Note 6. Segment Reporting

Prior to the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2019, we had three reportable segments: BNC, MBS, and DSS. During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2019, in an effort to streamline our retail go-to-market strategy, reinforce our company branding, and more efficiently focus our product development efforts, we realigned our business and sales organization into the following three reportable segments: Retail, Wholesale and DSS. The Retail Segment combines the operations of the former BNC segment with MBS Direct (from the former MBS segment), the Wholesale Segment is comprised of the MBS wholesale business (from the former MBS segment), and the DSS Segment remains unchanged.

Additionally, unallocated shared-service costs, which include various corporate level expenses and other governance functions, continue to be presented as “Corporate Services”.

We identify our segments in accordance with the way our business is managed (focusing on the financial information distributed) and the manner in which our chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses financial performance. The following summarizes the three segments. For additional information about this segments operations, see Part I - Item 1. Business.

Retail Segment

The Retail Segment operates 1,448 college, university, and K-12 school bookstores, comprised of 772 physical bookstores and 676 virtual bookstores. Our bookstores typically operate under agreements with the college, university, or K-12 schools to be the official bookstore and the exclusive seller of course materials and supplies, including physical and digital products. The majority of the physical campus bookstores have school-branded e-commerce sites which we operate and which offer students access to affordable course materials and affinity products, including emblematic apparel and gifts. The Retail Segment also offers inclusive access programs, in which course materials, including e-content, are offered at a reduced price through a course materials fee, and delivered to students on or before the first day of class. Additionally, the Retail Segment offers a suite of digital content and services to colleges and universities, including a variety of open educational resource-based courseware.

Wholesale Segment

The Wholesale Segment is comprised of our wholesale textbook business and is one of the largest textbook wholesalers in the country. The Wholesale Segment centrally sources, sells, and distributes new and used textbooks to approximately 3,500 physical bookstores, including our Retail Segment's 772 physical bookstores. Our Wholesale business also sources and distributes new and used textbooks to our 676 virtual bookstores. Additionally, the Wholesale Segment sells hardware and a software suite of applications that provides inventory management and point-of-sale solutions to approximately 400 college bookstores.

DSS Segment

The Digital Student Solutions (“DSS”) Segment includes direct-to-student products and services to assist students to study more effectively and improve academic performance. The DSS Segment is comprised of the operations of Student Brands, LLC, a leading direct-to-student subscription-based writing services business, and bartleby, a direct-to-student subscription-based offering providing textbook solutions, expert questions and answers, tutoring and test prep services.

Corporate Services

Corporate Services represents unallocated shared-service costs which include corporate level expenses and other governance functions, including executive functions, such as accounting, legal, treasury, information technology, and human resources.

Eliminations

The eliminations are primarily related to the following intercompany activities:


•	The sales eliminations represent the elimination of Wholesale sales and fulfillment service fees to Retail and the elimination of Retail commissions earned from Wholesale, and

•

These cost of sales eliminations represent (i) the recognition of intercompany profit for Retail inventory that was purchased from Wholesale in a prior period that was subsequently sold to external customers during the current period and the elimination of Wholesale service fees charged for fulfillment of inventory for virtual store sales, net of (ii) the elimination of intercompany profit for Wholesale inventory purchases by Retail that remain in ending inventory at the end of the current period.

Our international operations are not material and the majority of the revenue and total assets are within the United States.



	As of
	April 27, 2019		April 28, 2018
Total Assets
Retail (includes goodwill of $0 and $20,538, respectively)	$	707,975	$	771,140
Wholesale (includes goodwill of $0 and $28,743, respectively)	191,976		235,760
DSS (includes goodwill of $4,700 and $0, respectively)	40,543		28,564
Corporate Services	5,686		3,747
Total Assets	$	946,180	$	1,039,211



	52 weeks ended
	April 27, 2019		April 28, 2018		April 29, 2017
Capital Expenditures
Retail	$	33,008	$	38,598	$	34,536
Wholesale	1,824		1,559		117
DSS ^(a)	11,444		2,620		—
Corporate Services	144		32		17
Total Capital Expenditures	$	46,420	$	42,809	$	34,670

(a) Primarily comprised of content development costs for bartleby.com textbook solutions which was launched in Fiscal 2019.

Summarized financial information for our reportable segments is reported below:



	52 weeks ended
	April 27, 2019^(a)			April 28, 2018^(b)			April 29, 2017^(c)
Sales:
Retail	$	1,889,008		$	2,024,541		$	1,865,571
Wholesale	223,374			258,369			14,758
DSS	21,339			15,762			—
Eliminations	(99,078		)	(95,055		)	(5,967		)
Total Sales	$	2,034,643		$	2,203,617		$	1,874,362

Gross Profit
Retail	$	451,871		$	482,226		$	459,295
Wholesale	56,341			60,328			403
DSS	20,030			15,403			—
Eliminations	(516		)	(724		)	(637		)
Total Gross Profit	$	527,726		$	557,233		$	459,061

Depreciation and Amortization
Retail	$	51,728		$	53,955		$	52,102
Wholesale	6,014			6,188			1,024
DSS	7,974			5,253			—
Corporate Services	149			190			192
Total Depreciation and Amortization	$	65,865		$	65,586		$	53,318

Operating (Loss) Income
Retail ^(d)	$	3,751		$	(265,843	)	$	53,316
Wholesale^(d)	(2,131		)	31,388			(11,237		)
DSS	(3,345		)	226			—
Corporate Services	(25,463		)	(27,750		)	(27,887		)
Eliminations	(466		)	(724		)	(637		)
Total Operating (Loss) Income ^(d)	$	(27,654	)	$	(262,703	)	$	13,555

The following is a reconciliation of segment Operating Income to consolidated Income Before Income Taxes
Total Operating (Loss) Income	$	(27,654	)	$	(262,703	)	$	13,555
Interest Expense, net	(9,780		)	(10,306		)	(3,464		)
Total (Loss) Income Before Income Taxes	$	(37,434	)	$	(273,009	)	$	10,091


(a)	We acquired PaperRater on August 21, 2018. The consolidated financial statements for the 52 weeks ended April 27, 2019 include the financial results of PaperRater from the acquisition date, August 21, 2018, to April 27, 2019.


(b)	We acquired Student Brands, LLC on August 3, 2017. The consolidated financial statements for the 52 weeks ended April 28, 2018 include the financial results of Student Brands from the acquisition date, August 3, 2017, to April 28, 2018.


(c)	We acquired MBS Textbook Exchange, LLC on February 27, 2017. The consolidated financial statements for the 52 weeks ended April 29, 2017 include the financial results of MBS from the acquisition date, February 27, 2017, to April 29, 2017.


(d)	In Fiscal 2019, we recorded goodwill impairment (non-cash impairment loss) of $20,538 and $28,744 in our Retail and Wholesale Segments, respectively.

In Fiscal 2018, we recorded a goodwill impairment (non-cash impairment loss) of $313,130 in our Retail Segment (prior BNC segment) based on the results of our annual goodwill impairment test.