UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

Or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from _______________ to _______________

Commission File Number 001-38611

Cushman & Wakefield plc

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

England and Wales	98-1193584
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
125 Old Broad Street
London, United Kingdom	EC2N 1AR
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)
+44 20 3296 3000	Not applicable
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)	(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, $0.10 nominal value	CWK	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  x    No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐     No  x

As of July 24, 2024, 229,249,806 of the Registrant’s ordinary shares, $0.10 nominal value per share, were outstanding.

CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD plc

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

June 30, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Financial Statements	2
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 (unaudited) and December 31, 2023	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	7
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	44
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	45
	PART II
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	46
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	46
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	46
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	46
Item 5.	Other Information	46
Item 6.	Exhibits	47
	Signatures	48

1

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	As of
(in millions, except share data)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets	(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	567.3	$	767.7
Trade and other receivables, net of allowance of $87.8 and $85.2, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	1,283.7		1,468.0
Income tax receivable	67.5		67.1
Short-term contract assets, net	296.7		311.0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	229.1		189.4
Assets held for sale	147.7		—
Total current assets	2,592.0		2,803.2
Property and equipment, net	148.2		163.8
Goodwill	2,024.0		2,080.9
Intangible assets, net	711.9		805.9
Equity method investments	710.5		708.0
Deferred tax assets	109.3		67.4
Non-current operating lease assets	307.8		339.0
Other non-current assets	739.3		805.8
Total assets	$	7,343.0	$	7,774.0
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt	$	141.7	$	149.7
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,032.4		1,157.7
Accrued compensation	671.9		851.4
Income tax payable	27.6		20.8
Other current liabilities	238.7		217.6
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale	23.0		—
Total current liabilities	2,135.3		2,397.2
Long-term debt, net	3,001.7		3,096.9
Deferred tax liabilities	29.6		13.7
Non-current operating lease liabilities	283.8		319.6
Other non-current liabilities	253.1		268.6
Total liabilities	5,703.5		6,096.0
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 11)
Shareholders’ equity:
Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.10 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized; 229,191,378 and 227,282,173 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	22.9		22.7
Additional paid-in capital	2,959.4		2,957.3
Accumulated deficit	(1,132.5)		(1,117.2)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(210.9)		(185.4)
Total equity attributable to the Company	1,638.9		1,677.4
Non-controlling interests	0.6		0.6
Total equity	1,639.5		1,678.0
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	7,343.0	$	7,774.0

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenue	$	2,288.0	$	2,406.0	$	4,472.8	$	4,655.3
Costs and expenses:
Costs of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)	1,874.8		1,978.1		3,707.3		3,885.7
Operating, administrative and other	294.2		328.9		590.2		644.8
Depreciation and amortization	31.2		35.7		63.7		72.6
Restructuring, impairment and related charges	17.4		7.0		22.4		14.2
Total costs and expenses	2,217.6		2,349.7		4,383.6		4,617.3
Operating income	70.4		56.3		89.2		38.0
Interest expense, net of interest income	(60.8)		(57.9)		(119.5)		(134.7)
Earnings from equity method investments	4.3		12.8		16.0		24.7
Other income (expense), net	3.3		(4.8)		5.0		(10.8)
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	17.2		6.4		(9.3)		(82.8)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	3.7		1.3		6.0		(11.5)
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, basic	$	0.06	$	0.02	$	(0.07)	$	(0.31)
Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share	229.0		227.1		228.5		226.7
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, diluted	$	0.06	$	0.02	$	(0.07)	$	(0.31)
Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings (loss) per share	231.5		227.1		228.5		226.7

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Designated hedge (losses) gains	(2.4)		25.8		8.3		11.6
Defined benefit plan actuarial (losses) gains	(0.1)		(0.8)		0.8		(1.2)
Foreign currency translation	(1.7)		(1.4)		(34.6)		2.6
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(4.2)		23.6		(25.5)		13.0
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	9.3	$	28.7	$	(40.8)	$	(58.3)

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

(unaudited)

								Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions)	Ordinary Shares	Ordinary Shares ($)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Unrealized Hedging Gains (Losses)		Foreign Currency Translation		Defined Benefit Plans		Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		Total Equity Attributable to the Company		Non-Controlling Interests		Total Equity
Balance as of March 31, 2024	229.0	$	22.9	$	2,954.6	$	(1,146.0)	$	47.7	$	(214.5)	$	(39.9)	$	(206.7)	$	1,624.8	$	0.6	$	1,625.4
Net income	—	—		—		13.5		—		—		—		—		13.5		—		13.5
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5.4		—		—		—		—		—		5.4		—		5.4
Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net of amounts withheld for payment of taxes	0.2	—		(0.6)		—		—		—		—		—		(0.6)		—		(0.6)
Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax	—	—		—		—		8.9		—		—		8.9		8.9		—		8.9
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations	—	—		—		—		(11.3)		—		—		(11.3)		(11.3)		—		(11.3)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		—		(1.7)		—		(1.7)		(1.7)		—		(1.7)
Defined benefit plans actuarial loss	—	—		—		—		—		—		(0.1)		(0.1)		(0.1)		—		(0.1)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	229.2	$	22.9	$	2,959.4	$	(1,132.5)	$	45.3	$	(216.2)	$	(40.0)	$	(210.9)	$	1,638.9	$	0.6	$	1,639.5

								Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions)	Ordinary Shares	Ordinary Shares ($)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Unrealized Hedging Gains (Losses)		Foreign Currency Translation		Defined Benefit Plans		Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		Total Equity Attributable to the Company		Non-Controlling Interests		Total Equity
Balance as of March 31, 2023	227.0	$	22.7	$	2,916.1	$	(1,158.2)	$	34.5	$	(196.6)	$	(39.5)	(201.6)		1,579.0		$	0.5	$	1,579.5
Net income	—	—		—		5.1		—		—		—		—		5.1		—		5.1
Stock-based compensation	—	—		13.9		—		—		—		—		—		13.9		—		13.9
Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net of amounts withheld for payment of taxes	0.1	—		(0.2)		—		—		—		—		—		(0.2)		—		(0.2)
Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax	—	—		—		—		34.4		—		—		34.4		34.4		—		34.4
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations	—	—		—		—		(8.6)		—		—		(8.6)		(8.6)		—		(8.6)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		—		(1.4)		—		(1.4)		(1.4)		—		(1.4)
Defined benefit plans actuarial loss	—	—		—		—		—		—		(0.8)		(0.8)		(0.8)		—		(0.8)
Other activity	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		0.1		0.1
Balance as of June 30, 2023	227.1	$	22.7	$	2,929.8	$	(1,153.1)	$	60.3	$	(198.0)	$	(40.3)	$	(178.0)	$	1,621.4	$	0.6	$	1,622.0

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

(continued) (unaudited)

								Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions)	Ordinary Shares	Ordinary Shares ($)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Unrealized Hedging Gains (Losses)		Foreign Currency Translation		Defined Benefit Plans		Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		Total Equity Attributable to the Company		Non-Controlling Interests		Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2023	227.3	$	22.7	$	2,957.3	$	(1,117.2)	$	37.0	$	(181.6)	$	(40.8)	(185.4)		1,677.4		$	0.6	$	1,678.0
Net loss	—	—		—		(15.3)		—		—		—		—		(15.3)		—		(15.3)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		11.9		—		—		—		—		—		11.9		—		11.9
Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net of amounts withheld for payment of taxes	1.9	0.2		(9.8)		—		—		—		—		—		(9.6)		—		(9.6)
Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax	—	—		—		—		31.0		—		—		31.0		31.0		—		31.0
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations	—	—		—		—		(22.7)		—		—		(22.7)		(22.7)		—		(22.7)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		—		(34.6)		—		(34.6)		(34.6)		—		(34.6)
Defined benefit plans actuarial gain	—	—		—		—		—		—		0.8		0.8		0.8		—		0.8
Balance as of June 30, 2024	229.2	$	22.9	$	2,959.4	$	(1,132.5)	$	45.3	$	(216.2)	$	(40.0)	$	(210.9)	$	1,638.9	$	0.6	$	1,639.5

								Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions)	Ordinary Shares	Ordinary Shares ($)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Unrealized Hedging Gains (Losses)		Foreign Currency Translation		Defined Benefit Plans		Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax		Total Equity Attributable to the Company		Non-Controlling Interests		Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2022	225.8	$	22.6	$	2,911.5	$	(1,081.8)	$	48.7	$	(200.6)	$	(39.1)	$	(191.0)	$	1,661.3	$	0.8	$	1,662.1
Net loss	—	—		—		(71.3)		—		—		—		—		(71.3)		—		(71.3)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		25.2		—		—		—		—		—		25.2		—		25.2
Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net of amounts withheld for payment of taxes	1.3	0.1		(6.9)		—		—		—		—		—		(6.8)		—		(6.8)
Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax	—	—		—		—		25.6		—		—		25.6		25.6		—		25.6
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations	—	—		—		—		(14.0)		—		—		(14.0)		(14.0)		—		(14.0)
Foreign currency translation	—	—		—		—		—		2.6		—		2.6		2.6		—		2.6
Defined benefit plans actuarial loss	—	—		—		—		—		—		(1.2)		(1.2)		(1.2)		—		(1.2)
Distribution from non-controlling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(0.2)		(0.2)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	227.1	$	22.7	$	2,929.8	$	(1,153.1)	$	60.3	$	(198.0)	$	(40.3)	$	(178.0)	$	1,621.4	$	0.6	$	1,622.0

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	63.7		72.6
Impairment charges	1.2		2.1
Unrealized foreign exchange gain	(3.4)		(3.5)
Stock-based compensation	11.9		25.3
Lease amortization	45.4		48.5
Loss on debt extinguishment	—		8.7
Amortization of debt issuance costs	3.7		3.9
Earnings from equity method investments, net of distributions received	(5.3)		(10.4)
Change in deferred taxes	(30.1)		(4.1)
Provision for loss on receivables and other assets	7.7		1.8
Loss on disposal of business	12.5		1.4
Unrealized loss on equity securities, net	1.7		18.9
Other operating activities, net	(15.9)		9.4
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables	115.4		114.4
Income taxes payable	5.7		(67.4)
Short-term contract assets and Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(2.8)		(19.2)
Other non-current assets	(25.0)		(38.7)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(79.0)		(72.2)
Accrued compensation	(167.4)		(227.7)
Other current and non-current liabilities	(28.0)		(30.8)
Net cash used in operating activities	(103.3)		(238.3)
Cash flows from investing activities
Payment for property and equipment	(22.3)		(20.6)
Investments in equity securities and equity method joint ventures	(0.9)		(5.5)
Return of beneficial interest in a securitization	(200.0)		(40.0)
Collection on beneficial interest in a securitization	280.0		210.0
Other investing activities, net	0.1		1.5
Net cash provided by investing activities	56.9		145.4
Cash flows from financing activities
Shares repurchased for payment of employee taxes on stock awards	(9.7)		(7.4)
Payment of deferred and contingent consideration	(14.3)		(12.6)
Proceeds from borrowings	—		1,000.0
Repayment of borrowings	(100.0)		(1,000.0)
Debt issuance costs	—		(23.5)
Payment of finance lease liabilities	(15.5)		(13.6)
Other financing activities, net	(1.0)		2.1
Net cash used in financing activities	(140.5)		(55.0)
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(186.9)		(147.9)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period	801.2		719.0
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(9.4)		1.7
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period	$	604.9	$	572.8

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

Cushman & Wakefield plc

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Note 1: Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”) and in conformity with rules applicable to quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of June 30, 2024 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. All adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments, except as otherwise noted) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for these interim periods have been included.

Readers of this unaudited condensed consolidated quarterly financial information should refer to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto of Cushman & Wakefield plc (together with its subsidiaries “Cushman & Wakefield,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us”) for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (our “2023 Annual Report”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and also available on our website (www.cushmanwakefield.com). Certain footnote disclosures that would substantially duplicate those contained in such audited financial statements or which are not required by the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial statement presentation have been condensed or omitted.

Refer to Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for further discussion of the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates.

Due to seasonality, the results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

The Company provides for the effects of income taxes on interim financial statements based on estimates of the effective tax rate for the full year, which is based on forecasted income by country and enacted tax rates.

Note 2: New Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no recently issued accounting standards that the Company adopted during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The following accounting pronouncements have been issued but are not effective for the current reporting period and have not been early adopted by the Company:

Business Combinations – Joint Ventures

In August 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-05, Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement (“ASU 2023-05”). ASU 2023-05 applies to the formation of a joint venture and requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. The guidance is effective for all joint ventures with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Joint ventures formed before the effective date have the option to apply it retrospectively, while those formed after the effective date are required to apply it prospectively. The Company intends to apply this guidance for future arrangements meeting the definition of a joint venture prospectively after the guidance is effective.

SEC Staff Bulletins and Releases

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). These amendments align the requirements in the ASC to the SEC’s removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, or June 30, 2027, if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not anticipate that these amendments will have an impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.

8

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to amend reportable segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 requires interim and annual disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to an entity’s chief operating decision maker or those charged with assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The guidance is effective for annual periods that began after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The amended disclosure requirements are to be applied retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its financial statement disclosures. Beginning with the Company’s Form 10-K that will be filed for the annual period ending December 31, 2024, this ASU will result in expanded disclosures related to each reportable segment but will have no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements. ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose disaggregated information within its effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information related to income taxes paid, such as the amount paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, among other disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amended disclosure and presentation requirements are to be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its financial statement disclosures as well as the method of adoption. Beginning with the Company’s Form 10-K that will be filed for the annual period ending December 31, 2025, this ASU will result in expanded disclosures related to income taxes but will have no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Note 3: Segment Data

The Company reports its operations through the following segments: (1) Americas, (2) Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and (3) Asia Pacific (“APAC”). The Americas consists of operations located in the United States, Canada and key markets in Latin America. EMEA includes operations in the U.K., France, Netherlands and other markets in Europe and the Middle East. APAC includes operations in Australia, Singapore, China and other markets in the Asia Pacific region.

Adjusted EBITDA is the profitability metric reported to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for purposes of making decisions about allocation of resources to each segment and assessing performance of each segment. The Company believes that investors find this measure useful in comparing our operating performance to that of other companies in our industry because this measure generally illustrates the underlying performance of the business before unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on disposal group, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, and other non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes the effects of financings, income tax and the non-cash accounting effects of depreciation and intangible asset amortization.

As segment assets are not reported to or used by the CODM to measure business performance or allocate resources, total segment assets and capital expenditures are not presented below.

9

Summarized financial information by segment is as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		% Change		2024		2023		% Change
Total revenue
Americas	$	1,713.4	$	1,836.5	(7)	%	$	3,334.4	$	3,556.7	(6)	%
EMEA	221.9		239.9		(8)	%	444.2		445.2		0	%
APAC	352.7		329.6		7	%	694.2		653.4		6	%
Total revenue	$	2,288.0	$	2,406.0	(5)	%	$	4,472.8	$	4,655.3	(4)	%
Adjusted EBITDA
Americas	$	109.0	$	116.4	(6)	%	$	173.4	$	173.1	0	%
EMEA	13.2		16.9		(22)	%	22.2		14.8		50	%
APAC	16.7		12.8		30	%	21.4		19.1		12	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	138.9	$	146.1	(5)	%	$	217.0	$	207.0	5	%

Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Add/(less):
Depreciation and amortization	31.2		35.7		63.7		72.6
Interest expense, net of interest income	60.8		57.9		119.5		134.7
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	3.7		1.3		6.0		(11.5)
Unrealized loss on investments, net	0.7		8.2		1.7		18.9
Loss on disposal group	14.0		1.8		14.0		1.8
Integration and other costs related to merger	1.5		2.0		2.8		4.4
Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives	—		5.1		—		11.7
Cost savings initiatives	10.2		12.2		17.4		27.2
CEO transition costs	1.9		2.3		1.9		2.3
Servicing liability fees and amortization	(0.5)		11.6		(0.9)		11.6
Other	1.9		2.9		6.2		4.6
Adjusted EBITDA	$	138.9	$	146.1	$	217.0	$	207.0

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Note 4: Earnings Per Share

Earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing Net income or loss by the weighted average shares outstanding.

As the Company was in a Net loss position for both the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company has determined all potentially dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive in these periods and therefore these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. This resulted in the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding to be the same for both basic and diluted EPS in those periods. Approximately 2.8 million and 0.5 million of potentially dilutive shares for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

The following is a calculation of EPS (in millions, except per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Basic EPS
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share	229.0		227.1		228.5		226.7
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.06	$	0.02	$	(0.07)	$	(0.31)
Diluted EPS
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share	229.0		227.1		228.5		226.7
Dilutive effect of restricted stock units	2.5		—		—		—
Dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		—
Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings (loss) per share	231.5		227.1		228.5		226.7
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders	$	0.06	$	0.02	$	(0.07)	$	(0.31)

Note 5: Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

Effective January 1, 2024, the Property, facilities and project management service line was renamed to Services. The change was to the name only and had no impact on the composition of the Company’s service lines or its historical results.

The following tables disaggregate revenue by reportable segment and service line (in millions):

		Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Revenue recognition timing	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Total
Services	Over time	$	1,183.4	$	107.6	$	270.4	$	1,561.4
Leasing	At a point in time	358.3		54.0		44.2		456.5
Capital markets	At a point in time	132.7		19.2		11.7		163.6
Valuation and other	At a point in time or over time	39.0		41.1		26.4		106.5
Total revenue		$	1,713.4	$	221.9	$	352.7	$	2,288.0

		Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Revenue recognition timing	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Total
Services	Over time	$	1,281.4	$	124.8	$	246.7	$	1,652.9
Leasing	At a point in time	351.5		54.1		42.3		447.9
Capital markets	At a point in time	164.1		18.0		10.4		192.5
Valuation and other	At a point in time or over time	39.5		43.0		30.2		112.7
Total revenue		$	1,836.5	$	239.9	$	329.6	$	2,406.0

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		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Revenue recognition timing	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Total
Services	Over time	$	2,351.2	$	216.7	$	544.2	$	3,112.1
Leasing	At a point in time	663.8		107.7		72.7		844.2
Capital markets	At a point in time	244.3		34.8		26.7		305.8
Valuation and other	At a point in time or over time	75.1		85.0		50.6		210.7
Total revenue		$	3,334.4	$	444.2	$	694.2	$	4,472.8

		Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Revenue recognition timing	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Total
Services	Over time	$	2,546.4	$	233.4	$	506.5	$	3,286.3
Leasing	At a point in time	653.5		94.7		68.9		817.1
Capital markets	At a point in time	283.1		31.6		20.8		335.5
Valuation and other	At a point in time or over time	73.7		85.5		57.2		216.4
Total revenue		$	3,556.7	$	445.2	$	653.4	$	4,655.3

Contract Balances

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules; accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet available to be invoiced. Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of performance, including amounts which are refundable.

The following table provides information on contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):

	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Short-term contract assets	$	315.8	$	352.7
Contract asset allowances	(19.1)		(41.7)
Short-term contract assets, net	296.7		311.0
Non-current contract assets	62.4		81.1
Contract asset allowances	(2.2)		(2.2)
Non-current contract assets, net included in Other non-current assets	60.2		78.9
Total contract assets, net	$	356.9	$	389.9
Contract liabilities included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	62.6	$	57.0

The amount of revenue recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the period was $25.8 million. The Company had no material asset impairment charges related to contract assets in the periods presented.

Practical Expedient

The Company incurs incremental costs to obtain new contracts across certain of its service lines. As the amortization period of those expenses is 12 months or less, the Company expenses those incremental costs of obtaining the contracts in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”).

Remaining performance obligations represent the aggregate transaction prices for contracts where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. In accordance with Topic 606, the Company does not disclose unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed and (iii) variable consideration for services performed as a series of daily performance obligations, such as those performed within the Services service line. Performance obligations within these businesses represent a significant portion of the Company’s contracts with customers not expected to be completed within 12 months.

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Note 6: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment (in millions):

	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	1,518.3	$	320.8	$	241.8	$	2,080.9
Reclassified to assets held for sale	(44.4)		—		—		(44.4)
Effect of movements in exchange rates	(1.9)		(5.5)		(5.1)		(12.5)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	1,472.0	$	315.3	$	236.7	$	2,024.0

Portions of goodwill are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar; therefore, a portion of the movements in the reported book value of these balances is attributable to movements in foreign currency exchange rates.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, no impairments of goodwill were recognized as the estimated fair value of each of the identified reporting units was in excess of its carrying value. It is possible that our determination that goodwill for a reporting unit is not impaired could change in the future if current economic conditions or other conditions deteriorate or the operating performance or future prospects for a particular reporting unit declines.

The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets (in millions):

		As of June 30, 2024
	Useful Life (in years)	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value
C&W trade name	Indefinite	$	546.0	$	—	$	546.0
Customer relationships	2 - 15	1,258.5		(1,092.7)		165.8
Other intangible assets	5	15.3		(15.2)		0.1
Total intangible assets		$	1,819.8	$	(1,107.9)	$	711.9
		As of December 31, 2023
	Useful Life (in years)	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value
C&W trade name	Indefinite	$	546.0	$	—	$	546.0
Customer relationships	2 - 15	1,375.2		(1,115.7)		259.5
Other intangible assets	5	15.3		(14.9)		0.4
Total intangible assets		$	1,936.5	$	(1,130.6)	$	805.9

Amortization expense was $12.4 million and $16.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $25.7 million and $33.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

No impairments of intangible assets were recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company reclassified customer relationships, net of $67.2 million into assets held for sale. Refer to Note 7: Assets Held for Sale for additional information.

Note 7: Assets Held for Sale

On June 18, 2024, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with an unrelated third party to sell a non-core business that provides a third-party supplier network to support a small portion of our Services clients in the Americas segment (the “Disposal Group”) for cash consideration. The sale is expected to close in the third quarter of 2024. The Company determined that the Disposal Group met the criteria to be classified as held for sale in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, but would not be considered discontinued operations as the sale of the Disposal Group neither represents a strategic shift nor will it have a material impact on the Company’s operations and financial results.

13

Assets classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. When the carrying value exceeds the fair value less costs to sell, a loss is recognized. The Company estimated the fair value of the Disposal Group based on the purchase price and reduced the carrying value of the Disposal Group to its fair value less costs to sell, which resulted in a loss of $12.5 million. The loss was recognized within Restructuring, impairment and related charges in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The assets and liabilities associated with the Disposal Group are presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as Assets held for sale and Liabilities associated with assets held for sale, respectively, as of June 30, 2024.

The following table presents information related to the major classes of assets and liabilities that were part of the Disposal Group classified as held for sale in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):

	As of
	June 30, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2.4
Trade and other receivables, net of allowance	43.7
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2.3
Goodwill	44.4
Intangible assets, net	67.2
Non-current operating lease assets	0.2
Loss on disposal group	(12.5)
Total Assets held for sale	$	147.7
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	21.9
Accrued compensation	1.1
Total Liabilities associated with assets held for sale	$	23.0

Note 8: Equity Method Investments

Certain investments in which the Company has significant influence over the entity’s financial and operating policies, but does not control, are accounted for under the equity method. The Company’s material equity method investments include Cushman Wakefield Greystone LLC (the “Greystone JV”), in which the Company owns a 40% interest, and CWVS Holding Limited (the “Vanke JV”), in which the Company owns a 35% interest. In addition, the Company licenses certain of its trademarks to the Vanke JV and recognized royalty fee income of $2.8 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4.4 million and $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is included in Other income (expense), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company had investments in certain strategic joint ventures classified under the equity method of accounting as follows (in millions):

	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Greystone JV	$	578.2	$	574.9
Vanke JV	122.8		122.7
Other investments	9.5		10.4
Total Equity method investments	$	710.5	$	708.0

The Company recognized earnings from equity method investments during the period as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Greystone JV	$	1.9	$	8.4	$	11.1	$	16.8
Vanke JV	2.0		3.5		3.0		5.7
Other investments	0.4		0.9		1.9		2.2
Total Earnings from equity method investments	$	4.3	$	12.8	$	16.0	$	24.7

The Company received distributions from equity method investments of $6.7 million and $10.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $10.7 million and $14.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Note 9: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both business operations and economic conditions, including interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. To mitigate the impact of interest rate and foreign exchange risk, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments. The Company maintains the majority of its overall interest rate exposure on floating rate borrowings to a fixed-rate basis, primarily with interest rate swap agreements. The Company manages exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations primarily through short-term forward contracts.

There have been no significant changes to the interest rate and foreign exchange risk management objectives from those disclosed in the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest Rate Derivative Instruments

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s active interest rate hedging instruments consisted of nine interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. Of the designated cash flow hedges, there are three interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $1.4 billion expiring on August 21, 2025 and six interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $550.0 million expiring on May 31, 2028.

In addition, the Company previously elected to terminate certain interest rate swap agreements in November 2022 and June 2023. Amounts relating to these terminated derivative instruments recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss will be amortized into earnings over the remaining life of the original agreements, which were scheduled to expire on August 21, 2025.

The Company records changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassifies the changes into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $46.4 million and $34.5 million in pre-tax gains, respectively, included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these agreements, which will be reclassified to Interest expense, net of interest income as interest payments are made in accordance with the 2018 Credit Agreement; refer to Note 10: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for discussion of the 2018 Credit Agreement (which is defined therein). During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that pre-tax gains of $36.8 million will be reclassified to Interest expense, net of interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Non-Designated Foreign Exchange Derivative Instruments

Additionally, the Company enters into short-term forward contracts to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that would adversely impact certain of the Company’s foreign currency denominated transactions. Hedge accounting was not elected for any of these contracts. As such, changes in the fair values of these contracts are recorded directly in earnings. The Company recognized realized losses of $2.0 million and $7.3 million, and unrealized gains of $0.6 million and unrealized losses $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company recognized realized losses of $7.1 million and $9.8 million, offset by unrealized gains of $1.3 million and $0.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had 30 and 27 foreign currency exchange forward contracts outstanding covering a notional amount of $772.2 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had not posted, and did not hold, any collateral related to these agreements.

15

The following table presents the fair value of derivatives as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

			June 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	June 30, 2024		Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Derivative Instrument	Notional		Fair Value		Fair Value		Fair Value		Fair Value
Designated:
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swaps	$	1,973.6	$	20.7	$	—	$	4.3	$	6.7
Non-designated:
Foreign currency forward contracts	$	772.2	$	0.8	$	0.6	$	1.0	$	0.7

The fair value of interest rate swaps is included within Other non-current assets and Other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other current liabilities, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not net derivatives in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the effect of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Beginning Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss(1)		Amount of (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss on Derivatives(2)		Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Statement of Operations		Ending Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Interest rate cash flow hedges	$	(47.7)	$	(8.9)	$	11.3	$	(45.3)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Interest rate cash flow hedges	$	(34.5)	$	(34.4)	$	8.6	$	(60.3)

(1) Amount is net of related deferred tax expense of $1.8 million and $0.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2) Amount is net of related deferred tax benefit of $0.7 million and expense of $3.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, gains of $11.3 million and $8.6 million, respectively, related to interest rate hedges were reclassified into earnings and recognized in Interest expense, net of interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents the effect of derivatives designated as hedges in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Beginning Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss(1)		Amount of (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss on Derivatives(2)		Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Statement of Operations		Ending Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Interest rate cash flow hedges	$	(37.0)	$	(31.0)	$	22.7	$	(45.3)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Interest rate cash flow hedges	$	(48.7)	$	(25.6)	$	14.0	$	(60.3)

(1) Amount is net of related deferred tax benefit of $2.5 million and $0.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2) Amount is net of related deferred tax expense of $3.6 million and $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, gains of $22.7 million and $14.0 million, respectively, related to interest rate hedges were reclassified into earnings and recognized in Interest expense, net of interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

16

Note 10: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):

	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Collateralized:
Term Loan, due August 2025	$	97.9	$	192.9
Term Loan, due January 2030 Tranche-1, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $10.4 million and $10.7 million, respectively	982.1		984.3
Term Loan, due January 2030 Tranche-2, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $18.8 million and $19.5 million, respectively	978.7		980.5
6.750% Senior Secured Notes, due May 2028, net of unamortized financing costs of $5.6 million and $6.3 million, respectively	644.4		643.7
8.875% Senior Secured Notes, due September 2031, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $6.2 million and $6.7 million, respectively	393.8		393.3
Finance lease liabilities	40.4		45.9
Total	3,137.3		3,240.6
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(135.6)		(143.7)
Total Long-term debt, net	$	3,001.7	$	3,096.9

2018 Credit Agreement

On August 21, 2018, the Company entered into an initial $3.5 billion credit agreement (as amended from time to time, the “2018 Credit Agreement”), comprised of an initial $2.7 billion senior secured term loan (the “Initial Term Loan”) and an initial $810.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”).

Term Loans

Net proceeds from the Initial Term Loan were $2.7 billion ($2.7 billion initial aggregate principal amount less $13.5 million stated discount and $20.6 million in debt transaction costs).

On January 20, 2020, the Company refinanced the Initial Term Loan under materially the same terms, incurring an additional $11.1 million in debt transaction costs.

On January 31, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of $1.0 billion of the $2.6 billion aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Initial Term Loan to January 31, 2030 (the “2030 Tranche-1”), incurring an additional $15.3 million in debt transaction costs which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $16.9 million within Interest expense, net of interest income, consisting of $8.7 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $8.2 million in certain new transaction costs paid to creditors. The Company also recognized $4.7 million of new transaction costs directly in Interest expense in the first quarter of 2023. At the time of this amendment, the August 21, 2025 maturity date of the then remaining $1.6 billion principal balance outstanding under the Initial Term Loan was not changed.

On June 21, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement, effective June 28, 2023, to replace the LIBOR rate applicable to borrowings under the Initial Term Loan with Term SOFR plus an applicable credit spread adjustment. As there were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement, the Company leveraged certain optional expedients for contract modifications related to reference rate reform provided in ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06.

17

On August 24, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of $1.0 billion of the then-remaining $1.6 billion aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Initial Term Loan to January 31, 2030 (the “2030 Tranche-2”), incurring an additional $20.4 million in debt transaction costs which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $23.6 million within Interest expense, net of interest income, consisting of $10.6 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $13.0 million in certain new transaction costs paid to creditors. The Company also recognized $2.5 million of transaction costs directly in Interest expense in the third quarter of 2023. Upon execution of this amendment, along with the repayment of principal outstanding thereunder using proceeds from the offering of $400.0 million in senior secured notes (discussed below), the Initial Term Loan had a remaining aggregate principal balance outstanding of $192.9 million and a maturity date of August 21, 2025. We refer to this remaining aggregate principal balance as the “2025 Tranche” and we refer to the 2025 Tranche, the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2 collectively as the “Term Loans”.

On April 9, 2024, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to reprice the 2030 Tranche-2, reducing the applicable interest rate from 1-month Term SOFR plus 4.00% to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.75%. There were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As a result of the reprice, the Company incurred additional debt transaction costs of $2.0 million, of which $0.5 million were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan and $1.5 million were recognized directly in Interest expense, net of interest income.

On June 18, 2024, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to reprice the 2030 Tranche-1, reducing the applicable interest rate from 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.10%, plus 3.25% to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.00%. There were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As a result of the reprice, the Company incurred additional debt transaction costs of $1.9 million, of which $0.5 million were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan and $1.4 million were recognized directly in Interest expense, net of interest income.

The Term Loans bear interest at a variable rate that the Company may select per the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, the Company elected to use an annual rate equal to (i) 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.11% (which sum is subject to a minimum floor of 0.0%), plus 2.75% for the 2025 Tranche, (ii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.00% for the 2030 Tranche-1 and (iii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.75% for the 2030 Tranche-2. As of June 30, 2024, the effective interest rates were 8.21%, 8.57%, and 9.52% for the 2025 Tranche, the 2030 Tranche-1, and the 2030 Tranche-2, respectively.

The 2018 Credit Agreement requires quarterly principal payments equal to 0.25% of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding borrowings under the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2, including any incremental borrowings. The 2018 Credit Agreement amendments entered into in the second quarter of 2024 deferred the mandatory principal payments for the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2 for two quarters, with such principal payments re-commencing in December 2024. All required principal payments under the 2025 Tranche have been satisfied until maturity.

In March and June 2024, the Company elected to prepay $50.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively, of the 2025 Tranche resulting in a remaining aggregate principal balance outstanding under the 2025 Tranche of $97.9 million. These optional prepayments, along with the required principal payment of $5.0 million in the first quarter of 2024, brought the Company’s aggregate year-to-date debt repayment to $100.0 million.

Revolver

On December 20, 2019, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to increase the aggregate commitments under the Revolver by $210.0 million, incurring an additional $0.5 million in debt transaction costs.

On April 28, 2022, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to (i) increase the aggregate commitments under the Revolver by $80.0 million, extending its borrowing capacity from $1.0 billion to $1.1 billion, (ii) extend the maturity date of borrowings under the Revolver from August 21, 2023 to April 28, 2027, (iii) replace the LIBOR rate applicable to borrowings under the Revolver with Term SOFR plus an applicable rate, and (iv) add pricing terms linked to achievement of certain greenhouse gas emission targets. The Company incurred an additional $3.7 million in debt transaction costs in connection with this amendment.

Borrowings under the Revolver, if any, bear interest at our option, at 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.10%, plus an applicable rate varying from 1.75% to 2.75% based on achievement of certain Net Leverage Ratios (as defined in the 2018 Credit Agreement). The Revolver was undrawn as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Senior Secured Notes due 2028

On May 22, 2020, the Company issued $650.0 million of senior secured notes due May 15, 2028 (the “2028 Notes”). Net proceeds from the 2028 Notes were $638.5 million, consisting of a $650.0 million aggregate principal amount less $11.5 million from issuance costs. The 2028 Notes were offered in a private placement exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The 2028 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.75% and yielded an effective interest rate of 6.97% as of June 30, 2024.

Senior Secured Notes due 2031

On August 24, 2023, the Company issued $400.0 million of senior secured notes due September 1, 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). Net proceeds from the 2031 Notes were $392.8 million, consisting of a $400.0 million aggregate principal amount less $7.2 million from issuance costs. The 2031 Notes were offered in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $1.4 million and directly expensed transaction costs of $1.5 million within Interest expense, net of interest income in the third quarter of 2023 related to this issuance. The 2031 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 8.88% and yielded an effective interest rate of 9.09% as of June 30, 2024.

Financial Covenant and Related Terms

The 2018 Credit Agreement has a springing financial covenant, tested on the last day of each fiscal quarter if the outstanding borrowings under the Revolver exceed an applicable threshold. If the financial covenant is triggered, the Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2018 Credit Agreement) may not exceed 5.00 to 1.00. In addition, the 2018 Credit Agreement, the indenture governing the 2028 Notes and the indenture governing the 2031 Notes impose certain operating and financial restrictions on the Company, and in the event of certain defaults, all of the Company’s outstanding borrowings under the 2018 Credit Agreement, the 2028 Notes and the 2031 Notes, together with accrued interest and other fees, could become immediately due and payable.

The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants under the 2018 Credit Agreement, the indenture governing the 2028 Notes and the indenture governing the 2031 Notes as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to various claims and litigation. The Company is also subject to threatened or pending legal actions arising from activities of contractors. A liability is recorded for claims or other contingencies when the risk of loss is probable and estimable. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. Many of these claims may be covered under the Company’s current insurance programs, subject to self-insurance levels and deductibles. The timing and ultimate settlement of these matters is inherently uncertain, however, based upon information currently available, unless otherwise noted, we believe the resolution of such claims and litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

The Company is also subject to various workers’ compensation and medical claims, primarily as it relates to claims by employees in the U.S. for medical benefits and lost wages associated with injuries incurred in the course of their employment. A liability is also recorded for the Company’s incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims, based on assessment using prior claims history.

These various contingent claims liabilities are presented as Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, contingent liabilities recorded within Other current liabilities were $106.3 million and $80.4 million, respectively, and contingent liabilities recorded within Other non-current liabilities were $57.0 million and $53.1 million, respectively. These contingent liabilities are made up of errors and omissions (“E&O”) claims, litigation matters, general liability, workers’ compensation and other medical claims. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, E&O and other litigation claims were $60.0 million and $55.4 million, respectively, and general liability, workers’ compensation and medical claims liabilities were $103.3 million and $78.1 million, respectively.

The Company had insurance recoverable balances for E&O claims as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaling $0.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

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Payroll Tax Claims

In a non-U.S. jurisdiction, the Company is currently engaged in a dispute with a local tax authority about the application of tax rules related to certain payroll taxes with respect to two of our subsidiaries for tax years ended 2015 to 2021. The tax authority has claimed the Company owes unpaid employer payroll tax contributions, plus interest. In addition, we could receive claims for alleged unpaid income taxes as we have been served with protective determinations by the same tax authority.

The Company believes that it has appropriately applied the payroll tax rules, including as a result of its consideration of a recent ruling by an appellate court in the jurisdiction, and disagrees with the amounts claimed. However, the Company recorded an immaterial liability as of December 31, 2023 that is equal to the estimated probable loss for the years under review. The Company continues to assess this matter and it is reasonably possible that the matter could result in an additional, potentially material, liability in future periods. There have been no changes to the estimated liability during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

401(k) Nondiscrimination Testing

In 2023, the Company identified irregularities in its historical nondiscrimination testing for a qualified retirement savings plan available to U.S. employees. As of December 31, 2023, to remedy these irregularities, the Company accrued its best estimate of the amount that the Company would need to contribute to the plan in accordance with applicable correction protocols. The amount of the estimated corrective contribution is not material and there have been no material changes to the estimated amount during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Guarantees

The Company’s guarantees primarily relate to requirements under certain client service contracts and arise through the normal course of business. These guarantees, with certain financial institutions, have both open and closed-ended terms, with remaining closed-ended terms up to 8 years and maximum potential future payments of approximately $74.8 million in the aggregate. None of these guarantees are individually material to the Company’s operating results, financial position or liquidity. The Company considers the future payment or performance related to non-performance under these guarantees to be remote.

Greystone JV Indemnity

On November 27, 2023, Greystone Servicing Company LLC (“GSC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Greystone JV, entered into an indemnity agreement with Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), which agreement is not in the normal course of GSC’s business, whereby Freddie Mac agreed to issue one or more loan commitment letters regarding the purchase of 45 first mortgage multifamily property loans brokered by a certain independent broker under temporary suspension by Freddie Mac (“Brokered Loans”). In exchange, GSC agreed to indemnify and hold Freddie Mac harmless from any claims or losses related to such Brokered Loans that result from any fraud, misinterpretation or omission. The Brokered Loans are currently performing and have not had any material impact on the Greystone JV at this time. The Company will continue to assess this matter and, although it considers the future indemnity obligations related to these Brokered Loans to be remote, it is possible that the matter could result in an additional, potentially material, liability for the Greystone JV in future periods. Any potential impact to the Greystone JV would only impact the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements by our 40% interest in the Greystone JV.

Note 12: Related Party Transactions

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had receivables from brokers and other employees of $51.4 million and $49.9 million, respectively, that are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $340.5 million and $311.7 million, respectively, that are included in Other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounts primarily represent prepaid commissions, retention and sign-on bonuses to brokers and other items such as travel and other advances to employees.

In addition, the Company recognized royalty fee income from equity method investments as disclosed in Note 8: Equity Method Investments.

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Note 13: Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures certain assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In addition, ASC 820 establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

•Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices); and

•Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are based on unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data.

Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, a deferred purchase price (“DPP”) receivable related to our revolving accounts receivables securitization program, which we have amended periodically (the “A/R Securitization”), restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses, short-term borrowings, long-term debt, interest rate swaps and foreign exchange contracts. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximates the fair value of these instruments. Certain money market funds in which the Company has invested are highly liquid and considered cash equivalents. These funds are valued at the per unit rate published as the basis for current transactions. Due to the short-term nature of trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and short-term borrowings, their carrying amount is considered to be the same as their fair value.

Under the A/R Securitization, the Company recorded a DPP receivable upon the initial sale of trade receivables. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the DPP receivable approximates its fair value. Refer to Note 14: Accounts Receivable Securitization for more information.

The estimated fair value of external debt was $3.2 billion and $3.3 billion as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These instruments were valued using dealer quotes that are classified as Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The gross carrying value of the debt was $3.1 billion and $3.2 billion as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which excludes debt issuance costs. Refer to Note 10: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for additional information.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

	As of June 30, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents - money market funds	$	1.0	$	1.0	$	—	$	—
Deferred compensation plan assets	29.2		29.2		—		—
Interest rate swap agreements	20.7		—		20.7		—
Foreign currency forward contracts	0.8		—		0.8		—
Total	$	51.7	$	30.2	$	21.5	$	—
Liabilities
Deferred compensation plan liabilities	$	31.3	$	31.3	$	—	$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts	0.6		—		0.6		—
Earn-out liabilities	13.7		—		—		13.7
Total	$	45.6	$	31.3	$	0.6	$	13.7

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	As of December 31, 2023
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash equivalents - money market funds	$	1.0	$	1.0	$	—	$	—
Deferred compensation plan assets	31.0		31.0		—		—
Interest rate swap agreements	4.3		—		4.3		—
Foreign currency forward contracts	1.0		—		1.0		—
Total	$	37.3	$	32.0	$	5.3	$	—
Liabilities
Deferred compensation plan liabilities	$	33.1	$	33.1	$	—	$	—
Interest rate swap agreements	6.7		—		6.7		—
Foreign currency forward contracts	0.7		—		0.7		—
Earn-out liabilities	25.6		—		—		25.6
Total	$	66.1	$	33.1	$	7.4	$	25.6

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there were no transfers between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. There have been no significant changes to the valuation techniques and inputs used to develop the fair value measurements from those disclosed in the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Deferred Compensation Plans

Prior to 2017, the Company sponsored non-qualified deferred compensation plans for certain U.S. employees whereby the employee could defer a portion of employee compensation, which the Company would hold in trust, enabling the employees to defer tax on compensation until payment is made to them from the trust. These plans are frozen. Employee balances held in trust are at risk for any investment losses of the funds held in trust.

The Company adopted a new non-qualified deferred compensation plan on January 1, 2019. The plan allows certain highly-compensated employees to defer a portion of their compensation, enabling the employees to defer tax on compensation until payment is made. This plan is also frozen. The Company has established a Rabbi Trust under which investments are held to fund payment of the liability of the deferred compensation plan. The investments of the Rabbi Trust consist of life insurance policies for which investment gains or losses are recognized based upon changes in cash surrender value that are driven by market performance.

The fair value of assets and liabilities of these plans is based on the value of the underlying investments using quoted prices in active markets at period end. Deferred compensation plan assets are presented within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred compensation liabilities are presented within Accrued compensation and Other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts and Interest Rate Swaps

The estimated fair value of interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts are determined based on the expected cash flows of each derivative instrument. The valuation method reflects the contractual period and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate and foreign currency forward curves (Level 2 inputs). Refer to Note 9: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities for discussion of the fair value associated with these derivative assets and liabilities.

Earn-out Liabilities

The Company has various contractual obligations associated with the acquisition of several real estate service companies in the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe, including contingent consideration, comprised of earn-out payments to the sellers subject to achievement of certain performance criteria in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the respective purchase agreements. An increase to a probability of achievement would result in a higher fair value measurement of the earn-out liability.

The amounts disclosed in the fair value hierarchy table above are included in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had the potential to make a maximum of $16.9 million and a minimum of $0.0 million (undiscounted) in earn-out payments. Assuming the achievement of the applicable performance criteria, these earn-out payments will be made over the next 5 years.

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Earn-out liabilities are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the methodology used to develop the estimated fair value includes significant unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions. The fair value of earn-out liabilities is based on the present value of probability-weighted expected return method related to the earn-out performance criteria on each reporting date. The probabilities of achievement assigned to the performance criteria are determined based on due diligence performed at the time of acquisition, as well as actual performance achieved subsequent to acquisition. Adjustments to the earn-out liabilities in periods subsequent to the completion of acquisitions are reflected within Operating, administrative and other in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The table below presents a reconciliation of earn-out liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in millions):

	Earn-out Liabilities
	2024		2023
Balance as of January 1,	$	25.6	$	29.3
Net change in fair value and other adjustments	0.9		0.7
Payments	(12.8)		(4.1)
Balance as of June 30,	$	13.7	$	25.9

Investments in Real Estate Ventures

The Company directly invests in early stage property technology (“proptech”) companies, real estate investment funds and other real estate companies across various sectors. The Company typically reports these investments at cost, less impairment charges, and adjusts these investments to fair value if the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar instruments of the same issuer.

Investments in early stage proptech companies or other real estate companies are typically fair valued as a result of pricing observed in initial or subsequent funding rounds. These investments are not fair valued on a recurring basis and as such have been excluded from the fair value hierarchy table. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our investments in early stage proptech companies had a fair value of approximately $40.5 million and $40.7 million, respectively, and are included in Other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Investments in real estate venture capital funds and co-investment funds are primarily fair valued using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) provided by investees or held at cost, less impairment charges. Critical inputs to NAV estimates include valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates, and asset-specific market borrowing rates. As these investments are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy, they have been excluded from the fair value hierarchy table. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our investments in real estate venture capital funds and co-investment funds had a fair value of approximately $74.1 million and $79.0 million, respectively, and are included in Other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company adjusts these various real estate investments to their fair values each reporting period, and the changes in fair values are reflected in Other income (expense), net, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized unrealized losses of $0.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively, on our real estate investments. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized an unrealized loss of $7.8 million and $17.7 million, respectively, related to our investment in WeWork and unrealized losses of $0.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, on our other real estate investments.

Note 14: Accounts Receivable Securitization

Under the A/R Securitization, certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries continuously sell receivables to certain wholly-owned special purpose entities at fair market value. The special purpose entities then sell 100% of the receivables to an unaffiliated financial institution (the “Purchaser”). Although the special purpose entities are wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company, they are separate legal entities with their own separate creditors who will be entitled, upon their liquidation, to have liabilities satisfied out of their assets prior to any assets or value in such special purpose entities becoming available to their equity holders and their assets are not available to pay other creditors of the Company.

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All transactions under the A/R Securitization are accounted for as a true sale in accordance with ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing (“ASC 860”). Following the sale and transfer of the receivables to the Purchaser, the receivables are legally isolated from the Company and its subsidiaries, and the Company sells, conveys, transfers and assigns to the Purchaser all its rights, title and interest in the receivables. Receivables sold are derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet. The Company continues to service, administer and collect the receivables on behalf of the Purchaser, and recognizes a servicing liability in accordance with ASC 860. Any financial statement impact associated with the servicing liability was immaterial for all periods presented.

Under the A/R Securitization, the Company records a DPP receivable upon the initial sale of trade receivables. The DPP receivable represents the difference between the fair value of the trade receivables sold and the cash purchase price and is recognized at fair value as part of the sale transaction. The DPP receivable is paid to the Company in cash on behalf of the Purchaser as the receivables are collected; however, due to the revolving nature of the A/R Securitization, cash collected from the Company’s customers is reinvested by the Purchaser daily in new receivable purchases under the A/R Securitization. The carrying amount of the DPP receivable, which approximates its fair value, is primarily based on the face amount of receivables, adjusted for estimated credit losses. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the DPP receivable of $145.0 million and $219.6 million, respectively, is included in Other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, receivables sold under the A/R Securitization were $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, and cash collections from customers on receivables sold were $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, all of which were reinvested in new receivables purchases and are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal on receivables sold under the A/R Securitization was $350.3 million and $345.7 million, respectively.

This A/R Securitization also provides funding from the Purchaser against receivables sold into the program with a maximum facility limit of $200.0 million. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had aggregate capital outstanding under this facility of $180.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively. On June 20, 2023, the Company amended the A/R Securitization to extend the maturity date to June 19, 2026 and incurred a servicing liability fee of $11.3 million in connection with the amendment, which will be amortized through the maturity date of the program.

Note 15: Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the sum of such amounts presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions):

	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	567.3	$	767.7
Restricted cash recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets	35.2		33.5
Cash and cash equivalents recorded in Assets held for sale	2.4		—
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statements of cash flows	$	604.9	$	801.2

Supplemental cash flows and non-cash investing and financing activities are as follows (in millions):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for:
Interest	$	137.3	$	120.7
Income taxes	28.2		59.1
Operating leases	55.8		58.1
Non-cash investing/financing activities:
Property and equipment additions through finance leases	9.8		16.3
Increase in beneficial interest in a securitization	5.4		17.4
Right of use assets obtained through operating leases	18.6		34.0

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Note 16: Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through July 29, 2024, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and has determined there were no material subsequent events to disclose.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) and with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (our “2023 Annual Report”).

As discussed in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” below, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may materially differ from those discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our 2023 Annual Report and Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report. Our fiscal year ends December 31.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events, results and financial performance, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We also discuss those risks, uncertainties and other factors in our 2023 Annual Report in Part I, Item 1A.

These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts, and you can often identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “strives,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “target,” “goal,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “shall,” “contemplates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are based upon our historical performance and on our current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business, prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements and should consider the following factors, as well as the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and in our 2023 Annual Report in Part I, Item 1A. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to:

•disruptions in general macroeconomic conditions and global and regional demand for commercial real estate;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified revenue producing employees and senior management;

•the failure of our acquisitions and joint ventures to perform as expected or the lack of similar future opportunities;

•our ability to preserve, grow and leverage the value of our brand;

•the concentration of business with specific corporate clients;

•our ability to appropriately address actual or perceived conflicts of interest;

•our ability to maintain and execute our information technology strategies;

•interruption or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services;

•our vulnerability to potential breaches in security related to our information systems;

•our ability to comply with current and future data privacy regulations and other confidentiality obligations;

•the extent to which infrastructure disruptions may affect our ability to provide our services;

•the potential impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets;

•our ability to comply with laws and regulations and any changes thereto;

•changes in tax laws or tax rates and our ability to make correct determinations in complex tax regimes;

•our ability to successfully execute on our strategy for operational efficiency;

•the failure of third parties performing on our behalf to comply with contract, regulatory or legal requirements;

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•risks associated with the climate change and ability to achieve our sustainability goals;

•foreign currency volatility;

•social, geopolitical and economic risks associated with our international operations;

•risks associated with sociopolitical polarization;

•restrictions imposed on us by the agreements governing our indebtedness;

•our amount of indebtedness and its potential adverse impact on our available cash flow and the operation of our business;

•our ability to incur more indebtedness;

•our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our existing indebtedness;

•our ability to compete globally, regionally and locally;

•the seasonality of significant portions of our revenue and cash flow;

•our exposure to environmental liabilities due to our role as a real estate services provider;

•potential price declines resulting from future sales of a large number of our ordinary shares;

•risks related to our capital allocation strategy including current intentions to not pay cash dividends;

•risks related to litigation;

•the fact that the rights of our shareholders differ in certain respects from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a Delaware corporation;

•the fact that U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing liabilities against us or be limited in their ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum they find favorable in the event of a dispute;

•the possibility that English law and provisions in our articles of association may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others or require shareholder approval for certain capital structure decisions; and

•the other risk factors set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and under Item 1A of Part I of our 2023 Annual Report.

The factors identified above should not be construed as an exhaustive list of factors that could affect our future results and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Quarterly Report. The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report are made only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement except as required by law, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should specifically consider the factors identified in this Quarterly Report that could cause actual results to differ before making an investment decision to purchase our ordinary shares.

Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us.

Overview

Cushman & Wakefield is a leading global commercial real estate services firm that makes a meaningful impact for our people, clients, communities and world. Led by an experienced executive team and driven by approximately 52,000 employees in nearly 400 offices and approximately 60 countries, we deliver exceptional value for real estate occupiers and owners, managing 6.2 billion square feet of commercial real estate space globally and offering a broad suite of services through our integrated and scalable platform. Our business is focused on meeting the increasing demands of our clients through comprehensive service offerings including (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other services.

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Recent Developments and Outlook

Effective January 1, 2024, the Property, facilities and project management service line was renamed to Services. The change was to the name only and had no impact on the composition of the Company’s service lines or its historical results.

Highlights from the period ended June 30, 2024:

Second Quarter Results:

•Revenue of $2.3 billion for the second quarter of 2024 decreased 5% from the second quarter of 2023.

◦Leasing grew 2% driven by the Americas and APAC.

◦Services, Capital markets and Valuation and other declined 3%, 15% and 4%, respectively.

•Net income of $13.5 million for the second quarter of 2024 increased $8.4 million compared to net income of $5.1 million for the second quarter of 2023. Diluted earnings per share was $0.06 for the quarter.

◦Adjusted EBITDA of $138.9 million decreased 5% from the second quarter of 2023.

•In June 2024, we repriced the 2030 Tranche-1, reducing the applicable interest rate by 35 basis points to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.00%. In addition, we elected to prepay $45.0 million of the 2025 Tranche.

•On June 18, 2024, we signed a definitive agreement to sell a non-core business that provides a third-party supplier network to support a small portion of our Services clients in the U.S. and Canada (the “Disposal Group”). This transaction will further the Company’s strategic focus on core long-term growth opportunities and is expected to accelerate optional debt repayment. The sale is expected to close during the third quarter of 2024.

Year-to-Date Results:

•Revenue of $4.5 billion for the first half of 2024 decreased 4% from the first half of 2023.

◦Solid Leasing growth of 3% was driven by broad strength across all segments.

◦Services, Capital markets and Valuation and other declined 3%, 9% and 1%, respectively.

•Net loss of $15.3 million for the first half of 2024 improved 79% compared to net loss of $71.3 million for the first half of 2023. Diluted loss per share for the first half of 2024 was $0.07.

◦Adjusted EBITDA of $217.0 million increased 5% from the first half of 2023.

•Liquidity as of June 30, 2024 was $1.7 billion, consisting of availability on the Company’s undrawn Revolver of $1.1 billion and cash and cash equivalents of $0.6 billion.

Macroeconomic Trends and Uncertainty

Demand for our services is largely dependent on the relative strength of the global and regional commercial real estate markets, which are highly sensitive to general macroeconomic conditions and the ability of market participants to access credit and the capital markets. During the first half of 2024, these macroeconomic challenges, including elevated interest rates, led to ongoing volatility within global capital and credit markets, which negatively impacted demand for our services. While there continues to be significant macroeconomic uncertainty in many markets around the world, we experienced positive momentum in our Leasing service line, which grew 3% in revenue compared to the first half of 2023.

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Recent Regulatory Developments

In March 2024, the SEC issued final rules under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors, which require registrants to provide certain climate-related information in their annual reports. The rules require disclosure of a registrant’s material climate-related risks, the risk management processes and governance related to such risks, material climate-related targets and goals, and material Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the rules require disclosure in the notes to the registrant’s financial statements of the effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions (subject to de minimis thresholds). On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued an order staying the final climate-related disclosure rules pending judicial review of several petitions filed against the SEC challenging the rules’ validity. Because the SEC stayed the rules before its effective date, if the rules are upheld, their effective date will not be known until subsequently published by the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, current facts and circumstances, and on other factors that we believe to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions. We review these estimates on a periodic basis to ensure reasonableness. Although actual amounts may differ from such estimated amounts, we believe such differences are not likely to be material. For additional detail regarding our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to these policies or estimates as of June 30, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to recently issued accounting pronouncements within Note 2: New Accounting Pronouncements of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Items Affecting Comparability

When reading our financial statements and the information included in this Quarterly Report, it should be considered that we have experienced, and continue to experience, several material trends and uncertainties that have affected our financial condition and results of operations and could affect future performance. We believe that the following material trends and uncertainties are important to understand the variability of our historical earnings and cash flows and any potential future variability.

Macroeconomic Conditions

Our results of operations are significantly impacted by economic trends, government policies and the global and regional real estate markets. These include the following: overall economic activity, volatility of the financial markets, interest rates and inflation, demand for commercial real estate, the impact of tax and regulatory policies, the cost and availability of credit, changes in employment rates and the geopolitical environment.

Our diversified operating model helps to partially mitigate the negative effect of difficult market conditions on our margins as a substantial portion of our costs are variable compensation expenses, specifically commissions and bonuses paid to our professionals in our Leasing and Capital markets service lines. Nevertheless, ongoing adverse economic trends could pose significant risks to our operating performance and financial condition.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

Our results may include the incremental impact of completed transactions, which could impact the comparability of our results on a year-over-year basis. Our results could include incremental revenues and expenses following the completion of an acquisition, or comparable results could include revenues and expenses of recent dispositions. Additionally, there could be an adverse impact on net income for a period of time after the completion of an acquisition driven by transaction-related and integration expenses. From time to time, we use strategic and in-fill acquisitions, as well as joint ventures, to add new service capabilities, to increase our scale within existing capabilities and to expand our presence in new or existing geographic regions globally. As it relates to dispositions, results may include gains (losses) on the disposition and we may incur incremental transaction-related costs that could have an adverse impact on net income.

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International Operations

Our business consists of service lines operating in multiple regions inside and outside of the U.S. Our international operations expose us to global economic trends, as well as foreign government tax, regulatory and policy measures.

Additionally, outside of the U.S., we generate earnings in other currencies and are subject to fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar (“USD”). These currency fluctuations, most notably the Australian dollar, euro and British pound sterling, have positively and adversely affected our operating results measured in USD in the past and are likely to do so in the future. It can be difficult to compare period-over-period financial statements when the movement in currencies against the USD does not reflect trends in the local underlying business as reported in its local currency.

In order to assist our investors and improve comparability of results, we present the year-over-year changes in certain of our non-GAAP financial measures, such as Fee-based operating expenses and Adjusted EBITDA, in “local” currency. The local currency change represents the year-over-year change assuming no movement in foreign exchange rates from the prior year. We believe that this provides our management and investors with a better view of comparability and trends in the underlying operating business.

Seasonality

A significant portion of our revenue is seasonal, especially for service lines such as Leasing and Capital markets. This impacts the comparison of our financial condition and results of operations on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Generally, our industry is focused on completing transactions by calendar year-end with a high concentration of activity in the last quarter of the calendar year while certain expenses are recognized more evenly throughout the calendar year. Historically, our revenue and operating income typically tend to be lowest in the first quarter, and highest in the fourth quarter of each year. Our Services revenue partially mitigates this intra-year seasonality, due to the recurring nature of this service line which generates more stable revenues throughout the year.

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We have used the following measures, which are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under SEC guidelines:

i.Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”) and Adjusted EBITDA margin;

ii.Segment operating expenses and Fee-based operating expenses; and

iii.Local currency.

Management principally uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate operating performance, develop budgets and forecasts, improve comparability of results and assist our investors in analyzing the underlying performance of our business. These measures are not recognized measurements under GAAP. When analyzing our operating results, investors should use them in addition to, but not as an alternative for, the most directly comparable financial results calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Because the Company’s calculation of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from other companies, our presentation of these measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

The Company believes that these measures provide a more complete understanding of ongoing operations, enhance comparability of current results to prior periods and may be useful for investors to analyze our financial performance. The measures eliminate the impact of certain items that may obscure trends in the underlying performance of our business. The Company believes that they are useful to investors for the additional purposes described below.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin: We have determined Adjusted EBITDA to be our primary measure of segment profitability. We believe that investors find this measure useful in comparing our operating performance to that of other companies in our industry because these calculations generally eliminate unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on disposal group, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, and other non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes the effects of financings, income tax and the non-cash accounting effects of depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Adjusted EBITDA margin, a non-GAAP measure of profitability as a percent of revenue, is measured against service line fee revenue.

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Segment operating expenses and Fee-based operating expenses: Consistent with GAAP, reimbursed costs for certain customer contracts are presented on a gross basis in both revenue and operating expenses for which the Company recognizes substantially no margin. Total costs and expenses include segment operating expenses, as well as other expenses such as depreciation and amortization, loss on disposal group, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, and other non-recurring items. Segment operating expenses includes Fee-based operating expenses and Cost of gross contract reimbursables.

We believe Fee-based operating expenses more accurately reflects the costs we incur during the course of delivering services to our clients and is more consistent with how we manage our expense base and operating margins.

Local currency: In discussing our results, we refer to percentage changes in local currency. These metrics are calculated by holding foreign currency exchange rates constant in year-over-year comparisons. Management believes that this methodology provides investors with greater visibility into the performance of our business excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations.

Adjustments to U.S. GAAP Financial Measures Used to Calculate Non-GAAP Financial Measures

During the periods presented in this Quarterly Report, we had the following adjustments:

Unrealized loss on investments, net represents net unrealized losses on fair value investments. Prior to 2024, this primarily reflected unrealized losses on our investment in WeWork.

Loss on disposal group reflects the loss of $12.5 million recognized in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce the carrying value of the Disposal Group to its fair value less costs to sell, as well as $1.5 million of other transaction costs associated with the pending sale. In 2023, loss on disposal group reflects a loss on the sale of a business in APAC.

Integration and other costs related to merger reflects the non-cash amortization expense of certain merger related retention awards that will be amortized through 2026, and the non-cash amortization expense of merger related deferred rent and tenant incentives which will be amortized through 2028.

Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives includes internal and external consulting costs incurred to implement certain distinct operating efficiency initiatives designed to realign our organization to be a more agile partner to our clients. These initiatives vary in frequency, amount and occurrence based on factors specific to each initiative. In addition, this includes certain direct costs incurred in connection with acquiring businesses.

Cost savings initiatives primarily reflects severance and other one-time employment-related separation costs related to actions to reduce headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, as well as property lease rationalizations. These actions continued in the first half of 2024.

CEO transition costs in 2024 reflects certain payroll taxes associated with compensation for John Forrester, the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer. In 2023, CEO transition costs reflects accelerated stock-based compensation expense associated with stock awards granted to Mr. Forrester, who stepped down from the position of CEO as of June 30, 2023, but who remained employed by the Company as a Strategic Advisor until December 31, 2023. The requisite service period under the applicable award agreements was satisfied upon Mr. Forrester’s retirement from the Company on December 31, 2023. We believe the accelerated expense for these stock awards, as well as the payroll taxes associated with such compensation, are similar in nature to one-time severance benefits and are not normal, recurring operating expenses necessary to operate the business.

Servicing liability fees and amortization reflects the additional non-cash servicing liability fees accrued in connection with the A/R Securitization amendments in prior years. The liability will be amortized through June 2026.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth items derived from our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,										Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency		2024			2023			% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency
Revenue:
Services	$	864.5		$	888.9		(3)	%	(2)	%	$	1,735.6		$	1,785.7		(3)	%	(2)	%
Leasing	450.3			441.8			2	%	2	%	832.0			804.4			3	%	4	%
Capital markets	163.2			191.9			(15)	%	(14)	%	304.8			334.8			(9)	%	(9)	%
Valuation and other	105.7			110.3			(4)	%	(3)	%	208.9			212.0			(1)	%	(1)	%
Total service line fee revenue(1)	1,583.7			1,632.9			(3)	%	(2)	%	3,081.3			3,136.9			(2)	%	(1)	%
Gross contract reimbursables(2)	704.3			773.1			(9)	%	(9)	%	1,391.5			1,518.4			(8)	%	(8)	%
Total revenue	$	2,288.0		$	2,406.0		(5)	%	(4)	%	$	4,472.8		$	4,655.3		(4)	%	(4)	%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of services provided to clients	$	1,170.5		$	1,205.0		(3)	%	(2)	%	$	2,315.8		$	2,367.3		(2)	%	(2)	%
Cost of gross contract reimbursables	704.3			773.1			(9)	%	(9)	%	1,391.5			1,518.4			(8)	%	(8)	%
Total costs of services	1,874.8			1,978.1			(5)	%	(5)	%	3,707.3			3,885.7			(5)	%	(4)	%
Operating, administrative and other	294.2			328.9			(11)	%	(10)	%	590.2			644.8			(8)	%	(8)	%
Depreciation and amortization	31.2			35.7			(13)	%	(12)	%	63.7			72.6			(12)	%	(12)	%
Restructuring, impairment and related charges	17.4			7.0			n.m.		n.m.		22.4			14.2			58	%	57	%
Total costs and expenses	2,217.6			2,349.7			(6)	%	(5)	%	4,383.6			4,617.3			(5)	%	(5)	%
Operating income	70.4			56.3			25	%	27	%	89.2			38.0			n.m.		n.m.
Interest expense, net of interest income	(60.8)			(57.9)			5	%	5	%	(119.5)			(134.7)			(11)	%	(11)	%
Earnings from equity method investments	4.3			12.8			(66)	%	(66)	%	16.0			24.7			(35)	%	(35)	%
Other income (expense), net	3.3			(4.8)			n.m.		n.m.		5.0			(10.8)			n.m.		n.m.
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	17.2			6.4			n.m.		n.m.		(9.3)			(82.8)			(89)	%	(89)	%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	3.7			1.3			n.m.		n.m.		6.0			(11.5)			n.m.		n.m.
Net income (loss)	$	13.5		$	5.1		n.m.		n.m.		$	(15.3)		$	(71.3)		(79)	%	(79)	%
Net income (loss) margin	0.6%			0.2%							(0.3)%			(1.5)%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	138.9		$	146.1		(5)	%	(4)	%	$	217.0		$	207.0		5	%	6	%
Adjusted EBITDA margin(3)	8.8		%	8.9		%					7.0		%	6.6		%

n.m. not meaningful

(1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.

(2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

(3) Adjusted EBITDA margin is measured against Total service line fee revenue.

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Reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income (loss)	$	13.5	$	5.1	$	(15.3)	$	(71.3)
Add/(less):
Depreciation and amortization	31.2		35.7		63.7		72.6
Interest expense, net of interest income	60.8		57.9		119.5		134.7
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	3.7		1.3		6.0		(11.5)
Unrealized loss on investments, net	0.7		8.2		1.7		18.9
Loss on disposal group	14.0		1.8		14.0		1.8
Integration and other costs related to merger	1.5		2.0		2.8		4.4
Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives	—		5.1		—		11.7
Cost savings initiatives	10.2		12.2		17.4		27.2
CEO transition costs	1.9		2.3		1.9		2.3
Servicing liability fees and amortization	(0.5)		11.6		(0.9)		11.6
Other(1)	1.9		2.9		6.2		4.6
Adjusted EBITDA	$	138.9	$	146.1	$	217.0	$	207.0

(1) For the three months ended June 30, 2024, Other primarily reflects one-time consulting costs associated with certain legal entity reorganization projects and a secondary offering of our ordinary shares by our former shareholders. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, Other also includes non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards which vested in February 2024 and bad debt expense driven by a sublessee default. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, Other primarily reflects non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards.

Summary of Total costs and expenses (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Americas Fee-based operating expenses	$	1,026.3	$	1,067.0	$	2,019.4	$	2,093.2
EMEA Fee-based operating expenses	181.7		191.4		367.3		377.0
APAC Fee-based operating expenses	247.9		240.7		502.9		486.9
Cost of gross contract reimbursables	704.3		773.1		1,391.5		1,518.4
Segment operating expenses	2,160.2		2,272.2		4,281.1		4,475.5
Depreciation and amortization	31.2		35.7		63.7		72.6
Loss on disposal group	14.0		1.8		14.0		1.8
Integration and other costs related to merger	1.5		2.0		2.8		4.4
Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives	—		5.1		—		11.7
Cost savings initiatives	10.2		12.2		17.4		27.2
CEO transition costs	1.9		2.3		1.9		2.3
Servicing liability fees and amortization	(0.5)		11.6		(0.9)		11.6
Other, including foreign currency movements(1)	(0.9)		6.8		3.6		10.2
Total costs and expenses	$	2,217.6	$	2,349.7	$	4,383.6	$	4,617.3

(1) For the three months ended June 30, 2024, Other primarily reflects one-time consulting costs associated with certain legal entity reorganization projects and a secondary offering of our ordinary shares by our former shareholders, and the effects of movements in foreign currency. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, Other also includes non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards which vested in February 2024 and bad debt expense driven by a sublessee default. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, Other primarily reflects non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards and the effects of movements in foreign currency.

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Three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023

Revenue

Revenue of $2.3 billion decreased $118.0 million or 5% compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily driven by the Americas, which decreased 7%. This decline was principally driven by decreases in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue of 3% and 9%, respectively, due to changes in client mix. Capital markets revenue declined 15%, driven by a 19% decline in the Americas, as volatility and uncertainty in the interest rate environment continued to challenge investment sales activity. Valuation and other revenue also declined 4%. Partially offsetting these trends was 2% growth in Leasing revenue compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the Americas and APAC.

Costs of services

Costs of services of $1.9 billion decreased $103.3 million or 5% compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, principally driven by a decrease in third-party consumables of approximately $75.0 million and a decrease in employment costs of approximately $23.0 million. Cost of services provided to clients decreased 3% and Cost of gross contract reimbursables decreased 9%, driven by the Americas, due to changes in client mix.

Operating, administrative and other

Operating, administrative and other expenses of $294.2 million decreased $34.7 million or 11% compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, primarily realized as a reduction in employment costs. In addition, during June 2023, the Company incurred an $11.3 million servicing liability fee in connection with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization.

Restructuring, impairment and related charges

Restructuring, impairment and related charges of $17.4 million increased $10.4 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, which reflected a loss of $12.5 million recognized in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce the carrying value of the Disposal Group to its fair value less costs to sell, partially offset by a decrease in severance and employment-related costs of $1.9 million. In 2023, the Company actioned certain cost savings initiatives, including a reduction in headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, as well as property lease rationalizations. These actions continued into the first half of 2024.

Earnings from equity method investments

Earnings from equity method investments of $4.3 million decreased $8.5 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a decline of $6.5 million in earnings recognized from our equity method investment Cushman Wakefield Greystone LLC (the “Greystone JV”) due to lower transaction volumes as a result of tighter lending conditions given the volatility in interest rates.

Other income (expense), net

Other income, net was $3.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to other expense, net of $4.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, driven by lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments, primarily related to our investment in WeWork, as well as higher royalty fee income.

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2024 was $3.7 million on earnings before income taxes of $17.2 million. For the second quarter of 2023, the provision for income taxes was $1.3 million on earnings before income taxes of $6.4 million. The increase in income tax expense compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily driven by higher earnings before income taxes and changes in the jurisdictional mix of earnings resulting in higher non-deductible losses when compared to the same period in 2023.

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Net income and Adjusted EBITDA

Net income of $13.5 million increased $8.4 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023. Net income margin was 0.6% compared to net income margin of 0.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in net income was driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, including lower employment costs, growth in our Leasing service line, lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments and fewer one-time, non-recurring expenses. In addition, a servicing liability fee associated with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization in the second quarter of 2023 also contributed to the year-over-year increase. These favorable trends were partially offset by declines in our Services and Capital markets service lines, and the loss on the Disposal Group recognized in the second quarter of 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA of $138.9 million decreased $7.2 million or 5% compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the same factors impacting Net income above, with the exception of the loss on the Disposal Group, net unrealized losses on our fair value investments and the A/R Securitization servicing liability fee incurred in the prior year period. Adjusted EBITDA margin, measured against service line fee revenue, of 8.8% declined 18 basis points from the second quarter of 2023.

Six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023

Revenue

Revenue of $4.5 billion decreased $182.5 million or 4% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the Americas, which decreased 6%. This decline was principally driven by decreases in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue of 3% and 8%, respectively, due to changes in client mix. Capital markets revenue declined 9%, driven by a 14% decline in the Americas, as volatility and uncertainty in the interest rate environment continued to challenge investment sales activity. Valuation and other revenue also declined 1%. Partially offsetting these trends was 3% growth in Leasing revenue compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, driven by broad strength across all segments.

Costs of services

Costs of services of $3.7 billion decreased $178.4 million or 5% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, principally driven by a decrease in third-party consumables of approximately $145.0 million and a decrease in employment costs of approximately $30.0 million. Cost of services provided to clients decreased 2% and Cost of gross contract reimbursables decreased 8%, driven by the Americas, due to changes in client mix. Total costs of services as a percentage of total revenue was 83% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to 83% for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Operating, administrative and other

Operating, administrative and other expenses of $590.2 million decreased $54.6 million or 8% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, primarily realized as a reduction in employment costs. In addition, during June 2023, the Company incurred an $11.3 million servicing liability fee in connection with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization. Operating, administrative and other expenses as a percentage of total revenue was 13% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to 14% for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Restructuring, impairment and related charges

Restructuring, impairment and related charges of $22.4 million increased $8.2 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, which reflected a loss of $12.5 million recognized in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce the carrying value of the Disposal Group to its fair value less costs to sell, partially offset by a decrease in severance and employment-related costs of $3.3 million, as well as a decrease in right-of-use asset impairment charges of $0.9 million. In 2023, the Company actioned certain cost savings initiatives, including a reduction in headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, as well as property lease rationalizations. These actions continued into the first half of 2024.

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Interest expense, net of interest income

Interest expense of $119.5 million decreased $15.2 million or 11% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily related to a loss on debt extinguishment of $16.9 million, as well as $4.7 million of new transaction costs expensed in the first quarter of 2023 in connection with the refinancing of a portion of the borrowings under our 2018 Credit Agreement (see Note 10: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information). The decrease in interest expense was partially offset by higher variable interest rates on our Term Loans compared to the prior year period.

Earnings from equity method investments

Earnings from equity method investments of $16.0 million decreased $8.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to a decline of $5.6 million in earnings recognized from the Greystone JV due to lower transaction volumes as a result of tighter lending conditions given the volatility in interest rates.

Other income (expense), net

Other income, net was $5.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to other expense, net of $10.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, driven by lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments, primarily related to our investment in WeWork.

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

Provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $6.0 million on a loss before income taxes of $9.3 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the benefit from income taxes was $11.5 million on a loss before income taxes of $82.8 million. The change from income tax benefit to income tax expense was driven by a lower loss before income taxes and changes in the jurisdictional mix of earnings resulting in higher non-deductible losses when compared to the same period in 2023.

Net loss and Adjusted EBITDA

Net loss of $15.3 million improved $56.0 million compared to net loss of $71.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023. Net loss margin was 0.3% compared to net loss margin of 1.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The improvement in net loss was driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, including lower employment costs, growth in our Leasing service line and lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments. In addition, a loss on debt extinguishment incurred in the first quarter of 2023 and a servicing liability fee associated with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization in the second quarter of 2023 also contributed to the improvement from the prior year period. These favorable trends were partially offset by declines in our Services and Capital markets service lines, and the loss on the Disposal Group recognized in the second quarter of 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA of $217.0 million increased $10.0 million or 5% compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023, driven by the same factors impacting Net loss above, with the exception of the loss on the Disposal Group, net unrealized losses on our fair value investments, and the loss on debt extinguishment and A/R Securitization servicing liability fee incurred in the prior year period. Adjusted EBITDA margin, measured against service line fee revenue, of 7.0% expanded 44 basis points from the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Segment Results

We report our operations through the following segments: (1) Americas, (2) EMEA and (3) APAC. The Americas consists of operations located in the United States, Canada and key markets in Latin America. EMEA includes operations in the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and other markets in Europe and the Middle East. APAC includes operations in Australia, Singapore, China and other markets in the Asia Pacific region.

For segment reporting, Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines. Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin. Our measure of segment profitability, Adjusted EBITDA, excludes the effects of financings, income taxes and depreciation and amortization, as well as unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on disposal group, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, and other non-recurring items.

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Americas Results

The following table summarizes our results of operations by our Americas segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency		2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency
Revenue:
Services	$	606.5	$	628.7	(4)	%	(3)	%	$	1,205.9	$	1,257.0	(4)	%	(4)	%
Leasing	352.2		345.5		2	%	2	%	651.8		640.9		2	%	2	%
Capital markets	132.3		163.5		(19)	%	(19)	%	243.4		282.4		(14)	%	(14)	%
Valuation and other	38.7		38.4		1	%	2	%	74.2		71.8		3	%	4	%
Total service line fee revenue(1)	1,129.7		1,176.1		(4)	%	(4)	%	2,175.3		2,252.1		(3)	%	(3)	%
Gross contract reimbursables(2)	583.7		660.4		(12)	%	(11)	%	1,159.1		1,304.6		(11)	%	(11)	%
Total revenue	$	1,713.4	$	1,836.5	(7)	%	(6)	%	$	3,334.4	$	3,556.7	(6)	%	(6)	%
Costs and expenses:
Americas Fee-based operating expenses	$	1,026.3	$	1,067.0	(4)	%	(4)	%	$	2,019.4	$	2,093.2	(4)	%	(3)	%
Cost of gross contract reimbursables	583.7		660.4		(12)	%	(11)	%	1,159.1		1,304.6		(11)	%	(11)	%
Segment operating expenses	$	1,610.0	$	1,727.4	(7)	%	(7)	%	$	3,178.5	$	3,397.8	(6)	%	(6)	%
Net income (loss)	$	17.5	$	9.6	82	%	86	%	$	0.8	$	(30.9)	n.m.		n.m.
Adjusted EBITDA	$	109.0	$	116.4	(6)	%	(6)	%	$	173.4	$	173.1	0	%	1	%

n.m. not meaningful

(1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.

(2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

Americas: Three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023

Americas revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $1.7 billion, a decrease of $123.1 million or 7% from the second quarter of 2023. This decline was principally driven by lower Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were down 4% and 12%, respectively, primarily due to changes in client mix. In addition, volatility and uncertainty in the interest rate environment continued to challenge investment sales activity resulting in a decline in Capital markets revenue of 19%. Partially offsetting these declines was growth in Leasing and Valuation and other revenue of 2% and 1%, respectively.

Fee-based operating expenses of $1.0 billion decreased 4% principally due to lower sub-contractor costs and lower third-party consumable costs associated with revenue decreases in Services, as well as the impact of our cost savings initiatives.

Adjusted EBITDA of $109.0 million decreased $7.4 million or 6% compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily driven by declines in our Services and Capital markets service lines and lower earnings recognized from the Greystone JV. These trends were partially offset by the impact of our cost savings initiatives and growth in our Leasing and Valuation and other service lines.

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Americas: Six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023

Americas revenue in the first half of 2024 was $3.3 billion, a decrease of $222.3 million or 6% from the first half of 2023. This decline was principally driven by lower Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were down 4% and 11%, respectively, primarily due to changes in client mix. In addition, volatility and uncertainty in the interest rate environment continued to challenge investment sales activity resulting in a decline in Capital markets revenue of 14%. Partially offsetting these declines was growth in Leasing and Valuation and other revenue of 2% and 3%, respectively.

Fee-based operating expenses of $2.0 billion decreased 4% principally due to lower sub-contractor costs and lower third-party consumable costs associated with revenue decreases in Services, as well as the impact of our cost savings initiatives.

Adjusted EBITDA of $173.4 million increased $0.3 million compared to the first half of 2023, primarily driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives and growth in our Leasing and Valuation and other service lines. These trends were partially offset by declines in our Services and Capital markets service lines and lower earnings recognized from the Greystone JV.

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EMEA Results

The following table summarizes our results of operations by our EMEA segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency		2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency
Revenue:
Services	$	80.0	$	94.3	(15)	%	(15)	%	$	161.0	$	181.2	(11)	%	(12)	%
Leasing	53.9		54.0		0	%	0	%	107.6		94.4		14	%	13	%
Capital markets	19.2		18.0		7	%	7	%	34.7		31.6		10	%	9	%
Valuation and other	40.6		41.8		(3)	%	(3)	%	84.2		83.8		0	%	(1)	%
Total service line fee revenue(1)	193.7		208.1		(7)	%	(7)	%	387.5		391.0		(1)	%	(2)	%
Gross contract reimbursables(2)	28.2		31.8		(11)	%	(11)	%	56.7		54.2		5	%	3	%
Total revenue	$	221.9	$	239.9	(8)	%	(7)	%	$	444.2	$	445.2	0	%	(1)	%
Costs and expenses:
EMEA Fee-based operating expenses	$	181.7	$	191.4	(5)	%	(5)	%	$	367.3	$	377.0	(3)	%	(4)	%
Cost of gross contract reimbursables	28.2		31.8		(11)	%	(11)	%	56.7		54.2		5	%	3	%
Segment operating expenses	$	209.9	$	223.2	(6)	%	(6)	%	$	424.0	$	431.2	(2)	%	(3)	%
Net loss	$	(4.5)	$	(5.2)	(13)	%	(15)	%	$	(14.9)	$	(29.5)	(49)	%	(47)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	13.2	$	16.9	(22)	%	(20)	%	$	22.2	$	14.8	50	%	52	%

(1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.

(2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

EMEA: Three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023

EMEA revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $221.9 million, a decrease of $18.0 million or 8% from the second quarter of 2023. Excluding the unfavorable impact of foreign currency of $0.1 million, EMEA revenue decreased 7% on a local currency basis. The decrease was principally driven by lower Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were down 15% and 11%, on a local currency basis, respectively, due to declines in project management and changes in client mix. In addition, Valuation and other revenue was down 3%, on a local currency basis. Partially offsetting these declines was growth Capital markets revenue, which was up 7%, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than the second quarter of 2023 driving momentum in trading across most markets.

Fee-based operating expenses of $181.7 million decreased 5% on a local currency basis principally due to lower sub-contractor costs and lower third-party consumable costs associated with revenue decreases in Services, partially offset by cost inflation.

Adjusted EBITDA of $13.2 million decreased $3.7 million or 22% compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily driven by cost inflation and higher incentive compensation outpacing cost efficiencies during the quarter.

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EMEA: Six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023

EMEA revenue in the first half of 2024 was $444.2 million, a decrease of $1.0 million from the first half of 2023. Excluding the favorable impact of foreign currency of $4.7 million, EMEA revenue decreased 1% on a local currency basis. The decrease was principally driven by lower Services revenue which was down 12%, on a local currency basis, due to declines in project management and changes in client mix. Partially offsetting this decline was growth in Leasing and Capital markets revenue which were up 13% and 9%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than the first half of 2023 driving momentum in trading across most markets. Gross contract reimbursables revenue also increased 3%, on a local currency basis, driven by changes in client mix.

Fee-based operating expenses of $367.3 million decreased 4% on a local currency basis principally due to lower sub-contractor costs and lower third-party consumable costs associated with revenue decreases in Services, partially offset by cost inflation.

Adjusted EBITDA of $22.2 million increased $7.4 million or 50% compared to the first half of 2023, primarily driven by increases in Leasing and Capital markets revenue and the impact of our cost savings initiatives, partially offset by cost inflation and higher incentive compensation.

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APAC Results

The following table summarizes our results of operations by our APAC segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency		2024		2023		% Change in USD		% Change in Local Currency
Revenue:
Services	$	178.0	$	165.9	7	%	9	%	$	368.7	$	347.5	6	%	8	%
Leasing	44.2		42.3		4	%	7	%	72.6		69.1		5	%	8	%
Capital markets	11.7		10.4		13	%	19	%	26.7		20.8		28	%	35	%
Valuation and other	26.4		30.1		(12)	%	(10)	%	50.5		56.4		(10)	%	(7)	%
Total service line fee revenue(1)	260.3		248.7		5	%	7	%	518.5		493.8		5	%	7	%
Gross contract reimbursables(2)	92.4		80.9		14	%	16	%	175.7		159.6		10	%	12	%
Total revenue	$	352.7	$	329.6	7	%	9	%	$	694.2	$	653.4	6	%	9	%
Costs and expenses:
APAC Fee-based operating expenses	$	247.9	$	240.7	3	%	5	%	$	502.9	$	486.9	3	%	5	%
Cost of gross contract reimbursables	92.4		80.9		14	%	16	%	175.7		159.6		10	%	12	%
Segment operating expenses	$	340.3	$	321.6	6	%	8	%	$	678.6	$	646.5	5	%	7	%
Net income (loss)	$	0.5	$	0.7	(29)	%	41	%	$	(1.2)	$	(10.9)	(89)	%	(94)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	16.7	$	12.8	30	%	34	%	$	21.4	$	19.1	12	%	16	%

(1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.

(2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

APAC: Three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023

APAC revenue in the second quarter of 2024 was $352.7 million, an increase of $23.1 million or 7% from the second quarter of 2023. Excluding the unfavorable impact of foreign currency of $6.9 million, APAC revenue increased 9% on a local currency basis. The increase was principally driven by growth in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue, which were up 9% and 16%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to increases in project management. In addition, Leasing and Capital markets revenue also increased 7% and 19%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than the second quarter of 2023. Partially offsetting these trends was a decline in Valuation and other revenue of 10% on a local currency basis.

Fee-based operating expenses of $247.9 million increased 5% on a local currency basis principally due to higher third-party consumable costs and higher sub-contractor costs associated with revenue increases in Services, partially offset by the impact of our cost savings initiatives.

Adjusted EBITDA of $16.7 million increased $3.9 million or 30% compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily driven by growth in Leasing and Capital markets revenue and the impact of our cost savings initiatives, partially offset by declines in our Valuation and other service line.

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APAC: Six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023

APAC revenue in the first half of 2024 was $694.2 million, an increase of $40.8 million or 6% from the first half of 2023. Excluding the unfavorable impact of foreign currency of $15.2 million, APAC revenue increased 9% on a local currency basis. The increase was principally driven by growth in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were up 8% and 12%, on a local currency basis, respectively, due to increases in facilities management and project management. In addition, Leasing and Capital markets revenue also increased 8% and 35%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than the first half of 2023. Partially offsetting these trends was a decline in Valuation and other revenue of 7% on a local currency basis.

Fee-based operating expenses of $502.9 million increased 5% on a local currency basis principally due to higher third-party consumable costs and higher sub-contractor costs associated with revenue increases in Services, partially offset by the impact of our cost savings initiatives.

Adjusted EBITDA of $21.4 million increased $2.3 million or 12% compared to the first half of 2023, primarily driven by growth in Leasing and Capital markets revenue and the impact of our cost savings initiatives, partially offset by our Valuation and other service line.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, available cash reserves, debt capacity under our Revolver and funding from our A/R Securitization. Our primary uses of liquidity are operating expenses, acquisitions, investments and debt payments.

While macroeconomic challenges and uncertainty continue to be present, we believe that we have maintained sufficient liquidity to satisfy our working capital and other funding requirements, including capital expenditures, and expenditures for human capital and contractual obligations, with operating cash flow and cash on hand and, as necessary, borrowings under our Revolver or funding from our A/R Securitization. We continually evaluate opportunities to obtain, retire or restructure our debt, credit facilities or financing arrangements for strategic reasons or to obtain additional financing to fund investments, operations and obligations to further strengthen our financial position.

We have historically relied on our operating cash flow to fund our working capital needs and ongoing capital expenditures on an annual basis. Our operating cash flow is seasonal—typically lowest in the first quarter of the year, when revenue is lowest, and greatest in the fourth quarter of the year, when revenue is highest. The seasonal nature of our operating cash flow can result in a mismatch with funding needs, which we manage using available cash on hand and, as necessary, borrowings under our Revolver or funding from our A/R Securitization.

In the absence of a large strategic acquisition or other extraordinary events, we believe our cash on hand, cash flow from operations and availability under our Revolver will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for the foreseeable future, and at a minimum for the next 12 months. We may seek to take advantage of opportunities to refinance existing debt instruments, as we have done in the past, with new debt instruments at interest rates, maturities and terms we consider attractive. In the second quarter of 2024, we amended the 2018 Credit Agreement, under materially the same terms, to reduce the applicable interest rate for a portion of the Company’s Term Loans. Refer to Note 10: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for additional information.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $1.7 billion of liquidity, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $0.6 billion and availability on our undrawn Revolver of $1.1 billion.

As a professional services firm, funding our operating activities is not capital intensive. Total capital expenditures for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $22.3 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is party to an off-balance sheet revolving A/R Securitization, whereby we continuously sell eligible trade receivables to an unaffiliated financial institution. Receivables are derecognized from our balance sheet upon sale, for which we receive cash payment and record a deferred purchase price receivable which is realized after collection of the underlying receivables. This program also provides funding from a committed purchaser against receivables sold into the program with a maximum facility limit of $200.0 million. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had aggregate capital outstanding under this facility of $180.0 million. This amount was repaid in full in July 2024. The A/R Securitization expires on June 19, 2026, unless extended or an earlier termination event occurs. Refer to Note 14: Accounts Receivable Securitization of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Cash Flow Summary

	Six Months Ended June 30,
Cash Flow Summary	2024		2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(103.3)	$	(238.3)
Net cash provided by investing activities	56.9		145.4
Net cash used in financing activities	(140.5)		(55.0)
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(9.4)		1.7
Total change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(196.3)	$	(146.2)

Operating Activities

We used $103.3 million of cash in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $135.0 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we used net working capital for operations of $181.1 million, a decrease of $160.5 million compared to the six months ended

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June 30, 2023. The reduction in our use of net working capital was principally driven by lower bonus accruals and lower income taxes payable. In addition, the decrease in cash flows used in operating activities was driven by a $56.0 million improvement in net loss.

Investing Activities

We generated $56.9 million of cash from investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, which primarily represents the net capital funding from the facility limit secured by our A/R Securitization of $80.0 million, offset by capital expenditures of $22.3 million. This is compared to cash provided by investing activities of $145.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023, which was primarily driven by the net capital funding from the facility limit secured by our A/R Securitization of $170.0 million, offset by capital expenditures of $20.6 million and investments in equity securities of $5.5 million.

Financing Activities

We used $140.5 million of cash in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $85.5 million from the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily driven by repayment of borrowings under our 2018 Credit Agreement of $100.0 million, higher net settlement of equity awards for payment of employee related taxes, and higher payments of deferred and contingent consideration and finance lease liabilities. Partially offsetting these trends was payment of debt issuance costs of $23.5 million in the first half of 2023.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market and Other Risk Factors

Market Risk

The principal market risks we are exposed to are:

i.interest rates on debt obligations; and

ii.foreign exchange risk.

We manage these risks primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of our debt funding and by using various derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps or foreign currency contracts. We enter into derivative instruments with trusted and diverse counterparties to reduce credit risk. These derivative instruments are strictly used for risk management purposes and, accordingly, are not used for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate volatility with regard to the Term Loans and any borrowings we draw under the Revolver.

The Term Loans bear interest at a variable rate that the Company may select per the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, we elected to use an annual rate equal to (i) 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.11% (which sum is subject to a minimum floor of 0.00%), plus 2.75% for the 2025 Tranche, (ii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.00% for the 2030 Tranche-1 and (iii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.75% for the 2030 Tranche-2. Our 2028 Notes and 2031 Notes bear interest at annual fixed rates of 6.75% and 8.88%, respectively.

We manage this interest rate risk by entering into derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swap agreements to attempt to hedge the variability of future interest payments driven by fluctuations in interest rates. We continually assess interest rate sensitivity to estimate the impact of changes in short-term interest rates on our variable rate debt. Our interest rate risk management strategy is focused on limiting the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows to lower our overall borrowing costs.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our foreign operations expose us to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. These fluctuations may impact the value of our cash receipts and payments in terms of USD, our reporting currency. Refer to the discussion of international operations included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further detail.

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Our foreign exchange risk management strategy is achieved by establishing local operations in the markets that we serve, invoicing customers in the same currency in which costs are incurred and the use of derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts. Translating expenses incurred in foreign currencies into USD offsets the impact of translating revenue earned in foreign currencies into USD. We enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to manage currency risks associated with intercompany transactions and cash management.

Refer to Note 9: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about interest rate and foreign currency risks managed through derivative activities and notional amounts of underlying hedged items.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), require that we conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. This evaluation is designed to ensure that all corporate disclosures are complete and accurate in all material respects. The evaluation is further designed to ensure that all information required to be disclosed in our SEC reports is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures to be recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods and in the manner specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer supervise and participate in this evaluation, and they are assisted by other members of our Disclosure Committee.

We conducted the required evaluation, and our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined by Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) were effective as of June 30, 2024 to accomplish their objectives with reasonable assurance.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to a number of pending or threatened lawsuits arising out of, or incident to, the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, we believe would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to our risk factors as previously disclosed in our 2023 Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Disclosure Channels to Disseminate Information

Cushman & Wakefield investors and others should note that we announce material information to the public about the Company through a variety of means, including the Company’s website, press releases and SEC filings, in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public. We encourage investors and others to review the information we make public, as such information could be deemed to be material information.

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and/or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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Item 6. Exhibits

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit	Method of Filing
4.1	Second Amended & Restated 2018 Omnibus Management Share and Cash Incentive Plan, effective May 16, 2024*	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 16, 2024
4.2	Second Amended & Restated 2018 Omnibus Non-Employee Director Share and Cash Incentive Plan, effective May 16, 2024*	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 16, 2024
10.1	Amendment No. 7 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2024, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 9, 2024
10.2	Amendment No. 8 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of June 18, 2024, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 18, 2024
10.3	Form of Non-Employee Director RSU Agreement*	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Filed herewith
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Furnished herewith
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Furnished herewith
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Inline XBRL Cover Page Interactive Data File (included in Exhibit 101)
	*Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD PLC

Date: July 29, 2024

/s/ Laurida Sayed

Laurida Sayed

Chief Accounting Officer (Authorized Signatory and Principal Accounting Officer)

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