Organization and Business Activities	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Organization and Business Activities
Organization and Business Activities	1. Organization and Business Activities Nabriva Therapeutics plc, or Nabriva Ireland, together with its wholly owned and consolidated subsidiaries, Nabriva Therapeutics GmbH, or Nabriva Austria, Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., and Nabriva Therapeutics Ireland DAC, collectively, Nabriva, or the Company, is a biopharmaceutical company engaged in the commercialization and development of novel anti-infective agents to treat serious infections. The Company’s headquarters are located at 25-28 North Wall Quay, Dublin, Ireland. In September 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, granted a new technology add-on payment, or NTAP, for XENLETA® (lefamulin) for injection, when administered in the hospital inpatient setting. Both the intravenous, or IV and oral formulations of XENLETA were granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP, and Fast Track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. CONTEPO was granted an NTAP making it the first QIDP antibiotic to be granted conditional NTAP approval prior to receiving FDA approval. CONTEPO was granted QIDP and Fast Track Designation by the FDA for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, or cUTIs, including acute pyelonephritis. In July 2020, the Company announced that the European Commission, or EC, issued a legally binding decision for approval of the marketing authorization application for XENLETA™ (lefamulin) for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, or CAP, in adults following a review by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. The EMA approval of XENLETA in CAP patients when it is considered inappropriate to use antibacterial agents that are commonly recommended for initial treatment or when these agents have failed paves the way for the launch of XENLETA across the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K. The EC approved XENLETA for all countries of the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K. Nabriva intends to work with a commercial partner to make XENLETA available to patients in the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K. In July 2020, the Company announced that Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc., or Sunovion, received approval from Health Canada to market oral and IV formulations of XENLETA® (lefamulin) for the treatment of CAP in adults, with the Notice of Compliance from Health Canada dated July 10, 2020. Nabriva entered into a license and commercialization agreement in March 2019 with Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. for XENLETA in Canada. In July 2020, the Company announced that it entered into a Sales Promotion and Distribution Agreement, or the Distribution Agreement, with MSD International GmbH, or MSD, and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., or Supplier, each a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Under the Distribution Agreement, MSD appointed the Company as its sole and exclusive distributor of certain products containing tedizolid phosphate as the active ingredient previously marketed and sold by Supplier and MSD under the trademark SIVEXTRO® for injection, intravenous use and oral use in the United States and its territories. SIVEXTRO is an oxazolidinone-class antibacterial indicated in adults and patients 12 years of age and older for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible Gram-positive microorganisms. Nabriva has also engaged Amplity Health, a leading pharmaceutical contract commercial organization, to provide community-based commercial and sales services for SIVEXTRO and XENLETA® in the United States. In June 2020 the Company announced that WE Pharma Ltd., or WEP Clinical, a specialist pharmaceutical services company, had signed an exclusive agreement with the Company to supply XENLETA® (lefamulin) on a named patient or expanded access basis in certain countries outside of the US, China and Canada. The Named Patient Program, or NPP, is designed to ensure that physicians, contingent on meeting the necessary eligibility criteria and receiving approval, can request IV or oral XENLETA on behalf of patients who live in certain countries where it is not yet available and have an unmet medical need. In September 2019, the Company announced that the oral and IV formulations of XENLETA (lefamulin) are available in the United States for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, or CABP, through major specialty distributors. This followed the approval by the FDA of the Company’s New Drug Application, or NDA, for XENLETA on August 19, 2019 for the treatment of adults with CABP. XENLETA is the first oral and IV treatment in the pleuromutilin class of antibiotics available for the systematic administration in humans. In July 2018, the Company acquired Zavante Therapeutics Inc., or Zavante, a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing CONTEPO (fosfomycin for injection), and entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement. CONTEPO is potentially a first-in-class epoxide antibiotic for IV administration in the United States. The Company is developing CONTEPO IV for cUTI and may potentially develop XENLETA and CONTEPO for additional indications. In April 2019, the FDA issued a Complete Response Letter, or CRL, in connection with the Company’s NDA for CONTEPO for the treatment of cUTIs, including acute pyelonephritis, stating that it was unable to approve the application in its current form. The CRL requests that issues related to facility inspections and manufacturing deficiencies at Nabriva’s active pharmaceutical ingredient contract manufacturer be addressed prior to the FDA approving the NDA. The Company requested a “Type A” meeting with the FDA to discuss its findings and this meeting occurred in July 2019. As the FDA did not request any new clinical data and did not raise any other concerns with regard to the safety or efficacy of CONTEPO in the CRL, the purpose of the meeting was to discuss and gain clarity on the issues related to facility inspections and manufacturing deficiencies at one of Nabriva's contract manufacturers that were described in the CRL and other matters pertaining to the steps required for the resubmission of the NDA for CONTEPO. The Company resubmitted its NDA in December 2019 and the FDA acknowledged the resubmission in January 2020. In June 2020, the FDA issued a second CRL on the NDA for CONTEPO. Although the Company’s European contract manufacturing partners were prepared for regulatory authority inspections, the CRL cites observations at the Company’s manufacturing partners that could not be resolved due to FDA’s inability to conduct onsite inspections because of travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, previously identified product quality and facility inspection related observations at the Company’s contract manufacturing partners are required to be satisfactorily resolved before the NDA may be approved. The FDA did not request any new clinical data and did not raise any other concerns with regard to the safety or efficacy of CONTEPO in the second CRL. The Company’s contract manufacturers continue to interact with FDA to discuss its plans for conducting inspections at their sites. On October 30, 2020, the Company participated in a Type A meeting with the FDA to obtain any new information related to the FDA’s pending conduct of inspections of foreign manufacturers during the COVID-19 pandemic that has negatively impacted a number of FDA product reviews, including the CONTEPO NDA. The FDA informed the Company that it has not yet determined how it will conduct international inspections during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, next steps and specific timing of the CONTEPO NDA resubmission cannot be finalized until the FDA issues industry guidance. The Company and the industry await future communication from the FDA as it continues to assess the options available under existing regulations and laws to conduct these foreign facility inspections. CONTEPO has been granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP, and Fast Track designations by the FDA for the treatment of serious infections, including cUTI. However, the Company cannot predict when the CONTEPO NDA will be resubmitted or when CONTEPO would receive marketing approval, if at all. Liquidity Since its inception, the Company has incurred net losses and generated negative cash flows from its operations which has resulted in a significant accumulated deficit to date. The Company has financed its operations through the sale of equity securities, convertible and term debt financings and research and development support from governmental grants and proceeds from its licensing agreements. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments of $41.6 million. The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, or ASC 205-40, which requires management to assess the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company expects to continue to invest in critical commercial and medical affairs activities, its commitments per the agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., as well as investing in its supply chain for the commercialization of XENLETA, SIVEXTRO and the potential launch of CONTEPO. The Company expects to seek additional funding in future periods to support these activities. While the Company has raised capital in the past, the ability to raise capital in future periods is not considered probable, as defined under the accounting standards. As such, under the requirements of ASC 205-40, management may not consider the potential for future capital raises in their assessment of the Company’s ability to meet its obligations for the next twelve months. In April 2020, the Company announced a restructuring of its hospital-based commercial sales force and transition to a community-based sales effort. The restructuring has reduced costs to align with the capabilities of the Company’s sales effort with its strategic re-focus on making sales of XENLETA to community health care professionals. The termination of the sales force was timed, in part, to coincide with operational changes that have been implemented by the Company in response to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease referred to as “COVID-19”. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company closed its administrative offices and shifted to a remote working business model. The Company implemented a work-from-home policy for all of its employees. The commercial and medical organizations suspended in-person interactions with physicians and customers and were restricted to conducting educational and promotional activities virtually. The Company has secured a new virtual and in-person sales effort with community-based expertise with Amplity Health, which is a Contract Sales Organization, to replace its hospital-based sale force. In September 2020, the Company began a small and focused sales effort for SIVEXTRO and XENLETA, by utilizing 15 sales representatives. The Company expanded this effort to 60 sales representatives in November 2020 and the Company may expand it further in 2021. The Company’s expenses will increase if it suffers any regulatory delays or is required to conduct additional clinical trials to satisfy regulatory requirements. The Company has incurred and expects to continue to incur significant commercialization expenses related to its commitments per the agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing for XENLETA, SIVEXTRO and CONTEPO, if approved. It is also uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate sufficient revenues from product sales to achieve profitability. As a result, based on the Company’s available cash resources, the minimum cash required under the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc., and in accordance with the requirements of ASC 205-40, management has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. A failure to raise the additional funding or to effectively implement cost reductions could harm the Company’s business, results of operations and future prospects. If the Company is not able to secure adequate additional funding in future periods, the Company may make additional reductions in certain expenditures. This may include liquidating assets and suspending or curtailing planned programs. The Company may also have to delay, reduce the scope of, suspend or eliminate one or more research and development programs or its commercialization efforts. Based on its current operating plans, the Company expects that its existing cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments as of the date of this filing will be sufficient to enable the Company to fund its operating expenses, debt service obligations and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2021. The Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could use its capital resources sooner than expected. This estimate assumes, among other things, that the Company does not obtain any additional funding through grants and clinical trial support, collaboration agreements or equity or debt financings. This estimate also assumes that the Company remains in compliance with the covenants and no event of default occurs under the Loan Agreement. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. In June 2019, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement^SM (the “Jefferies ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies, pursuant to which, from time to time, the Company may offer and sell ordinary shares, for aggregate gross sale proceeds of up to $50.0 million through Jefferies by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company also filed a prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Offering under the Company’s shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-219567), which became effective on August 10, 2017 and filed a new prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Offering under the Company’s new shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-248530), which became effective on September 11, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has issued and sold an aggregate of 1,992,390 ordinary shares pursuant to the Jefferies ATM Agreement and received gross proceeds of $21.9 million and net proceeds of $20.4 million, after deducting commissions to Jefferies and other offering expenses. From January 1, 2021 and through the date of this filing, the Company sold and issued 3,933,350 ordinary shares pursuant to the Jefferies ATM Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $11.5 million. As of the date of this filing, the Company may issue and sell ordinary shares for gross proceeds of up to $16.3 million under the Jefferies ATM Agreement. In May 2020, the Company sold to certain institutional investors, including Fidelity Management & Research Company, LLC, in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 4,144,537 ordinary shares and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,144,537 ordinary shares at a combined price of $9.1686 per security. The proceeds to the Company from the offering were $38.0 million gross and $35.2 million net, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses. As of December 31, 2020, there were 4,059,532 warrants outstanding, where each warrant has an exercise price of $7.92 per share and is immediately exercisable and will expire on the two-year anniversary of the issuance date. In December 2020, the Company completed a registered public offering in which it sold 6,000,000 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $2.50. The proceeds to the Company from the offering were $15.0 million gross and $13.3 million net, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses. In March 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering (1) an aggregate of 9,761,010 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,880,505 ordinary shares and (2) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 600,000 ordinary shares and accompanying ordinary share warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 300,000 ordinary shares. Each share was issued and sold together with an accompanying ordinary share warrant at a combined price of $2.4525, and each pre-funded warrant was issued and sold together with an accompanying ordinary share warrant at a combined price of $2.4425. The proceeds to us from the offering were $25.4 million gross and $23.4 million net after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other estimated offering expenses. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $0.01 and each pre-funded warrant was exercised in full on the issuance date. Each ordinary share warrant has an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $2.39, was exercisable on the date of issuance and will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance.

Organization and Business Activities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Organization and Business Activities

1. Organization and Business Activities

Nabriva Therapeutics plc, or Nabriva Ireland, together with its wholly owned and consolidated subsidiaries, Nabriva Therapeutics GmbH, or Nabriva Austria, Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., and Nabriva Therapeutics Ireland DAC, collectively, Nabriva, or the Company, is a biopharmaceutical company engaged in the commercialization and development of novel anti-infective agents to treat serious infections. The Company’s headquarters are located at 25-28 North Wall Quay, Dublin, Ireland.

In September 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, granted a new technology add-on payment, or NTAP, for XENLETA® (lefamulin) for injection, when administered in the hospital inpatient setting. Both the intravenous, or IV and oral formulations of XENLETA were granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP, and Fast Track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. CONTEPO was granted an NTAP making it the first QIDP antibiotic to be granted conditional NTAP approval prior to receiving FDA approval. CONTEPO was granted QIDP and Fast Track Designation by the FDA for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, or cUTIs, including acute pyelonephritis.

In July 2020, the Company announced that the European Commission, or EC, issued a legally binding decision for approval of the marketing authorization application for XENLETA™ (lefamulin) for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, or CAP, in adults following a review by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. The EMA approval of XENLETA in CAP patients when it is considered inappropriate to use antibacterial agents that are commonly recommended for initial treatment or when these agents have failed paves the way for the launch of XENLETA across the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K. The EC approved XENLETA for all countries of the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K. Nabriva intends to work with a commercial partner to make XENLETA available to patients in the European Economic Area, or EEA, and United Kingdom, or U.K.

In July 2020, the Company announced that Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc., or Sunovion, received approval from Health Canada to market oral and IV formulations of XENLETA® (lefamulin) for the treatment of CAP in adults, with the Notice of Compliance from Health Canada dated July 10, 2020. Nabriva entered into a license and commercialization agreement in March 2019 with Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. for XENLETA in Canada.

In July 2020, the Company announced that it entered into a Sales Promotion and Distribution Agreement, or the Distribution Agreement, with MSD International GmbH, or MSD, and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., or Supplier, each a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Under the Distribution Agreement, MSD appointed the Company as its sole and exclusive distributor of certain products containing tedizolid phosphate as the active ingredient previously marketed and sold by Supplier and MSD under the trademark SIVEXTRO® for injection, intravenous use and oral use in the United States and its territories. SIVEXTRO is an oxazolidinone-class antibacterial indicated in adults and patients 12 years of age and older for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible Gram-positive microorganisms. Nabriva has also engaged Amplity Health, a leading pharmaceutical contract commercial organization, to provide community-based commercial and sales services for SIVEXTRO and XENLETA® in the United States.

In June 2020 the Company announced that WE Pharma Ltd., or WEP Clinical, a specialist pharmaceutical services company, had signed an exclusive agreement with the Company to supply XENLETA® (lefamulin) on a named patient or expanded access basis in certain countries outside of the US, China and Canada. The Named Patient Program, or NPP, is designed to ensure that physicians, contingent on meeting the necessary eligibility criteria and receiving approval, can request IV or oral XENLETA on behalf of patients who live in certain countries where it is not yet available and have an unmet medical need.

In September 2019, the Company announced that the oral and IV formulations of XENLETA (lefamulin) are available in the United States for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, or CABP, through major specialty distributors. This followed the approval by the FDA of the Company’s New Drug Application, or NDA, for XENLETA on August 19, 2019 for the treatment of adults with CABP. XENLETA is the first oral and IV treatment in the pleuromutilin class of antibiotics available for the systematic administration in humans.

In July 2018, the Company acquired Zavante Therapeutics Inc., or Zavante, a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing CONTEPO (fosfomycin for injection), and entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement. CONTEPO is potentially a first-in-class epoxide antibiotic for IV administration in the United States. The Company is developing CONTEPO IV for cUTI and may potentially develop XENLETA and CONTEPO for additional indications. In April 2019, the FDA issued a Complete Response Letter, or CRL, in connection with the Company’s NDA for CONTEPO for the treatment of cUTIs, including acute pyelonephritis, stating that it was unable to approve the application in its current form. The CRL requests that issues related to facility inspections and manufacturing deficiencies at Nabriva’s active pharmaceutical ingredient contract manufacturer be addressed prior to the FDA approving the NDA. The Company requested a “Type A” meeting with the FDA to discuss its findings and this meeting occurred in July 2019. As the FDA did not request any new clinical data and did not raise any other concerns with regard to the safety or efficacy of CONTEPO in the CRL, the purpose of the meeting was to discuss and gain clarity on the issues related to facility inspections and manufacturing deficiencies at one of Nabriva's contract manufacturers that were described in the CRL and other matters pertaining to the steps required for the resubmission of the NDA for CONTEPO. The Company resubmitted its NDA in December 2019 and the FDA acknowledged the resubmission in January 2020. In June 2020, the FDA issued a second CRL on the NDA for CONTEPO. Although the Company’s European contract manufacturing partners were prepared for regulatory authority inspections, the CRL cites observations at the Company’s manufacturing partners that could not be resolved due to FDA’s inability to conduct onsite inspections because of travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, previously identified product quality and facility inspection related observations at the Company’s contract manufacturing partners are required to be satisfactorily resolved before the NDA may be approved. The FDA did not request any new clinical data and did not raise any other concerns with regard to the safety or efficacy of CONTEPO in the second CRL. The Company’s contract manufacturers continue to interact with FDA to discuss its plans for conducting inspections at their sites. On October 30, 2020, the Company participated in a Type A meeting with the FDA to obtain any new information related to the FDA’s pending conduct of inspections of foreign manufacturers during the COVID-19 pandemic that has negatively impacted a number of FDA product reviews, including the CONTEPO NDA. The FDA informed the Company that it has not yet determined how it will conduct international inspections during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, next steps and specific timing of the CONTEPO NDA resubmission cannot be finalized until the FDA issues industry guidance. The Company and the industry await future communication from the FDA as it continues to assess the options available under existing regulations and laws to conduct these foreign facility inspections. CONTEPO has been granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP, and Fast Track designations by the FDA for the treatment of serious infections, including cUTI. However, the Company cannot predict when the CONTEPO NDA will be resubmitted or when CONTEPO would receive marketing approval, if at all.

Liquidity

Since its inception, the Company has incurred net losses and generated negative cash flows from its operations which has resulted in a significant accumulated deficit to date. The Company has financed its operations through the sale of equity securities, convertible and term debt financings and research and development support from governmental grants and proceeds from its licensing agreements. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments of $41.6 million.

The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, or ASC 205-40, which requires management to assess the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company expects to continue to invest in critical commercial and medical affairs activities, its commitments per the agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., as well as investing in its supply chain for the

commercialization of XENLETA, SIVEXTRO and the potential launch of CONTEPO. The Company expects to seek additional funding in future periods to support these activities. While the Company has raised capital in the past, the ability to raise capital in future periods is not considered probable, as defined under the accounting standards. As such, under the requirements of ASC 205-40, management may not consider the potential for future capital raises in their assessment of the Company’s ability to meet its obligations for the next twelve months.

In April 2020, the Company announced a restructuring of its hospital-based commercial sales force and transition to a community-based sales effort. The restructuring has reduced costs to align with the capabilities of the Company’s sales effort with its strategic re-focus on making sales of XENLETA to community health care professionals. The termination of the sales force was timed, in part, to coincide with operational changes that have been implemented by the Company in response to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease referred to as “COVID-19”. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company closed its administrative offices and shifted to a remote working business model. The Company implemented a work-from-home policy for all of its employees. The commercial and medical organizations suspended in-person interactions with physicians and customers and were restricted to conducting educational and promotional activities virtually. The Company has secured a new virtual and in-person sales effort with community-based expertise with Amplity Health, which is a Contract Sales Organization, to replace its hospital-based sale force. In September 2020, the Company began a small and focused sales effort for SIVEXTRO and XENLETA, by utilizing 15 sales representatives. The Company expanded this effort to 60 sales representatives in November 2020 and the Company may expand it further in 2021.

The Company’s expenses will increase if it suffers any regulatory delays or is required to conduct additional clinical trials to satisfy regulatory requirements. The Company has incurred and expects to continue to incur significant commercialization expenses related to its commitments per the agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing for XENLETA, SIVEXTRO and CONTEPO, if approved. It is also uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate sufficient revenues from product sales to achieve profitability.

As a result, based on the Company’s available cash resources, the minimum cash required under the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc., and in accordance with the requirements of ASC 205-40, management has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. A failure to raise the additional funding or to effectively implement cost reductions could harm the Company’s business, results of operations and future prospects. If the Company is not able to secure adequate additional funding in future periods, the Company may make additional reductions in certain expenditures. This may include liquidating assets and suspending or curtailing planned programs. The Company may also have to delay, reduce the scope of, suspend or eliminate one or more research and development programs or its commercialization efforts.

Based on its current operating plans, the Company expects that its existing cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments as of the date of this filing will be sufficient to enable the Company to fund its operating expenses, debt service obligations and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2021. The Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could use its capital resources sooner than expected. This estimate assumes, among other things, that the Company does not obtain any additional funding through grants and clinical trial support, collaboration agreements or equity or debt financings. This estimate also assumes that the Company remains in compliance with the covenants and no event of default occurs under the Loan Agreement. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the continuity of operations, the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

In June 2019, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement^SM (the “Jefferies ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies, pursuant to which, from time to time, the Company may offer and sell ordinary shares, for aggregate gross sale proceeds of up to $50.0 million through Jefferies by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company also filed a prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Offering under the Company’s shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-219567), which became effective on August 10, 2017 and filed a new prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the

Offering under the Company’s new shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-248530), which became effective on September 11, 2020.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company has issued and sold an aggregate of 1,992,390 ordinary shares pursuant to the Jefferies ATM Agreement and received gross proceeds of $21.9 million and net proceeds of $20.4 million, after deducting commissions to Jefferies and other offering expenses. From January 1, 2021 and through the date of this filing, the Company sold and issued 3,933,350 ordinary shares pursuant to the Jefferies ATM Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $11.5 million. As of the date of this filing, the Company may issue and sell ordinary shares for gross proceeds of up to $16.3 million under the Jefferies ATM Agreement.

In May 2020, the Company sold to certain institutional investors, including Fidelity Management & Research Company, LLC, in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 4,144,537 ordinary shares and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,144,537 ordinary shares at a combined price of $9.1686 per security. The proceeds to the Company from the offering were $38.0 million gross and $35.2 million net, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses. As of December 31, 2020, there were 4,059,532 warrants outstanding, where each warrant has an exercise price of $7.92 per share and is immediately exercisable and will expire on the two-year anniversary of the issuance date.

In December 2020, the Company completed a registered public offering in which it sold 6,000,000 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $2.50. The proceeds to the Company from the offering were $15.0 million gross and $13.3 million net, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses.

In March 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering (1) an aggregate of 9,761,010 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,880,505 ordinary shares and (2) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 600,000 ordinary shares and accompanying ordinary share warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 300,000 ordinary shares. Each share was issued and sold together with an accompanying ordinary share warrant at a combined price of $2.4525, and each pre-funded warrant was issued and sold together with an accompanying ordinary share warrant at a combined price of $2.4425. The proceeds to us from the offering were $25.4 million gross and $23.4 million net after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other estimated offering expenses. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $0.01 and each pre-funded warrant was exercised in full on the issuance date. Each ordinary share warrant has an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $2.39, was exercisable on the date of issuance and will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance.