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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Any change in tax rates that could impact deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized in the same period the change occurs. If a net operating loss ("NOL") and/or interest limitation ("163(j)") carryforward exists, the Company makes a determination as to whether that NOL and/or 163(j) carryforward will be utilized in the future. A valuation allowance is established for certain NOL and 163(j) carryforwards when their recoverability is deemed to be uncertain. The carrying value of the net deferred tax assets assumes that the Company will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions, based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to adjust its deferred tax valuation allowances.
The Company, or one or more of its subsidiaries, files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations for years prior to 2019 or state income tax examinations for years prior to 2018.
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. The partnerships, limited liability companies, and certain non-consolidated physician practice corporations also file separate income tax returns. The Company's allocable portion of each partnership's and limited liability company's income or loss is included in taxable income of the Company. The remaining income or loss of each partnership and limited liability company is allocated to the other owners.
The Company made income tax payments of $1.8 million, $1.5 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Income tax expense (benefit) is comprised of the following (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current:
Federal$— $— $(0.2)
State1.5 1.5 1.9 
Deferred:
Federal17.5 7.9 (22.2)
State4.3 1.1 0.4 
Total income tax expense (benefit)$23.3 $10.5 $(20.1)
A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes as reported in the consolidated statements of operations and the amount of income tax expense (benefit) computed by multiplying consolidated income (loss) in each year by the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% (2022, 2021 and 2020) follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Tax expense (benefit) at U.S.federal statutory rate$23.2 $17.1 $(4.0)
State income tax, net of U.S. federal tax benefit6.0 2.3 2.4 
Change in federal valuation allowance29.1 20.9 4.1 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests(30.2)(29.9)(24.8)
Stock option compensation(2.5)(1.7)1.2 
Differences related to divested facilities(1.4)(2.6)(0.7)
Tax return reconciling differences(1.0)1.3 — 
Change in effective tax rate(0.5)— (0.8)
Tax Receivable Agreement liability0.4 0.7 0.9 
Goodwill impairment— — 4.3 
Litigation settlement— — (3.7)
Adjustments to unrealized attributes— 2.3 — 
Other0.2 0.1 1.0 
Total income tax expense (benefit)$23.3 $10.5 $(20.1)
The components of temporary differences and the approximate tax effects that give rise to the Company’s net deferred tax asset are as follows (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Medical malpractice liability$4.1 $3.6 
Accrued vacation and incentive compensation3.1 3.0 
Net operating loss carryforwards146.0 152.1 
Allowance for bad debts2.9 3.0 
Amortization of intangible assets— 1.2 
Deferred financing costs5.1 8.3 
Section 163(j) interest137.7 99.4 
Interest rate derivative liability10.5 15.0 
TRA liability0.1 0.6 
Right of use52.5 51.1 
Software development costs1.0 — 
Other deferred assets9.2 11.1 
Total gross deferred tax assets372.2 348.4 
Less: Valuation allowance(114.7)(113.0)
Total deferred tax assets257.5 235.4 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation on property and equipment(2.0)(2.6)
Basis differences of partnerships and joint ventures(87.4)(73.0)
Right of use(44.4)(44.2)
Amortization of intangible assets(1.3)— 
Interest rate derivative asset(29.5)— 
Other deferred liabilities(1.4)(1.2)
Total deferred tax liabilities(166.0)(121.0)
Net deferred tax assets$91.5 $114.4 
The Company had federal NOL carryforwards of $540.9 million as of December 31, 2022, of which $446.2 million expire between 2030 and 2037. The remaining federal NOL carryforwards, which were generated after 2017, do not expire. The Company had state NOL carryforwards of $581.1 million as of December 31, 2022, which expire between 2023 and 2042. The Company had Section 163(j) interest limitation carryforwards of $555.8 million as of December 31, 2022, which do not expire.
The Company recorded a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaling $114.7 million and $113.0 million, respectively, which represents an increase of $1.7 million. The valuation allowance continues to be provided for certain deferred tax assets for which the Company believes it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will not be realized, which are primarily Section 163(j) interest carryforwards and certain state NOL carryforwards. The current year change in the Company’s valuation allowance is comprised of an increase of $35.7 million recorded to income tax expense, offset by a decrease of $34.0 million attributable to changes in deferred taxes on the Company’s interest rate derivatives, which was recorded to other comprehensive income.
The Company has evaluated the realizability of its deferred tax assets based on sources of positive and negative evidence, and determined that it is more likely than not that its federal NOL carryforwards, as well as certain state NOL carryforwards, will be realized. The determination was made based upon projections of future book and taxable income. If the Company's expectations for future operating results on a consolidated basis or at the state jurisdiction level vary from actual results due to changes in health care regulations, general economic conditions, or other factors, the Company may need to adjust the valuation allowance, for all or a portion of its deferred tax assets. The Company's income tax expense and/or other comprehensive income in future periods will be reduced or increased to the extent of offsetting decreases or increases, respectively, in its valuation allowance in the period when the change in circumstances occurs. These changes could have a significant impact on the Company's future earnings.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year$0.1 $0.1 
Additions for tax provisions of current year— — 
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year$0.1 $0.1 
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had approximately $0.1 million of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The total amount of accrued liabilities related to uncertain tax positions that would affect the Company's effective tax rate, if recognized, is $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The reserves are included in long-term taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.