EX-99.CODE ETH 2 v422492_ex99-codeeth.htm CODE OF ETHICS

EX-99.CODE ETH

csop ETF Trust

Code of Ethics

Adopted Under Rule 17j-1

CSOP ETF Trust (the “Trust”) is confident that their officers, Trustees and other persons involved with the business of the Trust and each of its series (the “Funds”) act with integrity and good faith. The Funds recognize, however, that personal interests may conflict with the Funds’ interests where officers, Trustees and certain other persons:

Know about the Funds’ present or future portfolio transactions; or

Have the power to influence the Funds’ portfolio transactions; and

Engage in securities transactions in their personal account(s).

In an effort to prevent conflicts of interest from arising, and in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), each Fund has adopted this Code of Ethics (the “Code”) to address transactions and conduct that may create conflicts of interest, establish reporting requirements, and create enforcement procedures. Definitions of underlined terms used throughout the Code are included in Appendix I.

ABOUT THIS CODE OF ETHICS

Who is Covered by the Code?

Each Fund’s access persons are covered under this Code. A Fund’s access persons generally are:

All Trustees of a Fund, both interested and independent;

All Fund Officers; and

Natural persons in a control relationship to a Fund who obtain information concerning recommendations about the purchase or sale of a security by a Fund (“Natural Control Persons”).

What Rules Apply to Me?

This Code sets forth specific prohibitions and restrictions. They apply to all access persons of a Fund except where otherwise noted. The Code also sets out reporting requirements for access persons. For the reporting requirements that apply to you, please refer to Parts A, B and C, as indicated below:

· Independent Trustees

Part A

· Interested Trustees and Fund Officers

Part B

· Natural Control Persons

Part C

II.

STATEMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES

In recognition of the trust and confidence placed in the Funds by shareholders, and because each Fund believes that its operations should benefit its shareholders, each Fund has adopted the following principles to be followed by its access persons:

The interests of the Fund’s shareholders are paramount. You must place shareholder interests before your own.

You must accomplish all personal securities transactions in a manner that avoids any conflict between your personal interests and the interests of the Fund or its shareholders.

You must avoid actions or activities that allow you or your family to benefit from your position with the Fund, or that bring into question your independence or judgment.

III.

GENERAL PROHIBITION AGAINST FRAUD, DECEIT AND MANIPULATION

Each Fund’s access persons may not, in connection with the purchase or sale, directly or indirectly, of a Security held or to be acquired by the Fund:

Employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Fund;

Make to the Fund any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state to the Fund a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;

Engage in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the Fund; or

Engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Fund.

IV.

PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS FOR ACCESS PERSONS

(not applicable to Independent Trustees)

Blackout Period on Personal Securities Transactions.

This restriction applies to: (i) access persons who, in connection with their regular duties, make, participate in, or obtain information regarding the purchase or sale of Securities by the Fund or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to the purchases or sales and (ii) Natural Control Persons.

These persons may not purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any Security in which they have (or by reason of such transaction acquire) any beneficial ownership on the same day as the same (or a related) Security is being purchased or sold by the Fund (or any series thereof).

Pre-Approval for IPOs and Limited Offerings.

This restriction applies to: (i) access persons who, in connection with their duties, make or participate in making recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of any securities by a Fund and (ii) Natural Control Persons. These persons must obtain approval from the Review Officer (as defined in Section VI below) before directly or indirectly acquiring beneficial ownership of any securities in an IPO or limited offering.

Limits on Accepting or Receiving Gifts.

Access persons cannot accept or receive any gift of more than de minimis value from any person or entity in connection with the Fund’s (or any series thereof) entry into a contract, development of an economic relationship, or other course of dealing by or on behalf of the Fund.

REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Access persons of each Fund must comply with the reporting requirements set forth in Parts A-C (attached), with the exception of those access persons reporting subject to Section VIII of this Code.

VI.

REVIEW AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE CODE

Review Officer

The Fund CCO will serve as the Code’s Review Officer (“Review Officer”) and perform the duties described below.

The Review Officer’s Duties and Responsibilities.

The Review Officer shall notify each person who becomes an access person of the Fund and who is required to report under this Code of Ethics of their reporting requirements no later than 10 days before the first quarter in which such person is required to begin reporting.

The Review Officer will, on a quarterly basis, compare all reported personal securities transactions with the Fund’s completed portfolio transactions and a list of Securities that were being considered for purchase or sale by the Fund’s investment adviser(s) during the period to determine whether a Code violation may have occurred. Before determining that a person has violated the Code, the Review Officer must give the person a reasonable opportunity to supply explanatory material.

If the Review Officer finds that a material Code violation has occurred, or believes that a material Code violation may have occurred, the Review Officer must submit a written report regarding the possible violation, together with the confidential report and any explanatory material provided by the person, to the President. The President will determine whether the person violated the Code and may consult legal counsel for the Fund in making this determination, as necessary.

No person is required to participate in a determination of whether he or she has committed a Code violation or discuss the imposition of any sanction against himself or herself.

The Review Officer will submit his or her own reports, as may be required pursuant to Parts A-C (attached), to an Alternate Review Officer who shall fulfill the duties of the Review Officer with respect to the Review Officer’s reports.

The Review Officer will create a written report detailing any approval(s) granted to access persons for the acquisition of securities offered in connection with an IPO or limited offering. The report must include the rationale supporting any decision to approve such an acquisition.

Resolution; Sanctions.

If the President determines that a person has violated the Code pursuant to paragraph B. (3) above, the President will impose upon the person a resolution of the situation and/or sanctions that the President deems appropriate. The President will submit the resolution, with a report of the violation, to the Board at the next regularly scheduled Board meeting unless, in the President’s sole discretion, circumstances warrant an earlier report.

VII.

ANNUAL WRITTEN REPORTS TO THE BOARD

At least annually, the Review Officer, investment adviser(s) (including any sub-advisers), and principal underwriter(s) (if required) will provide written reports to the Funds’ Board of Trustees as follows:

Issues Arising Under the Code. The reports must describe any issue(s) that arose during the previous year under the codes or procedures thereto, including any material code or procedural violations, and any resulting sanction(s). The Review Officer, President, investment adviser(s) (including any sub-advisers) and principal underwriter(s) may report to the Board more frequently as they deem necessary or appropriate and shall do so as requested by the Board.

The Review Officer, President, investment adviser(s) (including any sub-advisers) and principal underwriter(s) may report to the Board more frequently as they deem necessary or appropriate and shall do so as requested by the Board.

Certification. Each report must be accompanied by a certification to the Board that each Fund, investment adviser(s) (including any sub-advisers) and principal underwriter(s) have adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent their access persons from violating their code of ethics.

VIII.

INTERRELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER CODES OF ETHICS

General Principle: Overlapping Responsibilities.

A person who is both an access person of a Fund and an access person of an investment adviser to or principal underwriter for the Fund is only required to report under and otherwise comply with the investment adviser’s or principal underwriter’s code of ethics, provided such code has been adopted pursuant to and in compliance with Rule 17j-1. Such report will satisfy any reporting obligations under this Code. These access persons, however, remain subject to the principles and prohibitions in Sections II and III hereof.

Overlap with Administrator’s Code of Ethics.

Access persons of a Fund may comply with the reporting and other requirements in an administrator’s or adviser’s code of ethics in lieu of those in this Code.Such reports will satisfy any reporting obligations under this Code. However, such access persons shall remain subject to the principles and prohibitions in Sections II and III, hereof; and the administrator must comply with this Section VIII, hereof and paragraph C, below.

Procedures.

Each investment adviser, principal underwriter and administrator of the Fund must:

Submit to the Board of Trustees of the Fund a copy of its code of ethics adopted pursuant to or in compliance with Rule 17j-1;

Promptly furnish to the Fund, upon request, copies of any reports made under its code of ethics by any person who is also covered by the Fund’s Code; and

Promptly report to the Fund in writing any material amendments to its code of ethics, along with the certification described under Section VII.C., above.

IX.

RECORDKEEPING

Each Fund will maintain the following records in accordance with Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act and the following requirements. They will be available for examination by representatives of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies.

A copy of this Code and any other code adopted by the Fund, which is, or at any time within the past five years has been, in effect will be preserved in an easily accessible place.

A record of any material Code violation and of any sanctions taken will be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five years following the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurred.

A copy of each Quarterly Transaction Report, Initial Holdings Report, and Annual Holdings Report submitted under this Code, including any information provided in lieu of any such reports made under the Code (see Parts A-C for more information about reporting), will be preserved for a period of at least five years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, for the first two years in an easily accessible place.

A record of all persons, currently or within the past five years, who are or were required to submit reports under this Code, or who are or were responsible for reviewing these reports, will be maintained in an easily accessible place.

A copy of each annual report required by Section VII of this Code must be maintained for at least five years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, for the first two years in any easily accessible place.

A record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decision, to approve the acquisition of securities acquired in an IPO or limited offering.

MISCELLANEOUS

Confidentiality.

All reports and other information submitted to the Fund pursuant to this Code will be treated as confidential to the maximum extent possible, provided that such reports and information may be produced to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies and to persons who have a need to know for purposes of administering this Code.

Interpretation of Provisions.

The Board of Trustees may from time to time adopt such interpretations of this Code as it deems appropriate.

Compliance Certification.

Within 10 days of becoming an access person of the Fund, and each year thereafter, each such person must complete the Compliance Certification, attached as Appendix V. This does not apply to access persons that report under the Adviser’s, Administrator’s, or other codes.

Adopted: January 26, 2015

CSOP ETF TRUST

PART A - INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES

QUARTERLY TRANSACTION AND ACCOUNT REPORTS

Subject to Section II. (B) below, each quarter, you must report all of your Securities transactions effected, as well as any securities accounts you established, during the quarter. You must submit your report to the Review Officer no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. A Quarterly Personal Securities Transactions Report Form is included as Appendix II.

You need not submit a quarterly report if you had no reportable transactions or if the report would duplicate information in broker trade confirmations or account statements received by the Fund, provided that all required information is contained in the broker trade confirmations or account statements and is received by the Review Officer no later than 10 days after the end of the calendar quarter. Please see the Review Officer for more information about this reporting mechanism.

II.

WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN YOUR QUARTERLY REPORTS?

You must report all transactions in Securities that: (i) you directly or indirectly beneficially own or (ii) because of the transaction, you acquire direct or indirect beneficial ownership. In addition, you must also report any account you established during the quarter in which any securities were held for your direct or indirect benefit.

Notwithstanding Section I above, reports of individual Securities transactions are required only if you knew at the time of the transaction, or in the ordinary course of fulfilling your official duties as a Trustee should have known, that during the 15-day period immediately preceding or following the date of your transaction, the same Security was purchased or sold, or was being considered for purchase or sale, by the Fund (or any series thereof). Also notwithstanding Section I above, you are required to report the opening of a securities account only if the account holds or held securities that are the subject of a report required under this paragraph B.

The “should have known” standard does not:

imply a duty of inquiry;

presume you should have deduced or extrapolated from discussions or memoranda dealing with the Fund’s (or a series) investment strategies; or

impute knowledge from your awareness of the Fund’s (or a series) portfolio holdings, market considerations, or investment policies, objectives and restrictions.

III.

WHAT MAY BE EXCLUDED FROM YOUR QUARTERLY REPORTS?

You are not required to detail or list the following items on your quarterly report:

Securities accounts, as well as purchases or sales effected for or Securities held in any account, over which you have no direct or indirect influence or control;

Purchases you made solely with the dividend proceeds received in a dividend reinvestment plan or that are part of an automatic payroll deduction plan, where you purchased a Security issued by your employer;

Purchases effected on the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its Securities, as long as you acquired these rights from the issuer, and sales of such rights;

Purchases or sales which are non-volitional, including purchases or sales upon the exercise of written puts or calls and securities sold at a broker’s discretion from a margin account pursuant to a bona fide margin call; and

Purchases or sales of any of the following securities:

Direct obligations of the U.S. government;

Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements; and

Shares issued by registered, open-end investment companies other than Fund shares.

You may include a statement in your report that the report shall not be construed as your admission that you have any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Security included in the report.

CSOP ETF TRUST

PART B - INTERESTED TRUSTEES AND FUND OFFICERS

REQUIRED REPORTS

Initial Holdings Report.

You must submit a listing of all Securities you beneficially own, as well as all of your securities accounts, as of 45 days before you first became subject to this Code’s reporting requirements. You must submit this list to the Review Officer within 10 days of the date you first become subject to this Code’s reporting requirements. An Initial Holdings Report Form is attached as Appendix III.

Annual Holdings Report.

Each year, you must submit to the Review Officer a listing of all Securities you beneficially own, as well as all of your securities accounts. Your list must be current as of a date no more than 45 days before you submit the report. An Annual Holdings Report Form is attached as Appendix IV.

Quarterly Transaction and Account Reports.

Each quarter, you must report all of your Securities transactions effected, as well as any securities accounts you established, during the quarter. You must submit your report to the Review Officer no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. A Quarterly Personal Securities Transactions Report Form is included as Appendix II.

If you had no reportable transactions and did not open any securities accounts during the quarter, you are still required to submit a report. Please note on your report that you had no reportable items during the quarter, and return it, signed and dated.

You need not submit a quarterly report if the report would duplicate information contained in broker trade confirmations or account statements received by the Fund, provided that all required information is contained in the broker trade confirmations or account statements and is received by the Review Officer no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter. Please see the Review Officer for more information about this reporting mechanism.

PART B - INTERESTED TRUSTEES AND FUND OFFICERS

REQUIRED REPORTS

Initial Holdings Report.

Annual Holdings Report.

Quarterly Transaction and Account Reports.

II.

WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN YOUR REPORTS?

You must report all transactions in Securities that: (i) you directly or indirectly beneficially own; or (ii) because of the transaction, you acquire direct or indirect beneficial ownership. In addition, you must also report all of your accounts in which any securities were held for your direct or indirect benefit.

III.

WHAT MAY BE EXCLUDED FROM YOUR REPORTS?

You are not required to detail or list the following items on your reports:

Securities accounts, as well as purchases or sales effected for or Securities held in any account, over which you have no direct or indirect influence or control;

Purchases or sales of any of the following securities:

Direct obligations of the U.S. government;

Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements; and

Shares issued by registered, open-end investment companies other than Fund shares.

You may include a statement in your report that the report shall not be construed as your admission that you have any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Security included in the report.

CSOP ETF TRUST

PART C - NATURAL CONTROL PERSONS

REQUIRED REPORTS

Initial Holdings Report.

Annual Holdings Report.

Quarterly Transaction and Account Reports.

II.

WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN YOUR REPORTS?

III.

WHAT MAY BE EXCLUDED FROM YOUR REPORTS?

You are not required to detail or list the following items on your reports:

Securities accounts, as well as purchases or sales effected for or Securities held in any account, over which you have no direct or indirect influence or control;

Purchases or sales of any of the following securities:

Direct obligations of the U.S. government;

Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements; and

Shares issued by registered, open-end investment companies other than Fund shares.

You may include a statement in your report that the report shall not be construed as your admission that you have any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Security included in the report.

APPENDIX I

DEFINITIONS

General Note

The definitions and terms used in this Code of Ethics are intended to mean the same as they do under the 1940 Act and the other federal securities laws. If a definition hereunder conflicts with the definition in the 1940 Act or other federal securities laws, or if a term used in this Code is not defined, you should follow the definitions and meanings in the 1940 Act or other federal securities laws, as applicable.

Access person means:

any Trustee or officer of a Fund;

any employee of a Fund (or of any company in a control relationship to a Fund) who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes, participates in, or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of Securities by a Fund or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to the purchases or sales; and

any natural person in a control relationship to a Fund who obtains information concerning recommendations made to a Fund with regard to the purchase or sale of securities by a Fund.

Note: Persons who are access persons of a Fund because of their position with the Fund or with that Fund’s adviser or sub-adviser, will generally not be considered access persons of another Fund, unless they satisfy the criteria described above with respect to that particular Fund, e.g., an access person of one Fund covered by this joint Code is not automatically considered an access person of another Fund covered by this Code.

Beneficial ownership means the same as it does under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 16a-1(a)(2) thereunder. You should generally consider yourself the “beneficial owner” of any securities in which you have a direct or indirect pecuniary interest. In addition, you should consider yourself the beneficial owner of securities held by your spouse, your minor children, a relative who shares your home, or other persons by reason of any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship that provides you with sole or shared voting or investment power.

Control means the same as it does under Section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act. Section 2(a)(9) provides that “control” means the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of a company, unless such power is solely the result of an official position with such company.

Ownership of more than 25% of a company’s outstanding voting securities is presumed to give the holder of such securities control over the company. The SEC may determine, however, that the facts and circumstances of a given situation that may counter this presumption.

Fund officers means any person lawfully elected by the Board of Trustees and authorized to act on behalf of the Fund. Additional information regarding the Funds’ officers may be found in each Fund’s Statement of Additional Information, respectively.

High quality short-term debt instrument means any instrument that has a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and that is rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (e.g., Moody’s Investors Service).

Independent Trustee means a Trustee of the Fund who is not an “interested person” of the Fund within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. The Fund’s Independent Trustees are:

Karl-Otto Hartmann

Chen Chia Ling

IPO (i.e., initial public offering) means an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the issuer of which, immediately before registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Interested Trustee means a Trustee of the Fund who is an “interested person” of the Fund within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. The Fund’s interested Trustees are:

Ding Chen

Limited offering means an offering that is exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(2), Section 4(6), Rule 504, Rule 505 or Rule 506 (e.g., private placements).

Purchase or sale of a Security includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell a Security.

Security means the same as it does under Section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act, except that it does not include direct obligations of the U.S. government, bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements, or shares issued by registered, open-end investment companies.

A Security held or to be acquired by the Fund means: (A) any Security that within the most recent 15 days (i) is or has been held by the Fund; or (ii) is being or has been considered by the Fund’s adviser for purchase by the Fund; and (B) any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, any Security described in (A) of this definition.

A Security is being purchased or sold by the Fund from the time a purchase or sale program has been communicated to the person who places buy and sell orders for the Fund until the program has been fully completed or terminated.

A Security is being considered for purchase by the Fund when a Security is identified as such by the investment adviser to the Fund.

APPENDIX II

QUARTERLY PERSONAL SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS REPORT

Name of Reporting Person:	___________________________
Calendar Quarter Ended:	___________________________
Date Report Due:	____________________30, ____
Date Report Submitted:	___________________________

Securities Transactions

Date of Transaction

Name of Issuer and

Title of Security

No. of Shares (if applicable)

Principal Amount, Maturity

Date and Interest Rate (if applicable)

Type of Transaction

Price

Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Effecting Transaction

If you have no securities transactions to report for the quarter, please check here. ¨

If you do not want this report to be construed as an admission that you have beneficial ownership of one or more securities reported above, please describe below and indicate which securities are at issue.

Securities Accounts

If you established a securities account during the quarter, please provide the following information:

Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank

Date Account was Established

Name(s) on and Type of Account

If you did not establish a securities account during the quarter, please check here. ¨

I certify that I have included on this report all securities transactions and accounts required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics.

___________________________ _____________________

Signature Date

APPENDIX III

INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT

Name of Reporting Person:	____________________________
Date Person Became Subject to the
Code’s Reporting Requirements:	____________________________
Information in Report Dated as of:	____________________________
Date Report Due:	____________________________
Date Report Submitted:	____________________________

Securities Holdings

Name of Issuer and

Title of Security

No. of Shares

(if applicable)

Principal Amount, Maturity Date and

Interest Rate (if applicable)

If you have no securities holdings to report, please check here. ¨

Securities Accounts

If you established a securities account during the quarter, please provide the following information:

Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank

Name(s) on and Type of Account

If you have no securities accounts to report, please check here. ¨

I certify that I have included on this report all securities holdings and accounts required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics.

___________________________ _____________________

Signature Date

APPENDIX IV

ANNUAL HOLDINGS REPORT

Name of Reporting Person:	________________________	[Note: Information should be dated no more than 45 days before report is submitted.]
Information in Report Dated as of:	________________________
Date Report Due:	________________________
Date Report Submitted:	________________________
Calendar Year Ended: December 31, ____

Securities Holdings

Name of Issuer and

Title of Security

No. of Shares

(if applicable)

Principal Amount, Maturity Date and

Interest Rate (if applicable)

If you have no securities holdings to report, please check here. ¨

Securities Accounts

If you established a securities account during the quarter, please provide the following information:

Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank

Name(s) on and Type of Account

If you have no securities accounts to report, please check here. ¨

I certify that I have included on this report all securities holdings and accounts required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics.

___________________________ _____________________

Signature Date

APPENDIX V

COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATION

Initial Certification

I certify that I:	(i) have received, read and reviewed the Fund’s Code of Ethics;
	(ii) understand the policies and procedures in the Code;
	(iii) recognize that I am subject to such policies and procedures;
	(iv) understand the penalties for non-compliance;
	(v) will fully comply with the Fund’s Code of Ethics; and
	(vi) have fully and accurately completed this Certificate.

Signature:	_________________________
Name:	_________________________ (Please print)
Date Submitted:	_________________________
Date Due:	_________________________

Annual Certification

I certify that I:	(i) have received, read and reviewed the Fund’s Code of Ethics;
	(ii) understand the policies and procedures in the Code;
	(iii) recognize that I am subject to such policies and procedures;
	(iv) understand the penalties for non-compliance;
	(v) have complied with the Fund’s Code of Ethics and any applicable reporting requirements during this past year;
	(vi) have fully disclosed any exceptions to my compliance with the Code below;
	(vii) will fully comply with the Fund’s Code of Ethics;
	(viii) have fully and accurately completed this Certificate; and
	(ix) have reported any transactions required by the Code of Ethics. These would include any securities that I had knowledge of being purchased or sold by the fund (or being considered to be purchased or sold) during the 15-day period immediately preceding or following the date of my transaction. I am aware that I am required to report any transactions quarterly. (See Section II.B. of the Code for more information).

EXCEPTION(S):

Signature:	_________________________
Name:	_________________________ (Please print)
Date Submitted:	_________________________
Date Due:	_________________________