolly Family Foundation and is Chairman of the Georgia Prevention Project. He is also a trustee of Washington and Lee University, where he received a B.A. in History. Mr. Connolly also holds an M.B.A. from the A.B. Freeman School of Business at Tulane University. We believe that Mr. Connolly's three decades of institutional knowledge of our Company and his broad management experience qualify him to serve as one of our directors.

Kenneth Goulet

          Mr. Goulet has served as a director since December 2015. He most recently served as the Executive Vice President of Anthem Inc. and President of Anthem Inc.'s Commercial and Specialty Business Division from August 2012 to September 2015, prior to which he served as President of Anthem Inc.'s Commercial Business Unit from October 2007 to August 2012. Before joining Anthem Inc., Mr. Goulet spent 23 years at CIGNA Corporation where he held a number of management, sales and operations positions. Mr. Goulet currently serves on the board of directors of Surgical Care Affiliates, Inc., and has previously served on the board of directors of Bloom Health Corporation from October 2011 to September 2015. Mr. Goulet holds a B.S. in Economics from Trinity College. We believe Mr. Goulet's broad management expertise and in-depth knowledge of the healthcare sector qualifies him to serve as one of our directors.

Ruben Jose King-Shaw, Jr.

          Mr. King-Shaw has served as a director since August 2016. Mr. King-Shaw has served as Managing Partner and Chief Investment Officer at Mansa Capital since 2011 and as Chief Executive Officer of Mansa Equity Partners, Inc. since 2003. Prior to this, Mr. King-Shaw served as Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Neighborhood Health Partnership, Inc. from 1993 through 1998. Mr. King-Shaw currently serves on the board of directors of ODH, Inc., NetHealth, Inc. and Steward Healthcare System, Inc. He previously served on the boards of directors of Lucid, Inc., Athena Health, Inc., Wellcare Health Plans, Inc. and iHealth Technologies. He holds a B.S. in Industrial and Labor Relations with a specialty in Labor Economics from Cornell University, a Master's degree in Health Services Administration from Florida International University, and a Master's of International

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Business from the Chapman Graduate School of Business at Florida International University. We believe that Mr. King-Shaw's expertise in healthcare policy, regulatory compliance and finance, and his extensive experience serving on public and private boards, qualify him to serve as one of our directors.

John Maldonado

          Mr. Maldonado has served as a director since July 2012. Mr. Maldonado is a Managing Director of Advent focusing on investments in the healthcare, financial and business services sectors. Prior to joining Advent in 2006, his previous private equity experience included positions at both Bain Capital and Parthenon Capital. Mr. Maldonado currently serves on the board of directors of Genoa, a QoL Healthcare Company, inVentiv Group Holdings, Inc. and ATI Holdings, Inc. and has previously served on the boards of directors of Vantiv, Inc., SkillSoft Corp., American Radiology Services, and Managed Healthcare Associates. He holds a B.A. in Mathematics from Dartmouth College and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. We believe that Mr. Maldonado's experience at Advent and as a director of public and private companies provides insight that is beneficial to the Board.

James (Jamie) Parisi

          Mr. Parisi has served as a director since May 2015. He most recently served as the Chief Financial Officer of CME Group Inc. from November 2004 to August 2014, prior to which he held positions of increasing responsibility and leadership within CME Group Inc. from 1988, including as Managing Director & Treasurer and Director, Planning & Finance. Mr. Parisi holds a B.S. in Finance from the University of Illinois and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago. Mr. Parisi also currently serves on the board of directors and regulatory oversight committee of CBOE Futures Exchange LLC and on the board of directors and as audit committee chairman for Pursuant Health Inc. We believe that Mr. Parisi's financial management experience within the public company framework qualifies him to serve as one of our directors.

Christopher Pike

          Mr. Pike has served as a director since July 2012. He is currently a Managing Partner at Advent, having joined the firm in February 1997. Prior to joining Advent, Mr. Pike was a Senior Associate at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP from 1992 to 1996. Mr. Pike also serves on the board of directors of Genoa, a QoL Healthcare Company, and ATI Holdings, Inc. He has previously served on the boards of directors of GFI Group Inc., Long Term Care Group, Vantiv, Inc., Managed Healthcare Associates and several other public and private companies. Mr. Pike received a B.A. in Economics and Spanish from Amherst College. We believe that Mr. Pike's experience at Advent and as a director of numerous private and public companies provides insight that is beneficial to the Board.

Douglas Present

          Mr. Present has served as a director since October 2012. He most recently served as Chief Executive Officer of Managed Health Care Associates, Inc. from November 2001 to May 2013. Prior to this he was a Senior Vice President at Medsite, Inc., which was subsequently acquired by WebMD, Inc. Mr. Present is Chairman of the board of directors of Genoa, a QoL Health Care Company. He also serves as Chairman of the board of directors of Golden State Medical Supply. Mr. Present has a faculty appointment at the Wharton Business School, where he teaches a class on healthcare services. He also serves on the Advisory Board of the Whitman School of Business at Syracuse University. Mr. Present holds a B.S. in Marketing from Syracuse University and an M.B.A. in Finance from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. We believe that Mr. Present's management expertise and broad experience in the healthcare industry qualify him to serve as one of our directors.

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Board of Directors

          Our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our Board. Our Board is currently composed of 11 directors.

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our Board is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with one class being elected at each annual meeting of stockholders. Each director will serve a three-year term, with termination staggered according to class. The Class I directors, whose terms will expire at the 2017 annual meeting of our stockholders, are Ms. Anand and Messrs. Connolly, Present and King-Shaw. The Class II directors, whose terms will expire at the 2018 annual meeting of our stockholders, are Ms. Alexander and Messrs. Parisi, Pike and Swift. The Class III directors, whose terms will expire at the 2019 annual meeting of our stockholders, are Messrs. Goulet, Maldonado and Williams. See "Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Provisions—Classified Board."

          Messrs. Connolly and Present have informed us that they do not intend to stand for re-election as Class I directors at our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders and intend to retire as directors as of such date.

Director Independence and Controlled Company Exemption

          After the consummation of this offering, Advent will continue to beneficially own common stock representing more than 50% of the voting power of our common stock eligible to vote in the election of directors. As a result, we will continue to qualify as a "controlled company" and continue to avail ourselves of certain "controlled company" exemptions under the corporate governance rules of the NYSE. As a controlled company, we are not required to have a majority of "independent directors" on our Board as defined under the rules of the NYSE, or have a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, we do not have a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors.

          Even though we qualify as a controlled company, we have a majority of independent directors serving on our Board. Our Board has affirmatively determined that Ms. Anand and Messrs. Goulet, King-Shaw, Parisi, Pike, Present, and Swift are independent directors under the applicable rules of the NYSE.

          We are not required to maintain compliance with the NYSE's director independence requirements and may choose to change our Board or committee composition or other arrangements in the future to manage our corporate governance in accordance with the controlled company exemption. If we cease to be a controlled company, we will be required to comply with the NYSE's corporate governance requirements applicable to listed companies, subject to a permitted "phase-in" period.

          The "controlled company" exemption does not modify the independence requirements for the audit committee. The NYSE and the SEC rules require that our audit committee be composed of at least three members, subject to certain permitted phase-in rules for newly public companies. We are currently in compliance with these "phase-in" provisions, with three of four members of our audit committee satisfying applicable independence requirements, and we intend for all members of the Audit Committee to meet the required independence standards within one year of our IPO.

Board Committees

          Our Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Each committee operates under a charter approved by our Board. Each committee has the composition and primary responsibilities described below. Members serve on

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these committees until their resignations or until otherwise determined by our Board. The charter of each committee is available on our website.

          Audit Committee.    The primary purposes of our audit committee are to assist the Board's oversight of:

•

audits of our financial statements;

•

the integrity of our financial statements;

•

our process relating to risk management and the conduct and systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;

•

the qualifications, engagement, compensation, independence and performance of our independent auditor; and

•

the performance of our internal audit function.

          Our audit committee is currently composed of Ms. Anand and Messrs. Parisi, Pike and King-Shaw. Mr. Parisi serves as chair of the audit committee. Messrs. Parisi, Pike and King-Shaw each qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" as such term has been defined by the SEC in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K. Our Board has affirmatively determined that Ms. Anand and Messrs. Parisi and King-Shaw meet the definition of an "independent director" for the purposes of serving on the audit committee under applicable NYSE rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In accordance with the NYSE and the SEC rules, we intend for all members of the audit committee to meet the required independence standards within one year of our IPO. In connection therewith, Mr. Pike will step down from the audit committee by the one year anniversary of our IPO. The audit committee is governed by a charter that complies with the rules of the NYSE.

          Compensation Committee.    The primary purposes of our compensation committee are to assist the Board in overseeing our management compensation policies and practices, including:

•

determining and approving the compensation of our executive officers; and

•

reviewing and approving incentive compensation and equity compensation policies and programs.

          Our compensation committee is currently composed of Messrs. Goulet, Maldonado, Swift and Present. Mr. Goulet serves as chair of the compensation committee. The compensation committee is governed by a charter that complies with the rules of the NYSE. Messrs. Goulet and Present, each of whom qualifies as a "non-employee director" under Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, comprise a subcommittee of our compensation committee for the purpose of reviewing and approving equity awards to our directors and executive officers made pursuant to the 2012 Plan and the 2016 Plan.

          Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.    The primary purposes of our nominating and corporate governance committee are to:

•

make recommendations to the Board regarding nomination of individuals as members of the Board and its committees;

•

assist the Board with identifying individuals qualified to become Board members; and

•

determine corporate governance practices and related matters.

          Our nominating and corporate governance committee is currently comprised of Messrs. Goulet, Maldonado and Swift. Mr. Goulet serves as chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee is governed by a charter that complies with the rules of the NYSE.

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Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

          The members of our compensation committee during 2016 were Messrs. Connolly, Goulet, Maldonado, Swift and Present. Mr. Connolly, who is no longer a member of our compensation committee, served as our Chief Executive Officer through December 31, 2012 and Mr. Maldonado served as our Vice President and Assistant Secretary through December 12, 2013. No member of the compensation committee was a former or current officer or employee of Cotiviti or any of its subsidiaries in 2016. In addition, during 2016, none of our executive officers served (i) as a member of the compensation committee or board of directors of another entity, one of whose executive officers served on our compensation committee or (ii) as a member of the compensation committee of another entity, one of whose executive officers served on our Board.

Indemnification of Directors

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that we will indemnify our directors to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL.

          We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors. The indemnification agreements provide the directors with contractual rights to indemnification, expense advancement and reimbursement, to the fullest extent permitted under the DGCL, subject to certain exceptions contained in those agreements.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

          We have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our Board, officers, employees, agents, consultants and representatives. A copy of the code is available on our website, located at www.cotiviti.com. Any amendments to waivers from our code for our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, will be disclosed on our Internet website promptly following the date of such amendment or waiver. Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

          Our Board has adopted corporate governance guidelines in accordance with the corporate governance rules of the NYSE that serve as a flexible framework within which our Board and its committees operate. These guidelines cover a number of areas including: the duties and responsibilities of the Board; director independence; Board leadership structure; executive sessions; CEO evaluations; management development and succession planning; director nomination, qualification and election; director orientation and continuing education; Board agenda, materials, information and presentations; director access to company employees and independent advisers; Board communication with stockholders and others; director compensation; and annual board and committee performance evaluations. A copy of our corporate governance guidelines is posted on our corporate website, which is located at www.cotiviti.com. Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.

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EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

The following discussion and analysis of compensation arrangements should be read with the compensation tables and related disclosures set forth below. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current plans and expectations regarding future compensation programs. See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Actual compensation programs that we adopt may differ materially from the programs summarized in this discussion.

Overview

          The discussion below includes a review of our compensation decisions with respect to 2016 and 2015 for our "named executive officers," or NEOs, namely our principal executive officer and our two other most highly compensated executive officers. Our NEOs for 2016 were:

•

J. Douglas (Doug) Williams, our Chief Executive Officer;

•

Steve Senneff, our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; and

•

David Beaulieu, our Senior Vice President and Chief Operations Officer.

          In 2016 and 2015, we compensated our NEOs through a combination of base salary and annual cash bonuses as well as grants of stock options under the terms of our Equity Plans. Our executive officers are also eligible to receive certain benefits, which include a 401(k) plan with matching contributions, life insurance and group health insurance, including medical, dental and vision insurance.

Summary Compensation Table

          The following table sets forth certain information for 2016 and 2015 concerning the total compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our NEOs.

Name and principal position	Year		Salary(1)		Bonus(2)		Option Awards(3)		Restricted Stock Units(4)	Non- Qualified Deferred Compensation Earnings		All other Compensation(5)		Total
J. Douglas (Doug) Williams	2016	$	640,000	$	987,878	$	716,335	$	243,390	—	$	22,691	$	2,610,294
Chief Executive Officer	2015	$	630,587	$	861,000	$	5,642,504		—	—	$	22,360	$	7,156,451
Steve Senneff	2016	$	400,000	$	432,197	$	213,195	$	72,447	—	$	7,950	$	1,125,789
Senior Vice President	2015	$	400,000	$	397,000		—		—	—	$	7,950	$	804,950
and Chief Financial Officer
David Beaulieu	2016	$	400,000	$	432,197	$	106,602	$	36,290	—	$	17,940	$	993,029
Senior Vice President	2015	$	393,621	$	397,000		—		—	—	$	17,716	$	808,337
and Chief Operations Officer

⁽¹⁾

Represents annual salary paid pursuant to the terms of each of NEO's employment agreement. See "—Employment Agreements."

⁽²⁾

Represents annual performance based cash bonuses. NEOs are eligible to receive an annual performance-based cash bonus under their employment agreements. Mr. Williams has a target cash bonus of 100% of his annual base salary, and Messrs. Senneff and Beaulieu have a target cash bonus of 70% of their annual base salary.

⁽³⁾

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the option awards, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. These values have been determined based on the assumptions set forth in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

⁽⁴⁾

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the RSUs, which is equal to the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

⁽⁵⁾

Represents contributions to employee 401(k) plan and amounts paid pursuant to a profit-sharing employee incentive plan established by iHealth Technologies.

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Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2016

          The following table sets forth certain information about outstanding equity awards held by our NEOs as of December 31, 2016.

	Option Awards					Stock Awards
Name	Number of securities underlying unexercised options exercisable(1) (#)	Number of securities underlying unexercised options unexercisable (#)		Option exercise price(2)	Option expiration date(3)	Number of Shares or Units of Stock that Have Not Vested(4) (#)	Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock that Have Not Vested(5) ($)
J. Douglas (Doug) Williams	723,094	—	$	13.79	7/01/2025	—	—
Chief Executive Officer	—		$	19.00	5/25/2026	—	—
	—					12,810	440,664
Steve Senneff	263,520	29,280	$	6.26	10/15/2022
Senior Vice President and	—	22,875	$	19.00	5/25/2026
Chief Financial Officer	—					3,813	131,167
David Beaulieu	204,960	87,840	$	11.33	9/26/2024
Senior Vice President and	—	11,438	$	19.00	5/25/2026
Chief Operations Officer	—	—		—	—	1,910	65,704

⁽¹⁾

The 76,800 share option held by Mr. Williams fully vests with continued service as to 25% of the shares over a 4-year period on each anniversary date of May 25, 2016, the date of the grant. The 29,280 share option held by Mr. Senneff fully vests with continued service on the fifth anniversary of October 15, 2012, the start date and the 22,875 share option held by Mr. Senneff fully vests with continued service as to 25% of the shares over a 4-year period on each anniversary date of May 25, 2016, the date of the grant. The 87,840 share option held by Mr. Beaulieu vests with continued service as to 29,280 of the shares on each of the third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of September 26, 2014, the date of the grant, and the 11,438 share option held by Mr. Beaulieu vests with continued service as to 25% of the shares over a 4-year period on each anniversary date of May 25, 2016, the date of the grant.

⁽²⁾

Option exercise prices are the fair market value of our stock on the date of grant. Option exercise price reflected has been adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend.

⁽³⁾

All options have a ten-year term.

⁽⁴⁾

Amounts in this column represent restricted stock units. Each restricted stock unit represents the right to receive, at settlement, one share of common stock. Each of Mr. Williams', Mr. Senneff's and Mr. Beaulieu's restricted units vests with continued service as to 25% of the amount over a 4-year period on each anniversary date of May 25, 2016, the date of the grant.

⁽⁵⁾

Value calculated based on the $34.40 closing price of our stock on December 30, 2016 (the last trading day during the year ended December 31, 2016).

Employment Agreements

          We are currently party to employment agreements with each of our NEOs. The material provisions of each such agreement are described below.

          In May 2015, we entered into employment agreements with each of J. Douglas (Doug) Williams, our Chief Executive Officer, Steve Senneff, our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and David Beaulieu, our Senior Vice President and Chief Operations Officer. The agreements provide for an indefinite term beginning on January 1, 2015. The agreements provide that each NEO will receive an annualized base salary subject to review by our Board (currently $640,000 for Mr. Williams and $400,000 for each of Messrs. Senneff and Beaulieu). The agreements also provide that each of them is

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eligible to receive an annual performance-based cash bonus with a target amount of 100% of annual base salary for Mr. Williams and 70% of annual base salary for each of Messrs. Senneff and Beaulieu.

          Either we or the NEO may terminate the agreement at any time upon written notice. We may terminate the NEO's employment for death, "disability," "cause" or without "cause" by written notice to the applicable NEO. The NEO may resign with 30 days prior written notice for "good reason" and without "good reason."

          If we terminate the NEO's employment without "cause" or the NEO resigns for "good reason," then, in addition to any accrued but unpaid base salary, accrued but unpaid expenses, accrued but unused vacation pay and any amount arising from the NEO's participation in employee benefit plans and programs, we must provide the NEO with, subject to his execution of a release of claims, such release becoming effective and his continued compliance with the restrictive covenants contained in his agreement, (i) an amount equal to 24 months of his annual base salary for Mr. Williams and 12 months of his base salary for each of Messrs. Senneff and Beaulieu, payable in a lump sum, (ii) a pro-rata bonus for the year of termination (determined by multiplying the amount of such bonus that would have been payable to the NEO for the year of termination by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of full weeks that elapsed during the year through the date of termination and the denominator of which is 52) and (iii) if the NEO elects to continue medical and dental coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended, a lump sum payment equal to the employer portion of the premium cost of continuation coverage for the NEO and his eligible dependents for 12 months. In addition, if the NEO's employment is terminated by us without "cause" or the NEO resigns for "good reason" within one year following a "change of control" (as defined in his employment agreement), then, in addition to the payments and benefits described above, he will be entitled to accelerated vesting of his unvested time-based equity awards outstanding immediately prior to the "change of control."

          For purposes of the agreements, "good reason" means the occurrence of one or more of the following conditions, without the NEO's consent: (i) any material adverse change by us in his annual base salary, position, authority, title or reporting obligations, or the assignment of duties to him by us or any of our affiliates that are materially inconsistent with his position; (ii) relocation of his principal place of employment by more than 50 miles; or (iii) any other material breach by us of a material provision of his agreement or any other written agreement with him; provided that any such condition will only constitute good reason if the NEO provides us with 30 days prior written notice of his intent to resign for good reason (which notice must be provided within 60 days following the occurrence of the event(s) purported to constitute good reason) and we have not remedied the alleged violations within such 30 day period and the NEO's resignation becomes effective within 30 days after we have either failed to cure such condition or indicated that we will not cure such condition.

          For purposes of the agreements, "cause" means (i) the willful misconduct or an act of dishonesty of the NEO with regard to us or any affiliate, which in either case, results in material harm to us or any affiliate, (ii) the willful and continued failure of the NEO to perform his duties with us or any of our affiliates (other than any such failure resulting from "disability," as defined in the agreements) which is not remedied within 30 days of receiving written notice thereof, (iii) indictment for any felony or indictment for any misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, or (iv) a material breach by the NEO of any material provision of the agreement or any other written agreement with us or material policy of ours, which breach is not remedied within ten days after receiving written notice.

          The agreements include perpetual confidentiality provisions, a non-disparagement provision as well as provisions relating to assignment of inventions and non-competition and non-solicitation that apply during employment and two years thereafter.

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Potential Payments upon Termination of Employment or Change of Control

          Our NEOs are entitled to receive severance payments and acceleration of time-based vesting equity awards upon termination of employment or a change of control, as provided in "—Employment Agreements." In addition, pursuant to our 2016 Plan, upon the occurrence of a "change of control" (as defined in the 2016 Plan), unless otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, the Plan Administrator is authorized to make adjustments in the terms and conditions of outstanding awards, including without limitation the following (or any combination thereof): (i) continuation or assumption of such outstanding awards by us (if it is the surviving company or corporation) or by the surviving company or corporation or its parent; (ii) substitution by the surviving company or corporation or its parent of awards with substantially the same terms as such outstanding awards (with appropriate adjustments to the type of consideration payable upon settlement of the awards); (iii) acceleration of exercisability, vesting and/or payment; and (iv) if all or substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock are transferred in exchange for cash consideration in connection with such change of control: (A) upon written notice, provide that any outstanding stock options and stock appreciation rights are exercisable during a reasonable period of time immediately prior to the scheduled consummation of the event or such other reasonable period as determined by the Plan Administrator (contingent upon the consummation of the event), and at the end of such period, such stock options and stock appreciation rights will terminate to the extent not so exercised within the relevant period; and (B) cancel all or any portion of outstanding awards for fair value, as determined in the sole discretion of the Plan Administrator.

Director Compensation

          Directors who are employed by us or who are full-time investment professionals of Advent are not eligible to receive compensation for their service on our Board. All other members of our Board receive a one-time stock option or restricted stock unit grant upon their election to the Board. All of our directors are also reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket travel expenses incurred in connection with attendance at Board and committee meetings and other Board-related activities.

          Following our IPO, we pay our directors who are not our employees or full-time investment professionals of Advent an annual retention fee of $65,000 (prior to the IPO, the annual retainer was $75,000). Each member of our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee (to the extent such individual is not one of our employees or a full-time investment professional of Advent) receives an annual fee of $5,000, $5,000 and $5,000, respectively. The chair of each of our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee (to the extent such individual is not one of our employees or a full-time investment professional of Advent) receives an annual fee of $22,500, $15,000 and $15,000, respectively.

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          The compensation for our directors who are not employees or full-time investment professionals of Advent for fiscal 2016 was as follows:

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)(1)	Stock Awards ($)(2)(3)	Total ($)(4)
Mala Anand(5)	—	—	—
Elizabeth (Libby) Connolly Alexander	71,250	160,015	231,265
J. Lawrence (Larry) Connolly	70,000	160,015	230,015
Kenneth Goulet	85,000	160,015	245,015
Ruben Jose King-Shaw, Jr.(6)	26,250	120,003	146,253
James (Jamie) Parisi	81,250	160,015	241,265
Douglas Present	72,500	160,015	232,515

⁽¹⁾

As described under "—Director Compensation," prior to our IPO, our directors received an annual fee of $75,000. Following our IPO, our directors receive an annual fee of $65,000 with additional fees for service as the chair or a member of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Accordingly, each of Ms. Alexander and Messrs. Connolly, Goulet, Parisi and Present received a pro-rated payment in 2016 of $37,500 related to their service on the Board prior to our IPO and a pro-rated payment of $32,500 for their service following our IPO. In addition, Ms. Alexander received a pro-rated payment of $1,250 for her service on the Audit Committee during 2016; Mr. Goulet received pro-rated payments of $7,500 each for his service as chair of the Compensation Committee and chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee; Mr. Parisi received a pro-rated payment of $11,250 for his service as chair of the Audit Committee; and Mr. Present received a pro-rated payment of $2,500 for his service as a member of the Compensation Committee.

⁽²⁾

On September 1, 2016, our directors then serving who were not employees or full-time investment professionals of Advent received a grant of 4,919 restricted stock units, except that Mr. King-Shaw, who joined the Board in October 2016, received a pro-rated grant. Each restricted stock unit represents the right to receive, at settlement, one share of common stock. The restricted stock units vest on the date of our first annual meeting following the date of grant, September 1, 2016, subject to the director's continued service through the vesting date.

⁽³⁾

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value for restricted stock units granted in 2016, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The grant date fair value of each restricted stock unit was approximately $32.53. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

⁽⁴⁾

Non-employee directors are reimbursed for expenses (including costs of travel, food and lodging) incurred in attending Board, Committee and stockholder meetings. No reimbursements for any non-employee director exceeded the $10,000 threshold in the year ended December 31, 2016.

⁽⁵⁾

Ms. Anand joined the Board on December 12, 2016. She did not receive any 2016 compensation in connection with her Board service.

⁽⁶⁾

Mr. King-Shaw joined the Board in October 2016. He received a pro-rated payment of $24,375 in connection with his service as a director and an additional pro-rated payment of $1,875 for his service as a member of the Audit Committee.

Equity Incentive Plans

          We maintain two equity incentive plans for the benefit of our employees, directors and other service providers: the 2012 Plan and the 2016 Plan. The following is a summary of certain features of

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the 2012 Plan and the 2016 Plan. Provisions of the 2016 Plan applicable to participants who are residents of Canada, India and the United Kingdom may vary from the terms described in this summary.

2012 Plan

          The 2012 Plan provided awards to our employees, directors and consultants prior to our IPO. We no longer grant awards under the 2012 Plan. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 5,723,613 shares of common stock are subject to awards that have been granted under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our Board.

2016 Plan

          The 2016 Plan was adopted in connection with our IPO and provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock awards and cash performance awards. Awards under the 2016 Plan may be granted to any employee, non-employee director, consultant or other personal service provider to us or any of our subsidiaries. The 2016 Plan is administered by a plan administrator, which is the compensation committee, such other committee of the Board appointed by the Board or the Board, as determined by the Board (the "Plan Administrator").

Reservation of Shares

          Subject to adjustments as described below, the maximum aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2016 Plan will be 5,490,000. Any shares of common stock delivered under the 2016 Plan will consist of authorized and unissued shares, or treasury shares. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 5,997,372 shares of common stock are subject to awards that have been granted under the 2016 Plan.

          Awards that are required to be paid in cash pursuant to their terms will not reduce the share reserve. To the extent that an award granted under the 2016 Plan is canceled, expired, forfeited, surrendered, settled by delivery of fewer shares than the number underlying the award or otherwise terminated without delivery of the shares to the participant, the shares of common stock retained by or returned to us will not be deemed to have been delivered under the 2016 Plan, and will be available for future awards under the 2016 Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, shares that are (i) withheld or separately surrendered from an award in payment of the exercise or purchase price or taxes relating to such an award or (ii) not issued or delivered as a result of the net settlement of an outstanding stock option or stock appreciation right will not be deemed to constitute delivered shares and will be available for future awards under the 2016 Plan.

Awards Under the 2016 Plan

          For purposes of complying with the requirements of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be subject to stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance-based restricted stock awards, performance-based RSUs and performance-based stock awards granted to any participant other than a non-employee director during any calendar year will be limited to 800,000 shares of common stock for each such award type individually.

          Further, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be subject to stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, RSUs and stock awards granted to any non-employee director during any calendar year will be limited to 75,000 shares of common stock for all such award types in the aggregate.

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Effect of Change of Control

          Upon the occurrence of a "change of control" (as defined in the 2016 Plan), unless otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, the Plan Administrator is authorized to make adjustments in the terms and conditions of outstanding awards, including without limitation the following (or any combination thereof): (i) continuation or assumption of such outstanding awards by us (if it is the surviving company or corporation) or by the surviving company or corporation or its parent; (ii) substitution by the surviving company or corporation or its parent of awards with substantially the same terms as such outstanding awards (with appropriate adjustments to the type of consideration payable upon settlement of the awards); (iii) acceleration of exercisability, vesting and/or payment; and (iv) if all or substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock are transferred in exchange for cash consideration in connection with such change of control: (A) upon written notice, provide that any outstanding stock options and stock appreciation rights are exercisable during a reasonable period of time immediately prior to the scheduled consummation of the event or such other reasonable period as determined by the Plan Administrator (contingent upon the consummation of the event), and at the end of such period, such stock options and stock appreciation rights will terminate to the extent not so exercised within the relevant period; and (B) cancel all or any portion of outstanding awards for fair value, as determined in the sole discretion of the Plan Administrator.

Forfeiture / Right of Recapture

          The Plan Administrator may specify in an award agreement that an award will be subject to reduction, cancellation, forfeiture or recoupment upon the occurrence of certain specified events, including termination of service for "cause" (as defined in the 2016 Plan), violation of material policies or breach of noncompetition, nonsolicitation, confidentiality or other restrictive covenants that may apply to the participant.

          Participants may be subject to our compensation recovery policy, "clawback" or similar policy, as may be in effect from time to time and/or any compensation recovery, "clawback" or similar policy made applicable by law including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

Term, Amendment and Termination

          The term of the 2016 Plan is ten years. Our Board may amend, modify, suspend or terminate the 2016 Plan at any time, provided, however, that no termination or amendment of the 2016 Plan will materially and adversely affect any award granted under the 2016 Plan without the consent of the participant or the permitted transferee of the award.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

          We maintain the US ESPP and the Non-US ESPP. The purpose of the US ESPP and the Non-US ESPP is to provide employees with an opportunity to acquire a proprietary interest in the Company through the purchase of shares of our common stock. In general, all employees of the Company and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in the ESPP applicable to their jurisdiction, subject to certain exceptions for employees who have been employed for less than 90 days, whose customary employment is for less than 20 hours per week or whose customary employment is for not more than five months in a calendar year. Eligible employees who elect to participate in the US ESPP or the Non-US ESPP authorize payroll deductions of between 1% and 10% of their compensation, which are deposited in an account to purchase shares of our common stock at the end of an offering period. The purchase price of the common stock is equal to 90% of the closing trading price of the common stock on the last trading date of an offering period. Our first offering period runs from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2017 and will be followed by successive six-month offering periods.

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          Initially, a total of 1,200,000 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance pursuant to the US ESPP. The number of shares available for issuance under the US ESPP will, unless otherwise determined by our board of directors or the compensation committee, be automatically increased on January 1st of each year commencing on January 1, 2017, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1.5% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year and (ii) 1,200,000 shares of our common stock. Initially, a total of 60,000 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance pursuant to the Non-US ESPP. The number of shares available for issuance under the Non-US ESPP will, unless otherwise determined by our Board or the compensation committee, be automatically increased on January 1 of each year commencing on January 1, 2017, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 0.075% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year and (ii) 60,000 shares of our common stock.

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PRINCIPAL AND SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

          The following table shows information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock (1) immediately prior to and (2) as adjusted to give effect to this offering by:

•

each person or group who is known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of our common stock;

•

each member of our Board and each of our named executive officers;

•

all members of our Board and our executive officers as a group; and

•

any additional selling stockholders.

          Beneficial ownership of shares is determined under rules of the SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power. Except as noted by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, we believe based on the information provided to us that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock shown as beneficially owned by them. Percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 90,741,340 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2016. Shares of common stock subject to options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016 are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding the options for the purposes of computing the percentage of beneficial ownership of that person and any group of which that person is a member, but are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage of beneficial ownership for any other person. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of capital stock held by them. Unless otherwise indicated, the address for each holder listed below is 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 30346.

											Shares of common stock beneficially owned after this offering
	Shares of common stock beneficially owned before this offering										Assuming no exercise of the option to purchase additional shares					Assuming full exercise of the option to purchase additional shares
									Number of shares subject to underwriters' option
Name and address of beneficial owner	Number of shares			Percentage of shares			Number of shares offered				Number of shares		Percentage of shares			Number of shares		Percentage of shares
5% stockholders:
Funds managed by Advent International Corporation		58,702,930	(1)		64.7	%		5,791,703		868,756		52,911,227		58.3	%		52,042,471		57.4	%
J. Lawrence Connolly		7,079,406	(2)		7.8	%		698,463		104,769		6,380,943		7.0	%		6,276,174		6.9	%
Elizabeth Connolly Alexander		4,676,989	(3)		5.2	%		446,105		66,916		4,230,884		4.7	%		4,163,968		4.6	%
Named executive officers and directors
J. Douglas Williams(4)		3,773,094			4.2	%		—		—		3,773,094		4.2	%		3,773,094		4.2	%
Steve Senneff(5)		286,127			*			—		—		286,127		*			286,127		*
David Beaulieu(6)		242,780			*			—		—		242,780		*			242,780		*
David Swift(7)		—			*			—		—		—		*			—		*
Mala Anand(8)		—			*			—		—		—		*			—		*
Kenneth Goulet(9)		14,751			*			—		—		14,751		*			14,751		*
Ruben Jose King-Shaw, Jr(9)(10).		—			*			—		—		—		*			—		*
John Maldonado(11)		—			*			—		—		—		*			—		*
James Parisi(12)		19,751			*			—		—		19,751		*			19,751		*
Christopher Pike(13)		—			*			—		—		—		*			—		*
Douglas Present(14)		146,932			*			—		—		146,932		*			146,932		*
All Board members and executive officers as a group (15 persons)		16,365,554			18.0	%		1,144,568		171,685		15,220,986		16.8	%		15,049,301		16.6	%
Additional selling stockholders
Aaron J. Alexander Family 2010 Irrevocable Trust dated 09/09/2010		490,529			*			63,729		9,559		426,800		*			417,241		*

*

Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1% of our outstanding common stock.

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⁽¹⁾

Includes: (a) 25,188,602 shares indirectly owned by Advent International GPE VI Limited Partnership, (b) 17,650,967 shares indirectly owned by Advent International GPE VI-A Limited Partnership, (c) 1,277,731 shares indirectly owned by Advent International GPE VI-B Limited Partnership, (d) 1,300,911 shares directly owned by Advent International GPE VI-C Limited Partnership, (e) 1,240,917 shares directly owned by Advent International GPE VI-D Limited Partnership, (f) 3,138,847 shares directly owned by Advent International GPE VI-E Limited Partnership, (g) 4,743,916 shares indirectly owned by Advent International GPE VI-F Limited Partnership, (h) 2,988,464 shares indirectly owned by Advent International GPE VI-G Limited Partnership, (i) 922,973 shares directly owned by Advent Partners GPE VI 2008 Limited Partnership, (j) 27,999 shares directly owned by Advent Partners GPE VI 2009 Limited Partnership, (k) 66,033 shares directly owned by Advent Partners GPE VI 2010 Limited Partnership, (l) 73,335 shares directly owned by Advent Partners GPE VI-A 2010 Limited Partnership and (m) 82,235 shares directly owned by Advent Partners GPE VI-A Limited Partnership. Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition Limited Partnership directly owns 25,188,602 shares and Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition II Limited Partnership directly owns 26,661,078 shares. The general partner of Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition Limited Partnership and Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition II Limited Partnership is Advent-Cotiviti GP Corporation. Advent International GPE VI Limited Partnership, Advent International GPE VI-A Limited Partnership, Advent International GPE VI-B Limited Partnership, Advent International GPE VI-F Limited Partnership and Advent International GPE VI-G Limited Partnership (together, the "Cayman Advent Funds") collectively own 100% of Advent-Cotiviti GP Corporation, in pro rata proportion to the number of shares disclosed as beneficially owned by the Cayman Advent Funds above. Advent International GPE VI Limited Partnership owns 100% of the limited partnership interests in Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition Limited Partnership, and the other Cayman Advent Funds collectively own 100% of the limited partnership interests in Advent-Cotiviti Acquisition II Limited Partnership in pro rata proportion to the number of shares disclosed as beneficially owned by such other funds above.

Advent is the manager of Advent International LLC, which is the general partner of: GPE VI GP Limited Partnership; GPE VI GP (Delaware) Limited Partnership; Advent Partners GPE VI 2008 Limited Partnership; Advent Partners GPE VI 2009 Limited Partnership; Advent Partners GPE VI 2010 Limited Partnership; Advent Partners GPE VI-A Limited Partnership and Advent Partners GPE VI-A 2010 Limited Partnership. GPE VI GP Limited Partnership is the general partner of the Cayman Advent Funds. GPE VI GP (Delaware) Limited Partnership is the general partner of: Advent International GPE VI-C Limited Partnership; Advent International GPE VI-D Limited Partnership and Advent International GPE VI-E Limited Partnership. Advent exercises voting and investment power over the shares held by the Cayman Advent Funds and may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of all of these shares. With respect to the shares held by the Advent Funds, a number of individuals currently composed of David M. McKenna, David M. Mussafer and Steven M. Tadler, none of whom have individual voting or investment power, exercise voting and investment power over the shares beneficially owned by Advent. The address of Advent International Corporation and each of the Cayman Advent Funds and other entities listed above is c/o Advent International Corporation, 75 State Street, Floor 29, Boston, MA 02109.

⁽²⁾

Includes: (a) 3,468,906 shares held by JL Connolly LLC, (b) 1,805,250 shares held by The Catherine G. Connolly Gift Trust and (c) 1,805,250 shares held by The J. Lawrence Connolly, Jr. Gift Trust. Mr. Connolly exercises sole voting and investment power over the shares beneficially owned by JL Connolly LLC, The Catherine G. Connolly Gift Trust and The J. Lawrence Connolly, Jr. Gift Trust. Mr. Connolly is a member of our Board.

⁽³⁾

Includes: (a) 1,962,116 shares and 195,200 vested options to purchase shares held by Ms. Alexander directly, (b) 1,471,577 shares held in three family irrevocable trusts, the trustees of which are in each case an institution and Ms. Alexander's spouse; and (c) 1,048,096 shares owned by Milton Harbor View, LLC, of which Ms. Alexander and her spouse are the sole managers and of which Ms. Alexander and her children are members. Ms. Alexander is a member of our Board.

⁽⁴⁾

Includes: (a) 3,050,000 shares held directly and (b) 723,094 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽⁵⁾

Includes: (a) 22,607 shares held directly and (b) 263,520 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽⁶⁾

Includes: (a) 37,820 shares held directly and (b) 204,960 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽⁷⁾

Mr. Swift holds no shares directly. Mr. Swift is an Executive Business Partner at Advent, which manages funds that collectively own 58,702,930 shares. See note 1 above.

⁽⁸⁾

Ms. Anand holds no shares and no options or other derivative securities currently exercisable or that will become exercisable for shares within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽⁹⁾

Includes 14,751 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽¹⁰⁾

Mr. King-Shaw holds no shares and no options or other derivative securities currently exercisable or that will become exercisable for shares within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽¹¹⁾

Mr. Maldonado holds no shares directly. Mr. Maldonado is a Managing Director at Advent, which manages funds that collectively own 58,702,930 shares. See note 1 above.

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⁽¹²⁾

Includes (a) 5,000 shares held directly and (b) 14,751 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.

⁽¹³⁾

Mr. Pike holds no shares directly. Mr. Pike is a Managing Partner at Advent, which manages funds that collectively own 58,702,930 shares. See note 1 above.

⁽¹⁴⁾

Includes (a) 37,680 shares held directly and (b) 109,252 shares underlying options which are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016. Pursuant to a 10b5-1 trading plan adopted by Mr. Present on December 12, 2016, a portion of these options have been exercised and all shares received upon exercise sold as follows: (i) 50,000 shares on January 17, 2017 and (ii) 15,000 shares on February 15, 2017.

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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

          Set forth below is a description of certain relationships and related party transactions between us or our subsidiaries, and our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities.

Common Stock Split

          On May 13, 2016, we effected a 6.1-for-1 stock split ("Stock Split") of all outstanding shares of our common stock pursuant to an amendment to our certificate of incorporation. All common stock share, option and per share amounts for all periods presented have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the Stock Split.

Common Stock Dividends

          On May 25, 2016, we paid the Special Cash Dividend of $150.0 million, or $1.94 per share of common stock outstanding prior to our IPO, to holders of record of our common stock on May 24, 2016. In connection with the Special Cash Dividend, we lowered the exercise price of then outstanding stock options by $1.94 per share in order to preserve the intrinsic value of the options giving effect to the Special Cash Dividend.

Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement

          On June 1, 2016, in connection with our IPO, we amended and restated our existing stockholders agreement, dated as of July 26, 2012 and entered into an amended and restated stockholders agreement with affiliates of Advent and our management stockholders (as amended, the "Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement").

          The Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement contains (i) demand registration rights for Advent, subject to a cap of two requests in any 12 month period; (ii) piggy-back registration rights for any stockholder holding at least $500,000 worth of shares (the "Holders"), subject to a pro rata reduction if the total amount of shares requested to be included exceeds the amount of securities which in the opinion of the underwriters can be sold; and (iii) shelf registration rights for Holders, subject to a required anticipated aggregate offering price, net of selling expenses, of $5.0 million, subject to a cap of two requests for shelf registrations, for all Holders in the aggregate, in any 12 month period. Holders that are capable of selling all of their registrable securities pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act in a single transaction without timing or volume limitations will not have piggyback registration rights. We will be responsible for fees and expenses in connection with the registration rights, other than underwriters' discounts and brokers' commissions, if any, relating to any such registration and offering.

Board Compensation

          Our directors who are our employees, employees of our subsidiaries or employees of Advent will receive no compensation for their service as members of our Board, except as limited to expense reimbursement. Our other directors will receive compensation for their service as members of our Board as described in "Executive and Director Compensation—Director Compensation."

Employment Agreements

          We have entered into an employment agreement with each of our NEOs as well as other executive officers. See "Executive and Director Compensation—Employment Agreements."

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Indemnification Agreements

          We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors. The indemnification agreements provide the directors with contractual rights to indemnification, expense advancement and reimbursement, to the fullest extent permitted under the DGCL, subject to certain exceptions contained in those agreements.

Policies for Approval of Related Person Transactions

          Our Board has adopted a written policy relating to the approval of related person transactions. A "related person transaction" is a transaction or arrangement or series of transactions or arrangements in which we participate (whether or not we are a party) and a related person has a direct or indirect material interest in such transaction. Our audit committee will review and approve or ratify all relationships and related person transactions between us and (i) our directors, director nominees or executive officers, (ii) any 5% record or beneficial owner of our common stock or (iii) any immediate family member of any person specified in (i), (ii) and (iii) above. The audit committee will review all related person transactions and, where the audit committee determines that such transactions are in our best interests, approve such transactions in advance of such transaction being given effect.

          As set forth in the related person transaction policy, in the course of its review and approval or ratification of a related person transaction, the audit committee will, in its judgment, consider in light of the relevant facts and circumstances whether the related person transaction is, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests, including consideration of various factors enumerated in the policy.

          Any member of the audit committee who is a related person with respect to a related person transaction under review or is otherwise not disinterested will not be permitted to participate in the discussions or approval or ratification of the related person transaction. However, such member of the audit committee will provide all materially adverse information concerning the transaction to the audit committee. Our policy also includes certain exemptions for related person transactions that need not be reported and provides the audit committee with the discretion to pre-approve certain related person transactions.

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DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL INDEBTEDNESS

First Lien Credit Facilities

          On September 28, 2016, Cotiviti Intermediate Holdings, Inc. ("Cotiviti Intermediate"), Cotiviti Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries entered into the Restated Credit Agreement, pursuant to which the lenders party thereto have agreed to provide the First Lien Credit Facilities arranged by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Barclays Bank PLC, Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. and Royal Bank of Canada. The First Lien Credit Facilities consist of First Lien Term A Loans in the original principal amount of $250.0 million, First Lien Term B Loans in the original principal amount of $550.0 million and a $100.0 million Revolver, of which $25.0 million may, at our option, be made available for letters of credit and $20.0 million may, at our option, be made available for swingline loans. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is the administrative agent under the First Lien Credit Facilities.

Interest Rate and Fees

          Borrowings under the First Lien Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the applicable margin, plus, at our election, either (a) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank effective rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, 1.75% or (b) LIBOR determined by reference to the applicable Reuters screen page two business days prior to the commencement of the interest period relevant to the subject borrowing, adjusted for certain additional costs, which may not, (i) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, be less than 0.75% and (ii) with respect to the First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver only, be less than 0.00%.

          The applicable margin for the First Lien Term B Loans is 1.75% for base rate borrowings and 2.75% for LIBOR borrowings. If Cotiviti Corporation's corporate credit rating from Moody's is Ba3 or better and its corporate family rating from S&P is BB– or better, the applicable margins for the First Lien Term B Loans will be reduced by 0.25% for so long as such ratings are maintained. As of December 31, 2016, Cotiviti Corporation's corporate credit rating from Moody's was B1 and its corporate family rating from S&P was BB–.

          The applicable margin for the First Lien Term A Loans and loans under the Revolver is determined in accordance with the table set forth below:

Secured Leverage Ratio	Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans of First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver		Applicable Margin for LIBOR Loans of First Lien Term A Loans and Revolver
Category 1
Greater than 4.00:1.00	2.00	%	3.00	%
Category 2
Less than or equal to 4.00:1.00 and greater than 3.50:1.00	1.75	%	2.75	%
Category 3
Less than or equal to 3.50:1.00 and greater than 3.00:1.00	1.50	%	2.50	%
Category 4
Less than or equal to 3.00:1.00	1.25	%	2.25	%

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The following fees are required to be paid under the First Lien Credit Facilities:

•

a commitment fee to each revolving lender on the average daily unused portion of such revolving lender's revolving credit commitment of (i) 0.50% per annum when the secured leverage ratio is greater than or equal to 4.00:1.00, (ii) 0.375% per annum when the secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 4.00:1.00 and greater than 3.00:1.00 and (iii) 0.30% per annum when the secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 3.00:1.00;

•

a participation fee to each revolving lender on the daily face amount of such revolving lender's letter of credit exposure at a rate equal to the applicable margin for LIBOR loans under the Revolver;

•

a fronting fee to each issuing bank on the daily face amount of each letter of credit issued by such issuing bank at a rate agreed by Cotiviti Corporation and such issuing bank (which may not exceed 0.125%); and

•

a customary annual administration fee to the first lien administrative agent.

Voluntary Prepayments

          Subject to certain notice requirements, we may voluntarily prepay outstanding loans under the First Lien Credit Facilities in whole or in part without premium or penalty other than (i) customary "breakage" costs with respect to LIBOR loans and (ii) with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, a 1.00% premium payable in connection with any refinancing of (or amendment to) such First Lien Term B Loan on or prior to March 28, 2017 for the purpose of reducing the effective yield applicable thereto, subject to certain exceptions.

Mandatory Prepayments

          The documentation governing the First Lien Credit Facilities requires us to prepay the term loans outstanding thereunder with:

•

with respect to the First Lien Term B Loans only, 50% of excess cash flow (determined in accordance with the terms of the documentation governing the First Lien Credit Facilities) for each fiscal year, minus, at the option of Cotiviti Corporation, the amount of any voluntary prepayment under the First Lien Credit Facilities (in the case of any voluntary prepayment of Revolver, to the extent accompanied by a permanent reduction of the related commitment) and certain other cash payments that reduce the outstanding amount of any loan under the First Lien Credit Facilities, subject to a stepdown to 25% if the secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 3.00:1.00 and greater than 2.50:1.00 and an additional stepdown to 0% if the secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 2.50:1.00;

•

100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales and/or insurance/condemnation events above a threshold amount, subject to reinvestment rights and other exceptions; and

•

100% of the net cash proceeds of any issuance or incurrence of debt that is not permitted by the terms of the documentation governing the First Lien Credit Facilities (or debt incurred to refinance the debt outstanding under the First Lien Credit Facilities).

Final Maturity and Amortization

          The First Lien Term A Loans will mature on September 28, 2021. We are required to make annual amortization payments in respect of the First Lien Term A Loans in an amount equal to 5.00% of the original principal amount thereof, with step-ups to 7.50%, 10.00% and 15.00% of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term A Loans after December 2018, December 2019, December 2020, respectively, payable in equal quarterly installments of 1.25%, 1.875%, 2.50% and 3.75%,

133

respectively, of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term A Loans. Such quarterly amortization payments are reduced ratably by any mandatory or voluntary prepayments.

          The First Lien Term B Loans will mature on September 28, 2023. We are required to make annual amortization payments in respect of the First Lien Term B Loans in an amount equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount thereof, payable in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount of the First Lien Term B Loans. Such quarterly amortization payments are reduced ratably by any mandatory or voluntary prepayments.

          The Revolver will mature on September 28, 2021 and does not require amortization payments.

Borrowers and Guarantors

          Cotiviti Corporation and Cotiviti Domestic Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Cotiviti Domestic"), are jointly and severally obligated as borrowers under the First Lien Credit Facilities.

          The obligations of the borrowers under the First Lien Credit Facilities guaranteed by Cotiviti Intermediate and each wholly-owned domestic subsidiary of Cotiviti Corporation that is not a borrower, subject to certain exceptions.

Security

          The obligations under the First Lien Credit Facilities are secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the borrowers and the guarantors, subject to permitted liens and other exceptions.

Certain Covenants, Representations and Warranties

          The Restated Credit Agreement governing the First Lien Credit Facilities contain customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants (including reporting obligations) and negative covenants. With respect to the negative covenants, these restrictions include, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrictions on the ability of Cotiviti Corporation and its subsidiaries' ability to:

•

incur additional indebtedness or other contingent obligations;

•

grant liens;

•

enter into burdensome agreements with negative pledge clauses or restrictions on subsidiary distributions;

•

pay dividends or make payments in respect of the equity interests of Cotiviti Corporation;

•

make payments in respect of junior lien or subordinated debt;

•

make investments, acquisitions, loans and advances;

•

consolidate, merge, liquidate or dissolve;

•

sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;

•

engage in sale-leaseback transactions;

•

engage in transactions with affiliates;

•

materially alter the business of Cotiviti Corporation and its subsidiaries;

•

modify organizational documents in a manner that is materially adverse to the lenders under the First Lien Credit Facilities;

134

•

amend or otherwise change the terms of the documentation governing certain restricted debt and

•

change the fiscal year of Cotiviti Corporation

          The documentation governing the First Lien Credit Facilities also includes a restriction on the activities of Cotiviti Intermediate.

Financial Covenant

          The Restated Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant that requires compliance with a secured leverage ratio test set at 5.50:1.00, with stepdowns to 5.25:1.00 and 5.00:1.00 after September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2019, respectively, as of the period of four consecutive fiscal quarters recently ended, on the last day of any fiscal quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2016. The financial covenant applies to the First Lien Term A Loans and the Revolver only.

          Only the consent of a majority of the lenders holding (i) Revolver and commitments and (ii) First Lien Term A Loans and commitments is required for a waiver or amendment of the financial covenant, and in the event that Cotiviti Corporation fails to comply with the financial covenant, Cotiviti Corporation may issue equity or certain parent companies of Cotiviti Corporation may contribute cash equity to Cotiviti Corporation in order to increase EBITDA for purposes of calculating and determining compliance with the financial covenant, subject to certain limitations.

Events of Default

          The lenders under the First Lien Credit Facilities are permitted under certain circumstances to accelerate the loans and terminate commitments thereunder and exercise other remedies upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default, subject to grace periods, thresholds and exceptions. These events of default include, among others, payment defaults, cross-defaults to certain material indebtedness, covenant defaults, material inaccuracy of representations and warranties, bankruptcy events, material judgments, certain ERISA-related events, material defects with respect to guarantees and collateral, invalidity of subordination provisions and change of control.

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following is a description of (i) the material terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and (ii) certain applicable provisions of Delaware law. We refer you to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Authorized Capitalization

          Our authorized capital stock consists of 600,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2016, 90,741,340 shares of common stock and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding. As of December 31, 2016, there were 44 holders of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is considerably greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.

Common Stock

          Holders of our common stock are entitled to the rights set forth below.

Voting Rights

          Directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes entitled to be cast except as set forth below with respect to directors to be elected by the holders of common stock. Our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights. Except as otherwise provided in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or as required by law, all matters to be voted on by our stockholders other than matters relating to the election and removal of directors must be approved by a majority of the shares present in person or by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter or by a written resolution of the stockholders representing the number of affirmative votes required for such matter at a meeting.

Dividend Rights

          Holders of common stock share equally in any dividend declared by our Board, subject to the rights of the holders of any outstanding preferred stock.

Liquidation Rights

          In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding up of our affairs, holders of our common stock would be entitled to share ratably in our assets that are legally available for distribution to stockholders after payment of liabilities. If we have any preferred stock outstanding at such time, holders of the preferred stock may be entitled to distribution and/or liquidation preferences. In either such case, we must pay the applicable distribution to the holders of our preferred stock before we may pay distributions to the holders of our common stock.

Registration Rights

          Certain of our existing stockholders have certain registration rights with respect to our common stock pursuant to a stockholders agreement. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement."

Other Rights

          Our stockholders have no preemptive or other rights to subscribe for additional shares. All holders of our common stock are entitled to share equally on a share-for-share basis in any assets

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available for distribution to common stockholders upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up. All outstanding shares are, and all shares offered by this prospectus will be, when sold, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

Preferred Stock

          Our Board is authorized to provide for the issuance of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the preferences, powers and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including the dividend rate, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption rights and liquidation preference and to fix the number of shares to be included in any such series without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Any preferred stock so issued may rank senior to our common stock with respect to the payment of dividends or amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or both. In addition, any such shares of preferred stock may have class or series voting rights. The issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company without further action by the stockholders and may adversely affect the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock. Our Board has not authorized the issuance of any shares of preferred stock and we have no agreements or plans for the issuance of any shares of preferred stock.

Anti-Takeover Provisions

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that delay, defer or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control of us or change in our management. We expect that these provisions, which are summarized below, will discourage coercive takeover practices or inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our Board, which we believe may result in an improvement of the terms of any such acquisition in favor of our stockholders. However, they will also give our Board the power to discourage transactions that some stockholders may favor, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Accordingly, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Classified Board

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our Board consists of such number of directors as may be fixed from time to time by a majority of the Board then in office and that our Board is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with one class being elected at each annual meeting of stockholders. Our Board is currently composed of ten directors. Each director serves a three-year term, with termination staggered according to class.

          Our amended and restated certificate provides that directors may only be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of common stock then entitled to vote on the election of directors, voting as a single class.

          The classification of our Board could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of our company.

Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Meetings, Nominations and Proposals

          Our amended and restated bylaws provide that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our Board or upon the request of the Chairman of our Board or the Chief Executive Officer. Our amended and restated bylaws prohibit the conduct of any business at a special meeting other than as specified in the notice for such meeting or as otherwise brought before

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the meeting by or at the discretion of our Board. These provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers or changes in control or management of our company.

          Our amended and restated bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of our Board or a committee of our Board. In order for any matter to be "properly brought" before a meeting, a stockholder must comply with the advance notice requirements. Our amended and restated bylaws allow the presiding officer at a meeting of the stockholders to adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of meetings which may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the rules and regulations are not followed. These provisions may also defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

No Stockholder Action by Written Consent

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, subject to the rights of any holders of preferred stock to act by written consent instead of a meeting, stockholder action may be taken only at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders and may not be taken by written consent instead of a meeting unless Advent and their affiliates own, collectively, at least 50% of our outstanding common stock or the action to be taken by written consent of stockholders and the taking of this action by written consent has been unanimously approved in advance by our Board. Failure to satisfy any of the requirements for a stockholder meeting could delay, prevent or invalidate stockholder action.

Section 203 of the DGCL

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, which relate to business combinations with interested stockholders, do not apply to us. Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination transaction with an interested stockholder (a stockholder who owns more than 15% of our common stock) for a period of three years after the interested stockholder became such unless the transaction fits within an applicable exemption, such as Board approval of the business combination or the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. These provisions would apply even if the business combination could be considered beneficial by some stockholders. Although we have elected to opt out of the statute's provisions, we could elect to be subject to Section 203 in the future.

Amendment to Bylaws and Certificate of Incorporation

          Any amendment to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation must first be approved by a majority of our Board and (i) if required by law, thereafter be approved by a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment or (ii) if related to provisions regarding the classification of the Board, forum selection for certain lawsuits, director removal and vacancies, special meetings or the amendment of certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, thereafter be approved by at least 66²/3% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that directors may only be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of common stock then entitled to vote on the election of directors, voting as a single class. Furthermore, any vacancy on our Board, however occurring, including a vacancy resulting from an increase in the size of our Board, may only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of our directors then in office, even if less than a quorum. For so long as Advent beneficially owns 10% or more of our issued and outstanding common stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, any amendment to provisions regarding Section 203 of the DGCL or

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corporate opportunities must also receive Advent's prior written consent. Our amended and restated bylaws may be amended (i) by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, subject to any limitations set forth in the bylaws, without further stockholder action or (ii) by the affirmative vote of at least 66²/3% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment, without further action by our Board.

Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Directors

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation limits the liability of our directors to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, and our amended and restated bylaws provide that we indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by such law. We have entered into indemnification agreements with our current directors and expect to enter into a similar agreement with any new directors.

Exclusive Forum

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, subject to certain exceptions, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters. However, it is possible that a court could rule that this provision is unenforceable or inapplicable.

Corporate Opportunities

          Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that directors appointed by Advent do not have any obligation to offer us an opportunity to participate in business opportunities presented to Advent even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably have pursued (and therefore may be free to compete with us in the same business or similar businesses), and that, to the extent permitted by law, Advent will not be liable to us or our stockholders for breach of any duty by reason of any such activities.

Listing

          Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "COTV."

Transfer Agent and Registrar

          The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Sale of Restricted Securities

          As of December 31, 2016, we have 90,741,340 shares of our common stock outstanding. Of these shares, all shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable without further restriction or registration under the Securities Act, except that any shares purchased by our "affiliates" (as that term is defined in Rule 144 of the Securities Act) may generally only be sold in compliance with Rule 144, which is described below. Of the remaining shares of common stock outstanding, 68,797,263 shares (or 67,747,263 shares, if the underwriters exercise their options to purchase additional shares in full) will be restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act and subject to certain restrictions on resale following the consummation of this offering.

Lock-up Arrangements and Registration Rights

          In connection with this offering, we, each of our directors, executive officers and the selling stockholders have entered into lock-up agreements described under "Underwriting" that restrict the sale of our securities for up to 90 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions.

          Following the expiration of the lock-up period, certain stockholders will have the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the sale of their shares of our common stock under federal securities laws. See "Description of Capital Stock—Authorized Capitalization—Registration Rights." If these stockholders exercise this right, our other existing stockholders may require us to register their registrable securities.

          Following the lock-up periods described above, all of the shares of our common stock that are restricted securities or are held by our affiliates as of the date of this prospectus will be eligible for sale in the public market in compliance with Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

          Following this offering, 66,912,077 shares (or 65,862,077 shares, if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full) of our common stock held by existing stockholders are subject to the lock-up arrangements and exceptions described above.

Rule 144

          The shares of our common stock sold in this offering will generally be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. However, shares of our common stock held by an "affiliate" of ours and not being sold in this offering may not be resold publicly except in compliance with the registration requirements of the Securities Act or under an exemption under Rule 144 or otherwise. Rule 144 permits our common stock that has been acquired by a person who is an affiliate of ours, or has been an affiliate of ours within the past three months, to be sold into the market in an amount that does not exceed, during any three-month period, the greater of:

•

1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding; or

•

the average weekly reported trading volume of our common stock for the four calendar weeks prior to the sale.

          Such sales are also subject to specific manner of sale provisions, a six-month holding period requirement, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us.

          Rule 144 also provides that a person who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of ours at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has for at least six months beneficially owned shares of our common stock that are proposed to be sold and are restricted securities (including the holding period of any prior owner other than an affiliate), will be entitled to freely sell such shares of our common stock subject only to the availability of current public information regarding us. A person

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who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of ours at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has beneficially owned for at least one year shares of our common stock that are restricted securities (including the holding period of any prior owner other than an affiliate), will be entitled to freely sell such shares of our common stock under Rule 144 without regard to the current public information requirements of Rule 144. To the extent that our affiliates sell their shares, other than pursuant to Rule 144 or a registration statement, the purchaser's holding period for the purpose of affecting a sale under Rule 144 commences on the date of transfer from the affiliate.

Rule 701

          Rule 701 generally allows a stockholder who purchased shares of our capital stock pursuant to a written compensatory plan or contract and who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of our company during the immediately preceding 90 days to sell these shares in reliance upon Rule 144, but without being required to comply with the public information, holding period, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144. Rule 701 also permits affiliates of our company to sell their Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period requirements of Rule 144.

Additional Effective Registration Statements

          On May 25, 2016, we filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register 11,915,844 shares of our common stock to be issued or reserved for issuance under the 2012 Plan and 2016 Plan, each referred to under "Executive and Director Compensation." Shares registered under such registration statement are available for sale in the open market, unless such shares are subject to vesting restrictions with us or the lock-up restrictions described above.

          On November 10, 2016, we filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register 1,260,000 shares of our common stock to be reserved for issuance under the US ESPP and Non-US ESPP (collectively, the "ESPP Plans"). Shares registered under such registration statement are available for sale in the open market, subject to certain holding periods provided in the ESPP Plans.

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME AND ESTATE TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR
NON-U.S. HOLDERS

          The following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences to "non-U.S. holders" of ownership and disposition of our common stock, but does not purport to provide a complete analysis of all potential U.S. federal income tax and estate tax considerations relating thereto.

          A "non-U.S. holder" is a beneficial owner of our common stock that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

•

a non-resident alien individual;

•

a foreign corporation; or

•

a foreign estate or trust.

          You are not a non-U.S. holder if you are a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of disposition, or if you are a former citizen or former resident of the United States, in either of which cases you should consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning or disposing of our common stock.

          If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership or other type of pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes owns our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner or beneficial owner of the entity may depend upon the status of the partner or beneficial owner, the activities of the entity and certain determinations made at the partner or beneficial owner level. Partners and beneficial owners in partnerships or other pass-through entities that own our common stock should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences applicable to them.

          This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, changes to any of which subsequent to the date of this prospectus may affect the tax consequences described herein. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxation that may be relevant to non-U.S. holders in light of their particular circumstances and does not address any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or foreign jurisdiction. Prospective purchasers should consult their tax advisors with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of owning and disposing of our common stock, including the consequences under the laws of any state, local or foreign jurisdiction.

Distributions on Common Stock

          We do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. If we do pay dividends on shares of our common stock, however, such distributions will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that is applied against and reduces, but not below zero, a non-U.S. holder's adjusted tax basis in shares of our common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our common stock. See "—Disposition of Common Stock."

          Any dividend paid to a non-U.S. holder on our common stock will generally be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate or a reduced rate specified by an applicable tax treaty. In order to obtain a reduced rate of withholding, a non-U.S. holder will be required to provide an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or other applicable form) certifying its entitlement to benefits under a treaty.

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          The withholding tax does not apply to dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder who provides a Form W-8ECI, certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder's conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Instead, the effectively connected dividends will be generally subject to regular U.S. income tax as if the non-U.S. holder were a United States person, subject to an applicable tax treaty providing otherwise. In addition, in certain circumstances, if you are a foreign corporation you may be subject to a 30% (or, if a tax treaty applies, such lower rate as provided) branch profits tax.

Disposition of Common Stock

          Subject to the discussion below on backup withholding and FATCA, gain realized by a non-U.S. holder on a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax, unless:

•

the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business of the non-U.S. holder in the United States, subject to an applicable treaty providing otherwise, in which case the gain will be subject to U.S. federal income tax generally in the same manner as effectively connected dividend income as described above; or

•

we are or have been a U.S. real property holding corporation at any time within the five-year period preceding the disposition or the non-U.S. holder's holding period, whichever period is shorter, and either (i) our common stock has ceased to be "regularly traded" as defined by applicable Treasury regulations on an established securities market prior to the beginning of the calendar year in which the sale or disposition occurs or (ii) such non-U.S. holder owns, or has owned, at any time during the five-year period preceding the disposition or such non-U.S. holder's holding period, whichever is shorter, actually or constructively, more than 5% of our common stock.

          We believe that we are not, and we do not anticipate becoming, a U.S. real property holding corporation.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

          Any dividends that are paid to a non-U.S. holder must be reported annually to the IRS and to the non-U.S. holder. Copies of these information returns also may be made available to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides under the provisions of various treaties or agreements for the exchange of information. Unless the non-U.S. holder is an exempt recipient, dividends paid on our common stock and the gross proceeds from a taxable disposition of our common stock may be subject to additional information reporting and may also be subject to U.S. federal backup withholding if such non-U.S. holder fails to comply with applicable U.S. information reporting and certification requirements. Provision of any properly completed IRS Form W-8 appropriate to the non-U.S. holder's circumstances will satisfy the certification requirements necessary to avoid the backup withholding.

          Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts so withheld under the backup withholding rules will be refunded by the IRS or credited against the non-U.S. holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

FATCA Withholding Taxes

          Provisions commonly referred to as "FATCA" impose withholding of 30% on payments of U.S.-source dividends, and, beginning in 2019, sales or other disposition proceeds from our common stock to "foreign financial institutions" (which is broadly defined for this purpose and in general includes investment vehicles) and certain other non-U.S. entities unless various U.S. information reporting and

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due diligence requirements (generally relating to ownership by U.S. persons of interests in or accounts with those entities) have been satisfied, or an exemption applies (typically certified as to by the delivery of a properly completed IRS Form W-8BEN-E). If FATCA withholding is imposed, a beneficial owner that is not a foreign financial institution generally will be entitled to a refund of any amounts withheld by filing a U.S. federal income tax return (which may entail significant administrative burden). Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the effects of FATCA on their investment in our common shares.

U.S. Federal Estate Tax

          The estates of nonresident alien individuals generally are subject to U.S. federal estate tax on property with a U.S. situs. Because we are a U.S. corporation, our common stock will be U.S. situs property and therefore will be included in the taxable estate of a nonresident alien decedent, unless an applicable estate tax treaty between the United States and the decedent's country of residence provides otherwise.

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UNDERWRITING

          The company and the underwriters named below have entered into an underwriting agreement with respect to the shares being offered. Subject to certain conditions, each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase the number of shares indicated in the following table. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Barclays Capital Inc. are the representatives of the underwriters.

Underwriters	Number of Shares
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC
Barclays Capital Inc.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
Goldman, Sachs & Co.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
William Blair & Company, L.L.C.
Leerink Partners LLC
Total	7,000,000

          The underwriters are committed to take and pay for all of the shares being offered, if any are taken, other than the shares covered by the option described below unless and until this option is exercised.

          The underwriters have an option to buy up to an additional 1,050,000 shares from the selling stockholders named in this prospectus. They may exercise that option for 30 days. If any shares are purchased pursuant to this option, the underwriters will severally purchase shares in approximately the same proportion as set forth in the table above.

          The following tables show the per share and total underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid to the underwriters by the selling stockholders. We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain of their expenses, in an amount up to $20,000, as set forth in the underwriting agreement. Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase 1,050,000 additional shares.

Paid by the Selling Stockholders		No Exercise		Full Exercise
Per Share	$		$
Total	$		$

          Shares sold by the underwriters to the public will initially be offered at the public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. Any shares sold by the underwriters to securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up to $        per share from the public offering price. After the initial offering of the shares, the representatives may change the offering price and the other selling terms. The offering of the shares by the underwriters is subject to receipt and acceptance and subject to the underwriters' right to reject any order in whole or in part.

          The company and its officers, directors and the selling stockholders, have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of their common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date 90 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of the representatives. This agreement does not apply to any existing employee benefit plans. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" for a discussion of certain transfer restrictions.

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          Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "COTV."

          In connection with the offering, the underwriters may purchase and sell shares of common stock in the open market. These transactions may include short sales, stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than they are required to purchase in the offering, and a short position represents the amount of such sales that have not been covered by subsequent purchases. A "covered short position" is a short position that is not greater than the amount of additional shares for which the underwriters' option described above may be exercised. The underwriters may cover any covered short position by either exercising their option to purchase additional shares or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to cover the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase additional shares pursuant to the option described above. "Naked" short sales are any short sales that create a short position greater than the amount of additional shares for which the option described above may be exercised. The underwriters must cover any such naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of various bids for or purchases of common stock made by the underwriters in the open market prior to the completion of the offering.

          The underwriters may also impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of the underwriting discount received by it because the representatives have repurchased shares sold by or for the account of such underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.

          Purchases to cover a short position and stabilizing transactions, as well as other purchases by the underwriters for their own accounts, may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the company's stock, and together with the imposition of the penalty bid, may stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the common stock. As a result, the price of the common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time. These transactions may be effected on the NYSE, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.

          Sales of shares made outside of the United States may be made by affiliates of the Underwriters.

European Economic Area

          In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a Relevant Member State), an offer of shares to the public may not be made in that Relevant Member State, except that an offer of shares to the public may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:

(a)

to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive;



(b)

to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provisions of the 2010 Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or



(c)

in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of shares shall result in a requirement for the publication of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive or any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in a Relevant Member State and each person who initially acquires any

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shares or to whom an offer is made will be deemed to have represented, warranted and agreed to and with the underwriters that it is a qualified investor within the meaning of the law in that Relevant Member State implementing Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive.

          For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer of shares to the public" in relation to any shares in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe the shares, as the same may be varied in that Relevant Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Relevant Member State, the expression Prospectus Directive means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State) and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State.

          In the case of any shares being offered to a financial intermediary as that term is used in Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, such financial intermediary will also be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the shares acquired by it in the offer have not been acquired on a nondiscretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer of shares to the public other than their offer or resale in a Relevant Member State to qualified investors as so defined or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the underwriters has been obtained to each such proposed offer or resale.

United Kingdom

          Each underwriter has represented and agreed that:

(a)

it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the FSMA) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the shares in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to the Issuer; and



(b)

it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the shares in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

Hong Kong

          The shares may not be offered or sold by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (ii) to "professional investors" within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a "prospectus" within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.

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Singapore

          This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the "SFA"), (ii) to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

          Where the shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 by a relevant person which is: (a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or (b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary is an accredited investor, shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and interest in that trust shall not be transferable for six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the shares under Section 275 except: (1) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the SFA or to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA; (2) where no consideration is given for the transfer; or (3) by operation of law.

Japan

          The securities have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law) and each underwriter has agreed that it will not offer or sell any securities, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.

Canada

          The common stock may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the common stock must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

          Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

          Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

148

          Sales of shares made outside of the United States may be made by affiliates of the underwriters.

          A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the web sites maintained by one or more underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in the offering. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number of shares to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives to underwriters and selling group members that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.

          Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

          The company estimates that their share of the total expenses of the offering, excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $0.9 million.

          The company and the selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify the several underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933.

          The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include sales and trading, commercial and investment banking, advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, market making, brokerage and other financial and non-financial activities and services. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, a variety of these services to the issuer and to persons and entities with relationships with the issuer, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

          In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates, officers, directors and employees may purchase, sell or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps and other financial instruments for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and trading activities may involve or relate to assets, securities and/or instruments of the issuer (directly, as collateral securing other obligations or otherwise) and/or persons and entities with relationships with the issuer. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such assets, securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they should acquire, long and/or short positions in such assets, securities and instruments.

149

LEGAL MATTERS

          Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, New York, New York, has passed upon the validity of the common stock offered hereby on behalf of us. Certain legal matters will be passed upon on behalf of the underwriters by Latham & Watkins LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

          The consolidated financial statements of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, have been included herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

          KPMG informed our management and audit committee that it identified three notes payable that it had entered into with an entity that is an owner of more than 10% of the limited partnership in two private investment funds (the "Funds") managed by Advent. Advent had engaged KPMG to provide an independent audit of the Funds for the year ended December 31, 2015. Because Advent uses the KPMG audit reports with respect to the Funds for compliance with the SEC's Custody Rule, KPMG must maintain independence from the Funds under the SEC rules governing auditor independence. The Funds and Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. are controlled by Advent and accordingly, the Funds are affiliates of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. under SEC independence rules. The relationship described above is a violation of auditor independence requirements set forth in Rule 2-01 (c)(1)(ii)(A) of Regulation S-X with respect to the Funds and, as a result of its audit of the Funds, with respect to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. The Funds do not have any equity or voting interest in Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and do not include the Advent Funds that are the beneficial owners of our common stock. None of the professionals who audited the Funds was a member of the KPMG audit team that audited Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.'s consolidated financial statements. The services that KPMG provided to the Funds were not in any way related to, and did not affect, the consolidated financial statements of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Advent has engaged another auditor that is independent of the Funds to perform the audits of the Funds for purposes of compliance with the Custody Rule for the year ending December 31, 2016.

          After careful consideration of the facts and circumstances and the SEC independence rules, KPMG has concluded that (i) the aforementioned matters do not impair KPMG's ability to exercise objective and impartial judgment in connection with its audits of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.'s consolidated financial statements and (ii) a reasonable investor with knowledge of all relevant facts and circumstances would conclude that KPMG has been and is capable of exercising objective and impartial judgment on all issues encompassed within its audits of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.'s consolidated financial statements. After considering these matters, Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.'s management and audit committee concur with KPMG's conclusions.

150

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

          We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus. For purposes of this section, the term registration statement means the original registration statement and any and all amendments including the schedules and exhibits to the original registration statement or any amendment. This prospectus, filed as part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules thereto as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information about us and our common stock, you should refer to the registration statement, including the exhibits. This prospectus summarizes provisions that we consider material of certain contracts and other documents to which we refer you. Because the summaries may not contain all of the information that you may find important, you should review the full text of those documents.

          The registration statement, including its exhibits and schedules, may be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling 1-800-SEC-0330. Copies of such materials are also available by mail from the Public Reference Branch of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549 at prescribed rates. In addition, the SEC maintains a website at (http://www.sec.gov) from which interested persons can electronically access the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement.

          We have not authorized anyone to give you any information or to make any representations about us or the transactions we discuss in this prospectus other than those contained in this prospectus. If you are given any information or representations about these matters that is not discussed in this prospectus, you must not rely on that information. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy securities anywhere or to anyone where or to whom we are not permitted to offer or sell securities under applicable law.

151

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COTIVITI HOLDINGS, INC.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.:

          We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited Schedule I and II. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial and financial statement schedules based on our audits.

          We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

          In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when consideration in relation to basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ KMPG LLP

New York, New York
February 23, 2017

F-2

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

		December 31,
		2016			2015
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	110,635		$	149,365
Restricted cash		9,103			10,741
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $851 and $1,053 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and net of estimated allowance for refunds and appeals of $41,020 and $33,406 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively		67,735			78,856
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		14,957			24,044
Total current assets		202,430			263,006
Property and equipment, net		67,640			57,452
Goodwill		1,196,024			1,197,044
Intangible assets, net		533,305			594,410
Other long-term assets		2,864			2,176
TOTAL ASSETS	$	2,002,263		$	2,114,088
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	18,000		$	21,099
Customer deposits		9,103			10,741
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses		23,162			29,521
Accrued compensation costs		58,589			42,902
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		62,539			67,775
Total current liabilities		171,393			172,038
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt		762,202			1,012,971
Other long-term liabilities		8,799			12,199
Deferred tax liabilities		120,533			129,284
Total long-term liabilities		891,534			1,154,454
Total liabilities		1,062,927			1,326,492
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)		91			77
Additional paid-in capital		911,582			807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)		33,917			(14,935	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,156	)		(4,867	)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)		(98	)		(98	)
Total stockholders' equity		939,336			787,596
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	2,002,263		$	2,114,088

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Net revenue	$	625,162		$	541,343		$	441,372
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		229,601			183,817			164,552
Other costs of revenue		22,167			20,800			14,536
Total cost of revenue		251,768			204,617			179,088
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation		97,123			70,802			49,777
Other selling, general and administrative expenses		59,561			65,943			42,760
Total selling, general and administrative expenses		156,684			136,745			92,537
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		20,151			12,695			7,416
Amortization of intangible assets		60,818			61,467			52,355
Transaction-related expenses		1,788			1,469			5,745
Impairment of intangible assets		—			27,826			74,034
Total operating expenses		491,209			444,819			411,175
Operating income		133,953			96,524			30,197
Other expense (income):
Interest expense		48,653			65,561			51,717
Loss on extinguishment of debt		16,417			4,084			21,524
Other non-operating (income) expense		(939	)		(826	)		(415	)
Total other expense (income)		64,131			68,819			72,826
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		69,822			27,705			(42,629	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		20,970			14,401			(16,804	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		48,852			13,304			(25,825	)
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		—			559			—
Net income (loss)	$	48,852		$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(923	)		(667	)		(1,293	)
Change in available-for-sale securities		—			3			—
Change in fair value of derivative instruments		(366	)		(2,345	)		(623	)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income		(1,289	)		(3,009	)		(1,916	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	47,563		$	10,854		$	(27,741	)
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic	$	0.57		$	0.17		$	(0.40	)
Diluted	$	0.55		$	0.17		$	(0.40	)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic	$	—		$	0.01		$	—
Diluted	$	—		$	0.01		$	—
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57		$	0.18		$	(0.40	)
Diluted	$	0.55		$	0.18		$	(0.40	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(In thousands, except shares)

	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive		Treasury Stock					Total Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			(Deficit)			Income / (Loss)		Shares		Amount			Equity
Balance, January 1, 2014	44,408,008	$	44	$	366,094		$	(2,973	)	$	58		—	$	—		$	363,223
Net loss	—		—		—			(25,825	)		—		—		—			(25,825	)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	32,790,321		33		435,111			—			—		—		—			435,144
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		2,492			—			—		—		—			2,492
Exercise of stock options	6,362		—		113			—			—		7,400		(98	)		15
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—		—			—			(1,916	)	—		—			(1,916	)
Balance, December 31, 2014	77,204,691	$	77	$	803,810		$	(28,798	)	$	(1,858	)	7,400	$	(98	)	$	773,133
Net income	—		—		—			13,863			—		—		—			13,863
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		3,399			—			—		—		—			3,399
Exercise of stock options	25,620		—		210			—			—		—		—			210
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—		—			—			(3,009	)	—		—			(3,009	)
Balance, December 31, 2015	77,230,311	$	77	$	807,419		$	(14,935	)	$	(4,867	)	7,400	$	(98	)	$	787,596
Net income	—		—		—			48,852			—		—		—			48,852
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	12,936,038		13		226,950			—			—		—		—			226,963
Dividends paid	—		—		(150,000	)		—			—		—		—			(150,000	)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		22,954			—			—		—		—			22,954
Exercise of stock options	574,991		1		4,259			—			—		—		—			4,260
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—		—			—			(1,289	)	—		—			(1,289	)
Balance, December 31, 2016	90,741,340	$	91	$	911,582		$	33,917		$	(6,156	)	7,400	$	(98	)	$	939,336

F-5

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	48,852		$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Deferred income taxes		(7,735	)		(11,832	)		(46,873	)
Depreciation and amortization		80,969			74,162			59,771
Stock-based compensation expense		22,954			3,399			2,492
Amortization of debt issuance costs		4,278			5,565			4,398
Accretion of asset retirement obligations		186			166			131
Loss on impairment of intangible assets		—			27,826			74,034
Loss on extinguishment of debt		16,417			4,084			21,524
Gain on discontinued operations		—			(900	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Restricted cash		1,638			9,486			(6,020	)
Accounts receivable		11,121			(18,641	)		6,709
Other current assets		7,905			(12,265	)		(1,167	)
Other long-term assets		(688	)		98			160
Customer deposits		(1,638	)		(9,486	)		6,020
Accrued compensation		15,687			263			(38,844	)
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses		(4,821	)		(14,831	)		5,694
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals		(5,236	)		(7,166	)		33,303
Other long-term liabilities		109			(115	)		105
Other		(827	)		(522	)		116
Net cash provided by operating activities		189,171			63,154			95,728
Cash flows from investing activities:
Expenditures for property and equipment		(35,213	)		(22,982	)		(19,014	)
Business combinations, net of cash acquired		—			—			(1,072,614	)
Other investing activities		1,181			401			108
Net cash used in investing activities		(34,032	)		(22,581	)		(1,091,520	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock		226,963			—			365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		4,243			210			32
Proceeds from issuance of debt		800,000			—			1,395,000
Dividends paid		(150,000	)		—			—
Purchase of treasury shares		—			—			(18	)
Payment of contingent consideration		—			—			(750	)
Payment of debt issuance costs		(7,131	)		(1,086	)		(49,635	)
Repayment of debt		(1,067,350	)		(8,100	)		(683,944	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(193,275	)		(8,976	)		1,025,872
Effect of foreign exchanges on cash and cash equivalents		(594	)		(844	)		(530	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(38,730	)		30,753			29,550
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		149,365			118,612			89,062
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period	$	110,635		$	149,365		$	118,612
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	25,359		$	41,119		$	27,433
Cash paid for interest		43,227			60,238			46,530
Noncash investing activities (accrued property and equipment purchases)		8,163			12,949			947
Noncash financing activities (issuance of common stock)		—			—			69,957
Noncash acquisition of treasury stock		—			—			98

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-6

Note 1. Description of Business

          Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, "we," "our," "Cotiviti" or the "Company") is a leading provider of analytics-driven payment accuracy solutions, focused primarily on the healthcare sector. Our integrated solutions help clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. We leverage our robust technology platform, configurable analytics, proprietary information assets and expertise in healthcare reimbursement to help our clients enhance their claims payment accuracy. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies. We work with over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicaid and Medicare managed health plans, as well as CMS. We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to over 35 retail clients, including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States.

          We were founded as Connolly in 1979 as a provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail industry and launched our retrospective claims accuracy solutions to the healthcare industry in 1998. Connolly was acquired by the funds managed by Advent in 2012. In May 2014, Connolly merged with iHealth Technologies which was founded in 2001. At the time of the merger, Connolly was a leading provider of retrospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers and retailers and iHealth Technologies was a leading provider of prospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers. As a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, iHT and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries became our wholly owned subsidiaries. The results of operations for iHT are included in our consolidated financial statements as of and since May 14, 2014. Accordingly, comparability to other periods presented is impacted by the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger. We have adopted a holding company structure and our primary domestic operations are performed through our wholly owned operating subsidiaries. We have international operations in Canada, the United Kingdom and India. We rebranded our company as "Cotiviti" in September 2015.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

          The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

          The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

          Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar are translated into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates effective during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income within stockholders' equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

F-7

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

          Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries for which the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar are re-measured into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date, except nonmonetary assets and liabilities, which are re-measured at the historical exchange rates prevailing when acquired. Revenue and expenses are re-measured at average exchange rates effective during the year. Foreign currency translation gains and losses from re-measurement are included in other non-operating (income) expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The amounts of net gain (loss) on foreign currency re-measurement recognized were immaterial for all periods presented.

Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

          We provide services under contracts that contain various fee structures, including performance fee-based contracts and fixed fee arrangements. Revenue is recognized when a contract exists, services have been provided to the client, the fee is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.

          We recognize revenue on performance fee-based contracts based upon the specific terms of the underlying contract. The contract terms generally specify: (a) time periods covered by the work to be performed; (b) nature and extent of services we are to provide; (c) the client's duties in assisting and cooperating with us; and (d) fees payable to us. Our fees are most often expressed as a percentage of our findings. Generally, our services are rendered when our clients realize the economic benefits from our services. Our clients realize economic benefits when they take credits against their existing accounts payable based on when we identify cost savings, when they receive refund checks based on overpayments, or when they acknowledge payment reductions based on cost savings.

          We derive a relatively small portion of revenue on contracts with fixed fee arrangements. We recognize revenue on these contracts ratably over the contract term and once all of the above criteria have been satisfied.

          Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements of our revenue recognition policy, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record any such refund as a reduction of revenue. We record an estimate for refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by client type. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to accounts receivable or by cash payments to clients.

          In addition to the refund liabilities, we calculate client specific reserves when we determine an additional reserve may be necessary.

          The estimated liability for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which had already been received was $62,539 and $67,775 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The estimated allowance for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable was $41,020 and $33,406 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

          Under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program, in which we are one of the four Medicare RACs for CMS, healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate

F-8

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

are probable of being returned to CMS following a successful appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process.

          This estimated liability for Medicare RAC appeals is an offset to revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The liability is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 8 for further information regarding the estimated liability for appeals related to the Medicare RAC program.

          Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. Unbilled receivables were approximately $51,643 and $51,799 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

          Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times during the year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. Unbilled receivables of this nature were approximately $6,137 and $6,431 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

          We record periodic changes in unbilled receivables and refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue.

Cost of Revenue

          Cost of revenue is a direct cost associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue related to compensation includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees in roles that serve to provide direct revenue generating services to clients. Other cost of revenue primarily includes expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional service firms, costs associated with the retrieval of medical records and facilities related costs associated with locations that are used strictly for revenue generating activities. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Selling, General and Administrative ("SG&A")

          Compensation within SG&A includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees who do not have a direct role associated with revenue generation including those involved with developing new service offerings. Other SG&A expenses include all general operating costs. These costs include, but are not limited to, rent and occupancy costs for facilities associated with locations that are used for employees not serving in revenue generating roles, telecommunications costs, information technology infrastructure costs, software licensing costs, advertising and marketing expenses, costs associated with developing new service offerings and expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional services firms. Selling, general and administrative expenses do not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

F-9

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Advertising Costs

          Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in other selling, general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Advertising expense was $1,345, $1,241 and $1,294 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

          Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

          In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

          Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to fees yet to be collected, based on historical losses adjusted for current market conditions, our clients' financial condition, the amount of any receivables in dispute, the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write offs for all periods presented have not been significant. We do not have any off balance sheet credit exposure related to our clients.

Investments

          Investments, which were historically purchased on behalf of our nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan (See Note 19), consisted of money market securities and were classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair values (based primarily on quoted prices and market observable inputs) using the specific identification method, with the unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investments are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (See Note 3). Realized gains and losses and interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in other non-operating (income) expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Property and Equipment

          Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment in our

F-10

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are as follows:

Computer equipment	3 - 5 years
Software	2 - 5 years
Furniture and fixtures	7 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of remaining lease term or expected service life of improvement

          We have asset retirement obligations ("AROs") arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at some of our facilities. We record a liability for the estimated costs of these AROs. The liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are initially measured at fair value and subsequently are adjusted for accretion expense and any changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows.

Internally Developed Software Costs

          Capitalization of costs incurred in connection with software developed for internal use commences when both the preliminary project stage is completed and management has authorized further funding for the project, based on a determination that it is probable the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Capitalized costs are limited to (i) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining internal use software and (ii) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and devote time to the internal use software project. Capitalization of such costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. All other costs to develop software for internal use are expensed as incurred. We capitalized approximately $21,580 and $7,239 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of software and software development costs is calculated on a straight-line basis over the expected economic life of the software, generally estimated to be five years and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amortization expense for internal use software was $2,992, $2,287 and $722 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes the write off of approximately $975 related to software that is no longer being used.

Intangible Assets

          Our intangible assets with definite lives include customer relationships and acquired software. Intangible assets with indefinite lives include a trademark, which is not being amortized and is tested for impairment on an annual basis or when events or changes in circumstances necessitate an evaluation for impairment. Intangible assets with definite lives are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangibles, generally on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from 6 to 14 years. Amortization expense is included in amortization of intangible assets in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

          Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets with definite lives, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of

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Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as necessary. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future discounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate.

          We recognized a $27,826 impairment charge on our trademark assets during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to a change in the estimated fair value of the trademark. We recognized a $74,034 impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the change in the estimated fair value of our CMS customer relationship intangible asset associated with the Medicare RAC. See Note 6 for further detail.

Goodwill

          Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination which are not individually identified and separately recognized. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently if a triggering event occurs. These tests are performed at the reporting unit level. We have two reporting units, Healthcare and Global Retail and Other. We are permitted to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying the two step impairment test as required in ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. If we can support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then we would not need to perform the two step impairment test. If we cannot support such a conclusion, or we do not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Acquisitions

          We account for acquisitions using the accounting for business combinations. The purchase price is allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on estimated fair values at the date of the acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded as goodwill.

          Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows and discount rates.

          Under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, any changes to acquired balances in tax accounts, including adjustments to deferred tax asset valuation allowances or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, which are recorded during the measurement period, and are determined to be attributable to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, are considered a measurement period adjustment and will result in an offsetting increase or decrease to goodwill. All other changes to deferred tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities related to uncertain tax positions will result in an increase or decrease to income tax expense.

F-12

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Income Taxes

          Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as for tax attributes such as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

          We recognize net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we reduce the deferred tax asset valuation allowance and record a benefit in our provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

          We record liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"), on the basis of a two step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accrued interest and penalties are included within accounts payable and accrued other expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Derivative Instruments

          Our derivative instruments consist entirely of interest rate cap agreements, are stated at fair value and are included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses and other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets until the underlying hedged transactions are recognized in earnings, at which time any deferred hedging gains or losses are also recorded in earnings. See Note 10 for more information.

Stock-Based Compensation

          Our policy is to issue new shares for purchases under our equity incentive plans as described in Note 15. Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on an award's fair value. The determination of the stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is calculated using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and is affected by our stock price, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, expected term, risk free interest rate and expected dividends. We record forfeitures as they occur.

          We recognize stock-based compensation expense for service-based equity awards using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period.

          We have awarded performance-based equity awards to certain employees and directors. Performance-based awards vested in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the

F-13

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

executed award agreements. Consistent with the service-based equity awards, the vesting of performance-based equity awards was dependent upon the participant's continued employment through the date the performance criteria were achieved. The criteria associated with our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable. As such, we recorded stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 based on the grant date fair value of the performance-based awards.

Commitments and Contingencies

          Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. See Note 8 for further detail on loss contingency related to the Medicare RAC.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

          The carrying values for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other accrued liabilities reasonably approximate fair market value due to their nature and the short term maturity of these financial instruments. We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, we use a consistent fair value hierarchy framework as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Refer to Note 11 for more information regarding management's fair value estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

          In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"), which is intended to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of the goodwill. Instead, an entity should compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value and should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values.

          In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and expect the adoption of this ASU could impact the disclosure of our cash flows from operations.

          In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15"), which addresses eight specific cash flow issues in order to reduce diversity in practice. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning

F-14

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

          In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share based compensation. ASU 2016-09 changes several aspects of the accounting for share based payment award transactions, including 1) accounting for income taxes, 2) classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, 3) forfeitures, 4) minimum statutory tax withholding requirements and 5) classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes. We early adopted ASU 2016-09 during the third quarter of 2016, which did not result in any significant changes to our current or prior period consolidated financial statements. As a result of this adoption, we recorded an excess tax benefit of approximately $4,000 during the fourth quarter of 2016 related to stock option exercises. In conjunction with adopting ASU 2016-09, we also made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.

          In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"), which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

          In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"), which changes the current financial instruments model primarily impacting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

          In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, ("ASU 2015-17"), which requires entities with a classified balance sheet to present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $32,919 of current deferred tax assets have been reclassified to long-term deferred tax liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but did reduce our calculation of working capital.

          In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement ("ASU 2015-05"), which established guidance regarding the accounting for software licenses. ASU 2015-05 was effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. We prospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-05 as of January 1, 2016 and have not yet had any material contracts that were impacted by this new guidance.

          In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt and Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"), which establishes guidance to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet

F-15

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability, consistent with debt discounts. Prior to the issuance of ASU 2015-03, debt issuance costs were required to be presented as an asset in the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $20,975 of debt issuance costs were reclassified in the consolidated balance sheet from debt issuance costs, net to long-term debt. The adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

          In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within that reporting period. The FASB will permit companies to adopt the new standard early, but not before the original effective date of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

          We have formed an internal team to evaluate and quantify the potential impact of this new revenue guidance. As of the date of this filing, we have made significant progress on our contract reviews and policy drafting. We will continue to evaluate this new guidance and plan to provide additional information about our method of adoption and the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in future filings.

Note 3. Investments

          Investments in marketable securities, all of which were classified as available-for-sale and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, were as follows:

		December 31, 2015
		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Money market securities	$	1,178	$	3	$	—	$	1,181

          There were no investments in marketable securities as of December 31, 2016.

Note 4. Acquisition

          On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. The Connolly iHealth Merger brought two market leaders together to offer clients a broad suite of claims accuracy solutions. This merger and related transaction expenses were funded through a

F-16

Note 4. Acquisition (Continued)

cash investment by us and our stockholders as well as by additional borrowings. In addition to the cash funding related to the Connolly iHealth Merger, certain members of management received $69,957 in equity by rolling over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

          As part of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we allocated the purchase price to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities was recorded as goodwill. Goodwill represents the value of the acquired assembled workforce, specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies, none of which qualify as separate intangible assets. We believe these specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies will enhance our long history of innovation in improving our existing solutions, developing new solutions and expanding the scope of our services at both legacy companies. As a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we have cross sell opportunities across more than half of our healthcare client base and are actively engaging with existing clients to cross sell our solutions.

          We determined the estimated fair values of intangible assets acquired using estimates of future discounted cash flows to be generated by the business over the estimated duration of those cash flows. We based the estimated cash flows on our projections of future revenue, operating expenses, capital expenditures, working capital needs and tax rates. We estimated the duration of the cash flows based on the projected useful lives of the assets acquired. The discount rate was determined based on specific business risk, cost of capital and other factors.

          The estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, after the effect of final adjustments related to the accounting for business combinations within the measurement period as described below, at the date of the Connolly iHealth Merger were as follows:

		May 14, 2014
Cash	$	62,218
Accounts receivable		34,830
Prepaid expenses and other assets		5,516
Other long-term assets		1,237
Property and equipment		7,594
Intangible assets		543,200
Total identifiable assets acquired		654,595
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		82,095
Deferred tax liabilities		195,948
Other long-term liabilities		904
Total liabilities assumed		278,947
Net identifiable assets acquired		375,648
Goodwill		829,141
Net assets acquired	$	1,204,789

          The $543,200 of acquired intangible assets are subject to a weighted average useful life of approximately 13.3 years. These definite lived intangible assets include a registered trademark of $8,600 (11 year useful life), customer relationships of $486,700 (14 year useful life) and acquired software of $47,900 (7 year useful life).

F-17

Note 4. Acquisition (Continued)

          For federal income tax purposes, the Connolly iHealth Merger was treated as a stock acquisition. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for income tax purposes.

          In connection with the acquisition, a preliminary liability of $21,291 was recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 for payments due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies These amounts were finalized and no other adjustments were made to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period in 2015 as additional information was received by management resulting in a total liability due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies of $22,270 and a corresponding increase to goodwill of $979. The payment in full was made to the former stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2015.

          We recorded $5,745 of transaction costs primarily related to professional services associated with the Connolly iHealth Merger as transaction-related expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the year ended December 31, 2014.

          We consolidated the results of operations of the acquired business as of and from May 14, 2014. The following are unaudited pro forma results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014, and does not give effect to any estimated and potential cost savings or other operating efficiencies that may result from the Connolly iHealth Merger.

          These unaudited pro forma results are for comparative purposes only and may not be indicative of the results that would have occurred had this acquisition been completed on January 1, 2014 or the results that would be attained in the future.

		Year Ended December 31, 2014
		(unaudited)
Net revenue	$	505,961
Operating income		57,533
Net loss		(18,752	)
Basic loss per share	$	(0.24	)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24	)

Note 5. Property and Equipment

          Property and equipment by major asset class for the periods presented consisted of the following:

		December 31,
		2016		2015
Computer equipment	$	40,349	$	31,496
Software		42,614		26,412
Furniture and fixtures		8,652		7,916
Leasehold improvements		4,392		3,488
Projects in progress		12,001		10,434
Property and equipment, gross	$	108,008	$	79,746
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		40,368		22,294
Property and equipment, net	$	67,640	$	57,452

F-18

Note 5. Property and Equipment (Continued)

          In December 2015, we purchased a perpetual software license, which is included in the software total above. We are paying for this software over a two year period ending in January 2018. As such, there is approximately $3,351 and $2,952 included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses and $3,225 and $6,340 included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The amounts included in other long-term liabilities represents the present value of payments that will ultimately be made.

          Total depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, including capitalized software costs, was $20,151, $12,695 and $7,416 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Note 6. Intangible Assets

          Intangible asset balances by major asset class for the periods presented were as follows:

		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Carrying Amount	Weighted Average Amortization Period
December 31, 2016:
Customer relationships	$	640,052	$	144,768	$	—	$	495,284	13.7 years
Acquired software		82,400		48,579		—		33,821	6.2 years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	726,652	$	193,347	$	—	$	533,305	12.8 years
December 31, 2015:
Customer relationships	$	640,503	$	97,857	$	—	$	542,646	13.7 years
Acquired software		82,400		34,836		—		47,564	6.2 years
Connolly trademark		24,500		—		20,300		4,200	indefinite-lived
iHealth trademark		8,600		1,074		7,526		—	11.0 years
Total	$	756,003	$	133,767	$	27,826	$	594,410	12.8 years

          Amortization expense was $60,818, $61,467 and $52,355 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

          As a result of our rebranding in September 2015, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27,826 related to our legacy trademarks during the year ended December 31, 2015. The remaining trademark value as of December 31, 2016 of $4,200 is related to our retail business that we continue to operate as Connolly, a division of Cotiviti.

          As of December 31, 2016 amortization expense for the next 5 years is expected to be:

2017	$	57,824
2018		53,894
2019		53,894
2020		53,894
2021		49,572

Note 7. Goodwill

          Total goodwill in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $1,196,024 and $1,197,044 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

F-19

Note 7. Goodwill (Continued)

          Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 as allocated to each of our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments was as follows:

		December 31, 2016					December 31, 2015
		Healthcare		Global Retail and Other			Healthcare			Global Retail and Other
Beginning balance	$	1,147,771	$	49,273		$	1,147,396		$	49,957
Purchase price adjustments		—		—			979			—
Foreign currency translation and other		—		(1,020	)		(604	)		(684	)
Ending balance	$	1,147,771	$	48,253		$	1,147,771		$	49,273

          There was no impairment related to goodwill for any period presented.

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

          We are obligated under non cancellable lease agreements for certain facilities and equipment, which frequently include renewal options and escalation clauses. For leases that contain predetermined fixed escalations, we recognize the related rent expense on a straight-line basis and record the difference between the recognized rent expense and amounts payable under the lease as lease obligations. Lease obligations due within one year are included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

          We lease certain facilities and equipment under non cancelable leases that expire at various points through 2029. Rent expense was $10,529, $8,826 and $7,202 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

          Future minimum payments under non cancelable operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2016 were as follows:

Year ending December 31:
2017	$	9,262
2018		7,227
2019		4,038
2020		2,907
2021		2,034
2022 - 2029		8,257
Total minimum lease payments	$	33,725

Legal and Other Matters

          We may be involved in various legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While any legal proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty, management believes the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

F-20

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)

Medicare RAC Contract Contingency

          In August 2014, CMS announced it would allow providers to remove all eligible claims currently pending in the appeals process by offering to pay hospitals 68% of the original claim amount. This settlement was offered to the providers and it was unknown what, if any, impact there would be for the Medicare RACs. On July 1, 2015, CMS issued a Technical Direction Letter to the Medicare RACs, including us, indicating that Medicare RACs will only be entitled to the contract contingency fee on the settled amounts of the claims, or 32% of the original inpatient claim amounts. Based on the initial lists of finalized settlements provided by CMS, we would be required to refund CMS approximately $22,308 due to the related adjustments in Medicare RAC contingency fees. CMS further advised that as the hospital settlement project continues, additional settlement lists will be matched to Medicare RAC claims which may result in updated refund amounts to those initially provided. While there are uncertainties in any dispute resolution and results are uncertain, we have disputed CMS's findings based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract and our belief that the backup data provided by CMS is inaccurate and/or incomplete. Our liability for estimated refunds and appeals includes amounts for these settled claims based on our best estimates of the amount we believe will be ultimately payable to CMS based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract. We believe that it is possible that we could be required to pay an additional amount up to approximately $13,000 in excess of the amount we accrued as of December 31, 2016 based on the claims data we have received from CMS to date. As CMS completes its settlement process with the providers and updated files are provided to us, the potential amount owed by us may change. On September 28, 2016, CMS announced a second settlement process to allow eligible providers to settle their inpatient claims currently under appeal beginning December 1, 2016. This second settlement process could result in additional amounts owed to CMS. The amount of any such additional claims cannot presently be determined.

Asset Retirement Obligations

          We have AROs arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at some of our facilities. Changes in the carrying amount of AROs were as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016		2015
Balance beginning of period	$	2,415	$	2,055
Additional ARO liability		133		207
Accretion expense		177		153
Balance at end of period	$	2,725	$	2,415

Note 9. Long-term Debt

          In September 2016, we entered into and executed the Restated Credit Agreement, which replaced our then outstanding Initial Secured Credit Facilities, lowered total debt outstanding by $22,700 and provided for lower applicable interest rates. The Restated Credit Agreement consists of (a) the First Lien Term A Loan in the amount of $250,000, (b) the First Lien Term B Loan in the amount of $550,000 and (c) the Revolver in the amount of up to $100,000. As a result of this refinancing, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9,349 during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

F-21

Note 9. Long-term Debt (Continued)

          In June 2016, we repaid $223,000 in outstanding principal under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility using proceeds from our IPO. We also made a voluntary prepayment of $13,100 of outstanding principal under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. As a result of these repayments, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $7,068 during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

          In May 2015, we entered into and executed the First and Second Amendments to the then outstanding Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, which, among other things, provided for lower applicable interest rates associated with the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities by 50 basis points. As a result, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,084 during the year ended December 31, 2015, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

          Long-term debt for the periods presented was as follows:

		December 31,
		2016		2015
First Lien Term A Loan(a)	$	246,694	$	—
First Lien Term B Loan(b)		544,345		—
Revolver(c)		—		—
Initial First Lien Term Loan(d)		—		792,167
Initial Second Lien Credit Facility(e)		—		262,878
Initial First Lien Revolver(f)		—		—
Total debt		791,039		1,055,045
Less: debt issuance costs		10,837		20,975
Less: current portion		18,000		21,099
Total long-term debt	$	762,202	$	1,012,971

^(a)

The First Lien Term A Loan matures on September 28, 2021 and requires quarterly principal payments of $3,125 for the fourth quarter of 2016, $3,125 per quarter in 2017 and 2018, $4,688 per quarter in 2019, $6,250 per quarter in 2020 and $9,375 per quarter for the first two quarters of 2021. The remainder of the outstanding First Lien Term A Loan borrowings are due on September 28, 2021. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment will be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application is provided by us. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term A Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement), 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) the LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one, two, three or six months, at the election of the borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months' duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months's duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

^(b)

The First Lien Term B Loan matures on September 28, 2023 and requires quarterly principal payments of $1,375 with all remaining borrowings due on September 28, 2023. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term B Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus 1.75% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) 1.75%. LIBOR is equal to the higher of (a) the published LIBOR or (b) 0.75%. If our corporate credit rating from Moody's Investor Service, Inc. is Ba3 or better and our corporate family rating from Standard & Poor's Financial Services, LLC is BB- or better, the margin will be reduced by 0.25% per annum for as long as such ratings are maintained. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one, two, three or six months, at the election of the

F-22

Note 9. Long-term Debt (Continued)

borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months' duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months's duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

^(c)

The Revolver expires on September 28, 2021. Interest for any borrowings under the Revolver is payable over one, two, three or six months at our election. A commitment fee is payable quarterly based on the unused portion of the Revolver commitment which ranges from 0.30% to 0.50% per annum based on certain financial tests. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Revolver bear interest at either (a) ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2016. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

^(d)

The Initial First Lien Term Loan, as amended, expired May 2021 and required quarterly principal payments of $2,025. The quarterly principal payment could be reduced by any amounts of mandatory prepayment. Any mandatory prepayment would be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application was provided by us. Interest on the Initial First Lien Term Loan was payable over periods of one, two, three or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.50% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.50% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.50% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.25%, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.25%.

^(e)

The Initial Second Lien Credit Facility expired May 2022 with the total principal balance due at maturity. Interest on the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility was payable over periods of one, two, three, or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 6.00% for ABR Loans or (b) LIBOR plus 7.00% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50% (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 8.00% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 5.75% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 6.75% for LIBOR Loans.

^(f)

The Initial First Lien Revolver expired May 2019 with interest payable over periods of one, two, three or six months at the election of the borrower. A commitment fee was payable quarterly based on the daily unused portion of the Initial First Lien Revolver balance which ranged from an annual rate of 0.375% to 0.50% based on certain financial tests. The commitment fee was 0.375% at December 31, 2015. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Revolver bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 1.75% to 2.25% for ABR Loans based on certain financial tests or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% to 3.25% for LIBOR Loans based on certain financial tests. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; or (c) the Prime Rate. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) the LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.00% at December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015 we had $3,526 letters of credit outstanding which reduce the amount available for borrowing. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Initial First Lien Revolver as of December 31, 2015.

          The Restated Credit Agreement includes certain binding affirmative and negative covenants, including delivery of financial statements and other reports, maintenance of existence and transactions with affiliates. The negative covenants restrict our ability, among other things, to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, sell or otherwise dispose of assets or enter into a merger, pay dividends or repurchase stock. As a result of these restrictions, approximately 80% of the subsidiary net assets are deemed restricted as of December 31, 2016. Refer to Schedule I Condensed Financial Information of Parent. Beginning December 31, 2016, there is a required financial covenant applicable only to the Revolver and the First Lien Term A Loan, pursuant to which we agree not to permit our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement) to exceed 5.50:1.00 through September 2018, 5.25:1.00 through September 2019 and 5.00:1.00 through June 2021. In addition, the Restated Credit Agreement includes certain events of default including payment defaults, failure to perform affirmative covenants, failure to refrain from actions or omissions prohibited by negative covenants, the

F-23

Note 9. Long-term Debt (Continued)

inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults and a change of control default. We were in compliance with all such covenants as of December 31, 2016 and similar affirmative and negative covenants applicable to our then outstanding credit facilities as of December 31, 2015.

          The Restated Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments based upon annual excess cash flows commencing with the year ended December 31, 2017. The mandatory prepayment is contingently payable based on an annual excess cash flow calculation as defined within the Restated Credit Agreement.

          As of December 31, 2016, the expected aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows:

		December 31, 2016
2017	$	18,000
2018		18,000
2019		24,250
2020		30,500
2021		183,625
Thereafter		521,125
Total	$	795,500

Note 10. Derivative Instruments

          We are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates on our long-term debt. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in the 3-month LIBOR through the use of interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. We are meeting our objective by hedging the risk of changes in cash flows related to changes in LIBOR by capping the interest on our floating rate debt linked to LIBOR to approximately 3%. We do not utilize derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.

          As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $540,000 and $630,000, respectively, in notional debt outstanding related to these interest rate caps, which cover quarterly interest payments through September 2019. The notional amount decreases over time. Refer to Note 9 for more information regarding the debt outstanding related to these agreements.

          All of our outstanding interest rate cap contracts qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Cash flow hedge accounting treatment allows for gains and losses on the effective portion of qualifying hedges to be deferred in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income until the underlying transaction occurs, rather than recognizing the gains and losses on these instruments in earnings during each period they are outstanding. When the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt as described in Note 9 and the related derivative contract settles, any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is recognized in interest expense. We recognized interest expense of $283 and $105 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We did not recognize any interest expense related to interest rate caps during the year ended December 31, 2014.

          Ineffectiveness results, in certain circumstances, when the change in total fair value of the derivative instrument differs from the change in the fair value of our expected future cash outlays for

F-24

Note 10. Derivative Instruments (Continued)

the related interest payment and is recognized immediately in interest expense. There was no ineffectiveness recorded during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Likewise, if the hedge does not qualify for hedge accounting, the periodic changes in its fair value are recognized in the period of the change in interest expense. All cash flows related to our interest rate cap agreements are classified as operating cash flows.

          Any outstanding derivative instruments expose us to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements, but we do not expect that the counterparty will fail to meet their obligations. The amount of such credit exposure is generally the positive fair value of our outstanding contracts. To manage credit risks, we select counterparties based on credit assessments, limit our overall exposure to any single counterparty and monitor the market position of any counterparty.

          The table below reflects quantitative information related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and where these amounts are recorded in our consolidated financial statements as of the period presented:

		December 31,
		2016			2015
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	1,729		$	2,310
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		1,065			1,086
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(1,783	)		(283	)

          We record deferred hedge premiums which are being paid over the life of the hedge in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income until the related hedge ultimately settles and interest payments are made on the underlying debt. As of December 31, 2016, we have made payments of $2,581 related to these deferred premiums. We expect to pay an additional $3,813 in deferred premiums through 2019 related to our outstanding interest rate cap agreements which is reflected in the fair value of these derivatives in the table above.

          Comprehensive (loss) income includes changes in the fair value of our interest rate cap agreements which qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in other comprehensive (loss) income for the periods presented related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges were as follows:

Balance, January 1, 2014	$	—
Reclassifications in earnings		—
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $476		(623	)
Balance, December 31, 2014		(623	)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $40		65
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $1,360		(2,410	)
Balance, December 31, 2015		(2,968	)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $107		176
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $319		(542	)
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(3,334	)

F-25

Note 11. Fair Value Measurements

          We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value whereby inputs are assigned a hierarchical level. The hierarchical levels are:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2: Observable prices, other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

          The following table summarizes our financial instruments measured at fair value within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

		December 31, 2016						December 31, 2015
		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,181	$	—	$	—
Liabilities
Long-term debt		—		—		791,038		—		—		1,055,045
Interest rate cap agreements		—		2,794		—		—		3,396		—
Total	$	—	$	2,794	$	791,038	$	1,181	$	3,396	$	1,055,045

          Investments are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2015, our investments consisted of money market securities valued using quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets. As of December 31, 2016, we did not hold any investments in available-for-sale securities.

          The fair value of our private debt is determined based on fluctuations in current interest rates, the trends in market yields of debt instruments with similar credit ratings, general economic conditions and other quantitative and qualitative factors. The carrying value of our debt approximates its fair value.

          The fair value of the interest rate cap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected variable cash receipts that would occur if interest rates rose above the strike rate of the caps. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including period to maturity and remaining deferred premium payments, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rates and implied volatilities. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rates. As such, the estimated fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

F-26

Note 12. Income Taxes

          Total income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804	)
Income tax expense from discontinued operations		—		341		—
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,742	$	(16,804	)

          For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes includes the following components:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
U.S. operations	$	66,838	$	27,605	$	(45,203	)
Foreign operations		2,984		100		2,574
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	69,822	$	27,705	$	(42,629	)

          The income tax expense (benefit) that is attributable to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Current:
U.S. federal	$	26,734		$	20,382		$	25,136
State and local		613			4,822			4,091
Foreign		1,358			1,029			842
Current income tax expense		28,705			26,233			30,069
Deferred
U.S. federal		(5,858	)		(12,584	)		(42,047	)
State and local		(1,825	)		798			(4,826	)
Foreign		(52	)		(46	)		—
Deferred income tax benefit		(7,735	)		(11,832	)		(46,873	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970		$	14,401		$	(16,804	)

F-27

Note 12. Income Taxes (Continued)

          The factors accounting for the variation in our overall effective tax rates from continuing operations compared to U.S. statutory income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate	$	24,438		$	9,697		$	(14,920	)
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit		556			3,922			(2,167	)
Non-deductible costs		779			1,070			815
Stock-based compensation		(4,000	)		—			—
Unrecognized tax positions		(1,397	)		508			(240	)
Other		594			(796	)		(292	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970		$	14,401		$	(16,804	)

          Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations was 30.0%, 52.0% and 39.4% for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 is primarily due to a $1,300 tax benefit related to the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded in a prior period, a $4,000 excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises resulting from the early adoption of ASU 2016-09 and a $1,122 tax benefit from the implementation of certain tax planning. The increase in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014 is primarily due to changes in uncertain tax positions, an increase in non-deductible costs, an increase in the valuation allowance and the impact of a state deferred tax remeasurement as a result of new statutory regulations.

          In general, it is our practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non branch foreign subsidiaries in those operations on an indefinite basis. Such amounts may become subject to U.S. taxation upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. Due to our intent to reinvest such amounts indefinitely, the taxation of these amounts in the U.S. is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future and therefore no deferred tax liability has been recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 the amounts considered indefinitely reinvested were $8,065, $5,910 and $4,610, respectively. If the earnings were not considered indefinitely reinvested under current law, the tax on such earnings would be approximately $1,891, $1,386 and $1,081 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

          The net deferred taxes below are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a long-term net deferred tax liability of $120,533 at December 31, 2016 and a long-term net deferred tax liability of $129,284 at December 31, 2015.

F-28

Note 12. Income Taxes (Continued)

          The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts and estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	34,794		$	35,174
Accrued compensation		2,185			540
Deferred rent		149			156
Stock-based compensation		10,381			2,960
Tax credit and net operating loss carryforward		652			1,652
Other deductible temporary differences		5,077			6,353
Gross deferred tax assets		53,238			46,835
Less: valuation allowance		(199	)		(440	)
Total deferred tax assets		53,039			46,395
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unbilled receivables and other liabilities		(2,307	)		(2,435	)
Intangibles and goodwill		(154,528	)		(161,099	)
Property and equipment		(10,795	)		(8,706	)
Software development costs		(2,603	)		(1,998	)
Other taxable temporary differences		(3,339	)		(1,441	)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(173,572	)		(175,679	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(120,533	)	$	(129,284	)

          We have federal net operating loss carryforwards of $1,297 which will expire in 2029. In addition, we have a foreign net operating loss of $1,183 with an unlimited carryforward. All state net operating losses were utilized in the prior year.

          As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, a valuation allowance of $199 and $440, respectively, has been recorded to reflect the portion of the deferred tax asset that is not more likely than not to be realized. The decrease in the valuation allowance relates to changes from statutory tax filings for the year ended December 31, 2015. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.

          Due to change of ownership provisions in the Internal Revenue Code, use of a portion of our domestic net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will be limited in future periods. Further, a portion of the carryforwards may expire before being applied to reduce future income tax liabilities.

          ASC 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainties in income tax law. This interpretation prescribes a comprehensive model for financial statement recognition measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. ASC 740 requires that the tax effects of an uncertain tax position be recognized only if it is "more likely than not" to be sustained by the taxing authority as of the reporting date.

F-29

Note 12. Income Taxes (Continued)

          A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

		Year ended December 31,
		2016			2015
Unrecognized tax benefits—January 1	$	4,937		$	4,324
Increase for tax positions taken in prior period		67			619
Increase for tax positions taken in current period		203			694
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior period		(508	)		—
Decrease for tax positions taken in current period		(43	)		(146	)
Decrease related to lapse in statute of limitations		(96	)		(554	)
Decrease related to settlement of positions taken in prior periods		(1,989	)		—
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31	$	2,571		$	4,937

          The majority of the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, would affect the effective tax rate if recognized.

          The total uncertain tax positions expected to reverse in the next 12 months is approximately $2,301 and $194 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, due to lapse of statute of limitations. The current year change in uncertain tax positions is primarily the result of the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded during a prior period.

          The total penalty and interest incurred, relating to uncertain tax positions, for years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $424, $920 and $583, respectively. We include interest and penalties as tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

          We file income taxes with the U.S. federal government and various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are currently under audit with the Internal Revenue Service for the tax year ended December 31, 2014. In addition we are currently under audit for iHealth Technologies for the tax years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2013 and May 13, 2014. We operate in a number of state and local jurisdictions and as such are subject to state and local income tax examinations based upon various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction. We are currently under audit by the State of New York for the tax year ended December 31, 2014 and for iHealth Technologies for the tax years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2013 and May 13, 2014.

Note 13. Stockholders' Equity

Issuance of Common Stock

          On May 13, 2016 our certificate of incorporation was amended and the number of shares of common stock authorized to be issued by Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. was increased from 122,000,000 to 600,000,000.

          On May 25, 2016 we consummated our IPO in which we issued and sold a total of 12,936,038 shares of common stock, including a portion of the underwriter overallotment, at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $226,963 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $18,822.

          In May 2014, a total of 32,790,321 shares of common stock were issued for a total fair value of $435,144 in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger. Of this amount, $365,187 was received in cash and $69,957 was issued to certain members of the former iHealth Technologies management as

F-30

Note 13. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

they either rolled over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or received equity in lieu of incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

          A summary of the current rights and preferences of holders of our common stock are as follows:

Voting

          Common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share of common stock held on all matters on which such common stockholder is entitled to vote.

Dividends

          Common stockholders are eligible to receive dividends on common stock held when funds are available and as approved by the Board. The Restated Credit Agreement contains certain negative covenants that may restrict our ability to pay dividends. In addition, Delaware law may restrict the Board's ability to declare dividends.

Liquidation Rights

          In the event of liquidation or dissolution, common stockholders are entitled to receive all assets available for distribution to stockholders.

Registration Rights

          The Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement entered into as of June 1, 2016 in connection with our IPO contains (i) demand registration rights for Advent, subject to a cap of two requests in any 12 month period; (ii) piggy-back registration rights for any stockholder holding at least $500 worth of shares (each, a "Holder"), subject to a pro rata reduction if the total amount of shares requested to be included exceeds the amount of securities which in the opinion of the underwriters can be sold; and (iii) shelf registration rights for Holders, subject to a required anticipated aggregate offering price, net of selling expenses, of $5,000 subject to a cap of two requests for shelf registrations, for all Holders in the aggregate, in any 12 month period. Holders that are capable of selling all of their registrable securities pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act in a single transaction without timing or volume limitations do not have piggy-back registration rights. We will be responsible for fees and expenses in connection with the registration rights, other than underwriters' discounts and brokers' commissions, if any, relating to any such registration and offering.

Common Stock Split

          On May 13, 2016 we effected a 6.1-for-1 stock split of all outstanding shares of our common stock. All share, option and per share information presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis for all periods presented and all share information is rounded up to the nearest whole share after reflecting the stock split.

Common Stock Dividends

          On May 25, 2016 we paid a Special Cash Dividend of $150,000, or $1.94 per share of common stock outstanding prior to the IPO, to holders of record of our common stock on the dividend record date. In connection with the Special Cash Dividend we lowered the exercise price of then outstanding stock options by $1.94 per share in order to preserve the intrinsic value of the options giving effect to the Special Cash Dividend.

F-31

Note 14. Earnings per Share

          Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, potentially dilutive outstanding shares consisted solely of our stock-based awards. Our potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of the options and vesting of restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. For all periods presented, all outstanding common stock consisted of a single-class.

          Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825	)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		85,053,890		77,216,133		65,253,954
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards		3,524,302		425,255		—
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		88,578,192		77,641,388		65,253,954
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.17	$	(0.40	)
Diluted		0.55		0.17		(0.40	)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic	$	—	$	0.01	$	—
Diluted		—		0.01		—
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.18	$	(0.40	)
Diluted		0.55		0.18		(0.40	)

          Employee stock options and RSUs that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect is anti-dilutive for the periods presented were as follows:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2016	2015	2014
Employee stock-based awards	341,054	2,035,332	2,536,960

          The criteria associated with all of our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the applicable award agreements, were satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and, as a result, outstanding performance-based stock options were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2016. Performance-based stock options of 2,794,910 and 2,487,275 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share as the vesting conditions had not yet been satisfied.

F-32

Note 15. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

          In 2012, we adopted the 2012 Plan pursuant to which our Board of Directors (or committee as designated by the Board of Directors) may grant options to purchase shares of our stock, restricted stock and certain other equity awards to directors, officers and key employees. We only granted stock options that can be settled in shares of our common stock under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan had a total of 7,243,330 shares authorized for issuance. Upon completion of the IPO in May 2016, issuances under the 2012 Plan were suspended. At that time we adopted the 2016 Plan (collectively with the 2012 Plan, the "Equity Plans"), pursuant to which our Board of Directors (or a committee or sub-committee designated by the Board of Directors) may grant options to purchase shares of our stock, restricted stock and certain other equity awards to directors, officers and key employees. The 2016 Plan was established with the authorization for grants of up to 5,490,000 shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock.

          No stock options were granted under the 2012 Plan after December 31, 2015. Awards granted under the 2012 Plan will remain outstanding until the earlier of exercise, forfeiture, cancellation or expiration. To the extent outstanding options under the 2012 Plan are forfeited, cancelled or terminated, the common stock subject to such options will be available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016, there are no shares available for future issuance under the 2012 Plan as it was discontinued upon adoption of the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016 the total number of shares available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan is 5,277,451.

Stock Options

          Under the terms of the 2016 Plan, we may issue options to purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 100% of the market price on the date of grant. Issuances under the 2012 Plan, prior to its suspension, were under terms similar to issuances under the 2016 Plan. Stock options granted are subject to either time of service (service-based awards) or performance (performance-based awards) criteria. Service-based awards typically vest ratably over a five year service period from the date of grant under the 2012 Plan and typically vest ratably over a four year service period from the date of grant under the 2016 Plan. In the event of a change in control, any outstanding, unvested service-based awards will vest immediately. Performance-based awards vest in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the executed award agreements. The term of any stock option shall not exceed ten years from the date of grant. However, an incentive stock option granted to an employee who, at the time of grant, owns stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of our stock may not have a term exceeding five years from the date of grant.

F-33

Note 15. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

          The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Equity Plans:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2015
	Shares			Weighted average exercise price	Shares			Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of period	6,441,527		$	9.59	5,024,234		$	7.98
Granted	273,759			19.59	1,997,964			13.76
Exercised	(574,991	)		7.41	(25,620	)		6.26
Forfeited	(127,233	)		12.92	(555,051	)		10.16
Expired	(15,690	)		13.60	—			—
Outstanding at end of period	5,997,372		$	10.18	6,441,527		$	9.59

	Service- based Shares		Weighted average exercise price	Performance- based Shares		Weighted average exercise price	Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2016	3,609,485	$	10.77	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.30	$	145,270
Stock options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2016	1,878,538	$	9.04	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.00	$	107,617

          The criteria associated with 2,746,592 of our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable.

          Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between our estimated fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in the money options. The fair value per share of common stock was $34.40 as of December 31, 2016 based upon the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $15,521 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2015. The total fair value of stock options vested was $22,453, $2,450 and $2,000 during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

          RSUs provide participants the right to receive a payment based on the value of a share of common stock. RSUs may be subject to vesting requirements, restrictions and conditions to payment. Such requirements may be based on the continued service for a specified time period or on the attainment of specified performance goals as specified in the award agreements. RSUs are payable in cash or in shares or a combination of both. Under the terms of the Equity Plans, RSUs have a grant date fair value equal to the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The units typically vest ratably over a four year service period. We began issuing RSUs upon adoption of the 2016 Plan; no RSUs were issued under the 2012 Plan.

F-34

Note 15. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)

          The following is a summary of RSU activity under the 2016 Plan:

	Year Ended December 31, 2016
	Shares		Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period	—	$	—
Granted	67,295		25.88
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at end of period	67,295	$	25.88

Stock Compensation Expense

          The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The expected term of the option represents the period the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We use the simplified method under the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, for estimating the expected term of the options. Since our shares were not publicly traded until May 2016 and were rarely traded privately, at the time of each grant, there was insufficient volatility data available. Accordingly, we calculate expected volatility using comparable peer companies with publicly traded shares over a term similar to the expected term of the options issued. We do not intend to pay dividends on our common shares, therefore, the dividend yield percentage is zero. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity interest rate whose term is consistent with the expected life of our stock options.

          We used the following weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted for the periods presented as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016			2015			2014
Expected term (years)		6.25			6.25			6.25
Expected volatility		50.00	%		50.00	%		50.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		1.36	%		1.70	%		1.80	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	9.53		$	7.77		$	5.70

          We recorded total stock-based compensation expense of $22,954, $3,399 and $2,492 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 includes $15,898 related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 also includes $2,257 related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. We had not previously adjusted stock-based compensation expense for estimated forfeitures as there has been insignificant forfeiture activity to date. Based on the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we will account for forfeitures as they occur. As of December 31, 2016, we had total unrecognized compensation cost related to 1,784,212 unvested service-based stock options and RSUs under the Equity Plans of $13,319 which we expect to recognize over the next 3.1 years.

F-35

Note 16. Related Party Transactions

          In connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, a preliminary liability of $21,291 was recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 for payments due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies. See Note 4 for more information regarding the Connolly iHealth Merger. These amounts were finalized during 2015 and $22,270 was paid to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies in September 2015.

Note 17. Segment and Geographic Information

          Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by our Chief Operating Decision Maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing financial performance. We conduct our business through two reportable business segments: Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

          Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions, on a limited basis in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as solutions that improve efficiency and effectiveness of payment networks for a limited number of clients.

          We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. Operating income is calculated as net revenue less operating expenses and is not affected by other expense (income) or by income taxes. Indirect costs are generally allocated to the segments based on the segments' proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment. We do not allocate interest expense, other non-operating (income) expense or the provision for income taxes, since these items are not considered in evaluating the segment's overall operating performance. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker does not receive or utilize asset information to evaluate performance of operating segments. Accordingly, asset-related information has not been presented.

          Our operating segment results for the periods presented were as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	552,041	$	467,044	$	359,842
Global Retail and Other		73,121		74,299		81,530
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343	$	441,372
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	123,917	$	84,240	$	23,713
Global Retail and Other		10,036		12,284		6,484
Consolidated operating income	$	133,953	$	96,524	$	30,197

F-36

Note 17. Segment and Geographic Information (Continued)

          Operating segment net revenue by product type for the periods presented was as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016	%		2015	%		2014	%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	310,496	49.7	$	251,288	46.4	$	240,544	54.5
Prospective claims accuracy		229,491	36.7		201,899	37.3		108,828	24.7
Transaction services		12,054	1.9		13,857	2.6		10,470	2.4
Total Healthcare		552,041	88.3		467,044	86.3		359,842	81.6
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		70,656	11.3		72,060	13.3		80,075	18.1
Other		2,465	0.4		2,239	0.4		1,455	0.3
Total Global Retail and Other		73,121	11.7		74,299	13.7		81,530	18.4
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	100.0	$	541,343	100.0	$	441,372	100.0

Geographic Information

          Geographic net revenue and long-lived assets are attributed to the geographic regions based on the geographic location of each of our subsidiaries/locations. Our operations are primarily within the continental United States. We also operate in Canada and the United Kingdom.

          Net revenue generated in the United States accounted for approximately 98%, 98%, and 95% of total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Remaining net revenue was generated in the rest of the world.

          Long-lived assets are primarily based in the United States with over 99% of total consolidated long-lived assets. Less than 1% of total consolidated long-lived assets are foreign.

Note 18. Client Concentration

          The list of our largest clients changes periodically and was further impacted by the Connolly iHealth Merger. Our significant clients accounted for the following percentages of total net revenue:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Customer A	15	%	14	%	15	%
Customer B	11	%	10	%	10	%
Customer C	2	%	3	%	10	%

          In many instances, we provide our services pursuant to agreements which have auto renewal clauses and may be periodically subject to a competitive reprocurement process.

F-37

Note 19. Employee Benefit Plans

          Contributions expensed and included in compensation on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for employee benefit plans are detailed below:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
401(k) Plan(a)	$	3,860	$	3,053	$	1,604
Profit Share Plan(b)		220		539		416
Provident Plan(c)		528		427		179
Total	$	4,608	$	4,019	$	2,199

^(a)

We sponsor defined contribution retirement plans in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which cover substantially all U.S. employees, subject to certain minimum age and service requirements. The plans provide for a contribution based on a percentage of eligible employee contributions.

^(b)

We had a nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan for certain eligible employees. Contributions were made within 90 days following the last day of the plan to a brokerage account in an amount determined at our discretion for employees who had completed 1,000 hours of service and were employed at the time of the contribution. This plan was discontinued after the 2014 plan year, with the final payout occurring in June 2016 and therefore we did not have a liability under the plan as of December 31, 2016. Our liability under the plan was $893 at December 31, 2015, which is included in accrued compensation costs in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

^(c)

Eligible employees of our subsidiary located in India are covered by the Provident Fund, contributions which are based on a percentage of eligible employees' salaries, and the Indian Payment of Gratuity Act, which provides for benefits to be paid to eligible employees upon termination of employment (collectively, the "India Plan"). Benefits under the India Plan are administered by the Indian Government. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 we had an accrued benefit obligation relating to the India Plan of $763 and $535, respectively.

Note 20. Discontinued Operations

          In February 2015, we received payment on a $900 note receivable related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain. This gain from the collection of the note receivable, net of tax, is reflected as a gain on discontinued operations on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The estimated impact to diluted EPS as a result of this gain on discontinued operations was $0.01 per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Note 21. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

          Historically, there has been a seasonal pattern to our healthcare revenue with the revenues in the first quarter generally lower than the other quarters and revenues in the fourth quarter generally being higher than the other quarters. Accordingly, the comparison of revenue from quarter to quarter may fluctuate and is dependent on various factors, including, but not limited to, reset of member liability, timing of special projects and timing of inaccurate payments being prevented or recovered as well as

F-38

Note 21. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Continued)

the aforementioned seasonal considerations. Consequently, you should not rely on our revenue for any one quarter as an indication of our future performance.

          The following table summarizes our unaudited quarterly operating results for the last two years:

Year Ended December 31, 2016		First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Revenue(1)	$	142,718	$	158,291	$	156,241	$	167,912
Operating income(1)(2)		29,238		38,938		24,155		41,622
Net income(1)(2)(3)		8,084		10,893		4,583		25,292
Total earnings per share—Basic	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.28
Total earnings per share—Diluted	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.27

Year Ended December 31, 2015		First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter			Fourth Quarter
Revenue	$	119,638	$	133,306	$	136,936		$	151,463
Operating income		23,707		33,773		4,128			34,916
Income (loss) from continuing operations(3)(4)		3,635		7,780		(7,294	)		9,183
Net income (loss)(3)(4)(5)		4,194		7,780		(7,294	)		9,183
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Basic	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09	)	$	0.12
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Diluted	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09	)	$	0.12
Earnings per share from discontinued operations(5)	$	0.01		—		—			—
Total earnings (loss) per share—Basic	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09	)	$	0.12
Total earnings (loss) per share—Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09	)	$	0.12

⁽¹⁾

During the second quarter 2016, we generated approximately $5,000 in healthcare revenue from special projects that did not reoccur in the second half of the year.

⁽²⁾

During the second quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $2,257 related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. During the third quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $15,898 related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options (see Note 15).

⁽³⁾

During the second quarter 2016, we made a voluntary prepayment on our Initial Second Lien Credit Facility which resulted in a $7,068 loss on extinguishment of debt. During the third quarter 2016, as a result of refinancing our long-term debt, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of $9,349 (see Note 9).

⁽⁴⁾

During the second quarter 2015, as a result of repricing our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,084 (see Note 9).

⁽⁵⁾

As a result of our rebranding in September 2015, as discussed in Note 1, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27,826 related to our trademarks (see Note 6).

⁽⁶⁾

During the first quarter 2015, we received payment on a $900 note receivable related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain. This collection of the note receivable resulted in a gain on discontinued operations, net of tax, of $559 (see Note 20).

F-39

7,000,000 Shares

Common Stock

Preliminary Prospectus

Credit Suisse
Barclays
Baird
Citigroup
Goldman, Sachs & Co.
J.P. Morgan
Morgan Stanley
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey
William Blair
Leerink Partners

                               , 2017

PART II—INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 13.    Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

          The following table sets forth all costs and expenses to be paid by Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (the "Registrant"), other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, paid or payable by the Registrant in connection with the sale of the common stock being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee, the FINRA filing fee and the listing fee for NYSE.

		Amount paid or to be paid
SEC registration fee	$	34,138
FINRA filing fee		44,682
Blue sky qualification fees and expenses		20,000
Printing and engraving expenses		340,200
Legal fees and expenses		325,000
Accounting fees and expenses		125,000
Transfer agent and registrar fees and expenses		11,800
Miscellaneous expenses		10,000
Total	$	910,820

Item 14.    Indemnification of Officers and Directors.

          The Registrant is governed by the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL. Section 145 of the DGCL provides that a corporation may indemnify any person, including an officer or director, who was or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending or completed legal action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of such corporation), by reason of the fact that such person was or is an officer, director, employee or agent of such corporation or is or was serving at the request of such corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or enterprise. The indemnity may include expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding, provided such officer, director, employee or agent acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the corporation's best interest and, for criminal proceedings, had no reasonable cause to believe that such person's conduct was unlawful. A Delaware corporation may indemnify any person, including an officer or director, who was or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending or contemplated action or suit by or in the right of such corporation, under the same conditions, except that such indemnification is limited to expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person, and except that no indemnification is permitted without judicial approval if such person is adjudged to be liable to such corporation. Where an officer or director of a corporation is successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to above, or any claim, issue or matter therein, the corporation must indemnify that person against the expenses (including attorneys' fees) which such officer or director actually and reasonably incurred in connection therewith.

          The Registrant's amended and restated bylaws authorize the indemnification of its officers and directors, consistent with Section 145 of the DGCL, as amended. The Registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, require the Registrant to indemnify each director and executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, including indemnification of expenses such as attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by the director or executive officer in any action or

II-1

proceeding, including any action or proceeding by or in right of the Registrant, arising out of the person's services as a director or executive officer.

          Reference is made to Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL, which enables a corporation in its original certificate of incorporation or an amendment thereto to eliminate or limit the personal liability of a director for violations of the director's fiduciary duty, except (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) pursuant to Section 174 of the DGCL, which provides for liability of directors for unlawful payments of dividends of unlawful stock purchase or redemptions or (iv) for any transaction from which a director derived an improper personal benefit.

          The Registrant may not retroactively amend the bylaw provisions to reduce its indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

          The Registrant expects to maintain standard policies of insurance that provide coverage (i) to its directors and officers against loss rising from claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act and (ii) to the Registrant with respect to indemnification payments that it may make to such directors and officers.

          The proposed form of Underwriting Agreement to be filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Registration Statement provides for indemnification to the Registrant's directors and officers by the underwriters against certain liabilities.

Item 15.    Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

          The following sets forth information regarding all unregistered securities sold by the Registrant in transactions that were exempt from the requirements of the Securities Act in the last three years:

•

In January 2014, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 61,000 shares of common stock at a strike price of $6.26 per share (as adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend) to certain members of management and certain employees pursuant to the 2012 Plan.

•

In May 2014, in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, we issued to certain stockholders of iHealth Technologies a total of 5,271,622 shares of common stock in exchange for a pro rata equity interest in iHealth Technologies' common stock.

•

In May 2014, in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, we issued to certain of our stockholders and members of management a total of 27,518,701 shares of common stock in exchange for $13.27 per share.

•

In September 2014, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 1,704,950 shares of common stock at a strike price of $11.33 per share (as adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend) to certain members of management and certain employees pursuant to the 2012 Plan.

•

In June 2015, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 24,584 shares of common stock at a strike price of $11.33 per share (as adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend) to a member of our Board pursuant to the 2012 Plan.

•

In November 2015, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 1,948,844 shares of common stock at a strike price of $13.79 per share (as adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend) to certain members of management and certain employees pursuant to the 2012 Plan.

II-2

•

In December 2015, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 24,584 shares of common stock at a strike price of $13.79 per share (as adjusted for stock split and Special Cash Dividend) to a member of our Board pursuant to the 2012 Plan.

          The shares of common stock in all of the transactions listed above were issued or will be issued in reliance upon Section 4(2) of the Securities Act or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as the sale of such securities did not or will not involve a public offering. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed upon the stock certificates issued in these transactions. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with the Registrant, to information about the Registrant.

Item 16.    Exhibits

(a)

Exhibits:

Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibits
1.1	*	Form of Underwriting Agreement.
3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
4.1		Specimen Certificate of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
4.2		Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, by and among Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and certain stockholders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
5.1	*	Opinion of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP
10.1		Restatement Agreement No. 1, dated September 28, 2016, to the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated May 14, 2014, among Cotiviti Corporation, Cotiviti Domestic Holdings, Inc., Cotiviti Intermediate Holdings, Inc., the other Loan Parties party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Successor Agent, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Resigning Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37787) filed on November 10, 2016).
10.2		Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37787) filed on August 10, 2016).

II-3

Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibits
10.3		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between John D. Williams and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.4		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between Steve Senneff and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.5		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between David Beaulieu and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.6		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-211618) filed on May 25, 2016).
10.7		Form of Stock Option Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.8		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-211618) filed on May 25, 2016).
10.9		Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.10		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.11		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan for U.S. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-214568) filed on November 10, 2016).
10.12		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan for Non-U.S. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-214568) filed on November 10, 2016).
21.1		List of subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on February 23, 2017).
23.1	*	Consent of KPMG LLP.
23.3	*	Consent of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).
24.1	†	Power of Attorney (included on signature page).
101.INS	*	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*

Filed herewith.

†

Previously filed.

II-4

(b)

Financial statement schedules.

          Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

          Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Item 17.    Undertakings

          The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

          Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered hereunder, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

          The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1)

For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.



(2)

For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.



(3)

For the purposes of determining liability under the Security Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser.



(a)

Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;



(b)

Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;



(c)

The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and



(d)

Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to be purchaser.

II-5

SIGNATURES

          Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia, on March 6, 2017.

COTIVITI HOLDINGS, INC.
By:	/s/ J. DOUGLAS WILLIAMS
	Name:	J. Douglas Williams
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

          Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on March 6, 2017.

Signature	Title
/s/ J. DOUGLAS WILLIAMS J. Douglas Williams	Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ STEVE SENNEFF Steve Senneff	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
* David Swift	Chairman and Director
* Elizabeth Connolly Alexander	Director
* Mala Anand	Director
* J. Lawrence Connolly	Director
* Kenneth Goulet	Director

II-6

Signature	Title
* Ruben Jose King-Shaw, Jr.	Director
* John Maldonado	Director
* James Parisi	Director
* Christopher Pike	Director
* Douglas Present	Director

*By:
/s/ JONATHAN OLEFSON
Attorney-in-fact

II-7

Schedule I

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Parent Company Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share amounts)

	December 31,
	2016			2015
ASSETS
Non current assets:
Investment in subsidiaries		939,336			787,596
TOTAL ASSETS	$	939,336		$	787,596
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Total liabilities	$	—		$	—
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)		91			77
Additional paid-in capital		911,582			807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)		33,917			(14,935	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,156	)		(4,867	)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)		(98	)		(98	)
Total stockholders' equity		939,336			787,596
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	939,336		$	787,596

S-1

Schedule I

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information
Parent Company Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)

	Years ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries	$	48,852		$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Net income (loss)		48,852			13,863			(25,825	)
Equity in other comprehensive loss of subsidiaries		(1,289	)		(3,009	)		(1,916	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	47,563		$	10,854		$	(27,741	)

S-2

Schedule I

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Parent Company Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	48,852		$	13,863		$	(25,825	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries		(48,852	)		(13,863	)		25,825
Net cash provided by operating activities		—			—			—
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in subsidiaries		(81,206	)		(210	)		(365,201	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(81,206	)		(210	)		(365,201	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		226,963			—			365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		4,243			210			32
Purchase of treasury shares		—			—			(18	)
Dividends paid		(150,000	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		81,206			210			365,201
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		—			—			—
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		—			—			—
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period	$	—		$	—		$	—
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Noncash operating activities (stock-based compensation)	$	22,954		$	3,399		$	2,492
Noncash financing activities (noncash capital contribution)		—			—			69,957
Noncash financing activities (noncash acquisition of treasury stock)								(98	)

S-3

Schedule I

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Notes to Parent Company Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share amounts)

Note 1.  Basis of Presentation

          Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, "we," "our," or "the Company") is incorporated in the state of Delaware and has adopted a holding company structure. With effect from September 2015, the name of our Company was changed from Connolly Superholdings, Inc. to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Our primary domestic operations are performed through Cotiviti, LLC; Cotiviti Services, LLC; and Cotiviti USA, LLC, all are our wholly-owned operating subsidiaries. We have international operations in Canada, the United Kingdom and India.

          Pursuant to the terms of the Restated Credit Agreement discussed in Note 9 of the Notes to the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements, Cotiviti Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries have restrictions on their ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make certain intercompany loans and advances. As a result of these restrictions, these parent company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04 of Regulation S-X, as restricted net assets of the Company's subsidiaries (as defined in Rule 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X) exceed 25% of the Company's consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2016. The Company is a holding company without any operations of its own. These condensed financial statements have been prepared on a "parent-only" basis. Under a parent-only presentation, the Parent Company's investments in subsidiaries are presented under the equity method of accounting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto.

Note 2.  Stockholders' Equity

Issuance of Common Stock

          On May 13, 2016 our certificate of incorporation was amended and the number of shares of common stock authorized to be issued by the Company was increased from 122,000,000 to 600,000,000.

          On May 25, 2016 we consummated our IPO in which we issued and sold a total of 12,936,038 shares of common stock, including a portion of the underwriter overallotment, at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $226,963 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $18,822.

          In May 2014, a total of 32,790,321 shares of common stock were issued for a total fair value of $435,144 in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger. Of this amount, $365,187 was received in cash and $69,957 was issued to certain members of the former iHealth Technologies management as they either rolled over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or received equity in lieu of incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

S-4

Schedule I

Common Stock Split

          On May 13, 2016 we effected a 6.1-for-1 stock split of all outstanding shares of our common stock. All share, option and per share information presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis for all periods presented and all share information is rounded up to the nearest whole share after reflecting the stock split.

Common Stock Dividends

          On May 25, 2016 we paid a Special Cash Dividend of $150,000, or $1.94 per share of common stock outstanding prior to the IPO, to holders of record of our common stock on the dividend record date. In connection with the Special Cash Dividend we lowered the exercise price of then outstanding stock options by $1.94 per share in order to preserve the intrinsic value of the options giving effect to the Special Cash Dividend.

S-5

Schedule II

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(in thousands)

			Additions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Operating Expenses			Business Combination(1)		Provision Charged Against Revenue		Deductions(2)			Balance at End of Period
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals(3)	$	101,181	$	—		$	—	$	99,472	$	(97,094	)	$	103,559
Allowance for doubtful accounts		1,053		(147	)		—		—		(55	)		851
Year Ended December 31, 2015
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals(3)	$	98,157	$	—		$	—	$	67,702	$	(64,678	)	$	101,181
Allowance for doubtful accounts		655		804			—		—		(406	)		1,053
Year Ended December 31, 2014
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals(3)	$	53,075	$	—		$	14,382	$	62,166	$	(31,466	)	$	98,157
Allowance for doubtful accounts		34		660			—		—		(39	)		655

(1)

On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies, Inc. resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. In connection with this business combination, we assumed the liabilities of iHealth Technologies, Inc.

(2)

Deductions related to the allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals represent credits or payments provided to our clients to settle the liability. Deductions related to the allowance for doubtful accounts represent write-offs of bad debt expense.

(3)

The balance at end of period consists of the estimated allowance for refunds and appeals netted against accounts receivable of $41,020, $33,406 and $23,216 and the estimated liability for refunds and appeals of $62,539, $67,775 and $74,941 as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Refer to the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

S-6

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibits
1.1	*	Form of Underwriting Agreement.
3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
4.1		Specimen Certificate of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
4.2		Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, by and among Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and certain stockholders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on June 3, 2016).
5.1	*	Opinion of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP
10.1		Restatement Agreement No. 1, dated September 28, 2016, to the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated May 14, 2014, among Cotiviti Corporation, Cotiviti Domestic Holdings, Inc., Cotiviti Intermediate Holdings, Inc., the other Loan Parties party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Successor Agent, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Resigning Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37787) filed on November 10, 2016).
10.2		Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37787) filed on August 10, 2016).
10.3		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between John D. Williams and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.4		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between Steve Senneff and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.5		Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 15, 2015, by and between David Beaulieu and Connolly iHealth Technologies, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.6		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-211618) filed on May 25, 2016).
10.7		Form of Stock Option Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).

Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibits
10.8		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-211618) filed on May 25, 2016).
10.9		Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.10		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211022) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.11		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan for U.S. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-214568) filed on November 10, 2016).
10.12		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan for Non-U.S. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-214568) filed on November 10, 2016).
21.1		List of subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37787) filed on February 23, 2017).
23.1	*	Consent of KPMG LLP.
23.3	*	Consent of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).
24.1	†	Power of Attorney (included on signature page).
101.INS	*	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*

Filed herewith.

†

Previously filed.

EX-1.1

Exhibit 1.1

[FORM OF UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT]

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Common Stock

Underwriting Agreement

[ · ], 2017

Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC,

Barclays Capital Inc.,

As representatives of the several Underwriters

named in Schedule I hereto (the “Representatives”),

c/o Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC

Eleven Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10010

c/o Barclays Capital Inc.

745 Seventh Avenue

New York, New York 10019

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The stockholders named in Schedule II-A and II-B hereto (the “Selling Stockholders”) of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), propose, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein, to sell to the Underwriters named in Schedule I hereto (the “Underwriters”) an aggregate of 7,000,000 shares (the “Firm Shares”) and, at the election of the Underwriters, up to 1,050,000 additional shares (the “Optional Shares”) of Common Stock, par value $0.001 (“Stock”) of the Company.  The Firm Shares and the Optional Shares that the Underwriters elect to purchase pursuant to Section 2 hereof are herein collectively called the “Shares”.

1.         (a)       The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, each of the Underwriters that:

(i)        A registration statement on Form S—1 (File No. 333-216239) (as amended prior to being declared effective by the Commission, the “Initial Registration Statement”) in respect of the Shares has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”); the Initial Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, each in the form heretofore delivered to you and, excluding exhibits thereto, to you for each of the other Underwriters, have been declared effective by the Commission in such form; other than a registration statement, if any, increasing the size of the offering (a “Rule 462(b) Registration Statement”), filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), which became effective upon filing, and any confidential treatment requests filed pursuant to Rule 406 under the Act, no other document with respect to the Initial Registration Statement has heretofore been filed with the Commission; and no stop order suspending the

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effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement, any post-effective amendment thereto or the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, if any, has been issued and no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Act has been initiated or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened by the Commission (any preliminary prospectus included in the Initial Registration Statement or filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(a) under the Act is hereinafter called a “Preliminary Prospectus”; the various parts of the Initial Registration Statement and the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, if any, including all exhibits thereto and including the information contained in the form of final prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act in accordance with Section 5(a) hereof and deemed by virtue of Rule 430A under the Act to be part of the Initial Registration Statement at the time it was declared effective, each as amended at the time such part of the Initial Registration Statement became effective or such part of the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, if any, became or hereafter becomes effective, are hereinafter collectively called the “Registration Statement”; the Preliminary Prospectus relating to the Shares that was included in the Registration Statement immediately prior to the Applicable Time (as defined in Section 1(a)(iv) hereof) is hereinafter called the “Pricing Prospectus”; such final prospectus, in the form first filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act, is hereinafter called the  “Prospectus”; and any “issuer free writing prospectus” as defined in Rule 433 under the Act relating to the Shares is hereinafter called an “Issuer Free Writing Prospectus”);

(ii)       No order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus has been issued by the Commission, and each Preliminary Prospectus, at the time of filing thereof, conformed in all material respects to the requirements of the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder, and did not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; provided, however, that this representation and warranty shall not apply to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company by an Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein or by a Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the preparation of the answers therein to Items 7 and 11(m) of Form S—1 (the “Selling Stockholder Information”);

(iii)      Any oral or written communication with potential investors undertaken in reliance on Section 5(d) of the Act is hereinafter called a “Section 5(d) Communication”; and any Section 5(d) Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Act is hereinafter called a “Section 5(d) Writing”;

(iv)      For the purposes of this Agreement, the “Applicable Time” is [ · ]:[ · ] a./p.m. (Eastern time) on [ · ], 2017; the Pricing Prospectus, as supplemented by the information listed on Schedule III(c) hereto, taken together (collectively, the “Pricing Disclosure Package”), as of the Applicable Time, did not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus listed on Schedule III(a) hereto does not conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus and each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and each Section 5(d) writing listed on Schedule III hereto, each as supplemented by and taken together with the Pricing Disclosure Package, as of the Applicable Time, did not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact

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necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; provided, however, that this representation and warranty shall not apply to statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company by an Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein or by a Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the preparation of the Selling Stockholder Information;

(v)       No documents that are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement were filed with the Commission since the Commission’s close of business on the business day immediately prior to the date of this Agreement and prior to the execution of this Agreement, except as set forth on Schedule III(b) hereto;

(vi)      The Registration Statement conforms, and the Prospectus and any further amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will conform, in all material respects to the requirements of the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder and do not and will not, as of the applicable effective date as to each part of the Registration Statement and as of the applicable filing date as to the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; provided, however, that this representation and warranty shall not apply to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company by an Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein or by a Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the preparation of the Selling Stockholder Information;

(vii)     Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has sustained since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Pricing Prospectus any material loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or court or governmental action, order or decree, otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus; and, since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Pricing Prospectus, there has not been any change in the capital stock or long-term debt of the Company or any of its subsidiaries (other than immaterial changes in the ordinary course of business) or any material adverse change, or any development involving a prospective material adverse change, in or affecting the business, management, financial position, stockholders’ equity or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus;

(viii)    The Company and its subsidiaries do not own any real property.  The Company and its subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all personal property owned by them, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except such as are described in the Pricing Prospectus or such as do not have a Material Adverse Effect (as defined below); and any real property and buildings held under lease by the Company and its subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases (subject to the effects of (A) bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance, or other laws of general application relating to or affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (B) laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies or (C) applicable law and public policy with respect to rights to indemnity and contribution) except such as are described in the Pricing Prospectus or such as do not have a Material Adverse Effect. “Material Adverse Effect” shall mean a material

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adverse change or effect, or any development involving a prospective material adverse change or effect, in or affecting (i) the business, management, financial position, stockholders’ equity or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, or (ii) on the ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus;

(ix)      The Company has been duly incorporated and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with corporate power and authority (corporate and other) to own or lease, as applicable, its properties and conduct its business as described in the Pricing Prospectus, and has been duly qualified as a foreign corporation for the transaction of business and is in good standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which it owns or leases properties or conducts any business so as to require such qualification, except where the failure to be so qualified or be in good standing in such jurisdiction would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and each significant subsidiary (as defined in Rule 1-02(x) of Regulation S-X) of the Company has been duly incorporated or formed and is validly existing as a corporation or a limited liability company in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation or formation, as applicable;

(x)       From the time of initial confidential submission of a registration statement relating to the Shares with the Commission (or, if earlier, the first date on which a Section 5(d) Communication was made) through the date hereof, the Company has been and is an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Act (an “Emerging Growth Company”);

(xi)      The Company has an authorized capitalization as set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company, including the Shares to be sold by the Selling Stockholders, have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and non-assessable and conform to the description of the Stock contained in the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; and all of the issued shares of capital stock or other ownership interests of each subsidiary of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and (except for directors’ qualifying shares and except as otherwise set forth in the Pricing Prospectus) are owned directly or indirectly by the Company, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, equities or claims;

(xii)     [Reserved.];

(xiii)    The compliance by the Company with this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated will not conflict with or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, (A) any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject, (B) the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company or the certificate of incorporation, by-laws or similar organizational documents of any of its subsidiaries, or (C) any statute or any order, rule or regulation of any court or governmental agency or regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their properties, except, in the case of clauses (A) and (C) for such conflicts, violations, breaches or defaults that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and no consent, approval,

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authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any such court or governmental agency or regulatory authority is required for the sale of the Shares or the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except for the registration under the Act of the Shares, the approval by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) of the underwriting terms and arrangements and such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders, registrations or qualifications as may be required under state securities or Blue Sky laws in connection with the purchase and distribution of the Shares by the Underwriters;

(xiv)    Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is (A) in violation of its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or Amended and Restated By-laws, in the case of the Company, or its certificate of incorporation, by-laws or similar organizational documents, in the case of a subsidiary, or (B) in default in the performance or observance of any material obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, lease or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties may be bound, except in the case of clause (B) for such defaults that would not, individually or in the aggregate, be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;

(xv)     The statements set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus under the captions (i) “Description of Capital Stock”, insofar as they purport to constitute a summary of the terms of the Stock and (ii) “Material U.S. Federal Income and Estate Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders” and “Business—Government Regulation,” insofar as they purport to describe the provisions of the laws and documents referred to therein, are, in each case, accurate, complete and fair in all material respects;

(xvi)    Other than as set forth in the Pricing Prospectus, there are no legal or governmental proceedings pending to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries or, to the Company’s knowledge, any officer or director of the Company is a party or of which any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or, to the Company’s knowledge, any officer or director of the Company is the subject which, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, would individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect on the current or future financial position, stockholders’ equity or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, except such proceedings that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, no such proceedings are threatened or contemplated by governmental authorities or threatened by others;

(xvii)   The Company is not an “investment company”, as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”);

(xviii)      At the time of filing the Initial Registration Statement the Company was not and is not an “ineligible issuer,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Act;

(xix)    KPMG LLP, who has certified certain financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, is an independent public accountant as required by the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder;

(xx)     The Company maintains a system of internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that has been designed by the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurance

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regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.  The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective and the Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting;

(xix)    Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Pricing Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially adversely affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting;

(xx)     The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act; such disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its subsidiaries is made known to the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer by others within those entities; and such disclosure controls and procedures are effective;

(xxi)    This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company;

(xxii)   Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor any director or officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any employee, agent, controlled affiliate or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has (i) used any funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii) made or taken an act in furtherance of an offer, promise or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit to any foreign or domestic government or regulatory official or employee, including of any government-owned or controlled entity or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any of the foregoing, or any political party or party official or candidate for political office; (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or any applicable law or regulation implementing the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, or committed an offence under the Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws; or (iv) made, offered, agreed, requested or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe or other unlawful benefit, including, without limitation, any rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful or improper payment or benefit.  The Company and its subsidiaries have instituted, and maintain and enforce, and will continue to maintain and enforce policies and procedures designed to promote and ensure compliance with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws;

(xxiii) The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance in all material respects with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the applicable money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions where the Company or any of its subsidiaries conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines issued, administered or enforced by any governmental or regulatory agency having jurisdiction over the Company or any of their subsidiaries (collectively, the “Anti-Money Laundering Laws”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental or regulatory agency, authority or regulatory authority or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with

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respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened;

(xxiv) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, directors or officers, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any employee, agent, controlled affiliate or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Government, (including, without limitation, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”) or the U.S. Department of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a “specially designated national” or “blocked person”), the United Nations Security Council (“UNSC”), the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury (“HMT”), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “Sanctions”), nor is the Company, any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or the target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria (each, a “Sanctioned Country”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering of the Securities hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business with any person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or the target of Sanctions, (ii) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business in any Sanctioned Country or (iii) in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions.

(xxv)  The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns that are required to be filed or have requested extensions thereof (except in any case in which the failure to file would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect) and have paid all taxes for which the Company and its subsidiaries are liable (except for cases in which failure to pay would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, or, except as currently being contested in good faith and for which reserves required by U.S. GAAP have been created in the financial statements of the Company); and, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there is no tax deficiency that has been asserted against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective properties or assets which has had (nor does the Company nor any of its subsidiaries have any notice of knowledge of any tax deficiency which could reasonably be expected to be determined adversely to the Company or its subsidiaries and which could reasonably be expected to have) a Material Adverse Effect;

(xxvi) The Company and its subsidiaries possess all material licenses, certificates, permits and other authorizations (collectively, “Permits”) issued by, and have made all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, except where the failure to possess or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and except as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received notice of any revocation or material modification of any Permit or, to the Company’s knowledge, has any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority taken any action to limit, suspend or revoke a Permit in any material respect;

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(xxvii) The Company and its subsidiaries own or possess adequate rights to use all material patents, patent applications, trademarks, service marks, trade names, trademark registrations, service mark registrations, copyrights, licenses and know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures) (collectively, “Intellectual Property Rights”) necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as currently conducted, and have not received any written notice of infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property Rights that, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, would, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect;

(xxviii) No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is contemplated or threatened, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by, or dispute with, the employees of any of its or its subsidiaries’ principal suppliers, contractors or customers, except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect;

(xxix) The Company and its subsidiaries are (A) in compliance with any and all applicable laws and regulations relating to pollution or the protection of the environment (“Environmental Laws”); (B) have received and are in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses as presently conducted; and (C) have not received written notice of any actual or potential liability under any Environmental Law, except where such non-compliance with Environmental Laws, failure to receive required permits, licenses or other approvals, or liability would not, individually or in the aggregate, have (or reasonably be expected to have) a Material Adverse Effect;

(xxx) Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (i) Each employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) (other than a “multiemployer plan” as defined in Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA (a “Multiemployer Plan”)), for which the Company or any member of its “Controlled Group” (defined as any organization which is a member of a controlled group of corporations within the meaning of Section 414 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)) would have any liability (each, a “Plan”) has been maintained in compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to, ERISA and the Code; (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred with respect to any Plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; (iii) for each Plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, the minimum funding standard of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, as applicable, has been satisfied (without taking into account any waiver thereof or extension of any amortization period); (iv) no “reportable event” (within the meaning of Section 4043(c) of ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to a Plan; (v) neither the Company nor any member of the Controlled Group has incurred, nor reasonably expects to incur, any liability under Title IV of ERISA (other than contributions to the Plan or premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the “PBGC”), in the ordinary course and without default) in respect of a Plan (including a Multiemployer Plan; and (vi) there is no pending audit or investigation by the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of Labor, the PBGC or any other governmental agency or any foreign regulatory agency with respect to any Plan;

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(xxxi) The Company and its subsidiaries have insurance covering their respective properties, operations, personnel and businesses, including business interruption insurance, which insurance is in amounts and insures against such losses and risks as are, in the Company’s judgment, commercially reasonable to protect the Company and its subsidiaries and their respective businesses; and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has (i) received notice from any insurer or agent of such insurer that capital improvements or other expenditures are required or necessary to be made in order to continue such insurance or (ii) any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage at reasonable cost from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business;

(xxxii) Except as set forth in the Company’s second amended and restated stockholders agreement, dated June 1, 2016, by and among the Company, certain funds managed by Advent International Corporation and certain other stockholders of the Company, no person has the right to require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to register any securities for sale under the Act by reason of the filing of the Registration Statement with the Commission or, to the knowledge of the Company, the sale of the Shares to be sold by the Selling Stockholders hereunder;

(xxxiii) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares;

(xxxiv) Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, no subsidiary of the Company is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, under any agreement or other instrument to which it is a party or is subject, from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary’s properties or assets to the Company or any other subsidiary of the Company;

(xxxv) The application of the proceeds received by the Company from the sale and delivery of the Shares as described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus will not violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors;

(xxxvi) Nothing has come to the attention of the Company that has caused the Company to believe that the statistical and market-related data included in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package and the Prospectus is not based on or derived from sources that are reliable and accurate in all material respects;

(xxxvii) No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Disclosure Package or the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith;

(xxxviii) The Company has operated and currently operates its business in a manner compliant with all applicable foreign or domestic (federal, state or local) privacy and data protection laws and regulations applicable to the Company’s collection, use, handling, transmission, storage or disposal of its customers’ data (the “Information Privacy and Security

9

Laws”), including but not limited to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and any rules or regulations promulgated thereunder (“HIPAA”). Except as would not reasonably be expected to have Material Adverse Effect, the Company has implemented commercially reasonable administrative, technical and physical safeguards to ensure its customers’ data is protected against loss, damage, and unauthorized access, use, modification, or other misuse. Except as would not reasonably be expected to have Material Adverse Effect, the Company has complied with its published and internal privacy policies relating to its handling of customers’ data, as well as any business associate agreement to which the Company is a party. The Company has required and does require all third party service providers to which it provides any protected health information to maintain the privacy and security of such data, including by requiring such third parties to protect protected health information from unauthorized access by and/or disclosure to any unauthorized third parties. The Company has entered into business associate agreements with all customers and third party service providers where required under HIPAA. Except as would not reasonably be expected to have Material Adverse Effect, there has been no loss, damage or unauthorized access, use, modification or breach of security of customer data maintained by the Company, and as such, the Company has not notified, and is not planning to notify, any patient, governmental entity or the media of any such loss, damage or unauthorized access, use, modification or breach of security of customer data. Except as would not reasonably be expected to have Material Adverse Effect, the Company has not received written notice from any governmental entity of any violation of any Information Privacy and Security Law, including but not limited to HIPAA; and

(xxxix) Except as would not be reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, each of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been in compliance with all applicable provisions of federal and state laws governing Medicare and any state Medicaid program, as well as any regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws, including Medicare (Title XVIII of the Social Security Act); Medicaid (Title XIX of the Social Security Act); the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)); the civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq.); the administrative False Claims Law (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)); the civil monetary penalty laws (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7a); the Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act (31 U.S.C. §§ 3801-3812); all criminal laws relating to healthcare fraud and abuse; state laws related to the corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting; and the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws.

(b)      Each of the Selling Stockholders severally and not jointly represents and warrants to, and agrees with, each of the Underwriters and the Company that:

(i)        Except for the registration under the Act of the Shares and such consents, approvals, registrations, qualifications, authorizations and orders as may be required under any state securities, Blue Sky or antifraud laws, or FINRA in connection with the purchase and distribution of the Shares by the Underwriters, all consents, approvals, authorizations, registrations, qualifications and orders necessary for the execution and delivery by such Selling Stockholder of this Agreement and, in the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B

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hereto, the Power of Attorney and the Custody Agreement hereinafter referred to, and for the sale and delivery of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder, and required for the performance by such Selling Stockholder of its obligations under this Agreement, and, in the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, the Power of Attorney and the Custody Agreement and the consummation by such Selling Stockholder of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and, in the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, the Power of Attorney and the Custody Agreement in connection with the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder have been obtained, except for such consents, approvals, registrations, qualifications, authorizations and orders as would not reasonably be expected to impair the consummation of such Selling Stockholder’s obligations hereunder; and such Selling Stockholder has full right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement, and, in the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, the Power of Attorney and the Custody Agreement and to sell, assign, transfer and deliver the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder;

(ii)       The sale of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder and the compliance by such Selling Stockholder with this Agreement, and, in the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, the Power of Attorney and the Custody Agreement and the consummation of the transactions herein and therein contemplated will not (A) conflict with or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, lease or other agreement or instrument to which such Selling Stockholder is a party or by which such Selling Stockholder is bound or to which any of the property or assets of such Selling Stockholder is subject, (B) result in any violation of the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, by-laws or similar organizational documents of such Selling Stockholder if such Selling Stockholder is a corporation or other entity or (C) result in a violation of any statute or any order, rule or regulation of any court or governmental agency or regulatory authority having jurisdiction over such Selling Stockholder or any of its subsidiaries, except in the case of clause (A) or (C), as would not reasonably be expected to impair the consummation of such Selling Stockholder’s obligations hereunder;

(iii)      Such Selling Stockholder has, and immediately prior to each Time of Delivery (as defined in Section 4(a) hereof) such Selling Stockholder will have, good and valid title to the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder (assuming due issuance of any Shares to be issued upon the exercise of stock options) at such Time of Delivery, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, equities or claims; and, upon delivery of such Shares and payment therefor pursuant hereto, good and valid title to such Shares, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, equities or claims, will pass to the several Underwriters;

(iv)      On or prior to the date of the Pricing Prospectus, such Selling Stockholder has executed and delivered to the Underwriters an agreement substantially in the form of Annex III hereto;

(v)       Such Selling Stockholder has not taken and will not take, directly or indirectly, any action that is designed to or that has constituted or which would reasonably be expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares;

(vi)      To the extent that any statements or omissions made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto are made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by such Selling Stockholder pursuant to the Selling Stockholder Information expressly for use therein, such Registration Statement and Preliminary Prospectus did, and the Prospectus and any further amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus

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will, when they become effective or are filed with the Commission, as the case may be, not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading;

(vii)     In order to document the Underwriters’ compliance with the reporting and withholding provisions of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 with respect to the transactions herein contemplated, such Selling Stockholder will deliver to you prior to or at the First Time of Delivery a properly completed and executed United States Treasury Department Form W-9 (or other applicable form or statement specified by Treasury Department regulations in lieu thereof);

(viii)    In the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, certificates in negotiable form or in book-entry form representing all of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder have been placed in custody under a Custody Agreement, in the form heretofore furnished to you (the “Custody Agreement”), duly executed and delivered by such Selling Stockholder to American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as custodian (the “Custodian”), and such Selling Stockholder has duly executed and delivered a Power of Attorney, in the form heretofore furnished to you (the “Power of Attorney”), appointing the persons indicated in Schedule II-B hereto, and each of them, as such Selling Stockholder’s attorneys-in-fact (the “Attorneys-in-Fact”) with authority to execute and deliver this Agreement on behalf of such Selling Stockholder, to determine the purchase price to be paid by the Underwriters to the Selling Stockholders as provided in Section 2 hereof, to authorize the delivery of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder and otherwise to act on behalf of such Selling Stockholder in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Custody Agreement; and

(ix)      In the case of each Selling Stockholder named in Schedule II-B hereto, the Shares represented by the certificates or in book-entry form held in custody for such Selling Stockholder under the Custody Agreement are subject to the interests of the Underwriters hereunder; the arrangements made by such Selling Stockholder for such custody, and the appointment by such Selling Stockholder of the Attorneys-in-Fact by the Power of Attorney, are to that extent irrevocable; the obligations of the Selling Stockholders hereunder shall not be terminated by operation of law, whether by the death or incapacity of any individual Selling Stockholder or, in the case of an estate or trust, by the death or incapacity of any executor or trustee or the termination of such estate or trust, or in the case of a partnership or corporation, by the dissolution of such partnership or corporation, or by the occurrence of any other event; if any individual Selling Stockholder or any such executor or trustee should die or become incapacitated, or if any such estate or trust should be terminated, or if any such partnership or corporation should be dissolved, or if any other such event should occur, before the delivery of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder, the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder shall be delivered by or on behalf of the Selling Stockholders in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement and of the Custody Agreements; and actions taken by the Attorneys-in-Fact pursuant to the Powers of Attorney shall be as valid as if such death, incapacity, termination, dissolution or other event had not occurred, regardless of whether or not the Custodian, the Attorneys-in-Fact, or any of them, shall have received notice of such death, incapacity, termination, dissolution or other event.

2.       Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, (a) each of the Selling Stockholders agrees, severally and not jointly, to sell to each of the Underwriters, and each of the Underwriters agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from each of the Selling Stockholders, at a purchase

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price per share of $[ · ], the number of Firm Shares (to be adjusted by you so as to eliminate fractional shares) determined by multiplying the aggregate number of Firm Shares to be sold by each of the Selling Stockholders as set forth opposite their respective names in Schedule II hereto by a fraction, the numerator of which is the aggregate number of Firm Shares to be purchased by such Underwriter as set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule I hereto and the denominator of which is the aggregate number of Firm Shares to be purchased by all of the Underwriters from all of the Selling Stockholders hereunder and (b) in the event and to the extent that the Underwriters shall exercise the election to purchase Optional Shares as provided below, each of the Selling Stockholders, as and to the extent indicated in Schedule II hereto agrees, severally and not jointly, to sell to each of the Underwriters, and each of the Underwriters agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from each of the Selling Stockholders, at the purchase price per share set forth in clause (a) of this Section 2, that portion of the number of Optional Shares as to which such election shall have been exercised (to be adjusted by you so as to eliminate fractional shares) determined by multiplying such number of Optional Shares by a fraction, the numerator of which is the maximum number of Optional Shares which such Underwriter is entitled to purchase as set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule I hereto and the denominator of which is the maximum number of Optional Shares that all of the Underwriters are entitled to purchase hereunder.

Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Selling Stockholders, as and to the extent indicated in Schedule II hereto, hereby grant, severally and not jointly, to the Underwriters the right to purchase at their election up to [ · ] Optional Shares, in the aggregate, at the purchase price per share set forth in the paragraph above, provided that the purchase price per Optional Share shall be reduced by an amount per share equal to any dividends or distributions declared by the Company and payable on the Firm Shares but not payable on the Optional Shares.  Any such election to purchase Optional Shares shall be made in proportion to the number of Optional Shares to be sold by each Selling Stockholder as set forth in Schedule II hereto.  Any such election to purchase Optional Shares may be exercised only by written notice from you to the Company and the Attorneys-in-Fact, given within a period of 30 calendar days after the date of this Agreement and setting forth the aggregate number of Optional Shares to be purchased and the date on which such Optional Shares are to be delivered, as determined by you but in no event earlier than the First Time of Delivery (as defined in Section 4(a) hereof) or, unless you and the Company and the Attorneys-in-Fact otherwise agree in writing, earlier than two or later than ten business days after the date of such notice.

3.         Upon the authorization by you of the release of the Firm Shares, the several Underwriters propose to offer the Firm Shares for sale upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus.

4.         (a) The Shares to be purchased by each Underwriter hereunder, in definitive form, and in such authorized denominations and registered in such names as the Representatives may request upon at least forty-eight hours’ prior notice to the Company and the Selling Stockholders shall be delivered by or on behalf of the Selling Stockholders to the Representatives, through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), for the account of such Underwriter, against payment by or on behalf of such Underwriter of the purchase price therefor by wire transfer of Federal (same-day) funds to the accounts specified by the Selling Stockholders to the Representatives at least forty-eight hours in advance.  The Selling Stockholders will cause the certificates representing the Shares to be made available for checking and packaging at least twenty-four hours prior to the Time of Delivery (as defined below) with respect thereto at the office of DTC or its designated custodian (the “Designated Office”).  The time and date of such delivery and payment shall be, with respect to the Firm Shares, [9:30] a.m., New York time, on [ · ], 2017 or such other time and date as the Representatives, the

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Company and the Attorneys-in-Fact may agree upon in writing, and, with respect to the Optional Shares, 9:30 a.m., New York time, on the date specified by the Representatives in each written notice given by the Representatives of the Underwriters’ election to purchase such Optional Shares, or such other time and date as the Representatives, the Company and the Attorneys-in-Fact may agree upon in writing.  Such time and date for delivery of the Firm Shares is herein called the “First Time of Delivery”, each such time and date for delivery of the Optional Shares, if not the First Time of Delivery, is herein called the “Second Time of Delivery”, and each such time and date for delivery is herein called a “Time of Delivery”.

(b)       The documents to be delivered at each Time of Delivery by or on behalf of the parties hereto pursuant to Section 8 hereof, including the cross receipt for the Shares and any additional documents requested by the Underwriters pursuant to Section 8(m) hereof will be delivered at the offices of Latham & Watkins LLP, 885 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022 (the “Closing Location”), and the Shares will be delivered at the Designated Office, all at such Time of Delivery.  A meeting will be held at the Closing Location at 4:00 p.m., New York City time, on the New York Business Day next preceding such Time of Delivery, at which meeting the final drafts of the documents to be delivered pursuant to the preceding sentence will be available for review by the parties hereto.  For the purposes of this Agreement, “New York Business Day” shall mean each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday which is not a day on which banking institutions in New York are generally authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.

5.         The Company agrees with each of the Underwriters:

(a)       To prepare the Prospectus in a form approved by you and to file such Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act not later than the Commission’s close of business on the second business day following the execution and delivery of this Agreement, or, if applicable, such earlier time as may be required by Rule 430A(a)(3) under the Act; to make no further amendment or any supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus prior to the last Time of Delivery which shall be disapproved by you promptly after reasonable notice thereof; to advise you, promptly after it receives notice thereof, of the time when any amendment to the Registration Statement has been filed or becomes effective or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and to furnish you with copies thereof; to file promptly all material required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Act; to advise you, promptly after it receives notice thereof, of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or other prospectus in respect of the Shares, of the suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Act, or of any request by the Commission for the amending or supplementing of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or for additional information; and, in the event of the issuance of any stop order or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or other prospectus or suspending any such qualification, to promptly use its reasonable best efforts to obtain the withdrawal of such order;

(b)       Promptly from time to time to take such action as you may reasonably request to qualify the Shares for offering and sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions as you may reasonably request and to comply with such laws so as to permit the continuance of sales and dealings therein in such jurisdictions for as long as may be necessary to complete the distribution of the Shares, provided that in connection therewith the Company shall not be required to qualify as a foreign corporation or to file a general consent to service of process in any jurisdiction or to subject itself to a taxing authority where it is not now so subject;

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(c)       Prior to 10:00 a.m., New York City time, on the New York Business Day next succeeding the date of this Agreement (or such later time as may be agreed by the Company and the Representatives) and from time to time, to furnish the Underwriters with written and electronic copies of the Prospectus in New York City in such quantities as you may reasonably request, and, if the delivery of a prospectus (or in lieu thereof, the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the Act) is required at any time prior to the expiration of nine months after the time of issue of the Prospectus in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares and if at such time any event shall have occurred as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made when such Prospectus (or in lieu thereof, the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the Act) is delivered, not misleading, or, if for any other reason it shall be necessary during such same period to amend or supplement the Prospectus in order to comply with the Act, to notify you and upon your request to prepare and furnish without charge to each Underwriter and to any dealer in securities as many written and electronic copies as you may from time to time reasonably request of an amended Prospectus or a supplement to the Prospectus which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; and in case any Underwriter is required to deliver a prospectus (or in lieu thereof, the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the Act) in connection with sales of any of the Shares at any time nine months or more after the time of issue of the Prospectus, upon your request but at the expense of such Underwriter, to prepare and deliver to such Underwriter as many written and electronic copies as you may request of an amended or supplemented Prospectus complying with Section 10(a)(3) of the Act;

(d)       To make generally available to its securityholders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than sixteen months after the effective date of the Registration Statement (as defined in Rule 158(c) under the Act), an earnings statement of the Company and its subsidiaries (which need not be audited) complying with Section 11(a) of the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (including, at the option of the Company, Rule 158);

(e)       During the period beginning from the date hereof and continuing to and including the date 90 days after the date of the Prospectus not to (i) offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, grant any option to purchase, make any short sale or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or, other than a Registration Statement on Form S-8, file with the Commission a registration statement under the Act relating to, any securities of the Company that are substantially similar to the Shares, including but not limited to any options or warrants to purchase shares of Stock or any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, Stock or any such substantially similar securities, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing or (ii) enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Stock or any such other securities, whether any such transaction described in clause (i) or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise (other than the Shares to be sold hereunder or pursuant to employee stock option plans existing on, or upon the conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable securities outstanding as of, the date of this Agreement), without the prior written consent of the Representatives; provided, however, that the restrictions in the foregoing sentence shall not apply to (A) the Shares to be sold hereunder; (B) the Shares to be issued upon the conversion or exchange of any convertible or exchangeable securities outstanding as of the date of this Agreement; (C) Shares or any securities (including without limitation options, restricted stock or restricted stock units) convertible into, or exercisable for, shares of Stock pursuant to any employee stock option plan, incurrence plan, stock plan, dividend reinvestment plan or otherwise in equity

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compensation arrangements in place as of the Applicable Time; (D) the issuance of any other securities registered pursuant to any registration statement on Form S-8 relating to any benefit plans or arrangements disclosed in the Pricing Disclosure Package; (E) the pledge of any shares of the capital stock of any subsidiaries of the Company in connection with the incurrence of any new or refinanced indebtedness and (F) the issuance of up to 5.0% of the outstanding shares of Stock in connection with the acquisition of the assets of, or a majority or controlling portion of the equity of, or a joint venture with another entity in connection with its acquisition by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of such entity, provided that each recipient of any shares of Stock issued or sold pursuant to either clauses (E) or (F) above executes and delivers to the Representatives prior to such issuance or sale (as the case may be) an agreement having substantially the same terms as the lock-up letters described in Section 8(k) of this Agreement;

(f)        During a period of three years from the effective date of the Registration Statement, to furnish to its stockholders as soon as practicable after the end of each fiscal year an annual report (including a balance sheet and statements of income, stockholders ‘ equity and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries certified by independent public accountants) and, as soon as practicable after the end of each of the first three quarters of each fiscal year (beginning with the fiscal quarter ending after the effective date of the Registration Statement), to make available to its stockholders consolidated summary financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries for such quarter in reasonable detail, provided that the Company may satisfy the requirements of this subsection (f) by electronically filing such reports, financial statements or information through the Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system or any successor system (“EDGAR”);

(g)       During a period of three years from the effective date of the Registration Statement, for so long as the Company is subject to the reporting requirements of either Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, to furnish to you copies of all reports or other communications (financial or other) furnished to stockholders, and to deliver to you (i) as soon as they are available and upon your request, copies of any current, periodic or annual reports and financial statements furnished to or filed with the Commission or any national securities exchange on which any class of securities of the Company is listed; and (ii) such additional information concerning the business and financial condition of the Company as you may from time to time reasonably request (such financial statements to be on a consolidated basis to the extent the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries are consolidated in reports furnished to its stockholders generally or to the Commission), provided that the Company may satisfy the requirements of this subsection (g) by electronically filing such reports, financial statements or information through EDGAR;

(h)       [Reserved.]

(i)        To use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the listing of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the “Exchange”);

(j)        To file with the Commission such information on Form 10-Q or Form 10-K as may be required by Rule 463 under the Act;

(k)       If the Company elects to rely upon Rule 462(b), the Company shall file a Rule 462(b) Registration Statement with the Commission in compliance with Rule 462(b) by 10:00 p.m., Washington, D.C. time, on the date of this Agreement, and the Company shall at the time of filing either pay to the Commission the filing fee for the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement or give irrevocable instructions for the payment of such fee pursuant to Rule 3a(c) of the Commission’s Informal and Other Procedures (16 CFR 202.3a); and

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(l)        Upon request of any Underwriter, to furnish, or cause to be furnished, to such Underwriter an electronic version of the Company’s trademarks, servicemarks and corporate logo for use on the website, if any, operated by such Underwriter for the purpose of facilitating the on-line offering of the Shares (the “License”); provided, however, that the License shall be used solely for the purpose described above, is granted without any fee and may not be assigned or transferred.

(m)      To promptly notify you if the Company ceases to be an Emerging Growth Company at any time prior to the later of (i) completion of the distribution of the Shares within the meaning of the Act and (ii) completion of the 90-day restricted period referred to in Section 5(e) hereof.

6.         (a)       The Company represents and agrees that, without the prior consent of the Representatives, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute a “free writing prospectus” as defined in Rule 405 under the Act; each Selling Stockholder, severally and not jointly, represents and agrees that, without the prior consent of the Company and the Representatives, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute a free writing prospectus; and each Underwriter represents and agrees that, without the prior consent of the Company and the Representatives, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute a free writing prospectus that would be required to be filed with the Commission; any such free writing prospectus the use of which has been consented to by the Company and the Representatives is listed on Schedule III(a) hereto;

(b)       The Company represents and agrees that (i) it has not engaged in, or authorized any other person to engage in, any Section 5(d) Communications, other than Section 5(d) Communications with the prior consent of the Representatives with entities that are qualified institutional buyers as defined in Rule 144A under the Act or institutions that are accredited investors as defined in Rule 501(a) under the Act; and (ii) it has not distributed, or authorized any other person to distribute, any Section 5(d) Writings, other than those distributed with the prior consent of the Representatives that are listed on Schedule I hereto; and the Company reconfirms that the Underwriters have been authorized to act on its behalf in engaging in Section 5(d) Communications;

(c)       The Company has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 under the Act applicable to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission or retention where required and legending; and the Company represents that it has satisfied and agrees that it will satisfy the conditions under Rule 433 under the Act to avoid a requirement to file with the Commission any electronic road show; and

(d)       Each Underwriter represents and agrees that any Section 5(d) Communications undertaken by it were with entities that are qualified institutional buyers as defined in Rule 144A under the Act or institutions that are accredited investors as defined in Rule 501(a) under the Act;

(e)       The Company agrees that if at any time following issuance of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or Section 5(d) Writing any event occurred or occurs as a result of which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or Section 5(d) Writing would conflict with the information in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then prevailing, not misleading, the Company will give prompt notice thereof to the Representatives and, if requested by the Representatives, will prepare and furnish without charge to each Underwriter an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or other document which will correct such conflict, statement or omission; provided, however, that this representation and warranty shall not apply to any statements or omissions in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, Section 5(d) Writing made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company

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by an Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein or by a Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the preparation of the Selling Stockholder Information.

7.         The Company and each of the Selling Stockholders covenant and agree with one another and with the several Underwriters that (a) the Company will pay the following: (i) the fees, disbursements and expenses of the Company’s counsel and accountants in connection with the registration of the Shares under the Act and all other expenses in connection with the preparation, printing, reproduction and filing of the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and amendments and supplements thereto and the mailing and delivering of copies thereof to the Underwriters and dealers; (ii) the cost of printing or producing any Agreement among Underwriters, this Agreement, the Blue Sky Memorandum, closing documents (including any compilations thereof) and any other documents in connection with the offering, purchase, sale and delivery of the Shares; (iii) all expenses in connection with the qualification of the Shares for offering and sale under state securities laws as provided in Section 5(b) hereof, including the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection with such qualification and in connection with the Blue Sky survey; (iv) all fees and expenses in connection with listing the Shares on the Exchange; and (v) the filing fees incident to, and the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection with, any required review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Shares; provided that the reasonable fees of counsel for the Underwriters relating to subclauses (iii) and (v) of this Section 7 shall not exceed $20,000 in the aggregate; (b) the Company will pay or cause to be paid: (i) the cost of preparing stock certificates; if applicable (ii) the cost and charges of any transfer agent or registrar, and (iii) all other costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder which are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Section; (c) the Company will pay or cause to be paid all costs and expenses incident to the performance of such Selling Stockholder’s obligations hereunder which are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Section, including (i) the reasonable fees and disbursements of one counsel for such Selling Stockholder and (ii) in the case of the Selling Stockholders listed on Schedule II-B hereto, such Selling Stockholder’s pro rata share of the fees and expenses of the Attorneys-in-Fact and the Custodian; and (d) the Selling Stockholders will pay or cause to be paid (i) subject to the following sentence, all taxes incident to the sale and delivery of the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder to the Underwriters hereunder and (ii) the underwriting discount and commission associated with the Shares to be sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder. In connection with clause (d)(i) of the preceding sentence, the Representatives agree to pay New York State stock transfer tax, and the Selling Stockholder agrees to reimburse the Representatives for associated carrying costs if such tax payment is not rebated on the day of payment and for any portion of such tax payment not rebated.  It is understood, however, that the Company shall bear, and the Selling Stockholders shall not be required to pay or to reimburse the Company for, the cost of any other matters not directly relating to the sale and purchase of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement, and that, except as provided in this Section, and Sections 9 and 12 hereof, the Underwriters will pay all of their own costs and expenses, including the fees of their counsel, stock transfer taxes on resale of any of the Shares by them, and any advertising expenses connected with any offers they may make and that the Underwriters shall be responsible for 50% of the equivalent third party costs of any private aircraft incurred by or on behalf of the Company in respect of any investor presentations or road show in connection with the marketing of the Shares.

8.         The obligations of the Underwriters hereunder, as to the Shares to be delivered at each Time of Delivery, shall be subject, in their discretion, to the condition that all representations and warranties and other statements of the Company and the Selling Stockholders herein are, on the date hereof and at and as of such Time of Delivery, true and correct, the condition that the Company and

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the Selling Stockholders shall have performed all of its and their obligations hereunder theretofore to be performed, and the following additional conditions:

(a)       The Prospectus shall have been filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by the rules and regulations under the Act and in accordance with Section 5(a) hereof; all material required to be filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Act shall have been filed with the Commission within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 433; if the Company has elected to rely upon Rule 462(b) under the Act, the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement shall have become effective by 10:00 p.m., Washington, D.C. time, on the date of this Agreement; no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any part thereof shall have been issued and no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Act shall have been initiated or threatened by the Commission; no stop order suspending or preventing the use of the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall have been initiated or threatened by the Commission; and all requests for additional information on the part of the Commission shall have been complied with to your reasonable satisfaction;

(b)       Latham & Watkins LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, shall have furnished to you such written opinion or opinions, dated such Time of Delivery, in form and substance satisfactory to you, and such counsel shall have received such papers and information as they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon such matters;

(c)       Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to you their written opinion (a form of such opinion is attached as Annex II(a) hereto), dated such Time of Delivery, in form and substance satisfactory to you; and

(d)       The respective counsel for each of the Selling Stockholders, as indicated in Schedule II-A and II-B hereto, each shall have furnished to you their written opinion with respect to each of the Selling Stockholders for whom they are acting as counsel (a form of each such opinion is attached as Annex II(b) hereto), dated such Time of Delivery, in form and substance satisfactory to you;

(e)       Jonathan Olefson, in-house counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representatives his written opinion (a form of such opinion is attached as Annex II(c) hereto), dated such Time of Delivery, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to you;

(f)        On the date of the Prospectus at a time prior to the execution of this Agreement, at 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the effective date of any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement filed subsequent to the date of this Agreement and also at each Time of Delivery, KPMG LLP shall have furnished to you a letter or letters, dated the respective dates of delivery thereof, in form and substance satisfactory to you;

(g)       (i) Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries shall have sustained since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Pricing Prospectus any loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or court or governmental action, order or decree, otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus, and (ii) since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Pricing Prospectus there shall not have been any change in the capital stock or long-term debt of the Company or any of its subsidiaries (other than immaterial changes in the ordinary course of business) or any change, or any development involving a prospective change, in or affecting the business, management, financial position, stockholders’ equity or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries,  taken as a whole, otherwise than as set forth or contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus, the effect of which, in any such case described in clause (i) or (ii), is in your

19

judgment so material and adverse as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the public offering or the delivery of the Shares being delivered at such Time of Delivery on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Pricing Prospectus;

(h)       On or after the Applicable Time (i) no downgrading shall have occurred in the rating accorded the Company’s debt securities by any “nationally recognized statistical rating organization”, as defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act, and (ii) no such organization shall have publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, with possible negative implications, its rating of any of the Company’s debt securities;

(i)        On or after the Applicable Time there shall not have occurred any of the following: (i) a suspension or material limitation in trading in securities generally on the Exchange; (ii) a suspension or material limitation in trading in the Company’s securities on the Exchange; (iii) a general moratorium on commercial banking activities declared by either Federal or New York State authorities or a material disruption in commercial banking or securities settlement or clearance services in the United States; (iv) the outbreak or escalation of hostilities involving the United States or the declaration by the United States of a national emergency or war or (v) the occurrence of any other calamity or crisis or any change in financial, political or economic conditions in the United States or elsewhere, if the effect of any such event specified in clause (iv) or (v) in your judgment makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the public offering or the delivery of the Shares being delivered at such Time of Delivery on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus;

(j)        The Shares to be sold at such Time of Delivery shall have been duly listed, subject to official notice of issuance, on the Exchange;

(k)       The Company shall have obtained and delivered to the Underwriters executed copies of an agreement from each stockholder of the Company listed on Schedule IV hereto, substantially to the effect set forth in Annex IV hereto in form and substance satisfactory to you;

(l)        The Company shall have complied with the provisions of Section 5(c) hereof with respect to the furnishing of prospectuses on the New York Business Day next succeeding the date of this Agreement; and

(m)      The Company and the Selling Stockholders shall have furnished or caused to be furnished to you at such Time of Delivery certificates of officers of the Company and of the Selling Stockholders, respectively, satisfactory to you as to the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company and the Selling Stockholders, respectively, herein at and as of such Time of Delivery, as to the performance by the Company and the Selling Stockholders of all of their respective obligations hereunder to be performed at or prior to such Time of Delivery, as to such other matters as you may reasonably request, and the Company shall have furnished or caused to be furnished certificates as to the matters set forth in subsections (a) and (g) of this Section 8.

9.         (a)  The Company will indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and any control persons against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which such Underwriter may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any “issuer information” filed or required to be filed pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Act, or any Section 5(d) Writing or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and will reimburse each

20

Underwriter for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such Underwriter in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim as such expenses are incurred; provided, however, that the Company shall not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or any Section 5(d) Writing, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein.

(b)       Each of the Selling Stockholders, severally and not jointly, will indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and any control persons against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which such Underwriter may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or any Section 5(d) Writing, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by such Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the preparation of the Selling Stockholder Information; and will reimburse each Underwriter for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such Underwriter in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim as such expenses are incurred; provided, however, that such Selling Stockholder shall not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or any Section 5(d) Writing, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein; and provided, further, that the liability of any Selling Stockholder pursuant to this subsection (b) shall not exceed the total net proceeds (before deducting expenses) from the sale of the Shares sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder (the “Selling Stockholder Proceeds”).

(c)       Each Underwriter will indemnify and hold harmless the Company and each Selling Stockholder against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities to which the Company or such Selling Stockholder may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Pricing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, in reliance upon and in

21

conformity with written information furnished to the Company by such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use therein; and will reimburse the Company and each Selling Stockholder for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company or such Selling Stockholder in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim as such expenses are incurred.

(d)       Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under subsection (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 9 of notice of the commencement of any suit, action, proceeding (including any governmental or regulatory investigation), claim or demand such indemnified party shall, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under such subsection, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof; provided that the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under the preceding paragraphs of this Section 9 except to the extent that it has been materially prejudiced (through the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses) by such failure; and provided further that the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an indemnified party otherwise than under the preceding paragraphs of this Section 9.  If any such proceeding shall be brought or asserted against an indemnified party and it shall have notified the indemnifying party thereof, the indemnifying party shall retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party (who shall not, without the consent of the indemnified party, be counsel to the indemnifying party) to represent the indemnified party in such proceeding and shall pay the reasonable and documented fees and expenses of such counsel related to such proceeding, as incurred.  In any such proceeding, any indemnified party shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (i) the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have mutually agreed to the contrary; (ii) the indemnifying party has failed within a reasonable time to retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party; (iii) the indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party; or (iv) the named parties in any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both the indemnifying party and the indemnified party and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interest between them.  It is understood and agreed that the indemnifying party shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for all indemnified parties, and that all such fees and expenses shall be paid or reimbursed as they are incurred.  Any such separate firm for any Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers and any control persons of such Underwriter shall be designated in writing by the Representatives, any such separate firm for the Company, its directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement and any control persons of the Company shall be designated in writing by the Company and any such separate firm for the Selling Stockholders shall be designated in writing by the Attorneys-in-Fact or any one of them.  The indemnifying party shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying party agrees to indemnify each indemnified party from and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement or judgment.  Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an indemnified party shall have requested that an indemnifying party reimburse the indemnified party for fees and expenses of counsel as contemplated by this paragraph, the indemnifying party shall be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 30 days after receipt by the indemnifying party of such request and (ii) the indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed the indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement.  No indemnifying party shall, without the written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement

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of any pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnification could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement (x) includes an unconditional release of such indemnified party, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such proceeding and (y) does not include any statement as to or any admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.

(e)       If the indemnification provided for in this Section 9 is unavailable to or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under subsection (a), (b) or (c) above in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) referred to therein, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other from the offering of the Shares.  If, however, the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is not permitted by applicable law or if the indemnified party failed to give the notice required under subsection (d) above, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to such amount paid or payable by such indemnified party in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but also the relative fault of the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof), as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.  The relative benefits received by the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by the Selling Stockholders bear to the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover page of the Prospectus.  The relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Selling Stockholders on the one hand or the Underwriters on the other and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.  The Company, each of the Selling Stockholders and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this subsection (e) were determined by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above in this subsection (e).  The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) referred to above in this subsection (e) shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim.  Notwithstanding the provisions of this subsection (e), (i) no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the total price at which the Shares underwritten by it and distributed to the public were offered to the public exceeds the amount of any damages which such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission and (ii) the contribution by any Selling Stockholder pursuant to this subsection (e) shall not exceed, for each such Selling Stockholder, the Selling Stockholder Proceeds (reduced by any amounts that such Selling Stockholder is obligated to pay under subsection (b) above). No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.  The Underwriters’ obligations in

23

this subsection (e) to contribute are several in proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint.

(f)        The obligations of the Company and the Selling Stockholders under this Section 9 shall be in addition to any liability which the Company and the Selling Stockholders may otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to each officer and director of each Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of the Act and each broker-dealer affiliate of any Underwriter; and the obligations of the Underwriters under this Section 9 shall be in addition to any liability which the respective Underwriters may otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to each officer and director of the Company (including any person who, with his or her consent, is named in the Registration Statement as about to become a director of the Company) and to each person, if any, who controls the Company or any Selling Stockholder within the meaning of the Act.

10.      (a)       If any Underwriter shall default in its obligation to purchase the Shares that it has agreed to purchase hereunder at a Time of Delivery, you may in your discretion arrange for you or another party or other parties to purchase such Shares on the terms contained herein.  If within thirty-six hours after such default by any Underwriter you do not arrange for the purchase of such Shares, then the Company and the Selling Stockholders shall be entitled to a further period of thirty-six hours within which to procure another party or other parties satisfactory to you to purchase such Shares on such terms.  In the event that, within the respective prescribed periods, you notify the Company and the Selling Stockholders that you have so arranged for the purchase of such Shares, or the Company or a Selling Stockholder notifies you that it has so arranged for the purchase of such Shares, you or the Company or the Selling Stockholders shall have the right to postpone such Time of Delivery for a period of not more than seven days, in order to effect whatever changes may thereby be made necessary in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or in any other documents or arrangements, and the Company agrees to file promptly any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus which in your opinion may thereby be made necessary.  The term “Underwriter” as used in this Agreement shall include any person substituted under this Section with like effect as if such person had originally been a party to this Agreement with respect to such Shares.

(b)       If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Shares of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by you, the Company and the Selling Stockholders as provided in subsection (a) above, the aggregate number of such Shares which remains unpurchased does not exceed one-eleventh of the aggregate number of all the Shares to be purchased at such Time of Delivery, then the Selling Stockholders shall have the right to require each non-defaulting Underwriter to purchase the number of Shares which such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder at such Time of Delivery and, in addition, to require each non-defaulting Underwriter to purchase its pro rata share (based on the number of Shares which such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder) of the Shares of such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters for which such arrangements have not been made; but nothing herein shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter from liability for its default.

(c)       If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Shares of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by you, the Company and the Selling Stockholders as provided in subsection (a) above, the aggregate number of such Shares which remains unpurchased exceeds one-eleventh of the aggregate number of all of the Shares to be purchased at such Time of Delivery, or if the Selling Stockholders shall not exercise the right described in subsection (b) above to require non-defaulting Underwriters to purchase Shares of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters, then this Agreement (or, with respect to a Second Time of Delivery, the obligations of the Underwriters to

24

purchase and of the Selling Stockholders to sell the Optional Shares) shall thereupon terminate, without liability on the part of any non-defaulting Underwriter, the Company or the Selling Stockholders, except for the expenses to be borne by the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the Underwriters as provided in Section 7 hereof and the indemnity and contribution agreements in Section 9 hereof; but nothing herein shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter from liability for its default.

11.      The respective indemnities, agreements, representations, warranties and other statements of the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the several Underwriters, as set forth in this Agreement or made by or on behalf of them, respectively, pursuant to this Agreement, shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any investigation (or any statement as to the results thereof) made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any affiliate, officer or director or controlling person of any Underwriter, or the Company, or any of the Selling Stockholders, or any officer or director or controlling person of the Company, or any controlling person of any Selling Stockholder, and shall survive delivery of and payment for the Shares.

12.      If this Agreement shall be terminated pursuant to Section 10 hereof, neither the Company nor the Selling Stockholders shall then be under any liability to any Underwriter except as provided in Sections 7 and 9 hereof; but, if for any other reason any Shares are not delivered by or on behalf of the Selling Stockholders as provided herein, the Company will reimburse the Underwriters through you for all out-of-pocket expenses approved in writing by you, including fees and disbursements of counsel, reasonably incurred by the Underwriters in making preparations for the purchase, sale and delivery of the Shares not so delivered, but the Company and the Selling Stockholders shall then be under no further liability to any Underwriter except as provided in Sections 7 and 9 hereof.

13.      In all dealings hereunder, you shall act on behalf of each of the Underwriters, and the parties hereto shall be entitled to act and rely upon any statement, request, notice or agreement on behalf of any Underwriter made or given by you jointly or by Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Barclays Capital Inc. on behalf of you as the representatives; and in all dealings with any Selling Stockholder hereunder, you and the Company shall be entitled to act and rely upon any statement, request, notice or agreement on behalf of such Selling Stockholder made or given by any or all of the Attorneys-in-Fact for such Selling Stockholder.

In accordance with the requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)), the Underwriters are required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies their respective clients, including the Company and the Selling Stockholders, which information may include the name and address of their respective clients, as well as other information that will allow the Underwriters to properly identify their respective clients.

All statements, requests, notices and agreements hereunder shall be in writing, and if to the Underwriters shall be delivered or sent by mail, telex or facsimile transmission to Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Eleven Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010-3629, Attention: IBCM-Legal and Barclays Capital Inc., 745 Seventh Avenue, New York, New York 10019, Attention: Syndicate Registration (Fax: (646) 834-8133); if to any Selling Stockholder shall be delivered or sent by mail, telex or facsimile transmission to counsel for such Selling Stockholder at its address set forth in Schedule IV hereto; if to the Company shall be delivered or sent by mail, telex or facsimile transmission to the address of the Company set forth on the cover of the Registration Statement, Attention: Secretary; and if to any stockholder that has delivered a lock-up letter described in Section 8(k) hereof shall be delivered or sent by mail to his or her respective address provided in Schedule IV hereto or such other address as such stockholder provides in writing to the Company.  Any such statements, requests, notices or agreements shall take effect upon receipt thereof.

25

14.      This Agreement shall be binding upon, and inure solely to the benefit of, the Underwriters, the Company and the Selling Stockholders and, to the extent provided in Sections 9 and 11 hereof, the officers and directors of the Company and each person who controls the Company, any Selling Stockholder or any officers and directors, control persons or affiliates of Underwriter, and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns, and no other person shall acquire or have any right under or by virtue of this Agreement.  No purchaser of any of the Shares from any Underwriter shall be deemed a successor or assign by reason merely of such purchase.

15.      Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement.  As used herein, the term “business day” shall mean any day when the Commission’s office in Washington, D.C. is open for business.

16.      The Company and the Selling Stockholders acknowledge and agree that (i) the purchase and sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement is an arm’s-length commercial transaction between the Company and the Selling Stockholders, on the one hand, and the several Underwriters, on the other, (ii) in connection therewith and with the process leading to such transaction each Underwriter is acting solely as a principal and not the agent or fiduciary of the Company or any Selling Stockholder, (iii) no Underwriter has assumed an advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company or any Selling Stockholder with respect to the offering contemplated hereby or the process leading thereto (irrespective of whether such Underwriter has advised or is currently advising the Company or any Selling Stockholder on other matters) or any other obligation to the Company or any Selling Stockholder except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement and (iv) the Company and each Selling Stockholder has consulted its own legal and financial advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate.  The Company and each Selling Stockholder agrees that it will not claim that the Underwriters, or any of them, has rendered advisory services of any nature or respect, or owes a fiduciary or similar duty to the Company or any Selling Stockholder, in connection with such transaction or the process leading thereto.

17.      This Agreement supersedes all prior agreements and understandings (whether written or oral) between the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the Underwriters, or any of them, with respect to the subject matter hereof.

18.      This Agreement and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or related to this agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

19.      The Company, each Selling Stockholder and each of the Underwriters hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.

20.      This Agreement may be executed by any one or more of the parties hereto in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument.

21.      Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company and the Selling Stockholders are authorized to disclose to any persons the U.S. federal and state income tax treatment and tax structure of the potential transaction and all materials of any kind (including tax opinions and other tax analyses) provided to the Company and the Selling Stockholders relating to that treatment and structure, without the Underwriters imposing any limitation of any kind.  However, any information relating to the tax treatment and tax structure shall remain confidential (and the foregoing sentence shall not apply) to the extent necessary to enable any person to comply with securities laws.  For this purpose, “tax structure” is limited to any facts that may be relevant to that treatment.

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If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please sign and return to us counterparts hereof, and upon the acceptance hereof by you, on behalf of each of the Underwriters, this letter and such acceptance hereof shall constitute a binding agreement among each of the Underwriters, the Company and each of the Selling Stockholders.  It is understood that your acceptance of this letter on behalf of each of the Underwriters is pursuant to the authority set forth in a form of Agreement among Underwriters, the form of which shall be submitted to the Company and the Selling Stockholders for examination, upon request, but without warranty on your part as to the authority of the signers thereof.

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Any person executing and delivering this Agreement as Attorney-in-Fact for a Selling Stockholder represents by so doing that he has been duly appointed as Attorney-in-Fact by such Selling Stockholder pursuant to a validly existing and binding Power of Attorney that authorizes such Attorney-in-Fact to take such action.

		Very truly yours,
		Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
		By:
			Name:
			Title:
		[Names of Selling Stockholders]
		By:
			Name:
			Title:
			As Attorney-in-Fact acting on behalf of each of the Selling Stockholders named in Schedule II to this Agreement.
Accepted as of the date hereof
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC
By:
	Name:
	Title:
Barclays Capital Inc.
By:
	Name:
	Title:
On behalf of each of the Underwriters

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SCHEDULE I

		Number of Optional
		Shares to be
	Total Number of	Purchased if
	Firm Shares	Maximum Option
Underwriter	to be Purchased	Exercised
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC
Barclays Capital Inc.
Goldman, Sachs & Co.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
William Blair & Company, L.L.C.
Leerink Partners LLC
Total

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SCHEDULE II-A

		Number of Optional
		Shares to be
	Total Number of	Sold if
	Firm Shares	Maximum Option
	to be Sold	Exercised
Advent—Cotiviti Acquisition Limited Partnership(a)
Advent—Cotiviti Acquisition II Limited Partnership(a)
Advent International GPE VI-C Limited Partnership(a)
Advent International GPE VI-D Limited Partnership(a)
Advent International GPE VI-E Limited Partnership(a)
Advent Partners GPE VI 2008 Limited Partnership(a)
Advent Partners GPE VI 2009 Limited Partnership(a)
Advent Partners GPE VI 2010 Limited Partnership(a)
Advent Partners GPE VI — A Limited Partnership(a)
Advent Partners GPE VI — A 2010 Limited Partnership(a)
Total

(a)       This Selling Stockholder is represented by Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, 767 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10153.

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SCHEDULE II-B

		Number of Optional
		Shares to be
	Total Number of	Sold if
	Firm Shares	Maximum Option
	to be Sold	Exercised
Collin Aloysius Alexander Family 2016 Irrevocable Trust(a)
Payton Elizabeth Alexander Family 2014 Irrevocable Trust(a)
Temerson Marie Alexander Family 2011 Irrevocable Trust(a)
Aaron J. Alexander Family 2010 Irrevocable Trust dated 09/09/2010(a)
Elizabeth Connolly Alexander(a)
The Catherine G. Connolly Gift Trust(a)
The J. Lawrence Connolly, Jr. Gift Trust(a)
Total

(a)       This Selling Stockholder is represented by Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP, Atlantic Station, 201 17th Street NW, Suite 1700, Atlanta, GA 30363 and has appointed J. Douglas Williams, Steve Senneff and Jonathan Olefson, and each of them, as Attorneys-in-Fact for such Selling Stockholder.

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SCHEDULE III

(a)       Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses not included in the Pricing Disclosure Package

None.

(b)       Additional documents incorporated by reference

None.

(c)       Information other than the Pricing Prospectus that comprise the Pricing Disclosure Package

The initial public offering price per share for the Shares is $ [ · ].

The number of Shares purchased by the Underwriters is [ · ].

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SCHEDULE IV

Name of Stockholder	Address
Advent—Cotiviti Acquisition Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent—Cotiviti Acquisition II Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent International GPE VI-C Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent International GPE VI-D Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent International GPE VI-E Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent Partners GPE VI 2008 Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent Partners GPE VI 2009 Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent Partners GPE VI 2010 Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent Partners GPE VI — A Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Advent Partners GPE VI — A 2010 Limited Partnership	c/o Advent Internal Corporation, 75 State Street, Boston, MA 02109
Milton Harbor View, LLC	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Collin Aloysius Alexander Family 2016 Irrevocable Trust	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Payton Elizabeth Alexander Family 2014 Irrevocable Trust	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Temerson Marie Alexander Family 2011 Irrevocable Trust	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Aaron J. Alexander Family 2010 Irrevocable Trust dated 09/09/2010	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Elizabeth Connolly Alexander	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
JL Connolly LLC	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
The Catherine G. Connolly Gift Trust	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
The J. Lawrence Connolly, Jr. Gift Trust	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
J. Douglas Williams	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Steve Senneff	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Mala Anand	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Kenneth Goulet	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Ruben Jose King-Shaw Jr.	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite

33

	700, Atlanta, GA 303346
James Parisi	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Douglas Present	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
David Swift	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
John Maldonado	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Christopher Pike	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
Jonathan Olefson	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346
The Arnold Olefson 2007 Personal Residence Trust, dated February 7, 2007	c/o Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., 115 Perimeter Center Place, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 303346

34

ANNEX II(a)

FORM OF OPINION OF
COUNSEL FOR THE COMPANY

35

ANNEX II(b)

FORM OF OPINION OF
COUNSEL FOR THE SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

36

ANNEX II(c)

FORM OF OPINION OF
IN-HOUSE COUNSEL FOR THE COMPANY

37

ANNEX III

[FORM OF LOCK-UP AGREEMENT]

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Lock-Up Agreement

[ · ], 2017

Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC,

Barclays Capital Inc.,

[As representatives of the several Underwriters

named in Schedule I to the Underwriting Agreement (the “Representatives”)],

c/o Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC

Eleven Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10010

c/o Barclays Capital Inc.

745 Seventh Avenue

New York, New York 10019

Re:  Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. - Lock-Up Agreement

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned understands that you, as representatives (the “Representatives”), propose to enter into an Underwriting Agreement on behalf of the several Underwriters named in Schedule I to such agreement (collectively, the “Underwriters”), with Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and the Selling Stockholders named in Schedule II-A and II-B to such agreement, providing for a public offering of shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 (the “Stock”) of the Company (the “Shares”) pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

In consideration of the agreement by the Underwriters to offer and sell the Shares, and of other good and valuable consideration the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the undersigned agrees that, without the prior written consent of the Representatives, during the period specified in the following paragraph (the “Stockholder Lock-Up Period”), the undersigned will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, grant any option to purchase, make any short sale or otherwise dispose of any shares of Stock of the Company, or any options or warrants to purchase any shares of Stock of the Company, or any securities convertible into, exchangeable for or that represent the right to receive shares of Stock of the Company, whether now owned or hereinafter acquired, owned directly by the undersigned (including holding as a custodian) or with respect to which the

undersigned has beneficial ownership within the rules and regulations of the SEC (collectively the “Undersigned’s Shares”) or publicly announce the intention to do any of the foregoing.  The foregoing restriction is expressly agreed to preclude the undersigned from engaging in any hedging or other transaction which is designed to or which reasonably could be expected to lead to or result in a sale or disposition of the Undersigned’s Shares even if such Shares would be disposed of by someone other than the undersigned.  Such prohibited hedging or other transactions would include without limitation any short sale or any purchase, sale or grant of any right (including without limitation any put or call option) with respect to any of the Undersigned’s Shares or with respect to any security that includes, relates to, or derives any significant part of its value from such Shares.

The Stockholder Lock-Up Period will commence on the date of this Lock-Up Agreement and continue for 90 days after the public offering date set forth on the final prospectus used to sell the Shares (the “Public Offering Date”) pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the undersigned may transfer the Undersigned’s Shares:

(i)as a bona fide gift or gifts;

(ii)to any beneficiary of the undersigned pursuant to a will, other testamentary document or intestate succession to the legal representatives, heirs, beneficiary or immediate family member of the undersigned;

(iii)to any trust, partnership, limited liability company or other entity for the direct for the direct or indirect benefit of the undersigned or the immediate family of the undersigned;

(iv)to any immediate family member or other dependent;

(v)as a distribution to limited partners, members or stockholders of the undersigned;

(vi)to the undersigned’s affiliates or to any investment fund or other entity controlled or managed by the undersigned;

(vii)to a nominee or custodian of a person or entity to whom a disposition or transfer would be permissible under clauses (i) through (vi) above;

(viii)pursuant to an order of a court or regulatory agency or to comply with any regulations related to the Undersigned’s ownership of Shares; provided that in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant this clause, any filing under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, reporting a reduction in beneficial ownership of shares of Stock, shall state that such transfer is pursuant to an order of a court or regulatory agency or to comply with any regulations related to the ownership of the Shares unless such a statement would be prohibited by any applicable law, regulation or order of a court or regulatory authority unless such a statement would be prohibited by any applicable law, regulation or order of a court or regulatory agency;

(ix)to the Company or its affiliates upon death, disability or termination of employment, in each case, of the Undersigned;

39

(x)to the Company or its affiliates (A) deemed to occur upon the cashless exercise of options or (B) for the primary purpose of paying the exercise price of such options or for paying taxes (including estimated taxes) due as a result of the exercise of such options or as a result of the vesting of Stock under restricted stock units or restricted stock awards, in each case pursuant to employee benefit plans disclosed in the Registration Statement; provided that the foregoing paragraphs shall apply to any securities issued upon such exercise and provided, further, that in the case of any transfer pursuant to this clause (x), if the undersigned is required to make a filing under the Exchange Act reporting a reduction in beneficial ownership of Shares during the 90-day period referred to above, the undersigned shall include a statement in such report to the effect that the purpose of such transfer was to cover tax obligations of the undersigned in connection with such exercise;

(xi)to the Underwriters in connection with the offering contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement;

(xii)in connection with transactions by any person other than the Company relating to Shares acquired in open market transactions after the completion of the offering contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement; or

(xiii)with the prior written consent of the Representatives on behalf of the Underwriters.

provided that, (1) in the case of each transfer or distribution pursuant to clauses (i) through (vii) above, each donee, trustee, distributee or transferee, as the case may be, agrees to be bound in writing by the restrictions set forth herein, (2) in the case of each transfer or distribution pursuant to clauses (v) through (vii) above, shall not involve a disposition for value and (3) in the case of each transfer or distribution pursuance to clauses (i), (iii) through (vi) and (xii) above, no filing under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act (other than a filing on Form 5) reporting a reduction in beneficial ownership of shares of Stock, shall be required or shall be voluntarily made during the Lock-Up Period. For purposes of this Lock-Up Agreement, “immediate family” shall mean any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, not more remote than first cousin.

In addition, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the undersigned is a corporation, the corporation may transfer the capital stock of the Company to any wholly-owned subsidiary of such corporation; provided, however, that in any such case, it shall be a condition to the transfer that the transferee execute an agreement stating that the transferee is receiving and holding such capital stock subject to the provisions of this Agreement and there shall be no further transfer of such capital stock except in accordance with this Agreement, and provided further that any such transfer shall not involve a disposition for value.  The undersigned now has, and, except as contemplated by clauses (i) through (xiii) above, for the duration of this Lock-Up Agreement will have, good and marketable title to the Undersigned’s Shares, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, and claims whatsoever.  The undersigned also agrees and consents to the entry of stop transfer instructions with the Company’s transfer agent and registrar against the transfer of the Undersigned’s Shares except in compliance with the foregoing restrictions.

The restrictions described in this Lock-Up Agreement shall not apply to (i) the establishment of a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, provided that no transfers occur under such plan during such Lock-Up Period and no public announcement or filing shall be required or voluntarily made by any person in connection therewith until after the expiration of the Lock-Up

40

Period and (ii) any transactions effectuated pursuant to a trading plan that satisfies all of the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act existing on the date hereof; provided that any filings made under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act in connection with any such transaction shall include a footnote indicating that the transaction was pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan.

This Lock-Up Agreement shall be terminated and the undersigned shall be released from its obligations hereunder upon the earlier of (i) the date the Registration Statement filed with the SEC with respect to the offering is withdrawn, (ii) the date on which for any reason the Underwriting Agreement is terminated (other than the provisions thereof that survive termination) prior to payment for and delivery of the Shares to be sold thereunder (other than pursuant to the Underwriters’ over-allotment option); (iii) April 30, 2017, if the offering is not completed by such date or (iv) the Company notifies the Representatives in writing prior to the execution of the Underwriting Agreement that it does not intend to proceed with the offering.

The undersigned understands that the Company and the Underwriters are relying upon this Lock-Up Agreement in proceeding toward consummation of the offering.  The undersigned further understands that this Lock-Up Agreement is irrevocable and shall be binding upon the undersigned’s heirs, legal representatives, successors, and assigns.

Very truly yours,

Exact Name of Shareholder

Authorized Signature

Title

41

EX-5.1

Exhibit 5.1

767 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10153-0119
+1 212 310 8000 tel
+1 212 310 8007 fax

March 6, 2017

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

115 Perimeter Center Place

Suite 700

Atlanta, GA 30346

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the preparation and filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-216239 (as amended, and including any subsequent registration statement on Form S-1 filed pursuant to Rule 462(b), the “Registration Statement”), under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), relating to the registration of the sale by the parties listed as selling stockholders (the “Selling Stockholders”) in the Registration Statement of the number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of the Company specified in the Registration Statement (together with any additional shares of Common Stock that may be sold by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Act, the “Shares”). The Shares are to be sold by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to an underwriting agreement among the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the underwriters named therein (the “Underwriting Agreement”), the form of which has been filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registration Statement.

In so acting, we have examined originals or copies (certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction) of (i) the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement; (ii) the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement; (iii) the Registration Statement; (iv) the prospectus contained within the Registration Statement; (v) the form of the Underwriting Agreement; (vi) the form of Common Stock certificate of the Company, incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement and (vii) such corporate records, agreements, documents and other instruments, and such certificates or comparable documents of public officials and of officers and representatives of the Company, and have made such inquiries of such officers and representatives, as we have deemed relevant and necessary as a basis for the opinion hereinafter set forth.

In such examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original

documents of all documents submitted to us as certified, conformed or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals of such latter documents. As to all questions of fact material to this opinion that have not been independently established, we have relied upon certificates or comparable documents of officers and representatives of the Company.

Based on the foregoing, and subject to the qualifications stated herein, we are of the opinion that the Shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

The opinion expressed herein is limited to the corporate laws of the State of Delaware and we express no opinion as to the effect on the matters covered by this letter of the laws of any other jurisdiction.

We hereby consent to the filing of this letter as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, to the incorporation by reference of this letter into any subsequent registration statement on Form S-1 filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Act with respect to the Shares and to the reference to our firm under the caption “Legal Matters” in the prospectus which is a part of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP

2

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors
Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

We consent to the use of our report dated February 23, 2017 with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and the related financial statement schedules all included herein and to the reference to our firm under the heading “Experts” in the prospectus.

/s/ KPMG LLP

New York, New York

March 6, 2017

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001657197
Document Type	S-1/A
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2016
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Pre-Effective Amendment Number	1

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 110,635	$ 149,365
Restricted cash	9,103	10,741
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $851 and $1,053 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and net of estimated allowance for refunds and appeals of $36,903 and $33,406 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively	67,735	78,856
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	14,957	24,044
Total current assets	202,430	263,006
Property and equipment, net	67,640	57,452
Goodwill	1,196,024	1,197,044
Intangible assets, net	533,305	594,410
Other long-term assets	2,864	2,176
TOTAL ASSETS	2,002,263	2,114,088
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	18,000	21,099
Customer deposits	9,103	10,741
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses	23,162	29,521
Accrued compensation costs	58,589	42,902
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	62,539	67,775
Total current liabilities	171,393	172,038
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt	762,202	1,012,971
Other long-term liabilities	8,799	12,199
Deferred tax liabilities	120,533	129,284
Total long-term liabilities	891,534	1,154,454
Total liabilities	1,062,927	1,326,492
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)	91	77
Additional paid-in capital	911,582	807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)	33,917	(14,935)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6,156)	(4,867)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)	(98)	(98)
Total stockholders' equity	939,336	787,596
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 2,002,263	$ 2,114,088

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 851	$ 1,053
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$ 41,020	$ 33,406
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	600,000,000	122,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	90,748,740	77,237,711
Common stock, shares outstanding	90,741,340	77,230,311
Treasury stock, shares	7,400	7,400

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Net revenue	$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation	229,601	183,817	164,552
Other costs of revenue	22,167	20,800	14,536
Total cost of revenue	251,768	204,617	179,088
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, stated separately below):
Compensation	97,123	70,802	49,777
Other selling, general and administrative expenses	59,561	65,943	42,760
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	156,684	136,745	92,537
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	20,151	12,695	7,416
Amortization of intangible assets	60,818	61,467	52,355
Transaction-related expenses	1,788	1,469	5,745
Impairment of intangible assets		27,826	74,034
Total operating expenses	491,209	444,819	411,175
Operating income	133,953	96,524	30,197
Other expense (income):
Interest expense	48,653	65,561	51,717
Loss on extinguishment of debt	16,417	4,084	21,524
Other non-operating (income) expense	(939)	(826)	(415)
Total other expense (income)	64,131	68,819	72,826
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	69,822	27,705	(42,629)
Income tax expense (benefit)	20,970	14,401	(16,804)
Income (loss) from continuing operations	48,852	13,304	(25,825)
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax		559
Net income (loss)	48,852	13,863	(25,825)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(923)	(667)	(1,293)
Change in available-for-sale securities		3
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	(366)	(2,345)	(623)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,289)	(3,009)	(1,916)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 47,563	$ 10,854	$ (27,741)
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.57	$ 0.17	$ (0.40)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	0.55	0.17	(0.40)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic (in dollars per share)		0.01
Diluted (in dollars per share)		0.01
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	0.57	0.18	(0.40)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.55	$ 0.18	$ (0.40)

XML

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	Treasury Stock	Total
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2013	$ 44	$ 366,094	$ (2,973)	$ 58		$ 363,223
Balance at beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2013	44,408,008
Change in Stockholders' Equity
Net income (loss)			(25,825)			(25,825)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	$ 33	435,111				435,144
Proceeds from issuance of common stock (in shares)	32,790,321
Stock-based compensation expense		2,492				2,492
Exercise of stock options		113			$ (98)	15
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	6,362				7,400
Other comprehensive loss, net				(1,916)		(1,916)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2014	$ 77	803,810	(28,798)	(1,858)	$ (98)	773,133
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014	77,204,691				7,400
Change in Stockholders' Equity
Net income (loss)			13,863			13,863
Stock-based compensation expense		3,399				3,399
Exercise of stock options		210				210
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	25,620
Other comprehensive loss, net				(3,009)		(3,009)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 77	807,419	(14,935)	(4,867)	$ (98)	$ 787,596
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015	77,230,311				7,400	77,230,311
Change in Stockholders' Equity
Net income (loss)			48,852			$ 48,852
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	$ 13	226,950				226,963
Proceeds from issuance of common stock (in shares)	12,936,038
Dividend		(150,000)				(150,000)
Stock-based compensation expense		22,954				22,954
Exercise of stock options	$ 1	4,259				4,260
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	574,991
Other comprehensive loss, net				(1,289)		(1,289)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 91	$ 911,582	$ 33,917	$ (6,156)	$ (98)	$ 939,336
Balance at end of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016	90,741,340				7,400	90,741,340

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 48,852	$ 13,863	$ (25,825)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Deferred income taxes	(7,735)	(11,832)	(46,873)
Depreciation and amortization	80,969	74,162	59,771
Stock-based compensation expense	22,954	3,399	2,492
Amortization of debt issuance costs	4,278	5,565	4,398
Accretion of asset retirement obligations	186	166	131
Loss on impairment of intangible assets		27,826	74,034
Loss on extinguishment of debt	16,417	4,084	21,524
Gain on discontinued operations		(900)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Restricted cash	1,638	9,486	(6,020)
Accounts receivable	11,121	(18,641)	6,709
Other current assets	7,905	(12,265)	(1,167)
Other long-term assets	(688)	98	160
Customer deposits	(1,638)	(9,486)	6,020
Accrued compensation	15,687	263	(38,844)
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses	(4,821)	(14,831)	5,694
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	(5,236)	(7,166)	33,303
Other long-term liabilities	109	(115)	105
Other	(827)	(522)	116
Net cash provided by operating activities	189,171	63,154	95,728
Cash flows from investing activities:
Expenditures for property and equipment	(35,213)	(22,982)	(19,014)
Business combinations, net of cash acquired			(1,072,614)
Other investing activities	1,181	401	108
Net cash used in investing activities	(34,032)	(22,581)	(1,091,520)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock	226,963		365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	4,243	210	32
Proceeds from issuance of debt	800,000		1,395,000
Dividends paid	(150,000)
Purchase of treasury shares			(18)
Payment of contingent consideration			(750)
Payment of debt issuance costs	(7,131)	(1,086)	(49,635)
Repayment of debt	(1,067,350)	(8,100)	(683,944)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(193,275)	(8,976)	1,025,872
Effect of foreign exchanges on cash and cash equivalents	(594)	(844)	(530)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(38,730)	30,753	29,550
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	149,365	118,612	89,062
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period	110,635	149,365	118,612
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	25,359	41,119	27,433
Cash paid for interest	43,227	60,238	46,530
Noncash investing activities (accrued property and equipment purchases)	$ 8,163	$ 12,949	947
Noncash acquisition of treasury stock			98
Noncash financing activities (accrued debt issuance costs)			$ 69,957

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Description of Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Description of Business

Description of Business

Note 1. Description of Business

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” “Cotiviti” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of analytics‑driven payment accuracy solutions, focused primarily on the healthcare sector. Our integrated solutions help clients enhance payment accuracy in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. We leverage our robust technology platform, configurable analytics, proprietary information assets and expertise in healthcare reimbursement to help our clients enhance their claims payment accuracy. We help our healthcare clients identify and correct payment inaccuracies. We work with over 40 healthcare organizations, including 20 of the 25 largest U.S. commercial, Medicaid and Medicare managed health plans, as well as CMS. We are also a leading provider of payment accuracy solutions to over 35 retail clients, including eight of the ten largest retailers in the United States.

We were founded as Connolly in 1979 as a provider of payment accuracy solutions to the retail industry and launched our retrospective claims accuracy solutions to the healthcare industry in 1998. Connolly was acquired by the funds managed by Advent in 2012. In May 2014, Connolly merged with iHealth Technologies which was founded in 2001. At the time of the merger, Connolly was a leading provider of retrospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers and retailers and iHealth Technologies was a leading provider of prospective claims accuracy solutions to U.S. healthcare providers. As a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, iHT and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries became our wholly owned subsidiaries. The results of operations for iHT are included in our consolidated financial statements as of and since May 14, 2014. Accordingly, comparability to other periods presented is impacted by the timing of the Connolly iHealth Merger. We have adopted a holding company structure and our primary domestic operations are performed through our wholly owned operating subsidiaries. We have international operations in Canada, the United Kingdom and India. We rebranded our company as “Cotiviti” in September 2015.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar are translated into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates effective during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income within stockholders’ equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries for which the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar are re-measured into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date, except nonmonetary assets and liabilities, which are re-measured at the historical exchange rates prevailing when acquired. Revenue and expenses are re-measured at average exchange rates effective during the year. Foreign currency translation gains and losses from re-measurement are included in other non-operating (income) expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The amounts of net gain (loss) on foreign currency re-measurement recognized were immaterial for all periods presented.

Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

We provide services under contracts that contain various fee structures, including performance fee‑based contracts and fixed fee arrangements. Revenue is recognized when a contract exists, services have been provided to the client, the fee is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.

We recognize revenue on performance fee-based contracts based upon the specific terms of the underlying contract. The contract terms generally specify: (a) time periods covered by the work to be performed; (b) nature and extent of services we are to provide; (c) the client’s duties in assisting and cooperating with us; and (d) fees payable to us. Our fees are most often expressed as a percentage of our findings. Generally, our services are rendered when our clients realize the economic benefits from our services. Our clients realize economic benefits when they take credits against their existing accounts payable based on when we identify cost savings, when they receive refund checks based on overpayments, or when they acknowledge payment reductions based on cost savings.

We derive a relatively small portion of revenue on contracts with fixed fee arrangements. We recognize revenue on these contracts ratably over the contract term and once all of the above criteria have been satisfied.

Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements of our revenue recognition policy, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record any such refund as a reduction of revenue. We record an estimate for refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by client type. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to accounts receivable or by cash payments to clients.

In addition to the refund liabilities, we calculate client specific reserves when we determine an additional reserve may be necessary.

The estimated liability for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which had already been received was $62,539 and $67,775 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The estimated allowance for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable was $41,020 and $33,406 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program, in which we are one of the four Medicare RACs for CMS, healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate are probable of being returned to CMS following a successful appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process.

This estimated liability for Medicare RAC appeals is an offset to revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The liability is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 8 for further information regarding the estimated liability for appeals related to the Medicare RAC program.

Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. Unbilled receivables were approximately $51,643 and $51,799 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times during the year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. Unbilled receivables of this nature were approximately $6,137 and $6,431 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We record periodic changes in unbilled receivables and refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue is a direct cost associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue related to compensation includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees in roles that serve to provide direct revenue generating services to clients. Other cost of revenue primarily includes expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional service firms, costs associated with the retrieval of medical records and facilities related costs associated with locations that are used strictly for revenue generating activities. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)

Compensation within SG&A includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees who do not have a direct role associated with revenue generation including those involved with developing new service offerings. Other SG&A expenses include all general operating costs. These costs include, but are not limited to, rent and occupancy costs for facilities associated with locations that are used for employees not serving in revenue generating roles, telecommunications costs, information technology infrastructure costs, software licensing costs, advertising and marketing expenses, costs associated with developing new service offerings and expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional services firms. Selling, general and administrative expenses do not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in other selling, general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Advertising expense was $1,345,  $1,241 and $1,294 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to fees yet to be collected, based on historical losses adjusted for current market conditions, our clients’ financial condition, the amount of any receivables in dispute, the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write offs for all periods presented have not been significant. We do not have any off balance sheet credit exposure related to our clients.

Investments

Investments, which were historically purchased on behalf of our nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan (See Note 19), consisted of money market securities and were classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair values (based primarily on quoted prices and market observable inputs) using the specific identification method, with the unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investments are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (See Note 3). Realized gains and losses and interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in other non-operating (income) expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are as follows:

Computer equipment	3	-	5	years
Software	2	-	5	years
Furniture and fixtures			7	years
Leasehold improvements				Lesser of remaining lease term or expected service life of improvement

We have asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at some of our facilities. We record a liability for the estimated costs of these AROs. The liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are initially measured at fair value and subsequently are adjusted for accretion expense and any changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows.

Internally Developed Software Costs

Capitalization of costs incurred in connection with software developed for internal use commences when both the preliminary project stage is completed and management has authorized further funding for the project, based on a determination that it is probable the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Capitalized costs are limited to (i) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining internal use software and (ii) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and devote time to the internal use software project. Capitalization of such costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. All other costs to develop software for internal use are expensed as incurred. We capitalized approximately $21,580 and $7,239 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of software and software development costs is calculated on a straight-line basis over the expected economic life of the software, generally estimated to be five years and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amortization expense for internal use software was $2,992,  $2,287 and $722 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes the write off of approximately $975 related to software that is no longer being used.

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets with definite lives include customer relationships and acquired software. Intangible assets with indefinite lives include a trademark, which is not being amortized and is tested for impairment on an annual basis or when events or changes in circumstances necessitate an evaluation for impairment. Intangible assets with definite lives are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangibles, generally on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from 6 to 14 years. Amortization expense is included in amortization of intangible assets in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets with definite lives, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as necessary. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future discounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate.

We recognized a $27,826 impairment charge on our trademark assets during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to a change in the estimated fair value of the trademark. We recognized a $74,034 impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the change in the estimated fair value of our CMS customer relationship intangible asset associated with the Medicare RAC. See Note 6 for further detail.

Goodwill

Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination which are not individually identified and separately recognized. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently if a triggering event occurs. These tests are performed at the reporting unit level. We have two reporting units, Healthcare and Global Retail and Other. We are permitted to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying the two step impairment test as required in ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. If we can support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then we would not need to perform the two step impairment test. If we cannot support such a conclusion, or we do not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Acquisitions

We account for acquisitions using the accounting for business combinations. The purchase price is allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on estimated fair values at the date of the acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded as goodwill.

Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows and discount rates.

Under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, any changes to acquired balances in tax accounts, including adjustments to deferred tax asset valuation allowances or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, which are recorded during the measurement period, and are determined to be attributable to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, are considered a measurement period adjustment and will result in an offsetting increase or decrease to goodwill. All other changes to deferred tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities related to uncertain tax positions will result in an increase or decrease to income tax expense.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as for tax attributes such as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we reduce the deferred tax asset valuation allowance and record a benefit in our provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We record liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”),  on the basis of a two step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accrued interest and penalties are included within accounts payable and accrued other expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Derivative Instruments

Our derivative instruments consist entirely of interest rate cap agreements, are stated at fair value and are included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses and other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets until the underlying hedged transactions are recognized in earnings, at which time any deferred hedging gains or losses are also recorded in earnings. See Note 10 for more information.

Stock-Based Compensation

Our policy is to issue new shares for purchases under our equity incentive plans as described in Note 15. Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on an award’s fair value. The determination of the stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is calculated using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and is affected by our stock price, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, expected term, risk free interest rate and expected dividends. We record forfeitures as they occur.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for service-based equity awards using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period.

We have awarded performance-based equity awards to certain employees and directors. Performance-based awards vested in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the executed award agreements. Consistent with the service-based equity awards, the vesting of performance-based equity awards was dependent upon the participant’s continued employment through the date the performance criteria were achieved. The criteria associated with our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable. As such, we recorded stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 based on the grant date fair value of the performance-based awards.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. See Note 8 for further detail on loss contingency related to the Medicare RAC.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other accrued liabilities reasonably approximate fair market value due to their nature and the short term maturity of these financial instruments. We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, we use a consistent fair value hierarchy framework as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Refer to Note 11 for more information regarding management’s fair value estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”),which is intended to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of the goodwill. Instead, an entity should compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value and should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and expect the adoption of this ASU could impact the disclosure of our cash flows from operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which addresses eight specific cash flow issues in order to reduce diversity in practice. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share based compensation. ASU 2016-09 changes several aspects of the accounting for share based payment award transactions, including 1) accounting for income taxes, 2) classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, 3) forfeitures, 4) minimum statutory tax withholding requirements and 5) classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes. We early adopted ASU 2016-09 during the third quarter of 2016, which did not result in any significant changes to our current or prior period consolidated financial statements. As a result of this adoption, we recorded an excess tax benefit of approximately $4,000 during the fourth quarter of 2016 related to stock option exercises. In conjunction with adopting ASU 2016-09, we also made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which changes the current financial instruments model primarily impacting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015‑17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, (“ASU 2015‑17”), which requires entities with a classified balance sheet to present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $32,919 of current deferred tax assets have been reclassified to long-term deferred tax liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but did reduce our calculation of working capital.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement (“ASU 2015-05”), which established guidance regarding the accounting for software licenses. ASU 2015-05 was effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. We prospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-05 as of January 1, 2016 and have not yet had any material contracts that were impacted by this new guidance.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015‑03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt and Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015‑03”), which establishes guidance to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability, consistent with debt discounts. Prior to the issuance of ASU 2015-03, debt issuance costs were required to be presented as an asset in the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $20,975 of debt issuance costs were reclassified in the consolidated balance sheet from debt issuance costs, net to long-term debt. The adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014‑09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within that reporting period. The FASB will permit companies to adopt the new standard early, but not before the original effective date of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

We have formed an internal team to evaluate and quantify the potential impact of this new revenue guidance. As of the date of this filing, we have made significant progress on our contract reviews and policy drafting. We will continue to evaluate this new guidance and plan to provide additional information about our method of adoption and the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in future filings.

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Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Investments

Investments

Note 3. Investments

Investments in marketable securities, all of which were classified as available-for-sale and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, were as follows:

	December 31, 2015
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Money market securities	$	1,178	$	3	$	—	$	1,181

There were no investments in marketable securities as of December 31, 2016.

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Acquisition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Acquisition

Acquisition

Note 4. Acquisition

On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. The Connolly iHealth Merger brought two market leaders together to offer clients a broad suite of claims accuracy solutions. This merger and related transaction expenses were funded through a cash investment by us and our stockholders as well as by additional borrowings. In addition to the cash funding related to the Connolly iHealth Merger, certain members of management received $69,957 in equity by rolling over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

As part of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we allocated the purchase price to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities was recorded as goodwill. Goodwill represents the value of the acquired assembled workforce, specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies, none of which qualify as separate intangible assets. We believe these specialized processes and procedures and operating synergies will enhance our long history of innovation in improving our existing solutions, developing new solutions and expanding the scope of our services at both legacy companies. As a result of the Connolly iHealth Merger, we have cross sell opportunities across more than half of our healthcare client base and are actively engaging with existing clients to cross sell our solutions.

We determined the estimated fair values of intangible assets acquired using estimates of future discounted cash flows to be generated by the business over the estimated duration of those cash flows. We based the estimated cash flows on our projections of future revenue, operating expenses, capital expenditures, working capital needs and tax rates. We estimated the duration of the cash flows based on the projected useful lives of the assets acquired. The discount rate was determined based on specific business risk, cost of capital and other factors.

The estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, after the effect of final adjustments related to the accounting for business combinations within the measurement period as described below, at the date of the Connolly iHealth Merger were as follows:

	May 14, 2014
Cash	$	62,218
Accounts receivable		34,830
Prepaid expenses and other assets		5,516
Other long-term assets		1,237
Property and equipment		7,594
Intangible assets		543,200
Total identifiable assets acquired		654,595
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		82,095
Deferred tax liabilities		195,948
Other long-term liabilities		904
Total liabilities assumed		278,947
Net identifiable assets acquired		375,648
Goodwill		829,141
Net assets acquired	$	1,204,789

The $543,200 of acquired intangible assets are subject to a weighted average useful life of approximately 13.3 years. These definite lived intangible assets include a registered trademark of $8,600  (11 year useful life), customer relationships of $486,700  (14 year useful life) and acquired software of $47,900  (7 year useful life).

For federal income tax purposes, the Connolly iHealth Merger was treated as a stock acquisition. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for income tax purposes.

In connection with the acquisition, a preliminary liability of $21,291 was recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 for payments due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies These amounts were finalized and no other adjustments were made to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period in 2015 as additional information was received by management resulting in a total liability due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies of $22,270 and a corresponding increase to goodwill of $979. The payment in full was made to the former stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2015.

We recorded $5,745 of transaction costs primarily related to professional services associated with the Connolly iHealth Merger as transaction-related expenses within our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the year ended December 31, 2014.

We consolidated the results of operations of the acquired business as of and from May 14, 2014. The following are unaudited pro forma results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014, and does not give effect to any estimated and potential cost savings or other operating efficiencies that may result from the Connolly iHealth Merger.

These unaudited pro forma results are for comparative purposes only and may not be indicative of the results that would have occurred had this acquisition been completed on January 1, 2014 or the results that would be attained in the future.

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2014
	(unaudited)
Net revenue	$	505,961
Operating income		57,533
Net loss		(18,752)
Basic loss per share	$	(0.24)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment by major asset class for the periods presented consisted of the following:

	December 31,
	2016		2015
Computer equipment	$	40,349	$	31,496
Software		42,614		26,412
Furniture and fixtures		8,652		7,916
Leasehold improvements		4,392		3,488
Projects in progress		12,001		10,434
Property and equipment, gross	$	108,008	$	79,746
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		40,368		22,294
Property and equipment, net	$	67,640	$	57,452

In December 2015, we purchased a perpetual software license, which is included in the software total above. We are paying for this software over a two year period ending in January 2018. As such, there is approximately $3,351 and $2,952 included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses and $3,225 and $6,340 included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The amounts included in other long-term liabilities represents the present value of payments that will ultimately be made.

Total depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, including capitalized software costs, was $20,151,  $12,695 and $7,416 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

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Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Note 6. Intangible Assets

Intangible asset balances by major asset class for the periods presented were as follows:

									Weighted
	Gross						Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated				Carrying		Amortization
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Amount		Period
December 31, 2016:
Customer relationships	$	640,052	$	144,768	$	—	$	495,284	13.7	years
Acquired software		82,400		48,579		—		33,821	6.2	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	726,652	$	193,347	$	—	$	533,305	12.8	years
December 31, 2015:
Customer relationships	$	640,503	$	97,857	$	—	$	542,646	13.7	years
Acquired software		82,400		34,836		—		47,564	6.2	years
Connolly trademark		24,500		—		20,300		4,200	indefinite-lived
iHealth trademark		8,600		1,074		7,526		—	11.0	years
Total	$	756,003	$	133,767	$	27,826	$	594,410	12.8	years

Amortization expense was $60,818,  $61,467 and $52,355 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

As a result of our rebranding in September 2015, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27,826 related to our legacy trademarks during the year ended December 31, 2015. The remaining trademark value as of December 31, 2016 of $4,200 is related to our retail business that we continue to operate as Connolly, a division of Cotiviti.

As of December 31, 2016 amortization expense for the next 5 years is expected to be:

2017	$	57,824
2018		53,894
2019		53,894
2020		53,894
2021		49,572

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Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill

Goodwill

Note 7. Goodwill

Total goodwill in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $1,196,024 and $1,197,044 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 as allocated to each of our Healthcare and Global Retail and Other segments was as follows:

	December 31, 2016				December 31, 2015
			Global Retail				Global Retail
	Healthcare		and Other		Healthcare		and Other
Beginning balance	$	1,147,771	$	49,273	$	1,147,396	$	49,957
Purchase price adjustments		—		—		979		—
Foreign currency translation and other		—		(1,020)		(604)		(684)
Ending balance	$	1,147,771	$	48,253	$	1,147,771	$	49,273

There was no impairment related to goodwill for any period presented.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

We are obligated under non cancellable lease agreements for certain facilities and equipment, which frequently include renewal options and escalation clauses. For leases that contain predetermined fixed escalations, we recognize the related rent expense on a straight-line basis and record the difference between the recognized rent expense and amounts payable under the lease as lease obligations. Lease obligations due within one year are included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We lease certain facilities and equipment under non cancelable leases that expire at various points through 2029. Rent expense was $10,529,  $8,826 and $7,202 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Future minimum payments under non cancelable operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2016 were as follows:

Year ending December 31:
2017	$	9,262
2018		7,227
2019		4,038
2020		2,907
2021		2,034
2022 - 2029		8,257
Total minimum lease payments	$	33,725

Legal and Other Matters

We may be involved in various legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While any legal proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty, management believes the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

Medicare RAC Contract Contingency

In August 2014, CMS announced it would allow providers to remove all eligible claims currently pending in the appeals process by offering to pay hospitals 68% of the original claim amount. This settlement was offered to the providers and it was unknown what, if any, impact there would be for the Medicare RACs. On July 1, 2015, CMS issued a Technical Direction Letter to the Medicare RACs, including us, indicating that Medicare RACs will only be entitled to the contract contingency fee on the settled amounts of the claims, or 32% of the original inpatient claim amounts. Based on the initial lists of finalized settlements provided by CMS, we would be required to refund CMS approximately $22,308 due to the related adjustments in Medicare RAC contingency fees. CMS further advised that as the hospital settlement project continues, additional settlement lists will be matched to Medicare RAC claims which may result in updated refund amounts to those initially provided. While there are uncertainties in any dispute resolution and results are uncertain, we have disputed CMS’s findings based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract and our belief that the backup data provided by CMS is inaccurate and/or incomplete. Our liability for estimated refunds and appeals includes amounts for these settled claims based on our best estimates of the amount we believe will be ultimately payable to CMS based on our interpretation of the terms of the Medicare RAC contract. We believe that it is possible that we could be required to pay an additional amount up to approximately $13,000 in excess of the amount we accrued as of December 31, 2016 based on the claims data we have received from CMS to date. As CMS completes its settlement process with the providers and updated files are provided to us, the potential amount owed by us may change. On September 28, 2016, CMS announced a second settlement process to allow eligible providers to settle their inpatient claims currently under appeal beginning December 1, 2016. This second settlement process could result in additional amounts owed to CMS. The amount of any such additional claims cannot presently be determined.

Asset Retirement Obligations

We have AROs arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at some of our facilities. Changes in the carrying amount of AROs were as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
Balance beginning of period	$	2,415	$	2,055
Additional ARO liability		133		207
Accretion expense		177		153
Balance at end of period	$	2,725	$	2,415

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Long-term Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Long-term Debt

Long-term Debt

Note 9. Long‑term Debt

In September 2016, we entered into and executed the Restated Credit Agreement, which replaced our then outstanding Initial Secured Credit Facilities, lowered total debt outstanding by $22,700 and provided for lower applicable interest rates. The Restated Credit Agreement consists of (a) the First Lien Term A Loan in the amount of $250,000, (b) the First Lien Term B Loan in the amount of $550,000 and (c) the Revolver in the amount of up to $100,000. As a result of this refinancing, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9,349 during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

In June 2016, we repaid $223,000 in outstanding principal under our then outstanding Initial Second Lien Credit Facility using proceeds from our IPO. We also made a voluntary prepayment of $13,100 of outstanding principal under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility. As a result of these repayments, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $7,068 during the year ended December 31, 2016, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

In May 2015, we entered into and executed the First and Second Amendments to the then outstanding Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, which, among other things, provided for lower applicable interest rates associated with the Initial First Lien Credit Facilities by 50 basis points. As a result, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,084 during the year ended December 31, 2015, which is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Long‑term debt for the periods presented was as follows:

	December 31,
	2016		2015
First Lien Term A Loan(a)	$	246,694	$	—
First Lien Term B Loan(b)		544,345		—
Revolver(c)		—		—
Initial First Lien Term Loan(d)		—		792,167
Initial Second Lien Credit Facility(e)		—		262,878
Initial First Lien Revolver(f)		—		—
Total debt		791,039		1,055,045
Less: debt issuance costs		10,837		20,975
Less: current portion		18,000		21,099
Total long-term debt	$	762,202	$	1,012,971

(a) The First Lien Term A  Loan matures on September 28, 2021 and requires quarterly principal payments of $3,125 for the fourth quarter of 2016, $3,125 per quarter in 2017 and 2018, $4,688 per quarter in 2019, $6,250 per quarter in 2020 and $9,375 per quarter for the first two quarters of 2021. The remainder of the outstanding First Lien Term A  Loan borrowings are due on September 28, 2021. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment will be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application is provided by us. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term A  Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement), 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) the LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one,  two,  three or six months, at the election of the borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months’ duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months’s duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(b) The First Lien Term B  Loan matures on September 28, 2023 and requires quarterly principal payments of $1,375 with all remaining borrowings due on September 28, 2023. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term B  Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus 1.75% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) 1.75%. LIBOR is equal to the higher of (a) the published LIBOR or (b) 0.75%. If our corporate credit rating from Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. is Ba3 or better and our corporate family rating from Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC is BB- or better, the margin will be reduced by 0.25% per annum for as long as such ratings are maintained. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one,  two,  three or six months, at the election of the borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months’ duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months’s duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(c) The Revolver expires on September 28, 2021. Interest for any borrowings under the Revolver is payable over one,  two,  three or six months at our election. A commitment fee is payable quarterly based on the unused portion of the Revolver commitment which ranges from 0.30% to 0.50% per annum based on certain financial tests. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Revolver bear interest at either (a) ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2016. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(d) The Initial First Lien Term Loan, as amended, expired May 2021 and required quarterly principal payments of $2,025. The quarterly principal payment could be reduced by any amounts of mandatory prepayment. Any mandatory prepayment would be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application was provided by us. Interest on the Initial First Lien Term Loan was payable over periods of one,  two,  three or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.50% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.50% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.50% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.25%, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.25%.

(e) The Initial Second Lien Credit Facility expired May 2022 with the total principal balance due at maturity. Interest on the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility was payable over periods of one,  two,  three, or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 6.00% for ABR Loans or (b) LIBOR plus 7.00% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50% (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 8.00% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 5.75% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 6.75% for LIBOR Loans.

(f) The Initial First Lien Revolver expired May 2019 with interest payable over periods of one,  two,  three or six months at the election of the borrower. A commitment fee was payable quarterly based on the daily unused portion of the Initial First Lien Revolver balance which ranged from an annual rate of 0.375% to 0.50% based on certain financial tests. The commitment fee was 0.375% at December 31, 2015. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Revolver bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 1.75% to 2.25% for ABR Loans based on certain financial tests or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% to 3.25% for LIBOR Loans based on certain financial tests. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; or (c) the Prime Rate. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) the LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.00% at December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015 we had $3,526 letters of credit outstanding which reduce the amount available for borrowing. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Initial First Lien Revolver as of December 31, 2015.

The Restated Credit Agreement includes certain binding affirmative and negative covenants, including delivery of financial statements and other reports, maintenance of existence and transactions with affiliates. The negative covenants restrict our ability, among other things, to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, sell or otherwise dispose of assets or enter into a merger, pay dividends or repurchase stock. As a result of these restrictions, approximately 80% of the subsidiary net assets are deemed restricted as of December 31, 2016. Refer to Schedule I Condensed Financial Information of Parent. Beginning December 31, 2016, there is a required financial covenant applicable only to the Revolver and the First Lien Term A  Loan, pursuant to which we agree not to permit our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement) to exceed 5.50:1.00 through September 2018, 5.25:1.00 through September 2019 and 5.00:1.00 through June 2021. In addition, the Restated Credit Agreement includes certain events of default including payment defaults, failure to perform affirmative covenants, failure to refrain from actions or omissions prohibited by negative covenants, the inaccuracy of representations or warranties, bankruptcy and insolvency related defaults and a change of control default. We were in compliance with all such covenants as of December 31, 2016 and similar affirmative and negative covenants applicable to our then outstanding credit facilities as of December 31, 2015.

The Restated Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments based upon annual excess cash flows commencing with the year ended December 31, 2017. The mandatory prepayment is contingently payable based on an annual excess cash flow calculation as defined within the Restated Credit Agreement. 

As of December 31, 2016, the expected aggregate maturities of long‑term debt for each of the next five years are as follows:

	December 31,
	2016
2017	$	18,000
2018		18,000
2019		24,250
2020		30,500
2021		183,625
Thereafter		521,125
Total	$	795,500

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Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Note 10. Derivative Instruments

We are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates on our long‑term debt. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in the 3‑month LIBOR through the use of interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. We are meeting our objective by hedging the risk of changes in cash flows related to changes in LIBOR by capping the interest on our floating rate debt linked to LIBOR to approximately 3%. We do not utilize derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.

As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $540,000 and $630,000, respectively, in notional debt outstanding related to these interest rate caps, which cover quarterly interest payments through September 2019. The notional amount decreases over time. Refer to Note 9 for more information regarding the debt outstanding related to these agreements.

All of our outstanding interest rate cap contracts qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Cash flow hedge accounting treatment allows for gains and losses on the effective portion of qualifying hedges to be deferred in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income until the underlying transaction occurs, rather than recognizing the gains and losses on these instruments in earnings during each period they are outstanding. When the actual interest payments are made on our variable rate debt as described in Note 9 and the related derivative contract settles, any effective portion of realized interest rate hedging derivative gains and losses previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is recognized in interest expense. We recognized interest expense of $283 and $105 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We did not recognize any interest expense related to interest rate caps during the year ended December 31, 2014. 

Ineffectiveness results, in certain circumstances, when the change in total fair value of the derivative instrument differs from the change in the fair value of our expected future cash outlays for the related interest payment and is recognized immediately in interest expense. There was no ineffectiveness recorded during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Likewise, if the hedge does not qualify for hedge accounting, the periodic changes in its fair value are recognized in the period of the change in interest expense. All cash flows related to our interest rate cap agreements are classified as operating cash flows.

Any outstanding derivative instruments expose us to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the agreements, but we do not expect that the counterparty will fail to meet their obligations. The amount of such credit exposure is generally the positive fair value of our outstanding contracts. To manage credit risks, we select counterparties based on credit assessments, limit our overall exposure to any single counterparty and monitor the market position of any counterparty.

The table below reflects quantitative information related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and where these amounts are recorded in our consolidated financial statements as of the period presented:

	December 31,
	2016		2015
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	1,729	$	2,310
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		1,065		1,086
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(1,783)		(283)

We record deferred hedge premiums which are being paid over the life of the hedge in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income until the related hedge ultimately settles and interest payments are made on the underlying debt. As of December 31, 2016, we have made payments of $2,581 related to these deferred premiums. We expect to pay an additional $3,813 in deferred premiums through 2019 related to our outstanding interest rate cap agreements which is reflected in the fair value of these derivatives in the table above.

Comprehensive (loss) income includes changes in the fair value of our interest rate cap agreements which qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in other comprehensive (loss) income for the periods presented related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges were as follows:

Balance, January 1, 2014	$	—
Reclassifications in earnings		—
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $476		(623)
Balance, December 31, 2014		(623)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $40		65
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $1,360		(2,410)
Balance, December 31, 2015		(2,968)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $107		176
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $319		(542)
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(3,334)

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Note 11. Fair Value Measurements

We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. Authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value whereby inputs are assigned a hierarchical level. The hierarchical levels are:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2: Observable prices, other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

The following table summarizes our financial instruments measured at fair value within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	December 31, 2016						December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,181	$	—	$	—
Liabilities
Long-term debt		—		—		791,038		—		—		1,055,045
Interest rate cap agreements		—		2,794		—		—		3,396		—
Total	$	—	$	2,794	$	791,038	$	1,181	$	3,396	$	1,055,045

Investments are classified as available‑for‑sale and carried at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2015, our investments consisted of money market securities valued using quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets. As of December 31, 2016,  we did not hold any investments in available-for-sale securities.

The fair value of our private debt is determined based on fluctuations in current interest rates, the trends in market yields of debt instruments with similar credit ratings, general economic conditions and other quantitative and qualitative factors. The carrying value of our debt approximates its fair value.

The fair value of the interest rate cap agreements is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected variable cash receipts that would occur if interest rates rose above the strike rate of the caps. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including period to maturity and remaining deferred premium payments, and uses observable market‑based inputs, including interest rates and implied volatilities. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rates. As such, the estimated fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 12. Income Taxes

Total income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)
Income tax expense from discontinued operations		—		341		—
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,742	$	(16,804)

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes includes the following components:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
U.S. operations	$	66,838	$	27,605	$	(45,203)
Foreign operations		2,984		100		2,574
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	69,822	$	27,705	$	(42,629)

The income tax expense (benefit) that is attributable to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Current:
U.S. federal	$	26,734	$	20,382	$	25,136
State and local		613		4,822		4,091
Foreign		1,358		1,029		842
Current income tax expense		28,705		26,233		30,069
Deferred
U.S. federal		(5,858)		(12,584)		(42,047)
State and local		(1,825)		798		(4,826)
Foreign		(52)		(46)		—
Deferred income tax benefit		(7,735)		(11,832)		(46,873)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)

The factors accounting for the variation in our overall effective tax rates from continuing operations compared to U.S. statutory income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate	$	24,438	$	9,697	$	(14,920)
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit		556		3,922		(2,167)
Non-deductible costs		779		1,070		815
Stock-based compensation		(4,000)		—		—
Unrecognized tax positions		(1,397)		508		(240)
Other		594		(796)		(292)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)

Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations was 30.0%,  52.0% and 39.4% for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 is primarily due to a $1,300 tax benefit related to the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded in a prior period, a  $4,000 excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises resulting from the early adoption of ASU 2016-09 and a $1,122 tax benefit from the implementation of certain tax planning. The increase in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014 is primarily due to changes in uncertain tax positions, an increase in non-deductible costs, an increase in the valuation allowance and the impact of a state deferred tax remeasurement as a result of new statutory regulations.

In general, it is our practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non branch foreign subsidiaries in those operations on an indefinite basis. Such amounts may become subject to U.S. taxation upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. Due to our intent to reinvest such amounts indefinitely, the taxation of these amounts in the U.S. is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future and therefore no deferred tax liability has been recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 the amounts considered indefinitely reinvested were $8,065,  $5,910 and $4,610, respectively. If the earnings were not considered indefinitely reinvested under current law, the tax on such earnings would be approximately $1,891,  $1,386 and $1,081 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The net deferred taxes below are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a long-term net deferred tax liability of $120,533 at December 31, 2016 and a long-term net deferred tax liability of $129,284 at December 31, 2015.

The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2015
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts and estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	34,794	$	35,174
Accrued compensation		2,185		540
Deferred rent		149		156
Stock-based compensation		10,381		2,960
Tax credit and net operating loss carryforward		652		1,652
Other deductible temporary differences		5,077		6,353
Gross deferred tax assets		53,238		46,835
Less: valuation allowance		(199)		(440)
Total deferred tax assets		53,039		46,395
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unbilled receivables and other liabilities		(2,307)		(2,435)
Intangibles and goodwill		(154,528)		(161,099)
Property and equipment		(10,795)		(8,706)
Software development costs		(2,603)		(1,998)
Other taxable temporary differences		(3,339)		(1,441)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(173,572)		(175,679)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(120,533)	$	(129,284)

We have federal net operating loss carryforwards of $1,297 which will expire in 2029. In addition, we have a foreign net operating loss of $1,183 with an unlimited carryforward. All state net operating losses were utilized in the prior year.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, a valuation allowance of $199 and $440, respectively, has been recorded to reflect the portion of the deferred tax asset that is not more likely than not to be realized. The decrease in the valuation allowance relates to changes from statutory tax filings for the year ended December 31, 2015. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.

Due to change of ownership provisions in the Internal Revenue Code, use of a portion of our domestic net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will be limited in future periods. Further, a portion of the carryforwards may expire before being applied to reduce future income tax liabilities.

ASC 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainties in income tax law. This interpretation prescribes a comprehensive model for financial statement recognition measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. ASC 740 requires that the tax effects of an uncertain tax position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained by the taxing authority as of the reporting date.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2015
Unrecognized tax benefits — January 1	$	4,937	$	4,324
Increase for tax positions taken in prior period		67		619
Increase for tax positions taken in current period		203		694
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior period		(508)		—
Decrease for tax positions taken in current period		(43)		(146)
Decrease related to lapse in statute of limitations		(96)		(554)
Decrease related to settlement of positions taken in prior periods		(1,989)		—
Unrecognized tax benefits — December 31	$	2,571	$	4,937

The majority of the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, would affect the effective tax rate if recognized.

The total uncertain tax positions expected to reverse in the next 12 months is approximately $2,301 and $194 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, due to lapse of statute of limitations. The current year change in uncertain tax positions is primarily the result of the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded during a prior period.

The total penalty and interest incurred, relating to uncertain tax positions, for years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $424,  $920 and $583, respectively. We include interest and penalties as tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We file income taxes with the U.S. federal government and various state and foreign jurisdictions.  We are currently under audit with the Internal Revenue Service for the tax year ended December 31, 2014. In addition we are currently under audit for iHealth Technologies for the tax years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2013 and May 13, 2014. We operate in a number of state and local jurisdictions and as such are subject to state and local income tax examinations based upon various statutes of limitations in each jurisdiction. We are currently under audit by the State of New York for the tax year ended December 31, 2014 and for iHealth Technologies for the tax years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2013 and May 13, 2014.

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Stockholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity

Note 13. Stockholders’ Equity

Issuance of Common Stock

On May 13, 2016 our certificate of incorporation was amended and the number of shares of common stock authorized to be issued by Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. was increased from 122,000,000 to 600,000,000.

On May 25, 2016 we consummated our IPO in which we issued and sold a total of 12,936,038 shares of common stock, including a portion of the underwriter overallotment, at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $226,963 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $18,822.

In May 2014, a total of 32,790,321 shares of common stock were issued for a total fair value of $435,144 in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger. Of this amount, $365,187 was received in cash and $69,957 was issued to certain members of the former iHealth Technologies management as they either rolled over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or received equity in lieu of incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

A summary of the current rights and preferences of holders of our common stock are as follows:

Voting

Common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share of common stock held on all matters on which such common stockholder is entitled to vote.

Dividends

Common stockholders are eligible to receive dividends on common stock held when funds are available and as approved by the Board. The Restated Credit Agreement contains certain negative covenants that may restrict our ability to pay dividends. In addition, Delaware law may restrict the Board’s ability to declare dividends.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of liquidation or dissolution, common stockholders are entitled to receive all assets available for distribution to stockholders.

Registration Rights

The Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement entered into as of June 1, 2016 in connection with our IPO contains (i) demand registration rights for Advent, subject to a cap of two requests in any 12 month period; (ii) piggy-back registration rights for any stockholder holding at least $500 worth of shares (each, a “Holder”), subject to a pro rata reduction if the total amount of shares requested to be included exceeds the amount of securities which in the opinion of the underwriters can be sold; and (iii) shelf registration rights for Holders, subject to a required anticipated aggregate offering price, net of selling expenses, of $5,000 subject to a cap of two requests for shelf registrations, for all Holders in the aggregate, in any 12 month period. Holders that are capable of selling all of their registrable securities pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act in a single transaction without timing or volume limitations do not have piggy-back registration rights. We will be responsible for fees and expenses in connection with the registration rights, other than underwriters’ discounts and brokers’ commissions, if any, relating to any such registration and offering.

Common Stock Split

On May 13, 2016 we effected a 6.1-for-1 stock split of all outstanding shares of our common stock. All share, option and per share information presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis for all periods presented and all share information is rounded up to the nearest whole share after reflecting the stock split.

Common Stock Dividends

On May 25, 2016 we paid a Special Cash Dividend of $150,000, or $1.94 per share of common stock outstanding prior to the IPO, to holders of record of our common stock on the dividend record date. In connection with the Special Cash Dividend we lowered the exercise price of then outstanding stock options by $1.94 per share in order to preserve the intrinsic value of the options giving effect to the Special Cash Dividend.

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Earnings per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Note 14. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, potentially dilutive outstanding shares consisted solely of our stock-based awards. Our potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of the options and vesting of restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. For all periods presented, all outstanding common stock consisted of a single‑class.

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed as follows:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		85,053,890		77,216,133		65,253,954
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards		3,524,302		425,255		—
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		88,578,192		77,641,388		65,253,954
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.17	$	(0.40)
Diluted		0.55		0.17		(0.40)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic	$	—	$	0.01	$	—
Diluted		—		0.01		—
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.18	$	(0.40)
Diluted		0.55		0.18		(0.40)

Employee stock options and RSUs that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect is anti‑dilutive for the periods presented were as follows:

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016	2015	2014
Employee stock-based awards	341,054	2,035,332	2,536,960

The criteria associated with all of our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the applicable award agreements, were satisfied as of September  30, 2016 and, as a result, outstanding performance-based stock options were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2016. Performance-based stock options of 2,794,910 and 2,487,275 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share as the vesting conditions had not yet been satisfied.

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Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Note 15. Stock‑Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In 2012, we adopted the 2012 Plan pursuant to which our Board of Directors (or committee as designated by the Board of Directors) may grant options to purchase shares of our stock, restricted stock and certain other equity awards to directors, officers and key employees. We only granted stock options that can be settled in shares of our common stock under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan had a total of 7,243,330 shares authorized for issuance. Upon completion of the IPO in May 2016, issuances under the 2012 Plan were suspended. At that time we adopted the 2016 Plan (collectively with the 2012 Plan, the “Equity Plans”), pursuant to which our Board of Directors (or a committee or sub-committee designated by the Board of Directors) may grant options to purchase shares of our stock, restricted stock and certain other equity awards to directors, officers and key employees. The 2016 Plan was established with the authorization for grants of up to 5,490,000 shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock.

No stock options were granted under the 2012 Plan after December 31, 2015. Awards granted under the 2012 Plan will remain outstanding until the earlier of exercise, forfeiture, cancellation or expiration. To the extent outstanding options under the 2012 Plan are forfeited, cancelled or terminated, the common stock subject to such options will be available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016, there are no shares available for future issuance under the 2012 Plan as it was discontinued upon adoption of the 2016 Plan. As of December 31, 2016 the total number of shares available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan is 5,277,451.

Stock Options

Under the terms of the 2016 Plan, we may issue options to purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 100% of the market price on the date of grant. Issuances under the 2012 Plan, prior to its suspension, were under terms similar to issuances under the 2016 Plan. Stock options granted are subject to either time of service (service-based awards) or performance (performance-based awards) criteria. Service-based awards typically vest ratably over a five year service period from the date of grant under the 2012 Plan and typically vest ratably over a four year service period from the date of grant under the 2016 Plan. In the event of a change in control, any outstanding, unvested service-based awards will vest immediately. Performance-based awards vest in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the executed award agreements. The term of any stock option shall not exceed ten years from the date of grant. However, an incentive stock option granted to an employee who, at the time of grant, owns stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of our stock may not have a term exceeding five years from the date of grant.

The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Equity Plans:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015
		Weighted			Weighted
		average			average
		exercise			exercise
	Shares	price		Shares	price
Outstanding at beginning of period	6,441,527	$	9.59	5,024,234	$	7.98
Granted	273,759		19.59	1,997,964		13.76
Exercised	(574,991)		7.41	(25,620)		6.26
Forfeited	(127,233)		12.92	(555,051)		10.16
Expired	(15,690)		13.60	—		—
Outstanding at end of period	5,997,372	$	10.18	6,441,527	$	9.59

							Average
		Weighted			Weighted		Remaining
	Service-	average		Performance-	average		Contractual	Aggregate
	based	exercise		based	exercise		Term	Intrinsic
	Shares	price		Shares	price		(in years)	Value
Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2016	3,609,485	$	10.77	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.30	$	145,270
Stock options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2016	1,878,538	$	9.04	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.00	$	107,617

The criteria associated with 2,746,592 of our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between our estimated fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in the money options. The fair value per share of common stock was $34.40 as of December 31, 2016 based upon the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $15,521 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2015. The total fair value of stock options vested was $22,453,  $2,450 and $2,000 during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs provide participants the right to receive a payment based on the value of a share of common stock. RSUs may be subject to vesting requirements, restrictions and conditions to payment. Such requirements may be based on the continued service for a specified time period or on the attainment of specified performance goals as specified in the award agreements. RSUs are payable in cash or in shares or a combination of both. Under the terms of the Equity Plans, RSUs have a grant date fair value equal to the closing price of our stock on the grant date. The units typically vest ratably over a four year service period. We began issuing RSUs upon adoption of the 2016 Plan; no RSUs were issued under the 2012 Plan.

The following is a summary of RSU activity under the 2016 Plan:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016
		Weighted
		average
		grant date
	Shares	fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period	—	$	—
Granted	67,295		25.88
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at end of period	67,295	$	25.88

Stock Compensation Expense

The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The expected term of the option represents the period the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We use the simplified method under the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, for estimating the expected term of the options. Since our shares were not publicly traded until May 2016 and were rarely traded privately, at the time of each grant, there was insufficient volatility data available. Accordingly, we calculate expected volatility using comparable peer companies with publicly traded shares over a term similar to the expected term of the options issued. We do not intend to pay dividends on our common shares, therefore, the dividend yield percentage is zero. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity interest rate whose term is consistent with the expected life of our stock options.

We used the following weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted for the periods presented as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Expected term (years)		6.25			6.25			6.25
Expected volatility		50.00	%		50.00	%		50.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		1.36	%		1.70	%		1.80	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	9.53		$	7.77		$	5.70

We recorded total stock-based compensation expense of $22,954,  $3,399 and $2,492 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 includes $15,898 related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options. Stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 also includes $2,257 related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. We had not previously adjusted stock-based compensation expense for estimated forfeitures as there has been insignificant forfeiture activity to date. Based on the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we will account for forfeitures as they occur. As of December 31, 2016, we had total unrecognized compensation cost related to 1,784,212 unvested service-based stock options and RSUs under the Equity Plans of $13,319 which we expect to recognize over the next 3.1 years.

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

Note 16. Related Party Transactions

In connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger, a preliminary liability of $21,291 was recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 for payments due to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies. See Note 4 for more information regarding the Connolly iHealth Merger. These amounts were finalized during 2015 and $22,270 was paid to the former stockholders of iHealth Technologies in September 2015.

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Segment and Geographic Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Information

Segment Information

Note 17. Segment and Geographic Information

Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by our Chief Operating Decision Maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing financial performance. We conduct our business through two reportable business segments: Healthcare and Global Retail and Other.

Through our Healthcare segment, we offer prospective and retrospective claims accuracy solutions to healthcare payers in the United States. We also provide analytics-based solutions unrelated to our healthcare payment accuracy solutions, on a limited basis in the United States. Through our Global Retail and Other segment, we provide retrospective claims accuracy solutions to retailers primarily in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as solutions that improve efficiency and effectiveness of payment networks for a limited number of clients.

We evaluate the performance of each segment based on segment net revenue and segment operating income. Operating income is calculated as net revenue less operating expenses and is not affected by other expense (income) or by income taxes. Indirect costs are generally allocated to the segments based on the segments’ proportionate share of revenue and expenses directly related to the operation of the segment. We do not allocate interest expense, other non‑operating (income) expense or the provision for income taxes, since these items are not considered in evaluating the segment’s overall operating performance. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker does not receive or utilize asset information to evaluate performance of operating segments. Accordingly, asset‑related information has not been presented.

Our operating segment results for the periods presented were as follows:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	552,041	$	467,044	$	359,842
Global Retail and Other		73,121		74,299		81,530
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343	$	441,372
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	123,917	$	84,240	$	23,713
Global Retail and Other		10,036		12,284		6,484
Consolidated operating income	$	133,953	$	96,524	$	30,197

Operating segment net revenue by product type for the periods presented was as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		%	2015		%	2014		%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	310,496	49.7	$	251,288	46.4	$	240,544	54.5
Prospective claims accuracy		229,491	36.7		201,899	37.3		108,828	24.7
Transaction services		12,054	1.9		13,857	2.6		10,470	2.4
Total Healthcare		552,041	88.3		467,044	86.3		359,842	81.6
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		70,656	11.3		72,060	13.3		80,075	18.1
Other		2,465	0.4		2,239	0.4		1,455	0.3
Total Global Retail and Other		73,121	11.7		74,299	13.7		81,530	18.4
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	100.0	$	541,343	100.0	$	441,372	100.0

Geographic Information

Geographic net revenue and long-lived assets are attributed to the geographic regions based on the geographic location of each of our subsidiaries/locations. Our operations are primarily within the continental United States. We also operate in Canada and the United Kingdom.

Net revenue generated in the United States accounted for approximately 98%,  98%, and 95% of total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Remaining net revenue was generated in the rest of the world.

Long-lived assets are primarily based in the United States with over 99% of total consolidated long-lived assets. Less than 1% of total consolidated long-lived assets are foreign.

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Client Concentration

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Client Concentration

Client Concentration

Note 18. Client Concentration

The list of our largest clients changes periodically and was further impacted by the Connolly iHealth Merger. Our significant clients accounted for the following percentages of total net revenue:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Customer A	15	%	14	%	15	%
Customer B	11	%	10	%	10	%
Customer C	2	%	3	%	10	%

In many instances, we provide our services pursuant to agreements which have auto renewal clauses and may be periodically subject to a competitive reprocurement process.

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

Note 19. Employee Benefit Plans

Contributions expensed and included in compensation on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for employee benefit plans are detailed below:

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
401(k) Plan (a)	$	3,860	$	3,053	$	1,604
Profit Share Plan (b)		220		539		416
Provident Plan (c)		528		427		179
Total	$	4,608	$	4,019	$	2,199

(a) We sponsor defined contribution retirement plans in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which cover substantially all U.S. employees, subject to certain minimum age and service requirements. The plans provide for a contribution based on a percentage of eligible employee contributions.

(b) We had a nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan for certain eligible employees. Contributions were made within 90 days following the last day of the plan to a brokerage account in an amount determined at our discretion for employees who had completed 1,000 hours of service and were employed at the time of the contribution. This plan was discontinued after the 2014 plan year, with the final payout occurring in June

2016 and therefore we did not have a liability under the plan as of December 31, 2016. Our liability under the plan was $893 at December 31, 2015, which is included in accrued compensation costs in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(c) Eligible employees of our subsidiary located in India are covered by the Provident Fund, contributions which are based on a percentage of eligible employees’ salaries, and the Indian Payment of Gratuity Act, which provides for benefits to be paid to eligible employees upon termination of employment (collectively, the “India Plan”). Benefits under the India Plan are administered by the Indian Government. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 we had an accrued benefit obligation relating to the India Plan of $763 and $535, respectively.

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Discontinued Operations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued Operations

Note 20. Discontinued Operations

In February 2015, we received payment on a $900 note receivable related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain. This gain from the collection of the note receivable, net of tax, is reflected as a gain on discontinued operations on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The estimated impact to diluted EPS as a result of this gain on discontinued operations was $0.01 per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Note 21. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Historically, there has been a seasonal pattern to our healthcare revenue with the revenues in the first quarter generally lower than the other quarters and revenues in the fourth quarter generally being higher than the other quarters. Accordingly, the comparison of revenue from quarter to quarter may fluctuate and is dependent on various factors, including, but not limited to, reset of member liability, timing of special projects and timing of inaccurate payments being prevented or recovered as well as the aforementioned seasonal considerations. Consequently, you should not rely on our revenue for any one quarter as an indication of our future performance.

The following table summarizes our unaudited quarterly operating results for the last two years:

	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Year Ended December 31, 2016	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter
Revenue(1)	$	142,718	$	158,291	$	156,241	$	167,912
Operating income(1)(2)		29,238		38,938		24,155		41,622
Net income(1)(2)(3)		8,084		10,893		4,583		25,292
Total earnings per share—Basic	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.28
Total earnings per share—Diluted	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.27

	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Year Ended December 31, 2015	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter
Revenue	$	119,638	$	133,306	$	136,936	$	151,463
Operating income		23,707		33,773		4,128		34,916
Income (loss) from continuing operations(3)(4)		3,635		7,780		(7,294)		9,183
Net income (loss)(3)(4)(5)		4,194		7,780		(7,294)		9,183
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Basic	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Diluted	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Earnings per share from discontinued operations(5)	$	0.01		—		—		—
Total earnings (loss) per share—Basic	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Total earnings (loss) per share—Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12

(1) During the second quarter 2016, we generated approximately $5,000 in healthcare revenue from special projects that did not reoccur in the second half of the year.

(2) During the second quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $2,257 related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. During the third quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $15,898 related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options (see Note 15).

(3) During the second quarter 2016, we made a voluntary prepayment on our Initial Second Lien Credit Facility which resulted in a $7,068 loss on extinguishment of debt. During the third quarter 2016, as a result of refinancing our long-term debt, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of $9,349 (see Note 9).

(4) During the second quarter 2015, as a result of repricing our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,084 (see Note 9).

(5) As a result of our rebranding in September 2015, as discussed in Note 1, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27,826 related to our trademarks (see Note 6).

(6) During the first quarter 2015, we received payment on a $900 note receivable related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain. This collection of the note receivable resulted in a gain on discontinued operations, net of tax, of $559 (see Note 20).

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Parent Company Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share amounts)

		December 31,
		2016		2015
ASSETS
Non current assets:
Investment in subsidiaries		939,336		787,596
TOTAL ASSETS	$	939,336	$	787,596
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)		91		77
Additional paid-in capital		911,582		807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)		33,917		(14,935)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,156)		(4,867)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)		(98)		(98)
Total stockholders' equity		939,336		787,596
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	939,336	$	787,596

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.
Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information
Parent Company Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)

		Years ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825)
Net income (loss)		48,852		13,863		(25,825)
Equity in other comprehensive loss of subsidiaries		(1,289)		(3,009)		(1,916)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	47,563	$	10,854	$	(27,741)

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Parent Company Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries		(48,852)		(13,863)		25,825
Net cash provided by operating activities		—		—		—
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in subsidiaries		(81,206)		(210)		(365,201)
Net cash used in investing activities		(81,206)		(210)		(365,201)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		226,963		—		365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		4,243		210		32
Purchase of treasury shares		—		—		(18)
Dividends paid		(150,000)
Net cash provided by financing activities		81,206		210		365,201
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		—		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		—		—		—
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period	$	—	$	—	$	—
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Noncash operating activities (stock-based compensation)	$	22,954	$	3,399	$	2,492
Noncash financing activities (noncash capital contribution)		—		—		69,957
Noncash financing activities (noncash acquisition of treasury stock )						(98)

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Notes to Parent Company Financial Statements

(In thousands, except share amounts)

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries, "we," "our," or "the Company") is incorporated in the state of Delaware and has adopted a holding company structure. With effect from September 2015, the name of our Company was changed from Connolly Superholdings, Inc. to Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Our primary domestic operations are performed through Cotiviti, LLC; Cotiviti Services, LLC; and Cotiviti USA, LLC, all are our wholly-owned operating subsidiaries. We have international operations in Canada, the United Kingdom and India.

Pursuant to the terms of the Restated Credit Agreement discussed in Note 9 of the Notes to the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements, Cotiviti Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries have restrictions on their ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make certain intercompany loans and advances. As a result of these restrictions, these parent company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04 of Regulation S-X, as restricted net assets of the Company's subsidiaries (as defined in Rule 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X) exceed 25% of the Company's consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2016. The Company is a holding company without any operations of its own. These condensed financial statements have been prepared on a "parent-only" basis. Under a parent-only presentation, the Parent Company's investments in subsidiaries are presented under the equity method of accounting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Stock-based compensation expense associated with equity incentive awards issued by the Parent Company and the related tax effects are recorded at the subsidiary level where the employees provide the services. The accompanying condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Cotiviti Holdings, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto.

Note 2. Stockholders' Equity

Issuance of Common Stock

On May 13, 2016 our certificate of incorporation was amended and the number of shares of common stock authorized to be issued by the Company was increased from 122,000,000 to 600,000,000.

On May 25, 2016 we consummated our IPO in which we issued and sold a total of 12,936,038 shares of common stock, including a portion of the underwriter overallotment, at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $226,963 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $18,822.

In May 2014, a total of 32,790,321 shares of common stock were issued for a total fair value of $435,144 in connection with the Connolly iHealth Merger. Of this amount, $365,187 was received in cash and $69,957 was issued to certain members of the former iHealth Technologies management as they either rolled over a portion of their former equity interests in iHealth Technologies or received equity in lieu of incentive compensation that was owed to them as of the date of the merger.

Common Stock Split

On May 13, 2016 we effected a 6.1-for-1 stock split of all outstanding shares of our common stock. All share, option and per share information presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis for all periods presented and all share information is rounded up to the nearest whole share after reflecting the stock split.

Common Stock Dividends

On May 25, 2016 we paid a Special Cash Dividend of $150,000, or $1.94 per share of common stock outstanding prior to the IPO, to holders of record of our common stock on the dividend record date. In connection with the Special Cash Dividend we lowered the exercise price of then outstanding stock options by $1.94 per share in order to preserve the intrinsic value of the options giving effect to the Special Cash Dividend.

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Cotiviti Holdings, Inc.

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

(in thousands)

				Additions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Operating Expenses		Business Combination(1)		Provision Charged Against Revenue		Deductions(2)		Balance at End of Period
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals (3)	$	101,181	$	—	$	—	$	99,472	$	(97,094)	$	103,559
Allowance for doubtful accounts		1,053		(147)		—		—		(55)		851
Year Ended December 31, 2015
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals (3)	$	98,157	$	—	$	—	$	67,702	$	(64,678)	$	101,181
Allowance for doubtful accounts		655		804		—		—		(406)		1,053
Year Ended December 31, 2014
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals (3)	$	53,075	$	—	$	14,382	$	62,166	$	(31,466)	$	98,157
Allowance for doubtful accounts		34		660		—		—		(39)		655

(1) On May 14, 2014, we acquired the stock of iHealth Technologies, Inc. resulting in the Connolly iHealth Merger. In connection with this business combination, we assumed the liabilities of iHealth Technologies, Inc.

(2) Deductions related to the allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals represent credits or payments provided to our clients to settle the liability. Deductions related to the allowance for doubtful accounts represent write-offs of bad debt expense.

(3) The balance at end of period consists of the estimated allowance for refunds and appeals netted against accounts receivable of $41,020,  $33,406 and $23,216 and the estimated liability for refunds and appeals of $62,539,  $67,775 and $74,941 as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Refer to the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries with a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar are translated into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates effective during the year. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income within stockholders’ equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries for which the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar are re-measured into U.S. Dollars using applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date, except nonmonetary assets and liabilities, which are re-measured at the historical exchange rates prevailing when acquired. Revenue and expenses are re-measured at average exchange rates effective during the year. Foreign currency translation gains and losses from re-measurement are included in other non-operating (income) expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The amounts of net gain (loss) on foreign currency re-measurement recognized were immaterial for all periods presented.

Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals

We provide services under contracts that contain various fee structures, including performance fee‑based contracts and fixed fee arrangements. Revenue is recognized when a contract exists, services have been provided to the client, the fee is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.

We recognize revenue on performance fee-based contracts based upon the specific terms of the underlying contract. The contract terms generally specify: (a) time periods covered by the work to be performed; (b) nature and extent of services we are to provide; (c) the client’s duties in assisting and cooperating with us; and (d) fees payable to us. Our fees are most often expressed as a percentage of our findings. Generally, our services are rendered when our clients realize the economic benefits from our services. Our clients realize economic benefits when they take credits against their existing accounts payable based on when we identify cost savings, when they receive refund checks based on overpayments, or when they acknowledge payment reductions based on cost savings.

We derive a relatively small portion of revenue on contracts with fixed fee arrangements. We recognize revenue on these contracts ratably over the contract term and once all of the above criteria have been satisfied.

Historically, there has been a certain amount of revenue with respect to which, even though we had met the requirements of our revenue recognition policy, the claim is ultimately rejected. In such cases, our clients may request a refund or offset if their providers or vendors ultimately reject the payment inaccuracies we find or if our clients determine not to pursue reimbursement from their providers or vendors even though we may have collected fees. We record any such refund as a reduction of revenue. We record an estimate for refund liabilities at any given time based on actual historical refund data by client type. We satisfy such refund liabilities either by offsets to accounts receivable or by cash payments to clients.

In addition to the refund liabilities, we calculate client specific reserves when we determine an additional reserve may be necessary.

The estimated liability for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to revenue which had already been received was $62,539 and $67,775 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The estimated allowance for refunds and appeals representing our estimate of claims that may be overturned related to amounts in accounts receivable was $41,020 and $33,406 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Under the Medicare Recovery Audit Program, in which we are one of the four Medicare RACs for CMS, healthcare providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of fees that are subject to appeals, closures or other adjustments and those which we estimate are probable of being returned to CMS following a successful appeal by the providers. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with the Medicare RAC appeal process.

This estimated liability for Medicare RAC appeals is an offset to revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The liability is included in the estimated liability for refunds and appeals on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 8 for further information regarding the estimated liability for appeals related to the Medicare RAC program.

Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized related to claims for which clients have received economic value that were not invoiced at the balance sheet date. Unbilled receivables were approximately $51,643 and $51,799 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Certain unbilled receivables arise when a portion of our earned fee is deferred at the time of the initial invoice. At a later date (which can be up to a year after original invoice, and at other times during the year after completion of the audit period based on contractual terms or as agreed with our client), we invoice the unbilled receivable amount. Notwithstanding the deferred due date, our clients acknowledge we have earned this unbilled receivable at the time of the original invoice, but we have agreed to defer billing the client for the related services. Unbilled receivables of this nature were approximately $6,137 and $6,431 as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We record periodic changes in unbilled receivables and refund liabilities as adjustments to revenue.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue is a direct cost associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue related to compensation includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees in roles that serve to provide direct revenue generating services to clients. Other cost of revenue primarily includes expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional service firms, costs associated with the retrieval of medical records and facilities related costs associated with locations that are used strictly for revenue generating activities. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Selling, General and Administrative ("SG&A")

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)

Compensation within SG&A includes the total cost of payroll, related benefits and stock compensation expense for employees who do not have a direct role associated with revenue generation including those involved with developing new service offerings. Other SG&A expenses include all general operating costs. These costs include, but are not limited to, rent and occupancy costs for facilities associated with locations that are used for employees not serving in revenue generating roles, telecommunications costs, information technology infrastructure costs, software licensing costs, advertising and marketing expenses, costs associated with developing new service offerings and expenses related to the use of certain subcontractors and professional services firms. Selling, general and administrative expenses do not include depreciation and amortization, which is stated separately in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in other selling, general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Advertising expense was $1,345,  $1,241 and $1,294 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

In connection with providing services to certain clients, we maintain a series of lockbox accounts with certain financial institutions. These lockbox accounts exist to receive funds we collect on behalf of our clients resulting from services provided. When client funds are received and deposited into the lockbox accounts, we record a corresponding customer deposit liability. These funds are included as both restricted cash in current assets and customer deposits in current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to fees yet to be collected, based on historical losses adjusted for current market conditions, our clients’ financial condition, the amount of any receivables in dispute, the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. We record changes in our estimate to the allowance for doubtful accounts through bad debt expense and relieve the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write offs for all periods presented have not been significant. We do not have any off balance sheet credit exposure related to our clients.

Investments

Investments

Investments, which were historically purchased on behalf of our nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan (See Note 19), consisted of money market securities and were classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair values (based primarily on quoted prices and market observable inputs) using the specific identification method, with the unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investments are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (See Note 3). Realized gains and losses and interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in other non-operating (income) expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment are as follows:

Computer equipment	3	-	5	years
Software	2	-	5	years
Furniture and fixtures			7	years
Leasehold improvements				Lesser of remaining lease term or expected service life of improvement

We have asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) arising from contractual requirements to perform specified activities at the time of disposition of certain leasehold improvements and equipment at some of our facilities. We record a liability for the estimated costs of these AROs. The liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are initially measured at fair value and subsequently are adjusted for accretion expense and any changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows.

Internally Developed Software Costs

Internally Developed Software Costs

Capitalization of costs incurred in connection with software developed for internal use commences when both the preliminary project stage is completed and management has authorized further funding for the project, based on a determination that it is probable the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Capitalized costs are limited to (i) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining internal use software and (ii) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and devote time to the internal use software project. Capitalization of such costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. All other costs to develop software for internal use are expensed as incurred. We capitalized approximately $21,580 and $7,239 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of software and software development costs is calculated on a straight-line basis over the expected economic life of the software, generally estimated to be five years and is included in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amortization expense for internal use software was $2,992,  $2,287 and $722 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes the write off of approximately $975 related to software that is no longer being used.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets with definite lives include customer relationships and acquired software. Intangible assets with indefinite lives include a trademark, which is not being amortized and is tested for impairment on an annual basis or when events or changes in circumstances necessitate an evaluation for impairment. Intangible assets with definite lives are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangibles, generally on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from 6 to 14 years. Amortization expense is included in amortization of intangible assets in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets with definite lives, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require the asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as necessary. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future discounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate.

We recognized a $27,826 impairment charge on our trademark assets during the year ended December 31, 2015 due to a change in the estimated fair value of the trademark. We recognized a $74,034 impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the change in the estimated fair value of our CMS customer relationship intangible asset associated with the Medicare RAC. See Note 6 for further detail.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination which are not individually identified and separately recognized. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, of each year or more frequently if a triggering event occurs. These tests are performed at the reporting unit level. We have two reporting units, Healthcare and Global Retail and Other. We are permitted to make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying the two step impairment test as required in ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. If we can support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then we would not need to perform the two step impairment test. If we cannot support such a conclusion, or we do not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

We account for acquisitions using the accounting for business combinations. The purchase price is allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired, including intangible assets and liabilities assumed, based on estimated fair values at the date of the acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded as goodwill.

Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows and discount rates.

Under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, any changes to acquired balances in tax accounts, including adjustments to deferred tax asset valuation allowances or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, which are recorded during the measurement period, and are determined to be attributable to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, are considered a measurement period adjustment and will result in an offsetting increase or decrease to goodwill. All other changes to deferred tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities related to uncertain tax positions will result in an increase or decrease to income tax expense.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as for tax attributes such as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we reduce the deferred tax asset valuation allowance and record a benefit in our provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We record liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”),  on the basis of a two step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax provision in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accrued interest and penalties are included within accounts payable and accrued other expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Our derivative instruments consist entirely of interest rate cap agreements, are stated at fair value and are included in accounts payable and accrued other expenses and other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets until the underlying hedged transactions are recognized in earnings, at which time any deferred hedging gains or losses are also recorded in earnings. See Note 10 for more information.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Our policy is to issue new shares for purchases under our equity incentive plans as described in Note 15. Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on an award’s fair value. The determination of the stock-based compensation expense related to stock options is calculated using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and is affected by our stock price, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, expected term, risk free interest rate and expected dividends. We record forfeitures as they occur.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for service-based equity awards using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period.

We have awarded performance-based equity awards to certain employees and directors. Performance-based awards vested in accordance with the specific performance criteria espoused in the executed award agreements. Consistent with the service-based equity awards, the vesting of performance-based equity awards was dependent upon the participant’s continued employment through the date the performance criteria were achieved. The criteria associated with our outstanding performance-based stock options as defined in the terms of the award agreements, was satisfied as of September 30, 2016 and therefore these stock options all became vested and exercisable. As such, we recorded stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 based on the grant date fair value of the performance-based awards.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. See Note 8 for further detail on loss contingency related to the Medicare RAC.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other accrued liabilities reasonably approximate fair market value due to their nature and the short term maturity of these financial instruments. We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, we use a consistent fair value hierarchy framework as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Refer to Note 11 for more information regarding management’s fair value estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”),which is intended to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of the goodwill. Instead, an entity should compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value and should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and expect the adoption of this ASU could impact the disclosure of our cash flows from operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which addresses eight specific cash flow issues in order to reduce diversity in practice. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share based compensation. ASU 2016-09 changes several aspects of the accounting for share based payment award transactions, including 1) accounting for income taxes, 2) classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, 3) forfeitures, 4) minimum statutory tax withholding requirements and 5) classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes. We early adopted ASU 2016-09 during the third quarter of 2016, which did not result in any significant changes to our current or prior period consolidated financial statements. As a result of this adoption, we recorded an excess tax benefit of approximately $4,000 during the fourth quarter of 2016 related to stock option exercises. In conjunction with adopting ASU 2016-09, we also made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which changes the accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure for leases in order to increase transparency. ASU 2016-02 requires lease assets and liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet and key information about leasing arrangements to be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating this new guidance and its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which changes the current financial instruments model primarily impacting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We are evaluating this new guidance and do not believe it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015‑17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, (“ASU 2015‑17”), which requires entities with a classified balance sheet to present all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $32,919 of current deferred tax assets have been reclassified to long-term deferred tax liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but did reduce our calculation of working capital.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement (“ASU 2015-05”), which established guidance regarding the accounting for software licenses. ASU 2015-05 was effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. We prospectively adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-05 as of January 1, 2016 and have not yet had any material contracts that were impacted by this new guidance.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015‑03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt and Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015‑03”), which establishes guidance to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability, consistent with debt discounts. Prior to the issuance of ASU 2015-03, debt issuance costs were required to be presented as an asset in the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2016 and prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. As of December 31, 2015, $20,975 of debt issuance costs were reclassified in the consolidated balance sheet from debt issuance costs, net to long-term debt. The adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not materially impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014‑09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance and provides clarification of principles for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 sets forth a five-step model for determining when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Additional disclosures will be required to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. The two permitted transition methods under ASU 2014-09 are the full retrospective method, in which case the new guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of the initial application. The guidance is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within that reporting period. The FASB will permit companies to adopt the new standard early, but not before the original effective date of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

We have formed an internal team to evaluate and quantify the potential impact of this new revenue guidance. As of the date of this filing, we have made significant progress on our contract reviews and policy drafting. We will continue to evaluate this new guidance and plan to provide additional information about our method of adoption and the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in future filings.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Schedule of useful lives

Computer equipment	3	-	5	years
Software	2	-	5	years
Furniture and fixtures			7	years
Leasehold improvements				Lesser of remaining lease term or expected service life of improvement

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Investments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Investments

Schedule of reconciliation of available-for-sale securities

	December 31, 2015
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Money market securities	$	1,178	$	3	$	—	$	1,181

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Acquisition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Acquisition

Schedule of estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed

	May 14, 2014
Cash	$	62,218
Accounts receivable		34,830
Prepaid expenses and other assets		5,516
Other long-term assets		1,237
Property and equipment		7,594
Intangible assets		543,200
Total identifiable assets acquired		654,595
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		82,095
Deferred tax liabilities		195,948
Other long-term liabilities		904
Total liabilities assumed		278,947
Net identifiable assets acquired		375,648
Goodwill		829,141
Net assets acquired	$	1,204,789

Schedule of unaudited pro forma results

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2014
	(unaudited)
Net revenue	$	505,961
Operating income		57,533
Net loss		(18,752)
Basic loss per share	$	(0.24)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Property and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment by major asset class

	December 31,
	2016		2015
Computer equipment	$	40,349	$	31,496
Software		42,614		26,412
Furniture and fixtures		8,652		7,916
Leasehold improvements		4,392		3,488
Projects in progress		12,001		10,434
Property and equipment, gross	$	108,008	$	79,746
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		40,368		22,294
Property and equipment, net	$	67,640	$	57,452

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Intangible Assets

Schedule of intangible asset balances by major asset class

									Weighted
	Gross						Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated				Carrying		Amortization
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Amount		Period
December 31, 2016:
Customer relationships	$	640,052	$	144,768	$	—	$	495,284	13.7	years
Acquired software		82,400		48,579		—		33,821	6.2	years
Connolly trademark		4,200		—		—		4,200	indefinite-lived
Total	$	726,652	$	193,347	$	—	$	533,305	12.8	years
December 31, 2015:
Customer relationships	$	640,503	$	97,857	$	—	$	542,646	13.7	years
Acquired software		82,400		34,836		—		47,564	6.2	years
Connolly trademark		24,500		—		20,300		4,200	indefinite-lived
iHealth trademark		8,600		1,074		7,526		—	11.0	years
Total	$	756,003	$	133,767	$	27,826	$	594,410	12.8	years

Schedule of intangible asset amortization expense

2017	$	57,824
2018		53,894
2019		53,894
2020		53,894
2021		49,572

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Goodwill (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Goodwill

Schedule of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment

	December 31, 2016				December 31, 2015
			Global Retail				Global Retail
	Healthcare		and Other		Healthcare		and Other
Beginning balance	$	1,147,771	$	49,273	$	1,147,396	$	49,957
Purchase price adjustments		—		—		979		—
Foreign currency translation and other		—		(1,020)		(604)		(684)
Ending balance	$	1,147,771	$	48,253	$	1,147,771	$	49,273

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Commitments and Contingencies

Schedule of future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating lease agreements

Year ending December 31:
2017	$	9,262
2018		7,227
2019		4,038
2020		2,907
2021		2,034
2022 - 2029		8,257
Total minimum lease payments	$	33,725

Schedule of changes in the carrying amount of AROs

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
Balance beginning of period	$	2,415	$	2,055
Additional ARO liability		133		207
Accretion expense		177		153
Balance at end of period	$	2,725	$	2,415

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Long-term Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Long-term Debt

Schedule of long-term debt

	December 31,
	2016		2015
First Lien Term A Loan(a)	$	246,694	$	—
First Lien Term B Loan(b)		544,345		—
Revolver(c)		—		—
Initial First Lien Term Loan(d)		—		792,167
Initial Second Lien Credit Facility(e)		—		262,878
Initial First Lien Revolver(f)		—		—
Total debt		791,039		1,055,045
Less: debt issuance costs		10,837		20,975
Less: current portion		18,000		21,099
Total long-term debt	$	762,202	$	1,012,971

(a) The First Lien Term A  Loan matures on September 28, 2021 and requires quarterly principal payments of $3,125 for the fourth quarter of 2016, $3,125 per quarter in 2017 and 2018, $4,688 per quarter in 2019, $6,250 per quarter in 2020 and $9,375 per quarter for the first two quarters of 2021. The remainder of the outstanding First Lien Term A  Loan borrowings are due on September 28, 2021. Any mandatory or voluntary prepayment will be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application is provided by us. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term A  Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement), 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) the LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one,  two,  three or six months, at the election of the borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months’ duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months’s duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(b) The First Lien Term B  Loan matures on September 28, 2023 and requires quarterly principal payments of $1,375 with all remaining borrowings due on September 28, 2023. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the First Lien Term B  Loan bear interest at either (a) the ABR plus 1.75% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00%, (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day and (iv) 1.75%. LIBOR is equal to the higher of (a) the published LIBOR or (b) 0.75%. If our corporate credit rating from Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. is Ba3 or better and our corporate family rating from Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC is BB- or better, the margin will be reduced by 0.25% per annum for as long as such ratings are maintained. The interest period applicable to any LIBOR borrowing is one,  two,  three or six months, at the election of the borrower. Interest on LIBOR loans is payable the last day of the applicable interest period and, in the case of an interest period of more than three months’ duration, each day on which interest would have been payable had successive interest periods of three months’s duration been applicable to such borrowing. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(c) The Revolver expires on September 28, 2021. Interest for any borrowings under the Revolver is payable over one,  two,  three or six months at our election. A commitment fee is payable quarterly based on the unused portion of the Revolver commitment which ranges from 0.30% to 0.50% per annum based on certain financial tests. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Revolver bear interest at either (a) ABR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 1.25% - 2.00% for ABR loans or (b) LIBOR plus, based on our Secured Leverage Ratio, 2.25% to 3.00% for LIBOR loans. The ABR is equal to the highest of (i) the New York Federal Reserve Bank rate in effect on such date plus 0.50%, (ii) LIBOR plus 1.00% and (iii) the prime commercial lending rate of the administrative agent as in effect on the relevant day. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2016. The interest rate in effect was 3.75% at December 31, 2016.

(d) The Initial First Lien Term Loan, as amended, expired May 2021 and required quarterly principal payments of $2,025. The quarterly principal payment could be reduced by any amounts of mandatory prepayment. Any mandatory prepayment would be applied against the remaining scheduled installments of principal payments in direct order of maturity, unless other direction of application was provided by us. Interest on the Initial First Lien Term Loan was payable over periods of one,  two,  three or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.50% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.50% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.50% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Term Loan bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 2.25%, or (b) LIBOR plus 3.25%.

(e) The Initial Second Lien Credit Facility expired May 2022 with the total principal balance due at maturity. Interest on the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility was payable over periods of one,  two,  three, or six months at the election of the borrower. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 6.00% for ABR Loans or (b) LIBOR plus 7.00% for LIBOR Loans. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50% (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; (c) the Prime Rate; or (d) 2.00%. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 8.00% at December 31, 2015. Following the IPO, borrowings under the Initial Second Lien Credit Facility bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 5.75% for ABR Loans, or (b) LIBOR plus 6.75% for LIBOR Loans.

(f) The Initial First Lien Revolver expired May 2019 with interest payable over periods of one,  two,  three or six months at the election of the borrower. A commitment fee was payable quarterly based on the daily unused portion of the Initial First Lien Revolver balance which ranged from an annual rate of 0.375% to 0.50% based on certain financial tests. The commitment fee was 0.375% at December 31, 2015. Based on our periodic election, borrowings under the Initial First Lien Revolver bore interest at either (a) ABR plus 1.75% to 2.25% for ABR Loans based on certain financial tests or (b) LIBOR plus 2.75% to 3.25% for LIBOR Loans based on certain financial tests. The ABR was equal to the higher of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%; (b) the published one month LIBOR plus 1.00%; or (c) the Prime Rate. The LIBOR was equal to the higher of (a) the LIBOR or (b) 1.00%. The interest rate in effect was 4.00% at December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015 we had $3,526 letters of credit outstanding which reduce the amount available for borrowing. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Initial First Lien Revolver as of December 31, 2015.

Schedule of expected aggregate maturities of long term debt

	December 31,
	2016
2017	$	18,000
2018		18,000
2019		24,250
2020		30,500
2021		183,625
Thereafter		521,125
Total	$	795,500

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Derivative Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Derivative Instruments

Schedule of fair value and location of derivative instruments

	December 31,
	2016		2015
Liability fair value recorded in other long-term liabilities	$	1,729	$	2,310
Liability fair value recorded in accounts payable and accrued other expenses		1,065		1,086
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months		(1,783)		(283)

Schedule of changes in other comprehensive income related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges

Balance, January 1, 2014	$	—
Reclassifications in earnings		—
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $476		(623)
Balance, December 31, 2014		(623)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $40		65
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $1,360		(2,410)
Balance, December 31, 2015		(2,968)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax benefit of $107		176
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $319		(542)
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(3,334)

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of financial instruments measured at fair value

	December 31, 2016						December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,181	$	—	$	—
Liabilities
Long-term debt		—		—		791,038		—		—		1,055,045
Interest rate cap agreements		—		2,794		—		—		3,396		—
Total	$	—	$	2,794	$	791,038	$	1,181	$	3,396	$	1,055,045

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Income Taxes

Schedule of total income tax expense (benefit)

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)
Income tax expense from discontinued operations		—		341		—
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,742	$	(16,804)

Schedule of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
U.S. operations	$	66,838	$	27,605	$	(45,203)
Foreign operations		2,984		100		2,574
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	69,822	$	27,705	$	(42,629)

Schedule of income tax expense (benefit)

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Current:
U.S. federal	$	26,734	$	20,382	$	25,136
State and local		613		4,822		4,091
Foreign		1,358		1,029		842
Current income tax expense		28,705		26,233		30,069
Deferred
U.S. federal		(5,858)		(12,584)		(42,047)
State and local		(1,825)		798		(4,826)
Foreign		(52)		(46)		—
Deferred income tax benefit		(7,735)		(11,832)		(46,873)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)

Schedule of factors for variation in effective tax rates from continuing operations compared to U.S. statutory income tax rates

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate	$	24,438	$	9,697	$	(14,920)
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit		556		3,922		(2,167)
Non-deductible costs		779		1,070		815
Stock-based compensation		(4,000)		—		—
Unrecognized tax positions		(1,397)		508		(240)
Other		594		(796)		(292)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,970	$	14,401	$	(16,804)

Schedule of components of deferred tax assets and liabilities

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2015
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts and estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$	34,794	$	35,174
Accrued compensation		2,185		540
Deferred rent		149		156
Stock-based compensation		10,381		2,960
Tax credit and net operating loss carryforward		652		1,652
Other deductible temporary differences		5,077		6,353
Gross deferred tax assets		53,238		46,835
Less: valuation allowance		(199)		(440)
Total deferred tax assets		53,039		46,395
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unbilled receivables and other liabilities		(2,307)		(2,435)
Intangibles and goodwill		(154,528)		(161,099)
Property and equipment		(10,795)		(8,706)
Software development costs		(2,603)		(1,998)
Other taxable temporary differences		(3,339)		(1,441)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(173,572)		(175,679)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(120,533)	$	(129,284)

Schedule of reconciliation of beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2015
Unrecognized tax benefits — January 1	$	4,937	$	4,324
Increase for tax positions taken in prior period		67		619
Increase for tax positions taken in current period		203		694
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior period		(508)		—
Decrease for tax positions taken in current period		(43)		(146)
Decrease related to lapse in statute of limitations		(96)		(554)
Decrease related to settlement of positions taken in prior periods		(1,989)		—
Unrecognized tax benefits — December 31	$	2,571	$	4,937

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Earnings per Share

Schedule of computation of basic and diluted earnings per share

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	$	48,852	$	13,863	$	(25,825)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock		85,053,890		77,216,133		65,253,954
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards		3,524,302		425,255		—
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS		88,578,192		77,641,388		65,253,954
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.17	$	(0.40)
Diluted		0.55		0.17		(0.40)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic	$	—	$	0.01	$	—
Diluted		—		0.01		—
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.57	$	0.18	$	(0.40)
Diluted		0.55		0.18		(0.40)

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from earnings per share

	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2016	2015	2014
Employee stock-based awards	341,054	2,035,332	2,536,960

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Stock-Based Compensation

Summary of stock option activity

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015
		Weighted			Weighted
		average			average
		exercise			exercise
	Shares	price		Shares	price
Outstanding at beginning of period	6,441,527	$	9.59	5,024,234	$	7.98
Granted	273,759		19.59	1,997,964		13.76
Exercised	(574,991)		7.41	(25,620)		6.26
Forfeited	(127,233)		12.92	(555,051)		10.16
Expired	(15,690)		13.60	—		—
Outstanding at end of period	5,997,372	$	10.18	6,441,527	$	9.59

Summary of stock options outstanding, vested and exercisable

							Average
		Weighted			Weighted		Remaining
	Service-	average		Performance-	average		Contractual	Aggregate
	based	exercise		based	exercise		Term	Intrinsic
	Shares	price		Shares	price		(in years)	Value
Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2016	3,609,485	$	10.77	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.30	$	145,270
Stock options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2016	1,878,538	$	9.04	2,387,887	$	9.28	7.00	$	107,617

Summary of restricted stock units activity

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016
		Weighted
		average
		grant date
	Shares	fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period	—	$	—
Granted	67,295		25.88
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at end of period	67,295	$	25.88

Schedule of weighted average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Expected term (years)		6.25			6.25			6.25
Expected volatility		50.00	%		50.00	%		50.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate		1.36	%		1.70	%		1.80	%
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	9.53		$	7.77		$	5.70

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Segment Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Segment Information

Schedule of operating segment results

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Net Revenue
Healthcare	$	552,041	$	467,044	$	359,842
Global Retail and Other		73,121		74,299		81,530
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	$	541,343	$	441,372
Operating Income
Healthcare	$	123,917	$	84,240	$	23,713
Global Retail and Other		10,036		12,284		6,484
Consolidated operating income	$	133,953	$	96,524	$	30,197

Schedule of operating segment net revenue by product type

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		%	2015		%	2014		%
Healthcare
Retrospective claims accuracy	$	310,496	49.7	$	251,288	46.4	$	240,544	54.5
Prospective claims accuracy		229,491	36.7		201,899	37.3		108,828	24.7
Transaction services		12,054	1.9		13,857	2.6		10,470	2.4
Total Healthcare		552,041	88.3		467,044	86.3		359,842	81.6
Global Retail and Other
Retrospective claims accuracy		70,656	11.3		72,060	13.3		80,075	18.1
Other		2,465	0.4		2,239	0.4		1,455	0.3
Total Global Retail and Other		73,121	11.7		74,299	13.7		81,530	18.4
Consolidated net revenue	$	625,162	100.0	$	541,343	100.0	$	441,372	100.0

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Client Concentration (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Client Concentration

Schedule of significant clients accounted for the following percentages of total net revenue

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Customer A	15	%	14	%	15	%
Customer B	11	%	10	%	10	%
Customer C	2	%	3	%	10	%

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Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Employee Benefit Plans

Schedule of contributions expensed and included in compensation for employee benefit plans

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
401(k) Plan (a)	$	3,860	$	3,053	$	1,604
Profit Share Plan (b)		220		539		416
Provident Plan (c)		528		427		179
Total	$	4,608	$	4,019	$	2,199

(a) We sponsor defined contribution retirement plans in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which cover substantially all U.S. employees, subject to certain minimum age and service requirements. The plans provide for a contribution based on a percentage of eligible employee contributions.

(b) We had a nonqualified profit sharing incentive compensation plan for certain eligible employees. Contributions were made within 90 days following the last day of the plan to a brokerage account in an amount determined at our discretion for employees who had completed 1,000 hours of service and were employed at the time of the contribution. This plan was discontinued after the 2014 plan year, with the final payout occurring in June

2016 and therefore we did not have a liability under the plan as of December 31, 2016. Our liability under the plan was $893 at December 31, 2015, which is included in accrued compensation costs in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(c) Eligible employees of our subsidiary located in India are covered by the Provident Fund, contributions which are based on a percentage of eligible employees’ salaries, and the Indian Payment of Gratuity Act, which provides for benefits to be paid to eligible employees upon termination of employment (collectively, the “India Plan”). Benefits under the India Plan are administered by the Indian Government. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 we had an accrued benefit obligation relating to the India Plan of $763 and $535, respectively.

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Summary of quarterly operating results

	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Year Ended December 31, 2016	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter
Revenue(1)	$	142,718	$	158,291	$	156,241	$	167,912
Operating income(1)(2)		29,238		38,938		24,155		41,622
Net income(1)(2)(3)		8,084		10,893		4,583		25,292
Total earnings per share—Basic	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.28
Total earnings per share—Diluted	$	0.10	$	0.13	$	0.05	$	0.27

	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Year Ended December 31, 2015	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter
Revenue	$	119,638	$	133,306	$	136,936	$	151,463
Operating income		23,707		33,773		4,128		34,916
Income (loss) from continuing operations(3)(4)		3,635		7,780		(7,294)		9,183
Net income (loss)(3)(4)(5)		4,194		7,780		(7,294)		9,183
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Basic	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations—Diluted	$	0.04	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Earnings per share from discontinued operations(5)	$	0.01		—		—		—
Total earnings (loss) per share—Basic	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12
Total earnings (loss) per share—Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	(0.09)	$	0.12

(1) During the second quarter 2016, we generated approximately $5,000 in healthcare revenue from special projects that did not reoccur in the second half of the year.  

(2) During the second quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $2,257 related to the accelerated vesting of certain stock options as the result of our IPO. During the third quarter 2016, stock-based compensation expense includes $15,898 related to the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options (see Note 15).  

(3) During the second quarter 2016, we made a voluntary prepayment on our Initial Second Lien Credit Facility which resulted in a $7,068 loss on extinguishment of debt. During the third quarter 2016, as a result of refinancing our long-term debt, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of $9,349 (see Note 9).  

(4) During the second quarter 2015, as a result of repricing our Initial First Lien Credit Facilities, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,084 (see Note 9).  

(5) As a result of our rebranding in September 2015, as discussed in Note 1, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets of $27,826 related to our trademarks (see Note 6).  

(6) During the first quarter 2015, we received payment on a $900 note receivable related to a business that was disposed of in 2012. Since the date of sale, we had elected to fully reserve the note receivable as the collectability was determined to be uncertain. This collection of the note receivable resulted in a gain on discontinued operations, net of tax, of $559 (see Note 20).

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Description of Business (Details)	Dec. 31, 2016 customer company
Healthcare | Minimum
Description of business
Number of clients	40
Commercial, Medicaid and Medicare managed health plans | United States
Description of business
Number of largest companies in the industry sector that are customers	20
Number of largest companies in the industry sector | company	25
Retail | Minimum
Description of business
Number of clients	35
Retail | United States
Description of business
Number of largest companies in the industry sector that are customers	8
Number of largest companies in the industry sector | company	10

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Revenue Recognition, Unbilled Receivables, and Estimated Liability for Refunds and Appeals (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) company	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	$ 62,539	$ 67,775	$ 74,941
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$ 41,020	33,406	$ 23,216
Number of Recovery Audit Contractors under Medicare Recovery Program | company	4
Accounts receivable
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Unbilled receivables	$ 51,643	51,799
Unbilled receivables arising from deferred billing	$ 6,137	$ 6,431

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Advertising Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Advertising Expense
Advertising expense	$ 1,345	$ 1,241	$ 1,294

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Useful Lives (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Computer equipment | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	3 years
Computer equipment | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	5 years
Software | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	2 years
Software | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	5 years
Furniture and fixtures
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	7 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Internally Developed Software Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Internally Developed Software Costs
Internally developed software costs capitalized during the period	$ 21,580	$ 7,239
Amortization expense	$ 2,992	2,287	$ 722
Amortization expense
Internally Developed Software Costs
Software written off		$ 975
Internally Developed Software
Internally Developed Software Costs
Estimated useful life	5 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Intangible Assets and Impairment (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 segment	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)
Impairment of Long Lived Assets
Impairment of intangible assets	$ 27,826		$ 27,826	$ 74,034
Goodwill
Number of reporting units tested for goodwill impairment | segment		2
Customer relationships
Impairment of Long Lived Assets
Impairment of intangible assets				$ 74,034
Minimum
Intangible Assets
Amortization period		6 years
Maximum
Intangible Assets
Amortization period		14 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recently Issued Accounting Standards (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
New accounting pronouncements
Excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises resulting from the early adoption of ASU 2016-09	$ 4,000	$ 4,000
Long-term deferred tax liabilities	120,533	120,533	$ 129,284
Debt issuance costs, net	$ 10,837	$ 10,837	20,975
ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes | Early adoption
New accounting pronouncements
Current deferred tax assets			(32,919)
Long-term deferred tax liabilities			(32,919)
ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs | Adjustment
New accounting pronouncements
Debt issuance costs, net			(20,975)
Long-term debt			$ (20,975)

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Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Investments
Fair Value	$ 0
Money market securities
Investments
Amortized Cost		$ 1,178
Gross Unrealized Gains		3
Fair Value		$ 1,181

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Acquisition - Net Assets Acquired (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	May 14, 2014	May 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Acquisition
Noncash financing activities (issuance of common stock)	$ 69,957	$ 69,957
Estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Goodwill			$ 1,196,024	$ 1,197,044
iHealth Technologies
Estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Cash	62,218
Accounts receivable	34,830
Prepaid expenses and other assets	5,516
Other long-term assets	1,237
Property and equipment	7,594
Intangible assets	543,200
Total identifiable assets acquired	654,595
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	82,095
Deferred tax liabilities	195,948
Other long-term liabilites	904
Total liabilities assumed	278,947
Net identifiable assets acquired	375,648
Goodwill	829,141
Net assets acquired	$ 1,204,789

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Acquisition - Acquired Intangible Assets (Details) - iHealth Technologies $ in Thousands	May 14, 2014 USD ($)
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 543,200
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	13 years 3 months 18 days
Goodwill acquired, tax deductible amount	$ 0
Trademark
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 8,600
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	11 years
Customer relationships
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 486,700
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	14 years
Acquired software
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 47,900
Weighted-average useful life of acquired intangible assets	7 years

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Acquisition - Other Acquisition Related Disclosures (Details) - iHealth Technologies - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Purchase price adjustments		$ 979
Transaction costs			$ 5,745
Former stockholders
Payment to former stockholders	$ 22,270	$ 22,270
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses | Former stockholders
Payable to related parties			$ 21,291

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Acquisition - Pro Forma Results (Details) - iHealth Technologies $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($) $ / shares
Pro Forma Results
Net revenue	$ 505,961
Operating income	57,533
Net loss	$ (18,752)
Basic loss per share | $ / shares	$ (0.24)
Diluted loss per share | $ / shares	$ (0.24)

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Property and Equipment - Balances by Major Asset Class (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 108,008	$ 79,746
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	40,368	22,294
Property and equipment, net	67,640	57,452
Computer equipment
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	40,349	31,496
Software
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	42,614	26,412
Furniture and fixtures
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	8,652	7,916
Leasehold improvements
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	4,392	3,488
Projects in progress
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 12,001	$ 10,434

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Property and Equipment - Perpetual Software License (Details) - Perpetual software license - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016
Recorded obligation
Remaining payment period	2 years
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses
Recorded obligation
Current portion of obligation	$ 2,952	$ 3,351
Other long-term liabilities
Recorded obligation
Long-term portion of obligation	$ 6,340	$ 3,225

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Property and Equipment - Depreciation and Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Property and Equipment
Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment	$ 20,151	$ 12,695	$ 7,416

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Intangible Assets - Balances by Major Asset Class and Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Intangible assets with definite lives
Accumulated Amortization		$ 193,347	$ 133,767
Amortization expense		60,818	61,467	$ 52,355
Intangible assets
Gross Carrying Amount		726,652	756,003
Impairment of intangible assets	$ 27,826		27,826	74,034
Net Carrying Amount		$ 533,305	$ 594,410
Weighted average
Intangible assets with definite lives
Amortization period		12 years 9 months 18 days	12 years 9 months 18 days
Trademark
Intangible assets with indefinite lives
Gross Carrying Amount		$ 4,200	$ 24,500
Impairment			20,300
Net Carrying Amount		4,200	4,200
Customer relationships
Intangible assets with definite lives
Gross Carrying Amount		640,052	640,503
Accumulated Amortization		144,768	97,857
Net Carrying Amount		$ 495,284	$ 542,646
Intangible assets
Impairment of intangible assets				$ 74,034
Customer relationships | Weighted average
Intangible assets with definite lives
Amortization period		13 years 8 months 12 days	13 years 8 months 12 days
Acquired software
Intangible assets with definite lives
Gross Carrying Amount		$ 82,400	$ 82,400
Accumulated Amortization		48,579	34,836
Net Carrying Amount		$ 33,821	$ 47,564
Acquired software | Weighted average
Intangible assets with definite lives
Amortization period		6 years 2 months 12 days	6 years 2 months 12 days
Trademark
Intangible assets with definite lives
Gross Carrying Amount			$ 8,600
Accumulated Amortization			1,074
Impairment			$ 7,526
Trademark | Weighted average
Intangible assets with definite lives
Amortization period			11 years

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Intangible Assets - Balances by Major Asset Class - Future Amortization Expense (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Amortization expense for the next 5 years
2017	$ 57,824
2018	53,894
2019	53,894
2020	53,894
2021	$ 49,572

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Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Balance	$ 1,197,044
Balance	1,196,024	$ 1,197,044
Impairment related to goodwill	0	0	$ 0
Healthcare
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Balance	1,147,771	1,147,396
Purchase price adjustments		979
Foreign currency translation and other		(604)
Balance	1,147,771	1,147,771	1,147,396
Global Retail and Other
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill
Balance	49,273	49,957
Foreign currency translation and other	(1,020)	(684)
Balance	$ 48,253	$ 49,273	$ 49,957

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Commitments and Contingencies - Operating Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Commitments and Contingencies
Rental expense relating to operating leases	$ 10,529	$ 8,826	$ 7,202
Future minimum payments under non cancellable operating leases
2017	9,262
2018	7,227
2019	4,038
2020	2,907
2021	2,034
2022 - 2029	8,257
Total minimum lease payments	$ 33,725

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Commitments and Contingencies - Legal and Other Matters (Details) - Unfavorable action - Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	Jul. 01, 2015	Aug. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016
Loss contingency
Settlement on original claim amount offered by CMS to allow providers to remove eligible claims pending in appeals process (as a percent)		68.00%
RAC contract contingency fee on original amount of settled claims under CMS July 1, 2015 Technical Direction Letter (as a percent)	32.00%
Maximum possible additional amount of refund payable in excess of amount accrued			$ 13,000
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals
Loss contingency
Estimated refund liability on settled claims			$ 22,308

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Commitments and Contingencies - Asset Retirement Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Asset Retirement Obligations
Balance beginning of period	$ 2,415	$ 2,055
Additional ARO Liability	133	207
Accretion expense	177	153
Balance at end of period	$ 2,725	$ 2,415

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Long-term Debt - Summary of Components (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	May 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Long-term debt
Decrease in total debt outstanding	$ 22,700
Loss on extinguishment of debt							$ 16,417	$ 4,084	$ 21,524
Long-term debt components
Total debt							791,039	1,055,045
Less: debt issuance costs							10,837	20,975
Less: current portion							18,000	21,099
Total long-term debt							762,202	1,012,971
Initial Secured Credit Facilities
Long-term debt
Loss on extinguishment of debt				$ 9,349			9,349
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities
Long-term debt
Decrease in applicable interest rates (as a percent)			0.50%
Loss on extinguishment of debt						$ 4,084		4,084
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities
Long-term debt
Outstanding borrowings repaid		$ 223,000
Voluntary prepayment of borrowings		$ 13,100
Loss on extinguishment of debt					$ 7,068		7,068
Term Loan A | Restated Credit Agreement
Long-term debt
Maximum borrowing capacity	250,000			250,000
Long-term debt components
Total debt							246,694
Term Loan B | Restated Credit Agreement
Long-term debt
Maximum borrowing capacity	550,000			550,000
Long-term debt components
Total debt							$ 544,345
Term loan | Initial First Lien Credit Facilities
Long-term debt components
Total debt								792,167
Term loan | Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities
Long-term debt components
Total debt								$ 262,878
Revolver | Restated Credit Agreement
Long-term debt
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 100,000			$ 100,000

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Long-term Debt - Term Loan A (Details) - Restated Credit Agreement - Term Loan A $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) period
Debt covenants
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)	3.75%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.25%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Maximum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.00%
ABR Loans | LIBOR
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.00%
ABR Loans | New York Federal Reserve Bank Rate
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.50%
LIBOR Loans
Debt covenants
Frequency of interest payments, option one	1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two	2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three	3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four	6 months
Interest payable, threshold period	3 months
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.25%
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Maximum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	3.00%
2016
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarterly
Principal payment	$ 3,125
2017 and 2018
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarter
Principal payment	$ 3,125
2019
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarter
Principal payment	$ 4,688
2020
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarter
Principal payment	$ 6,250
2021
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarter
Principal payment	$ 9,375
Number of quarters in redemption period | period	2

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Long-term Debt - Term Loan B (Details) - Restated Credit Agreement - Term Loan B $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Debt covenants
Frequency of payment	quarterly
Principal payment	$ 1,375
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)	3.75%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.75%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Debt covenants
Interest rate (as a percent)	1.75%
ABR Loans | LIBOR
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.00%
ABR Loans | New York Federal Reserve Bank Rate
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.50%
LIBOR Loans
Debt covenants
Frequency of interest payments, option one	1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two	2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three	3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four	6 months
Interest payable, threshold period	3 months
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.75%
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Debt covenants
Interest rate (as a percent)	0.75%
Standard & Poor's, BB Rating | Moody's, Ba3 Rating | Minimum
Debt covenants
Margin reduction per annum if ratings met (as a percent)	0.25%

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Long-term Debt - Revolver (Details) - Restated Credit Agreement - Revolver $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Debt covenants
Frequency of interest payments, option one	1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two	2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three	3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four	6 months
Borrowings outstanding	$ 0
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)	3.75%
Minimum
Debt covenants
Commitment fee on unused capacity (as a percent)	0.30%
Maximum
Debt covenants
Commitment fee on unused capacity (as a percent)	0.50%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.25%
ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Maximum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.00%
ABR Loans | LIBOR
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.00%
ABR Loans | New York Federal Reserve Bank Rate
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.50%
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.25%
LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Maximum
Debt covenants
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	3.00%

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Long-term Debt - Initial Secured Credit Facilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	May 26, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan
Long-term debt
Frequency of periodic payment		quarterly
Principal payment		$ 2,025
Frequency of interest payments, option one		1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two		2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three		3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four		6 months
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)		4.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	2.25%	2.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Long-term debt
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.00%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Federal Funds Effective Rate
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		0.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | LIBOR
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.00%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	3.25%	3.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Long-term debt
Interest rate (as a percent)		1.00%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver
Long-term debt
Frequency of interest payments, option one		1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two		2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three		3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four		6 months
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)		4.00%
Commitment fee on unused capacity (as a percent)		0.375%
Amount outstanding		$ 0
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | Minimum
Long-term debt
Commitment fee on unused capacity (as a percent)		0.375%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | Maximum
Long-term debt
Commitment fee on unused capacity (as a percent)		0.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.75%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Maximum
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		2.25%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | ABR Loans | Federal Funds Effective Rate
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		0.50%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | ABR Loans | LIBOR
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.00%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		2.75%
Interest rate (as a percent)		1.00%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Revolver | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Maximum
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		3.25%
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities | Letters of credit
Long-term debt
Amount outstanding		$ 3,526
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan
Long-term debt
Frequency of interest payments, option one		1 month
Frequency of interest payments, option two		2 months
Frequency of interest payments, option three		3 months
Frequency of interest payments, option four		6 months
Interest rate in effect at end of period (as a percent)		8.00%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	5.75%	6.00%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Alternate Base Rate | Minimum
Long-term debt
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.00%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | Federal Funds Effective Rate
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		0.50%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | ABR Loans | LIBOR
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.00%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR
Long-term debt
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	6.75%	7.00%
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities | Term loan | LIBOR Loans | LIBOR | Minimum
Long-term debt
Interest rate (as a percent)		1.00%

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Long-term Debt - Other Covenant Terms (Details) - Restated Credit Agreement - Maximum	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Term Loan A
Ratio requirements
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2018	5.50
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2019	5.25
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through June 2021	5.00
Revolver
Ratio requirements
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2018	5.50
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through September 2019	5.25
Secured Leverage Ratio covenant, through June 2021	5.00

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Long-term Debt - Aggregate Maturities (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Aggregate maturities of long term debt
2017	$ 18,000
2018	18,000
2019	24,250
2020	30,500
2021	183,625
Thereafter	521,125
Total	$ 795,500

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Derivative Instruments - Interest Rate Cap Contracts (Details) - Interest rate cap agreements - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
LIBOR
Interest rate derivatives
Interest rate cap on floating rate debt (as a percent)	3.00%
Cash flow hedge | Interest expense
Cash flow hedge activity
Expense recognized	$ 283	$ 105	$ 0
Ineffectiveness recorded	0	0	$ 0
Designated as Hedge
Interest rate derivatives
Notional amount	$ 540,000	$ 630,000

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Derivative Instruments - Quantitative Information Related to Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Estimated amount of existing losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months	$ (1,783)	$ (283)
Interest rate cap agreements
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Deferred hedge premiums paid and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	2,581
Expected additional payments of deferred premiums	3,813
Designated as Hedge | Interest rate cap agreements | Other long-term liabilities
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Derivative liability	1,729	2,310
Designated as Hedge | Interest rate cap agreements | Accounts payable and accrued other expenses
Interest rate cash flow hedges
Derivative liability	$ 1,065	$ 1,086

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Derivative Instruments - Changes in Other Comprehensive Income Related to Cash Flow Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Changes in other comprehensive income related to derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges
Balance at beginning of period	$ (2,968)	$ (623)
Reclassifications in earnings, net of tax of $21 and $76 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, and $9 and $22 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015	176	65
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, net of tax of $45 and $463 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, and $483 and $1,015 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015	(542)	(2,410)	(623)
Balance at end of period	(3,334)	(2,968)	(623)
Other comprehensive income, tax effect
Reclassifications in earnings, tax	107	40
Change in fair value of derivative instrument, tax	$ 319	$ 1,360	$ 476

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Level 1
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities		$ 1,181
Total		1,181
Level 2
Liabilities
Interest rate cap agreements	$ 2,794	3,396
Total	2,794	3,396
Level 3
Liabilities
Long-term debt	791,038	1,055,045
Total	$ 791,038	$ 1,055,045

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Income Taxes - Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Income Taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations	$ 20,970	$ 14,401	$ (16,804)
Income tax expense from discontinued operations		341
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$ 20,970	$ 14,742	$ (16,804)

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Income Taxes - Income (Loss) before Tax from Continuing Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Components of income (loss) before income taxes from continuing operations
U.S. operations	$ 66,838	$ 27,605	$ (45,203)
Foreign operations	2,984	100	2,574
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	$ 69,822	$ 27,705	$ (42,629)

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Income Taxes - Current and Deferred Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Current:
U.S. federal	$ 26,734	$ 20,382	$ 25,136
State and local	613	4,822	4,091
Foreign	1,358	1,029	842
Current income tax expense	28,705	26,233	30,069
Deferred
U.S. federal	(5,858)	(12,584)	(42,047)
State and local	(1,825)	798	(4,826)
Foreign	(52)	(46)
Deferred income tax benefit	(7,735)	(11,832)	(46,873)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$ 20,970	$ 14,401	$ (16,804)

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Income Taxes - Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of effective tax rates from continuing operations to U.S. statutory rates
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate		$ 24,438	$ 9,697	$ (14,920)
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit		556	3,922	(2,167)
Non deductible costs		779	1,070	815
Stock-based compensation		(4,000)
Unrecognized tax positions		(1,397)	508	(240)
Other		594	(796)	(292)
Total income tax expense (benefit)		$ 20,970	$ 14,401	$ (16,804)
Effective income tax rate from continuing operations
Effective income tax rate (as a percent)		30.00%	52.00%	39.40%
Tax benefit related to the settlement of an uncertain tax position recorded in a prior period		$ 1,300
Excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises resulting from the early adoption of ASU 2016-09	$ 4,000	4,000
Tax benefit from the implementation of certain tax planning		1,122
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries
Deferred tax liability on earning of non-branch foreign subsidiaries	0	0	$ 0
Earnings of non-branch foreign subsidiaries considered indefinitely reinvested	$ 8,065	8,065	5,910	$ 4,610
Tax expense on earnings of non-branch foreign subsidiaries if not considered indefinitely reinvested		$ 1,891	$ 1,386	$ 1,081

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Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Ccomponents of deferred tax assets and liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities	$ 120,533	$ 129,284
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts and estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	34,794	35,174
Accrued compensation	2,185	540
Deferred rent	149	156
Stock compensation	10,381	2,960
Tax credit and net operating loss carryforward	652	1,652
Other deductible temporary differences	5,077	6,353
Gross deferred tax assets	53,238	46,835
Less: valuation allowance	(199)	(440)
Total deferred tax assets	53,039	46,395
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unbilled receivables and other liabilities	(2,307)	(2,435)
Intangibles and goodwill	(154,528)	(161,099)
Property and equipment	(10,795)	(8,706)
Software development costs	(2,603)	(1,998)
Other taxable temporary differences	(3,339)	(1,441)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(173,572)	(175,679)
Net deferred tax liability	$ (120,533)	$ (129,284)

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Income Taxes - NOL and Carryforwards (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Valuation allowance
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance	$ 199	$ 440
Federal
Net operating loss carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	1,297
Foreign
Net operating loss carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 1,183

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Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits
Unrecognized tax benefits - January 1	$ 4,937	$ 4,324
Increase for tax positions taken in prior period	67	619
Increase for tax positions taken in current period	203	694
Decrease for tax positions taken in prior period	(508)
Decrease for tax positions taken in current period	(43)	(146)
Decrease related to lapse in statute of limitations	(96)	(554)
Decrease related to settlement of positions taken in prior periods	(1,989)
Unrecognized tax benefits - December 31	$ 2,571	$ 4,937

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Income Taxes - Uncertain Tax Positions and Other (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Income Taxes
Total uncertain tax positions expected to reverse in the next 12 months	$ 2,301	$ 194
Total penalty and interest incurred, relating to uncertain tax positions	$ 424	$ 920	$ 583

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Stockholders' Equity - Issuance of Common Stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 25, 2016	May 14, 2014	May 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2014	May 13, 2016	May 12, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Issuance of stock
Common stock, shares authorized				600,000,000		600,000,000	122,000,000	122,000,000
Net IPO proceeds received	$ 226,963
Offering expenses	$ 18,822
Stock issued				$ 226,963	$ 435,144
Cash received from issuance of stock			$ 365,187
Noncash financing activities (issuance of common stock)		$ 69,957	69,957
Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)				12,936,038	32,790,321
Stock issued				$ 13	$ 33
IPO | Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)	12,936,038
Offering price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.00
Private placement
Issuance of stock
Stock issued			$ 435,144
Private placement | Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)			32,790,321

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Stockholders' Equity - Common Stockholder Rights and Preferences (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) Vote Right
Registration rights
Number of votes a share of common stock entitles the holder | Vote	1
Demand registration rights
Registration rights
Cap period	12 months
Demand registration rights | Maximum
Registration rights
Number of requests in any 12 month period | Right	2
Piggyback registration rights | Minimum
Registration rights
Value of shares owned by Holder (in dollars) | $	$ 500
Shelf registration rights
Registration rights
Cap period	12 months
Shelf registration rights | Maximum
Registration rights
Number of requests in any 12 month period | Right	2
Shelf registration rights | Minimum
Registration rights
Anticipated aggregate offering price, net of selling expenses (in dollars) | $	$ 5,000,000,000

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Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Split and Dividends (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	May 25, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares	May 13, 2016
Common stock
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars) | $	$ 150,000
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Reduction in stock option exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Common stock
Common stock
Stock split ratio		6.1

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Earnings per Share - Basic and Diluted Computation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Basic and diluted earnings per share computation
Net income available to common stockholders	$ 25,292	$ 4,583	$ 10,893	$ 8,084	$ 9,183	$ (7,294)	$ 7,780	$ 4,194	$ 48,852	$ 13,863	$ (25,825)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock									85,053,890	77,216,133	65,253,954
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards									3,524,302	425,255
Adjusted weighted average outstanding and assumed conversions for diluted EPS									88,578,192	77,641,388	65,253,954
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations:
Basic (in dollars per share)					$ 0.12	$ (0.09)	$ 0.10	$ 0.04	$ 0.57	$ 0.17	$ (0.40)
Diluted (in dollars per share)					0.12	(0.09)	0.10	0.04	0.55	0.17	(0.40)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations:
Basic (in dollars per share)										0.01
Diluted (in dollars per share)										0.01
Total earnings (loss) per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.28	$ 0.05	$ 0.13	$ 0.10	0.12	(0.09)	0.10	0.05	0.57	0.18	(0.40)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.27	$ 0.05	$ 0.13	$ 0.10	$ 0.12	$ (0.09)	$ 0.10	$ 0.05	$ 0.55	$ 0.18	$ (0.40)

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Earnings per Share - Awards Excluded from Diluted Calculation (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Anti-dilutive securities and other information
Stock-based awards excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	341,054	2,035,332	2,536,960
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards	3,524,302	425,255
Performance-based stock options
Anti-dilutive securities and other information
Share-based awards excluded because vesting conditions not satisfied		2,794,910	2,487,275

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Stock-Based Compensation - Equity Incentive Plans (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	May 25, 2016	May 24, 2016
Stock options
Equity Incentive Plans
Granted (in shares)	273,759	1,997,964
Amended 2012 Equity Incentive Plan
Equity Incentive Plans
Shares authorized for issuance				7,243,330
Shares available for future issuance	0
Amended 2012 Equity Incentive Plan | Stock options
Equity Incentive Plans
Granted (in shares)	0
2016 Equity Incentive Plan
Equity Incentive Plans
Shares authorized for issuance			5,490,000
Shares available for future issuance	5,277,451

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Terms (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Stock options | Maximum
Stock Options
Term of award	10 years
Stock options | Owner of more than 10 percent of voting stock | Maximum
Stock Options
Term of award	5 years
Amended 2012 Equity Incentive Plan | Service-based stock options
Stock Options
Vesting period	5 years
2016 Equity Incentive Plan | Stock options
Stock Options
Percentage of market price to purchase shares of common stock (as a percent)	100.00%
2016 Equity Incentive Plan | Service-based stock options
Stock Options
Vesting period	4 years

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - Stock options - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Shares
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	6,441,527	5,024,234
Granted (in shares)	273,759	1,997,964
Exercised (in shares)	(574,991)	(25,620)
Forfeited (in shares)	(127,233)	(555,051)
Expired (in shares)	(15,690)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	5,997,372	6,441,527
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 9.59	$ 7.98
Granted (in dollars per share)	19.59	13.76
Exercised (in dollars per share)	7.41	6.26
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	12.92	10.16
Expired (in dollars per share)	(13.60)
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 10.18	$ 9.59

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options Outstanding (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Stock options
Shares
Outstanding (in shares)		5,997,372	6,441,527	5,024,234
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding (in dollars per share)		$ 10.18	$ 9.59	$ 7.98
Average Remaining Contractual Term
Outstanding		7 years 3 months 18 days
Vested and exercisable		7 years
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 145,270
Vested and exercisable		107,617
Total intrinsic value of options exercised		15,521
Total fair value of options vested		$ 22,453	$ 2,450	$ 2,000
Service-based stock options
Shares
Outstanding (in shares)		3,609,485
Vested and exercisable (in shares)		1,878,538
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding (in dollars per share)		$ 10.77
Vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)		$ 9.04
Performance-based stock options
Shares
Outstanding (in shares)		2,387,887
Vested and exercisable (in shares)		2,387,887
Vested and exercisable upon satisfaction of criteria (in shares)	2,746,592
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding (in dollars per share)		$ 9.28
Vested and exercisable (in dollars per share)		9.28
Common stock
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Fair value of stock (in dollars per share)		$ 34.40

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Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units Vesting and Activity (Details) - Restricted stock units - $ / shares	12 Months Ended	53 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	May 24, 2016
Equity Incentive Plans
Vesting period	4 years
Amended 2012 Equity Incentive Plan
Shares
Granted (in shares)		0
2016 Equity Incentive Plan
Shares
Nonvested at beginning of period (in shares)	0
Granted (in shares)	67,295
Nonvested at end of period (in shares)	67,295
Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 0.00
Granted (in dollars per share)	25.88
Nonvested at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 25.88

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Stock-Based Compensation - Weighted Average Assumptions to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Details) - Stock options - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of stock options granted
Expected term	6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months
Expected volatility (as a percent)	50.00%	50.00%	50.00%
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 9.53	$ 7.77	$ 5.70
Weighted average
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of stock options granted
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)	1.36%	1.70%	1.80%

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Stock-Based Compensation - Expense Recorded (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense			$ 22,954	$ 3,399	$ 2,492
Stock options
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense related to accelerated vesting		$ 2,257	2,257
Performance-based stock options
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 15,898		$ 15,898
Service based stock options and RSUs
Stock-based compensation expense
Unvested service-based stock options and RSU awards (in shares)			1,784,212
Unrecognized compensation cost			$ 13,319
Period of recognition of unrecognized compensation cost			3 years 1 month 6 days

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - Former stockholders - iHealth Technologies - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Related party transactions
Payment to former stockholders	$ 22,270	$ 22,270
Accounts payable and accrued other expenses
Related party transactions
Payable to related parties			$ 21,291

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Segment Information - Operating Segment Results (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2015 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2015 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)
Segment information
Number of reportable segments | segment									2
Net Revenue	$ 167,912	$ 156,241	$ 158,291	$ 142,718	$ 151,463	$ 136,936	$ 133,306	$ 119,638	$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Operating Income	$ 41,622	$ 24,155	$ 38,938	$ 29,238	$ 34,916	$ 4,128	$ 33,773	$ 23,707	133,953	96,524	30,197
Healthcare
Segment information
Net Revenue									552,041	467,044	359,842
Operating Income									123,917	84,240	23,713
Global Retail and Other
Segment information
Net Revenue									73,121	74,299	81,530
Operating Income									$ 10,036	$ 12,284	$ 6,484

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Segment Information - Operating Segment Net Revenue by Product Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue	$ 167,912	$ 156,241	$ 158,291	$ 142,718	$ 151,463	$ 136,936	$ 133,306	$ 119,638	$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Healthcare
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 552,041	$ 467,044	$ 359,842
Healthcare | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 552,041	$ 467,044	$ 359,842
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									88.30%	86.30%	81.60%
Healthcare | Retrospective claims accuracy | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 310,496	$ 251,288	$ 240,544
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									49.70%	46.40%	54.50%
Healthcare | Prospective claims accuracy | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 229,491	$ 201,899	$ 108,828
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									36.70%	37.30%	24.70%
Healthcare | Transaction services | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 12,054	$ 13,857	$ 10,470
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									1.90%	2.60%	2.40%
Global Retail and Other
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 73,121	$ 74,299	$ 81,530
Global Retail and Other | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 73,121	$ 74,299	$ 81,530
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									11.70%	13.70%	18.40%
Global Retail and Other | Retrospective claims accuracy | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 70,656	$ 72,060	$ 80,075
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									11.30%	13.30%	18.10%
Global Retail and Other | Other | Product | Total net revenue
Net revenue by product type
Net revenue									$ 2,465	$ 2,239	$ 1,455
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)									0.40%	0.40%	0.30%

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Segment and Geographic Information - Geographic Information (Details) - Geographic	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Total net revenue | United States
Geographic net revenue and long lived assets
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	98.00%	98.00%	95.00%
Long-lived assets | Minimum | United States
Geographic net revenue and long lived assets
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	99.00%	99.00%
Long-lived assets | Maximum | Foreign
Geographic net revenue and long lived assets
Proportionate share of total (as a percent)	1.00%	1.00%

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Client Concentration (Details) - Total net revenue - Customer Concentration Risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Customer A
Client Concentration
Concentration percentage	15.00%	14.00%	15.00%
Customer B
Client Concentration
Concentration percentage	11.00%	10.00%	10.00%
Customer C
Client Concentration
Concentration percentage	2.00%	3.00%	10.00%

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Employee Benefit Plans - Contributions Expensed (Details) - Compensation - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Employee benefit plans
Contributions expensed	$ 4,608	$ 4,019	$ 2,199
401(k) Plan
Employee benefit plans
Contributions expensed	3,860	3,053	1,604
Profit Share Plan
Employee benefit plans
Contributions expensed	220	539	416
Provident Plan
Employee benefit plans
Contributions expensed	$ 528	$ 427	$ 179

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Employee Benefit Plans - Nonqualified Profit Sharing Incentive Compensation Plan (Details) - Profit Share Plan - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Maximum
Employee benefit plans
Period following last day of plan year that contributions are made	90 days
Minimum
Employee benefit plans
Service period required for eligibility	1000 hours
Accrued compensation costs
Employee benefit plans
Accrued employee benefits		$ 0	$ 893

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Employee Benefit Plans - India Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Subsidiary | India
Employee benefit plans
Accrued benefit obligation	$ 763	$ 535

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Discontinued Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015
Discontinued operations
Gain from collection of fully reserved note receivable			$ 900
Estimated impact to diluted EPS as a result of gain on discontinued operations (in dollars per share)			$ 0.01
Discontinued operations sold | Business disposed of in 2012
Discontinued operations
Gain from collection of fully reserved note receivable	$ 900	$ 900
Estimated impact to diluted EPS as a result of gain on discontinued operations (in dollars per share)			$ 0.01

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Net Revenue	$ 167,912	$ 156,241	$ 158,291	$ 142,718	$ 151,463	$ 136,936	$ 133,306	$ 119,638	$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Operating income	41,622	24,155	38,938	29,238	34,916	4,128	33,773	23,707	133,953	96,524	30,197
Income (loss) from continuing operations					9,183	(7,294)	7,780	3,635	48,852	13,304	(25,825)
Net income (loss)	$ 25,292	$ 4,583	$ 10,893	$ 8,084	$ 9,183	$ (7,294)	$ 7,780	$ 4,194	$ 48,852	$ 13,863	$ (25,825)
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations-Basic (in dollars per share)					$ 0.12	$ (0.09)	$ 0.10	$ 0.04	$ 0.57	$ 0.17	$ (0.40)
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations-Diluted (in dollars per share)					0.12	(0.09)	0.10	0.04	0.55	0.17	(0.40)
Earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share)								0.01
Total earnings (loss) per share - Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.28	$ 0.05	$ 0.13	$ 0.10	0.12	(0.09)	0.10	0.05	0.57	0.18	(0.40)
Total earnings (loss) per share-Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.27	$ 0.05	$ 0.13	$ 0.10	$ 0.12	$ (0.09)	$ 0.10	$ 0.05	$ 0.55	$ 0.18	$ (0.40)

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Feb. 28, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Quarterly operating results
Revenues			$ 167,912	$ 156,241	$ 158,291	$ 142,718	$ 151,463	$ 136,936	$ 133,306	$ 119,638	$ 625,162	$ 541,343	$ 441,372
Stock-based compensation expense											22,954	3,399	2,492
Loss on extinguishment of debt											16,417	4,084	21,524
Impairment of intangible assets	$ 27,826											27,826	74,034
Gain from collection of fully reserved note receivable												900
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax												559
Customer relationships
Quarterly operating results
Impairment of intangible assets													74,034
Discontinued operations sold | Business disposed of in 2012
Quarterly operating results
Gain from collection of fully reserved note receivable		$ 900								900
Gain on discontinued operations, net of tax										$ 559
Initial Second Lien Credit Facilities
Quarterly operating results
Loss on extinguishment of debt					7,068						7,068
Initial Secured Credit Facilities
Quarterly operating results
Loss on extinguishment of debt				9,349							9,349
Initial First Lien Credit Facilities
Quarterly operating results
Loss on extinguishment of debt									$ 4,084			4,084
Healthcare
Quarterly operating results
Revenues											552,041	$ 467,044	$ 359,842
Healthcare | Special projects
Quarterly operating results
Revenues					5,000
Stock options
Quarterly operating results
Stock-based compensation expense related to accelerated vesting					$ 2,257						2,257
Performance-based stock options
Quarterly operating results
Stock-based compensation expense				$ 15,898							$ 15,898

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Parent Company Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2016	May 13, 2016	May 12, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013
Non current assets:
TOTAL ASSETS	$ 2,002,263			$ 2,114,088
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Total liabilities	1,062,927			1,326,492
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)	91			77
Additional paid-in capital	911,582			807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)	33,917			(14,935)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6,156)			(4,867)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)	(98)			(98)
Total stockholders' equity	939,336			787,596	$ 773,133	$ 363,223
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 2,002,263			$ 2,114,088
Stockholders' equity parenthetical
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.001			$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	600,000,000	600,000,000	122,000,000	122,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	90,748,740			77,237,711
Common stock, shares outstanding	90,741,340			77,230,311
Treasury stock, shares	7,400			7,400
Parent Company
Non current assets:
Investment in subsidiaries	$ 939,336			$ 787,596
TOTAL ASSETS	939,336			787,596
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 600,000,000 and 122,000,000 shares authorized, 90,748,740 and 77,237,711 issued, and 90,741,340 and 77,230,311 outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively)	91			77
Additional paid-in capital	911,582			807,419
Retained earnings (deficit)	33,917			(14,935)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6,156)			(4,867)
Treasury stock, at cost (7,400 shares at December 31, 2016 and 2015)	(98)			(98)
Total stockholders' equity	939,336			787,596
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 939,336			$ 787,596
Stockholders' equity parenthetical
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.001			$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	600,000,000	600,000,000	122,000,000	122,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	90,748,740			77,237,711
Common stock, shares outstanding	90,741,340			77,230,311
Treasury stock, shares	7,400			7,400

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Parent Company Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Parent Company Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss
Net income (loss)	$ 48,852	$ 13,863	$ (25,825)
Comprehensive income (loss)	47,563	10,854	(27,741)
Parent Company
Parent Company Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries	48,852	13,863	(25,825)
Net income (loss)	48,852	13,863	(25,825)
Equity in other comprehensive loss of subsidiaries	(1,289)	(3,009)	(1,916)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 47,563	$ 10,854	$ (27,741)

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Parent Company Statements of Cash Flows) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 14, 2014	May 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)			$ 48,852	$ 13,863	$ (25,825)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities			189,171	63,154	95,728
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net cash used in investing activities			(34,032)	(22,581)	(1,091,520)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock			226,963		365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options			4,243	210	32
Purchase of treasury shares					(18)
Dividends Paid			(150,000)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities			(193,275)	(8,976)	1,025,872
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(38,730)	30,753	29,550
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			149,365	118,612	89,062
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period			110,635	149,365	118,612
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Noncash financing activities (noncash capital contribution)	$ 69,957	$ 69,957
Noncash acquisition of treasury stock					98
Parent Company
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)			48,852	13,863	(25,825)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries			(48,852)	(13,863)	25,825
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in subsidiaries			(81,206)	(210)	(365,201)
Net cash used in investing activities			(81,206)	(210)	(365,201)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock			226,963		365,187
Proceeds from exercise of stock options			4,243	210	32
Purchase of treasury shares					(18)
Dividends Paid			(150,000)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities			81,206	210	365,201
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Noncash operating activities (stock-based compensation)			$ 22,954	$ 3,399	2,492
Noncash financing activities (noncash capital contribution)		$ 69,957			69,957
Noncash acquisition of treasury stock					$ (98)

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Stockholders' Equity - Issuance of Common Stock (Details) - USD ($)			1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 25, 2016	May 14, 2014	May 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2014	May 13, 2016	May 12, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Issuance of stock
Common stock, shares authorized				600,000,000		600,000,000	122,000,000	122,000,000
Net IPO proceeds received	$ 226,963,000
Offering expenses	18,822,000
Stock issued				$ 226,963,000	$ 435,144,000
Cash received from issuance of stock			$ 365,187,000
Noncash financing activities (issuance of common stock)		$ 69,957,000	69,957,000
Parent Company
Issuance of stock
Common stock, shares authorized				600,000,000		600,000,000	122,000,000	122,000,000
Net IPO proceeds received	226,963,000
Offering expenses	$ 18,822,000
Cash received from issuance of stock			365,187,000
Noncash financing activities (issuance of common stock)			69,957,000		$ 69,957,000
Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)				12,936,038	32,790,321
Stock issued				$ 13,000	$ 33,000
IPO | Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)	12,936,038
Offering price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.00
IPO | Common stock | Parent Company
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)	12,936,038
Offering price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.00
Private placement
Issuance of stock
Stock issued			435,144,000
Private placement | Parent Company
Issuance of stock
Stock issued			$ 435,144
Private placement | Common stock
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)			32,790,321
Private placement | Common stock | Parent Company
Issuance of stock
Stock issued (in shares)			32,790,321

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Split and Dividends (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	May 25, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares	May 13, 2016
Common stock
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars) | $	$ 150,000
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Reduction in stock option exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Common stock
Common stock
Stock split ratio		6.1
Parent Company
Common stock
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars) | $	$ 150,000
Common stock dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Reduction in stock option exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 1.94
Parent Company | Common stock
Common stock
Stock split ratio		6.1

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Activity in valuation and qualifying accounts
Estimated allowance for refunds and appeals	$ 41,020	$ 33,406	$ 23,216
Estimated liability for refunds and appeals	62,539	67,775	74,941
Allowance and estimated liability for refunds and appeals
Activity in valuation and qualifying accounts
Balance at Beginning of Period	101,181	98,157	53,075
Business Combination			14,382
Provision Charged Against Revenue	99,472	67,702	62,166
Deductions	(97,094)	(64,678)	(31,466)
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Ending Balance	103,559	101,181	98,157
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Activity in valuation and qualifying accounts
Balance at Beginning of Period	1,053	655	34
Charged to Operating Expenses	(147)	804	660
Deductions	(55)	(406)	(39)
Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Balance, Ending Balance	$ 851	$ 1,053	$ 655