(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box: ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

9,090,909 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to 9,090,909 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 18,181,818 Shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants

We are offering up to 9,090,909 shares of our common stock together with 9,090,909 warrants to purchase up to 9,090,909 shares of common stock. Each share of our common stock, or a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof as described below, is being sold together with one warrant to purchase one share of our common stock (a “common warrant”). The shares of common stock and common warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering. The assumed public offering price for one share of common stock and accompanying common warrant is $0.22, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets trading system on July 24, 2023. Each common warrant will have an exercise price per share of $____ and will be exercisable beginning on the date of issuance. The common warrants will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance.

We are also offering to certain purchasers whose purchase of shares of common stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if any such purchaser so chooses, pre-funded warrants, in lieu of shares of common stock that would otherwise result in such purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock. The public offering price of one pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant will be equal to the price at which one share of common stock and accompanying common warrant is sold to the public in this offering, minus $0.0001, and the exercise price of each pre-funded warrant will be $0.0001 per share. The pre-funded warrants will be immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. The pre-funded warrants and common warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering. For each pre-funded warrant we sell, the number of shares of common stock we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.

This offering will terminate on August 4, 2023, unless we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date. We will have one closing for all the securities purchased in this offering. The public offering price per share (or pre-funded warrant) and accompanying common warrant will be fixed for the duration of this offering.

Until July 18, 2023, our common stock was listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ARDS.” On July 17, 2023, we received written notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC that it would delist our shares of common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market upon the opening of trading on July 19, 2023. As of July 19, 2023, our common stock was quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets trading system. On July 24, 2023, the last report sale price of our common stock on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets was $0.22 per share. The public offering price per share of common stock and accompanying common warrant and per pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant will be determined between us and the investors based on market conditions at the time of pricing, and may be at a discount to the then current market price of our common stock. The recent market price used throughout this prospectus may not be indicative of the actual offering price. The actual public offering price may be based upon a number of factors, including our history and our prospects, the industry in which we operate, our past and present operating results, the previous experience of our executive officers and the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering. There is no established public trading market for the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants and we do not expect a market to develop. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants will be limited. In addition, we do not intend to list the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets, any national securities exchange or any other trading system.

We have engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or the placement agent, to act as our exclusive placement agent in connection with this offering. The placement agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to arrange for the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. The placement agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities we are offering and the placement agent is not required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number of securities or dollar amount. We have agreed to pay to the placement agent the placement agent fees set forth in the table below, which assumes that we sell all of the securities offered by this prospectus. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in escrow, trust or similar arrangement. There is no minimum offering requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell all of the securities offered hereby. We will bear all costs associated with the offering. See “Plan of Distribution” on page 122 of this prospectus for more information regarding these arrangements.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 6 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The placement agent expects to deliver the securities to the purchasers on or about July __, 2023, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

We incorporate by reference important information into this prospectus. You may obtain the information incorporated by reference without charge by following the instructions under “Where You Can Find More Information.” You should carefully read this prospectus as well as additional information described under “Information Incorporated by Reference,” before deciding to invest in our securities.

Neither we nor the placement agent has authorized anyone to provide you with additional information or information different from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. The placement agent is offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, our securities only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus, or any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

The information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry. We obtained the industry and market data in this prospectus from our own research as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations and contains projections and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we operate that are subject to a high degree of uncertainty, including those discussed in “Risk Factors.” We caution you not to give undue weight to such projections, assumptions, and estimates. Further, industry and general publications, studies and surveys generally state that they have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe that these publications, studies, and surveys are reliable, we have not independently verified the data contained in them. In addition, while we believe that the results and estimates from our internal research are reliable, such results and estimates have not been verified by any independent source.

For investors outside the United States (“U.S.”): We and the placement agent have not done anything that would permit this offering or the possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for those purposes is required, other than in the U.S. Persons outside the U.S. who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the U.S.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following information is a summary of the prospectus and does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the matters set forth under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and the notes relating to the consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “Aridis,” “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its subsidiaries.

Overview

We are a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of targeted immunotherapy using fully human monoclonal antibodies, or mAbs, to treat life-threatening infections. mAbs represent a fundamentally new treatment approach in the infectious disease market and are designed to overcome key issues associated with current therapies, including drug resistance, short duration of response, tolerability, negative impact on the human microbiome, and lack of differentiation between treatment alternatives. Our proprietary product pipeline is comprised of fully human mAbs targeting specific pathogens associated with life-threatening bacterial and viral infections, primarily hospital-acquired pneumonia, or HAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia, or VAP and cystic fibrosis. Our clinical stage product candidates have exhibited promising preclinical data and clinical data. Our lead product candidates, AR-301 and AR-320, target the alpha toxin produced by gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, or S. aureus, a common pathogen associated with HAP and VAP. AR-501 is a broad spectrum small molecule anti-infective we are developing in addition to our targeted mAb product candidates.

The majority of candidates from our product pipeline are derived by employing our differentiated antibody discovery platform called MabIgX^TMand λPEX^TM. This platform is designed to comprehensively screen the B-cell repertoire and isolate human antibody-producing B-cells from individuals who have either successfully overcome an infection by a particular pathogen or have been vaccinated against a particular pathogen. We believe that B-cells from these patients are the ideal source of highly protective and efficacious mAbs which can been administered safely to other patients. λPEX^TM complements and further extends the capabilities of MabIgX to quickly screen large number of antibody producing B-cells from patients and generation of high mAb producing mammalian production cell line at a speed not previously attainable. As a result, we can significantly reduce time for antibody discovery and manufacturing compared to conventional approaches.

Two of our mAbs in advanced clinical development are being developed for treatment of HAP and VAP in intensive care units or ICUs. Our initial clinical indication for AR-301 is for adjunctive therapeutic treatment with standard of care, or SOC, antibiotics for HAP and VAP. AR-320 is being developed as a pre-emptive treatment of mortality and morbidity associated with HAP and VAP. Current SOC antibiotics used to treat HAP and VAP typically involve a combination of several broad-spectrum antibiotics that are prescribed empirically at the start of treatment. The specific empirical antibiotic regimens that are prescribed vary widely among physicians, and generally result in modest clinical benefits due to a number of reasons, which can include an infection by an antibiotic resistant strain, immune deficiency, or potential mismatch of the antibiotics regimen to the etiologic agent. Recently, rapid diagnostic tests have been introduced that allow the identification of infection-causing agents within hours. These increasingly common rapid tests allow physicians to prescribe a more appropriate antibiotics regimen, and eventually more targeted anti-infectives such as AR-301 and AR-320 earlier in the course of infection. This evidenced-based treatment approach is designed to remove issues associated with empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics such as inappropriate antibiotic selection and promotion of antibiotic resistance. In contrast to the lack of differentiation among SOC antibiotics, mAbs are highly differentiated from SOC antibiotics in mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, and thus are well suited to complement antibiotics when used together. As an adjunctive treatment, AR-301 has the potential to improve the effectiveness of SOC antibiotics and cover antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains, while not competing directly with antibiotics. To emphasize the benefits of our product candidates as an adjunctive therapy, we design clinical trials based on superiority endpoints.

AR-301 and AR-320 neutralize alpha-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, leading to protection from alpha-toxin mediated destruction of host cells, including cells from the immune system. This mode of action is independent of the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus, and as such AR-301 and AR-320 are active against infections caused by both MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) and MSSA (methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus). AR-320 and AR-301 are complementary products. AR-320 treatment focuses on preventive treatment of S. aureus pneumonia, which complements Aridis’ AR-301 Phase 3 mAb program that is being developed as a therapeutic treatment of S. aureus pneumonia. We believe that AR-301 will be first-line treatment, first to market, first-in-class pre-emptive treatment of S. aureus colonized patients. The same first-line, first to market and first-in-class strategy applies to the acute treatment with the monoclonal antibody AR-320. As these programs are in the final stages of clinical development before licensure, we are giving significant consideration to partnering or entering into strategic transactions with larger pharmaceutical companies.

On March 20, 2023, we received written notice from MedImmune Limited (“MedImmune”) that it has terminated that certain License Agreement by and between MedImmune and us dated as of July 12, 2021, and as amended by Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2021 (the “License Agreement”), pursuant to Section 9.2.1 of the License Agreement for non-payment of the Upfront Cash Payment which was due on December 31, 2021. The notice states that such termination shall be effective on March 30, 2023. As a result of the termination notice, the on-going AR-320-003 Phase 3 clinical study has been put on hold. We do not agree that we are in material breach of the License Agreement. Based on the failure of MedImmune to assist in the necessary technology transfer pursuant to Section 3.5.2 of the License Agreement, we notified MedImmune on March 24, 2023 that it was in material breach of Section 3.5.2 and requested that the material breach be cured as soon as possible. We are in active discussions to resolve the matter to the mutual interests of both parties.

AR-320 is being developed for pre-emptive treatment of high-risk patients under 65 years old for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia caused by S. aureus, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite current standard of care, including antibiotics and infection control practices like ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) bundles. Currently, there are no treatments available for prevention or early preemptive management of patients at high-risk of developing S. aureus pneumonia. AR-320 has the potential to address this unmet medical need by reducing the incidence of S. aureus pneumonia in patients at high-risk of developing the disease, e.g., mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) who are colonized with S. aureus in their respiratory tract.

HAP and VAP pose serious challenges in the hospital setting, as SOC antibiotics are becoming inadequate in treating infected patients. There are approximately 3,000,000 cases of pneumonia reported in the U.S. per year and approximately 628,000 annual cases of HAP and VAP caused by gram negative bacteria and MRSA (DRG, 2016). These patients are typically at high risk of mortality, which is compounded by other life-threatening co-morbidities and the rise in antibiotic resistance. Epidemiology studies estimate that the probability of death attributed to S. aureus ranges from 29% to 55%. In addition, pneumonia infections can prolong patient stays in ICUs and the use of mechanical ventilation, creating a major economic burden on patients, hospital systems and payors. For example, ICU cost of care for a ventilated pneumonia patient is approximately $10,000 per day in the U.S., and the duration of ICU stays are typically twice that of a non-ventilated patient (Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2010, vol. 31, pp. 509-515). The average cost of care per pneumonia patient is approximately $41,250 which increases 86% for HAP/VAP patients to approximately $76,730. We estimate that our two clinical mAb candidates have an addressable market of $25 billion and the potential to address approximately 325,000 HAP and VAP patients in the U.S.

Recent Developments

Our cash and cash equivalents were approximately $50,000 as of July 15, 2023. We will need to obtain financing in order to continue to fund our operations on or before July 31, 2023. Any failure or delay to secure such financing could force us to delay, limit or terminate our operations, make reductions in our workforce, liquidate all or a portion of our assets and/or seek protection under Chapters 7 or 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. There can be no assurance that our implementation of these contingency plans will not have a material adverse effect on our business. This offering is being made on a best efforts basis and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering.

If the net proceeds from this offering are $1.6 million (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $2,000,000), we believe we will be able to fund our operations until September 2023 under our current business plan. If the net proceeds from this offering are $664,000 (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $1,000,000), we believe we will be able to fund our operations until mid-August 2023 under our current business plan. Potential income such as income from on-going pharma partnering discussions and future financings are not included in the projections.

On July 17, 2023, we received written notice (the “Notice”) from the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC (“Nasdaq”) that it would delist our shares of common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market upon the opening of trading on July 19, 2023. As of July 19, 2023, our common stock began trading on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets.

Pursuant to Section 4(ii) of the Note Purchase Agreement (the “Note Agreement”) dated as of November 23, 2021 between us and Streeterville Capital, LLC (“Streeterville”), we covenanted that until all of our obligation under the notes issued pursuant to the Note Agreement are paid and performed in full, our common stock would be listed or quoted for trading on any of (a) NYSE, (b) NASDAQ, (c) OTCQX, or (d) OTCQB. As a result of the delisting from Nasdaq and our common stock trading on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets, the covenant has been breached. Pursuant to Section 4.1(l) of Secured Promissory Note #1 dated November 23, 2021 with Streeterville, an Event of Default has occurred as a result of our failing to observe or perform any covenant set forth in Section 4 of the Note Agreement.

In addition, pursuant to Sections 4(ii) and 4(iii) of the Note Purchase and Loan Restructuring Agreement dated as of April 26, 2023 (the “Note Purchase Agreement”), we covenanted that until all of our obligations under the notes issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, our common stock shall be listed or quoted for trading on either of (a) NYSE, or (b) NASDAQ and trading in our common stock will not be suspended, halted, chilled, frozen, reach zero bid or otherwise cease trading on our principal trading market. As a result of the delisting from Nasdaq and our common stock trading on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets, a Triggering Event (as defined in the April 2023 Note) has occurred pursuant to Section 4.1(h) of the Secured Promissory Note dated April 26, 2023 (the “April 2023 Note”) and if not cured within 5 trading days will automatically result in an Event of Default.

On July 20, 2023, Streeterville provided a waiver with respect to the breach of Section 4(ii) of that certain Note Purchase Agreement dated November 23, 2021, in connection with the recent delisting of the Company’s common stock from Nasdaq to OTC Markets Pink Sheets. This in turn means that no such Event of Default has occurred pursuant to Section 4.1(l) of Secured Promissory Note #1 dated November 23, 2021, with respect to the recent delisting.

Additionally, Streeterville provided a waiver with respect to the breach of Section 4(ii) and 4(iii) of that certain Note Purchase and Loan Restructuring Agreement dated April 26, 2023, in connection with the recent delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq to OTC Markets Pink Sheets. This in turn means that no such Triggering Event has occurred pursuant to Section 4.1(h) of Secured Promissory Note dated April 26, 2023, with respect to the recent delisting.

These are one-time waivers with respect to the recent delisting of our common stock and are not waivers with respect to any other event.

Corporate Information

We were formed under the name “Aridis, LLC” in the State of California on April 24, 2003 as a limited liability company. On August 30, 2004, we changed our name to “Aridis Pharmaceuticals, LLC.” On May 21, 2014, we converted into a Delaware corporation named “Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.” Our fiscal year end is December 31. Our principal executive offices are located at 983 University Avenue, Building B, Los Gatos , California 95032. Our telephone number is (408) 385-1742. Our website address is www.aridispharma.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

We have proprietary rights to a number of trademarks used in this prospectus which are important to our business. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus are referred to without the ^® and TM symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenues during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) enacted in 2012. As an emerging growth company, we expect to take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

	●	being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure in this prospectus;

	●	not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”);

	●	reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

	●	exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We may use these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As an emerging growth company, we intend to take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards as permitted by The JOBS Act.

To the extent that we continue to qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” as such term is defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, after we cease to qualify as an emerging growth company, certain of the exemptions available to us as an emerging growth company may continue to be available to us as a smaller reporting company, including: (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act; (ii) scaled executive compensation disclosures; and (iii) the requirement to provide only two years of audited financial statements, instead of three years.

THE OFFERING

Securities we are offering		Up to 9,090,909 shares of common stock and 9,090,909 warrants to purchase up to 9,090,909 shares of common stock, or pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock and common warrants to purchase shares of common stock. The shares of common stock or pre-funded warrants, respectively, and common warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must initially be purchased together in this offering. Each common warrant has an exercise price of $___ per share of common stock and is exercisable on the issuance date of the common warrants and will expire five years from the issuance date of the common warrants. We are also registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants pursuant to this prospectus.

Pre-funded warrants offered by us		We are also offering to each purchaser whose purchase of shares in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if the purchaser so chooses, pre-funded warrants (each pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of our common stock) in lieu of shares that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding common stock (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%). The purchase price of each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant will equal the price at which one share of common stock and accompanying common warrant are being sold to the public in this offering, minus $0.0001, and the exercise price of each pre-funded warrant will be $0.0001 per share. The pre-funded warrants will be exercisable immediately and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. For each pre-funded warrant we sell, the number of shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. See “Description of Securities We Are Offering” for additional information.

Terms of the offering		This offering will terminate on August 4, 2023, unless we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date.
Common stock outstanding prior to this offering		36,213, 952 shares of common stock.

Common stock outstanding after this offering		45,304,861 shares, assuming no sale of pre-funded warrants, which, if sold, would reduce the number of shares of common stock that we are offering on a one-for-one basis, and no exercise of the common warrants issued in this offering.

Use of proceeds		We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $1.6 million, based on an assumed public offering price of $0.22 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on July 24, 2023 on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets and an assumed offering amount of $2,000,000 in gross proceeds, after deducting the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We intend to use the net proceeds to fund our planned clinical trials, manufacturing and process development, analytical testing, regulatory expenses and for general corporate purposes, including working capital and repaying a portion of certain secured promissory notes (the “Notes”) held by Streeterville in the event we do not negotiate a deferral of payment from Streeterville. Beginning in August 2023, we will be required to repay $495,000 on Note 1 on a monthly basis and beginning in October 2023, 16.667% of the outstanding balance on Note 2 monthly. See “Use of Proceeds” for a more complete description of the intended use of proceeds from this offering.

Risk Factors		You should read the “Risk Factors” section starting on page 6 for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in our securities.

OTC Pink symbol		“ARDS.” There is no established public trading market for the common warrants or pre-funded warrants , and we do not expect such a market to develop. We do not intend to list the common warrants or pre-funded warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the warrants will be extremely limited.

The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 36,213,952 shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 12, 2023, and excludes:

	●	2,330,576 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 12, 2023, with a weighted-average exercise price of $6.18 per share;

	●	10,742,404 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants to purchase common stock outstanding as of July 12, 2023, with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.23 per share;

	●	182,120 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding as of July 12, 2023; and

	●	234,442 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our stock incentive plans.

	●	Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no (i) no purchaser elects to purchase pre-funded warrants and (ii) no exercise of the common warrants offered hereby.

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should give careful consideration to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information included in this prospectus, including our financial statements and related notes, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the adverse developments described in the following risk factors could materially and adversely harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

We expect to continue to incur increasing net losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a late-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and the three months ended March 31, 2023, we reported a net loss of approximately $30.4 million and $6.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $195.7 million and $202.5 million, respectively.

To become and remain profitable, we or our partners must succeed in developing our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for them, and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we or our partners may obtain regulatory approval. We or they may not succeed in these activities, and we may never generate revenue from product sales that is significant enough to achieve profitability. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of future expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Currently, we have no products approved for commercial sale, and to date we have not generated any product revenue. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, upfront payments pursuant to collaboration and license agreements, government grants, debt and capital lease and equipment financing. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of growth or contraction of our expenses and the level and rate of growth, if any, of our revenues. Our ability to achieve profitability is dependent on our ability, alone or with others, to complete the development of our products successfully, obtain the required regulatory approvals, manufacture and market our proposed products successfully or have such products manufactured and marketed by others, and gain market acceptance for such products. There can be no assurance as to whether or when we will achieve profitability.

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes an explanatory paragraph that expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, indicating the possibility that we may not be able to operate in the future.

Primarily as a result of our losses incurred to date, our expected continued future losses, and limited cash balances, we have included disclosure in our consolidated financial statements expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We do not have sufficient cash on hand and available liquidity to meet our obligations through the twelve months following the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. Our cash and cash equivalents were approximately $50,000 as of July 15, 2023. We will need to obtain financing in order to fund our operations on or before July 31, 2023. Our ability to continue as a going concern is contingent upon, among other factors, the sale of the shares of our common stock or obtaining alternate financing. Any failure or delay to secure such financing could force us to delay, limit or terminate our operations, make reductions in our workforce, liquidate all or a portion of our assets and/or seek protection (“Bankruptcy Protection”) under Chapters 7 or 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. If the net proceeds from this offering are $1.6 million (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $2,000,000), we believe we will be able to fund our operations until September 2023 under our current business plan. If the net proceeds from this offering are $664,000 (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $1,000,000), we believe we will be able to fund our operations until mid-August 2023 under the current business plan. Potential income such income from on-going pharma partnering discussions and future financings are not included in the projections.

In the event we pursue Bankruptcy Protection, we will be subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with such proceedings.

In the event we file for relief under the United States Bankruptcy Code, our operations, our ability to develop and execute our business plan and our continuation as a going concern will be subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with bankruptcy proceedings, including, among others: our ability to execute, confirm and consummate a plan of reorganization; the additional, significant costs of bankruptcy proceedings and related fees; our ability to obtain sufficient financing to allow us to emerge from bankruptcy and execute our business plan post-emergence, and our ability to comply with terms and conditions of that financing; our ability to continue our operations in the ordinary course; our ability to maintain our relationships with our consumers, business partners, counterparties, employees and other third parties; our ability to obtain, maintain or renew contracts that are critical to our operations on reasonably acceptable terms and conditions; our ability to attract, motivate and retain key employees; the ability of third parties to use certain limited safe harbor provisions of the United States Bankruptcy Code to terminate contracts without first seeking Bankruptcy Court approval; the ability of third parties to force us to into Chapter 7 proceedings rather than Chapter 11 proceedings and the actions and decisions of our stakeholders and other third parties who have interests in our bankruptcy proceedings that may be inconsistent with our operational and strategic plans. Any delays in our bankruptcy proceedings would increase the risks of our being unable to reorganize our business and emerge from bankruptcy proceedings and may increase our costs associated with the bankruptcy process or result in prolonged operational disruption for us. Also, we would need the prior approval of the bankruptcy court for transactions outside the ordinary course of business during the course of any bankruptcy proceedings, which may limit our ability to respond timely to certain events or take advantage of certain opportunities. Because of the risks and uncertainties associated with any bankruptcy proceedings, we cannot accurately predict or quantify the ultimate impact of events that could occur during any such proceedings. There can be no guarantees that if we seek Bankruptcy Protection we will emerge from Bankruptcy Protection as a going concern or that holders of our common stock will receive any recovery from any bankruptcy proceedings.

In the event we are unable to pursue Bankruptcy Protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, or, if pursued, successfully emerge from such proceedings, it may be necessary for us to pursue Bankruptcy Protection under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code for all or a part of our businesses. In such event, a Chapter 7 trustee would be appointed or elected to liquidate our assets for distribution in accordance with the priorities established by the United States Bankruptcy Code. We believe that liquidation under Chapter 7 would result in significantly smaller distributions being made to our stakeholders than those we might obtain under Chapter 11 primarily because of the likelihood that the assets would have to be sold or otherwise disposed of in a distressed fashion over a short period of time rather than in a controlled manner and as a going concern.

Our obligations to Streeterville are secured by a security interest in all of our assets, so if we default on those obligations, Streeterville could foreclose on our assets.

Our obligations under the Notes issued to Streeterville are secured by a first-position security interest in all right, title, interest, claims and demands of us in and to the property as provided in the Security Agreement, dated April 26, 2023 between us and Streeterville. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $11.0 million was owed to Streeterville under the Notes including accrued interest. Beginning in August 2023, we will be required to repay $495,000 on Note 1 on a monthly basis and beginning in October 2023 we will be required to pay 16.667% of the outstanding balance on Note 2 monthly. The maturity date of the Notes are November 2023 and April 2024. If we default on our obligations under these agreements, Streeterville could foreclose on its security interests and liquidate some or all of these assets, which would harm our financial condition and results of operations and would require us to reduce or cease operations and possibly seek Bankruptcy Protection.

We will require substantial additional capital in the future. If additional capital is not available, we will have to delay, reduce or cease operations.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive. Development of our product candidates will require substantial additional funds to conduct research, development and clinical trials necessary to bring such product candidates to market and to establish manufacturing, marketing and distribution capabilities. We expect our development expenses to substantially increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our clinical programs. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, among others:

We anticipate that we will continue to generate significant losses for the next several years as we incur expenses to complete our clinical trial programs for our product candidates, build commercial capabilities, develop our pipeline and expand our corporate infrastructure. There is a risk of delay or failure at any stage of developing a product candidate, and the time required and costs involved in successfully accomplishing our objectives cannot be accurately predicted. Actual drug research and development costs could substantially exceed budgeted amounts, which could force us to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs. Additionally, if the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation does not continue to provide funding support, we may not be able to complete the Phase 1/2a clinical trial relating to AR-501. Furthermore, if the European Commission’s IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) does not continue to provide support, we may not be able to complete the Phase 3 clinical trial relating to AR-320.

We may never be able to generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to cover our expenses. Until we do, we expect to seek additional funding through public or private equity or debt financings, collaborative relationships, license agreements, capital lease transactions or other available financing transactions. However, there can be no assurance that additional financing will be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and such financings could be dilutive to existing security holders. Moreover, in the event that additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborators, such arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves.

If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs. Our failure to obtain adequate financing when needed and on acceptable terms would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we cannot meet requirements under our license and sublicense agreements, we could lose the rights to our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We depend on licensing and sublicensing agreements with third parties such as the University of Chicago, University of Iowa, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc., Brigham Young University, Public Health Service, Kenta Biotech Ltd., Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Broad Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham Research Foundation, and Medimmune Ltd. to maintain the intellectual property rights to certain of our product candidates. These agreements require us to make payments and satisfy performance obligations in order to maintain our rights under these agreements. All of these agreements last either throughout the life of the patents that are the subject of the agreements, or with respect to other licensed technology, for a number of years after the first commercial sale of the relevant product. If we fail to comply with the obligations under our license agreements or use the intellectual property licensed to us in an unauthorized manner, we may be required to pay damages and our licensors may have the right to terminate the license. If our license agreements are terminated, we may not be able to develop, manufacture, market or sell the products covered by our agreements and those being tested or approved in combination with such products. Such an occurrence could materially adversely affect the value of the product candidate being developed under any such agreement and any other product candidates being developed or tested in combination.

In addition, we are responsible for the cost of filing and prosecuting certain patent applications and maintaining certain issued patents licensed to us. If we do not meet our obligations under our license agreements in a timely manner, or use the intellectual property licensed to us in an unauthorized manner, we could be required to pay damages and we could lose the rights to our proprietary technology if our licensor terminated the license. If our license agreements are terminated, we may not be able to develop, manufacture, market or sell the products covered by our agreements and any being tested or approved in combination with such products. Such an occurrence could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our license agreement with MedImmune may no longer be effective as a result of MedImmune’s termination notice.

On March 20, 2023, we received written notice from MedImmune that it has terminated that certain License Agreement pursuant to Section 9.2.1 of the License Agreement for non-payment of the Upfront Cash Payment which was due on December 31, 2021. Such termination was effective as of March 30, 2023. As a result of the termination notice, the on-going AR-320-003 Phase 3 clinical study has been put on hold. We do not agree that we are in material breach of the License Agreement. In the event the License Agreement is no longer effective, all rights and licenses granted by MedImmune pursuant to the License Agreement would terminate and we would be required pursuant to the License Agreement to take certain actions to return intellectual property and drug product to MedImmune. The termination of the AR-320 program pursuant to any termination of the License Agreement may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The delayed filing of some of our periodic SEC reports has made us currently ineligible to use a registration statement on Form S-3 to register the offer and sale of securities, which could adversely affect our ability to raise future capital.

As a result of the delayed filing of some of our periodic reports with the SEC, we are not currently eligible to register the offer and sale of our securities using a registration statement on Form S-3. To regain eligibility to use Form S-3, we must be timely and current in our public reporting for a period of 12 months preceding our intended S-3 filing. Should we wish to register the offer and sale of our securities to the public prior to the time we are eligible to use Form S-3, both our transaction costs and the amount of time required to complete the transaction could increase, making it more difficult to execute any such transaction successfully and potentially harming our financial condition.

Risks Relating to Clinical Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

If we fail to successfully complete clinical trials, fail to obtain regulatory approval or fail to successfully commercialize our product candidates, our business would be harmed and the value of our securities would decline.

We must be evaluated in light of the uncertainties and complexities affecting a pre-commercial biopharmaceutical company. We have not completed clinical development for any of our product candidates. Our five lead product candidates are AR-301, AR320, AR-501 and AR-101, and AR-701. We initiated a Phase 3 pivotal trial of AR-301 in VAP patients, AR-501 is in Phase 1/2a clinical testing and AR-101 is ready for Phase 2/3 pivotal testing. The Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating AR-320 for the prevention of VAP has been put on hold. We cannot be assured that our planned clinical development for our product candidates will be completed in a timely manner, or at all, or that we, or any future partner, will be able to obtain approval for our product candidates from the FDA or any foreign regulatory authority.

Regulatory agencies, including the FDA must approve our product candidates before they can be marketed or sold. The approval process is lengthy, requires significant capital expenditures, and is uncertain as to outcome. Our ability to obtain regulatory approval of any product candidate depends on, among other things, completion of additional clinical trials, whether our clinical trials demonstrate statistically significant efficacy with safety issues that do not potentially outweigh the therapeutic benefit of the product candidates, and whether the regulatory agencies agree that the data from our future clinical trials are sufficient to support approval for any of our product candidates. The final results of our current and future clinical trials may not meet FDA or other regulatory agencies’ requirements to approve a product candidate for marketing, and the regulatory agencies may otherwise determine that our manufacturing processes or facilities are insufficient to support approval. We, and our current and potential future collaborators, may need to conduct more clinical trials than we currently anticipate. Even if we do receive FDA or other regulatory agency approval, we or our collaborators may not be successful in commercializing approved product candidates. If any of these events occur, our business could be materially harmed and the value of our securities would decline.

We, or our collaborators, may face delays in completing our clinical trials, and may not be able to complete them at all.

Clinical trials necessary to support an application for approval to market any of our product candidates have not been completed. Our, or our collaborators,’ current and future clinical trials may be delayed, unsuccessful, or terminated as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to:

In addition, we rely on academic institutions, medical institutions, physician practices and CROs to conduct, supervise or monitor some or all aspects of clinical trials involving our product candidates. We have less control over the timing and other aspects of these clinical trials than if we conducted the monitoring and supervision entirely on our own. Third parties may not perform their responsibilities for our clinical trials on our anticipated schedule or consistent with a clinical trial protocol or applicable regulations. We also may rely on CROs to perform our data management and analysis. They may not provide these services as required or in a timely or compliant manner, and we may be held legally responsible for any or all of their performance failures or inadequacies.

If we or our collaborators experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed or eliminated. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow our product candidate development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Our development of a COVID-19 therapeutic candidate is at an early stage and we may not be able to successfully develop an effective therapeutic to treat COVID-19 in a timely manner, if at all.

Various government entities, including the U.S. government, are offering incentives, grants, and contracts to encourage additional investment by commercial organizations into preventative and therapeutic agents against COVID-19, and this may have the effect of increasing the number of competitors and/or providing advantages to known competitors. We are aware of a substantial number of companies, individuals and institutions working to develop a treatment for COVID-19, many of which have substantially greater financial, scientific, and other resources than us, and another party may be successful in producing an effective treatment against COVID-19 before we do. The rapid expansion of development programs directed at COVID-19 may also generate a scarcity of manufacturing capacity among contract research organizations that provide cGMP materials for development and commercialization of biopharmaceutical products.

We are currently unable to commit adequate financial resources to the development of a monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19, which may cause delays in or otherwise negatively impact our other development programs. Similarly resources committed to other development programs may negatively impact the financial resources available for our COVID-19 therapeutic development. In addition, our management and scientific teams have dedicated substantial efforts to our COVID-19 therapeutic development. As of the date of this report, we have 26 employees, which may make us more reliant on our individual employees and on outside contractors than companies with a greater number of employees. If we fail to attract and retain management and scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully produce, develop and commercialize our therapeutic candidates.

In addition, any success in preclinical testing we might observe for our COVID-19 therapeutic candidate may not be predictive of the results of later-stage human clinical trials. Factors such as safety, efficacy and adverse events can emerge at any time in clinical testing and have the potential to have adverse consequences for our ability to proceed with clinical trials. Other factors such as the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 mutant virus variants rendering a reduction or complete loss of binding or neutralization by the mAbs, manufacturing challenges, availability of raw materials, and slow-downs in the global supply chain may delay or prevent us from receiving regulatory approval of our therapeutic candidate or, if we do receive regulatory approval, prevent a successful product launch. We may not be successful in developing a therapeutic, or another party may be successful in producing a more efficacious vaccine or other treatment for COVID-19.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical trials could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

Clinical trials for our product candidates require us to identify and enroll a large number of patients with the disease under investigation. We may not be able to enroll a sufficient number of patients with required or desired characteristics to conduct our clinical trials in a timely manner, if at all. Patient enrollment is affected by factors including, but not limited to:

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact on clinical trial enrollment worldwide. We have experienced slower enrollment of patients in our clinical trials due to the pace in which clinical sites were being initiated for enrollment and may experience similar difficulties in the future. In addition, AR-301 has been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of S. aureus in the EU, and the low prevalence of such diseases relative to the total population may make it harder to identify patients to enroll. If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number or diversity of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, either of which would have an adverse effect on our business.

Our product candidates are based on a novel technology, which may raise development issues we may not be able to resolve, regulatory issues that could delay or prevent approval, or personnel issues that may keep us from being able to develop our product candidates.

Our product candidates are based on our mAb technology and gallium-based anti-infective platforms. There can be no assurance that development problems related to our novel technologies will not arise in the future that will cause significant delays or that we will able to resolve.

Regulatory approval of novel product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, more well-known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical product candidates due to our and regulatory agencies’ lack of experience with them. We believe three mAbs have been approved by the FDA to date, and four other mAbs have received Emergency Use Authorization (for COVID-19 treatment). The approved mAbs are Synagis® which stimulates the immune system to target a viral infection, Anthim® which treats inhalational anthrax in combination with appropriate antibiotics, and ZINPLAVA® to reduce recurrence of Clostridium difficile infections. The novelty of our platform may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to conduct additional studies or clinical trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. For example, the FDA could require additional studies that may be difficult or impossible to perform.

The novel nature of our product candidates also means that fewer people are trained in or experienced with product candidates of this type, which may make it difficult to find, hire and retain capable personnel, particularly for research, development, commercialization and manufacturing positions. For example, study personnel may administer the wrong version of our product candidates or assign study therapy to the wrong treatment group, resulting in potential disqualification of subjects from data analysis. These factors could potentially cause a trial to fail for a reason unrelated to the efficacy of our product candidates. If we are unable to hire and retain the necessary personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize product candidates will be limited. Any such events would increase our costs and could delay or prevent our ability to commercialize our product candidates, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not realize the full commercial potential of our product candidates.

We intend to use rapid diagnostic tests of patients’ respiratory samples to target our mAb product candidates to those patients we believe are infected with the bacterial agents which our mAb will act against. However, currently there is no commercially available companion diagnostic for AR-101 and AR-401. Therefore, there is a risk that a companion diagnostic for these products are not developed or available to support product launch. The FDA and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States regulate companion diagnostics. Companion diagnostics require separate or coordinated regulatory approval prior to commercialization of the therapeutic product. Changes to applicable regulations could delay our development programs or delay or prevent eventual marketing approval for our product candidates that may have otherwise been approved.

The FDA’s evolving position on the topic of companion diagnostics could affect our clinical development programs that utilize companion diagnostics. In particular, the FDA may limit our ability to use retrospective data, otherwise disagree with our approaches to trial design, biomarker qualification, clinical and analytical validity, and clinical utility, or make us repeat aspects of a trial or initiate new trials.

Assays that can be used as companion diagnostics are commercially available, but in some cases such as for AR-101, they do not yet have regulatory approval for use as companion diagnostic. We have limited experience in the development of diagnostics and may not be successful in developing necessary diagnostics to pair with those product candidates that require a companion diagnostic.

Given our limited experience in developing diagnostics, we expect to rely in part on third parties for their design and manufacture. If we, or any third parties that we engage to assist us, are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our product candidates that require such diagnostics, or experience delays in doing so, the development of our product candidates may be adversely affected, our product candidates may not receive marketing approval and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any products that receive marketing approval. As a result, our business could be materially harmed.

Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the design or results of later-stage clinical trials. The results regarding initial tolerability and clinical activity generated to date in clinical trials for our AR-301 and AR-101 product candidates in HAP and VAP patients do not ensure that later clinical trials will demonstrate similar results. While we have observed in exploratory analysis statistically significant improvements in the outcomes of some of our clinical trials, many of the improvements we have seen have not reached statistical significance. Statistical significance is a statistical term that means that an effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance. In order to be approved by the FDA, European Medicines Agency, or other drug approving authorities, product candidates must demonstrate that their effect on patients’ diseases in the trial is statistically significant and clinically meaningful. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. Early clinical trials frequently enroll patient populations that are different from the patient populations in later trials, resulting in different outcomes in later clinical trials from those in earlier stage clinical trials. In addition, adverse events may not occur in early clinical trials and only emerge in larger, late-stage clinical trials or after commercialization. Companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier clinical trials. If later stage clinical trials do not demonstrate efficacy and safety of our product candidates, we will not be able to market them and our business will be materially harmed.

We may seek a breakthrough therapy designation for our existing and future product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

We may seek a breakthrough therapy designation for our existing and future product candidates; however, we cannot assure you our product candidates will meet the criteria for that designation. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a therapy that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other therapies, to treat a serious condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For therapies and biologics that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Therapies designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review if supported by clinical data at the time the new drug application is submitted to the FDA.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. Even if we receive breakthrough therapy designation, the receipt of such designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development or regulatory review or approval process compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that the product candidate no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

Designation of our product candidates as qualified infectious disease products is not assured and, in any event, even if granted, may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review, and would not assure FDA approval of our product candidates.

We may seek designation of our existing and future product candidates as QIDP. A QIDP is an antibacterial or antifungal drug intended to treat serious or life- threatening infections, including those caused by an antibacterial or antifungal resistant pathogen, including novel or emerging infectious pathogens or certain “qualifying pathogens.” A product designated as a QIDP for a particular indication will also be granted priority review by the FDA and can qualify for fast track status. Upon the approval of an NDA for a drug product designated by the FDA as a QIDP, the product is granted a period of five years of regulatory exclusivity that is in addition to any other period of regulatory exclusivity for which the product is eligible. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant these designations, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designation or status, the FDA could decide not to grant it. Moreover, even if we do receive such a designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures and there is no assurance that our product candidate, even if determined to be a QIDP, will be approved by the FDA.

Regulatory authorities may not approve our product candidates even if they meet safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have discussions with and obtain guidance from regulatory authorities regarding certain aspects of our clinical development activities. These discussions are not binding commitments on the part of regulatory authorities. Under certain circumstances, regulatory authorities may revise or retract previous guidance during the course of our clinical activities or after the completion of our clinical trials. A regulatory authority may also disqualify a clinical trial in whole or in part from consideration in support of approval of a potential product for commercial sale or otherwise deny approval of that product. Prior to regulatory approval, a regulatory authority may elect to obtain advice from outside experts regarding scientific issues and/or marketing applications under a regulatory authority review. In the United States, these outside experts are convened through the FDA’s Advisory Committee process, which would report to the FDA and make recommendations that may differ from the views of the FDA. Should an Advisory Committee be convened, it would be expected to lengthen the time for obtaining regulatory approval, if such approval is obtained at all.

The FDA and foreign regulatory agencies may delay, limit or deny marketing approval for many reasons, including, but not limited to:

Our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their endpoints in clinical trials. Regulatory agencies, including the FDA, or their advisors may disagree with our trial design and our interpretations of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials. Regulatory agencies also may approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than requested or may grant approval subject to the performance of post-marketing studies. In addition, regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Any delay in or failure to receive or maintain approval for any of our product candidates could prevent us from ever generating revenues or achieving profitability.

We may be required to suspend, repeat or terminate our clinical trials if they are not conducted in accordance with regulatory requirements, the results are negative or inconclusive, or the trials are not well designed.

Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations governing clinical studies, or other applicable foreign government guidelines, and are subject to oversight by the FDA, other foreign governmental agencies and IRBs/Ethic Committees at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, and may require large numbers of test subjects. Clinical trials may be suspended by the FDA, other foreign governmental agencies or us for various reasons, including, but not limited to:

In addition, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. Due to these and other factors, our product candidates could take longer to gain regulatory approval than we expect or we may never gain approval for any product candidates, which could reduce or eliminate our revenue by delaying or terminating the commercialization of our product candidates.

A Fast Track product designation or other designation to facilitate product candidate development may not lead to faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.

We have received a Fast Track product designation for AR-301 and AR-320 and we may seek Fast Track designation for other of our current or future product candidates. Receipt of a designation to facilitate product candidate development is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for a designation, the FDA may disagree. In any event, the receipt of such a designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review, or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate marketing approval by the FDA. In addition, the FDA may later decide that the products no longer meet the designation conditions.

We may not be able to maintain orphan drug marketing exclusivity for our AR-501 and AR-301 product candidates in the United States and/or the European Union, and orphan drug marketing exclusivity may not be available for any of our other product candidates.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition (with a population of less than 200,000), which is defined as one occurring in a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the U.S. where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug or biologic will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the EU, following the opinion of the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, the European Commission grants orphan drug designation to a product if (1) it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (2) either (a) such condition affects no more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU when the application is made, or (b) the product, without the incentives derived from orphan medicinal product status, would not generate sufficient return in the EU to justify investment; and (3) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU, or if such a method exists, the product will be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition.

Generally, if a drug with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the drug is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the European Commission and the competent authorities in the EU Member States from approving another marketing application for the same drug (or similar medicinal product in the European Union) for that time period, except in limited circumstances. The applicable period is seven years in the U.S. and 10 years in the EU. The EU exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

We have been granted orphan drug designation for our AR-501 and AR-301 drug candidates in the European Union, as well as orphan drug designation for our AR-501 drug candidate in the U.S. Although we may apply for orphan drug designation for other product candidates, we may develop in both the U.S. and EU, applicable regulatory authorities may not grant us this designation. In addition, even if such status is obtained for any other product candidate that we may develop, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the candidate from competition because other drugs, such as those with different active ingredients or molecular structures, can be approved for the same condition. Furthermore, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve another drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior, in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In the EU, a marketing authorization may be granted to a similar product during the 10-year period of market exclusivity for the same therapeutic indication at any time if:

Any inability to secure orphan drug designation or to maintain the exclusivity benefits of this designation could have an adverse impact on our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates, depending on the extent to which we would be protected by other patents and regulatory exclusivities, and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Any product candidate for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.

Any product candidate that we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval for, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continuing requirements of the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information, reports, facility registration and product listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to conditions of approval or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use. If we market our products outside of their approved indications, we will be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with these products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including, but not limited to:

The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we, or our collaborators, are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we, or our collaborators, are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, any marketing approval that was obtained could be lost, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

If we, or our collaborators, are unable to comply with foreign regulatory requirements or obtain foreign regulatory approvals, our ability to develop foreign markets for our products could be impaired.

Sales of our products outside the U.S. will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials, marketing approval, manufacturing, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement. These regulatory requirements vary greatly from country to country. As a result, the time required to obtain approvals outside the U.S. may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval and we may not be able to obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis or at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities could require additional testing. Failure to comply with these regulatory requirements or obtain required approvals could impair our ability to develop foreign markets for our products.

We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our products abroad once we enter a commercialization phase, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Our business may be adversely impacted by the consequences of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Economic, political and social conditions resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine could materially disrupt our clinical trials, increase our costs and may disrupt planned clinical development activities. For example, our AR-320 clinical trial currently has planned clinical sites in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. To the extent the conflict between Ukraine and Russia adversely impacts our ability to enroll patients or complete enrollments in process or adversely impacts the ability of our suppliers to produce and distribute the supplies we need for our AR-320 clinical trial, the timing for completing our AR-320 trial may be adversely impacted. In addition, the United States, United Kingdom and European Union governments, among others, have instituted various sanctions and export-control measures in response to the invasion, including comprehensive financial sanctions, targeted at Russia or designated individuals and entities with business interests and/or government connections to Russia or those involved in Russian military activities. Governments have also enhanced export controls and trade sanctions targeting Russia’s imports of goods. The duration and intensity of this conflict and its economic impact on our European operations is uncertain at this time, but it is possible that our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Developing product candidates in combination with other therapies may lead to unforeseen side effects or failures in our clinical trials.

We, and our collaborators, are studying our product candidates in clinical trials in combination with approved therapies, including antibiotics, and we anticipate that if any product candidates are approved for marketing, they will be approved to be used only in combination with other therapies. Our development programs and planned studies carry all the risks inherent in drug development activities, including the risk that they will fail to demonstrate meaningful efficacy or acceptable safety. In addition, our development programs are subject to additional regulatory, commercial, manufacturing and other risks because of the use of other therapies in combination with our product candidates. For example, the other therapies may lead to toxicities that are improperly attributed to our product candidates or the combination of our product candidates with other therapies may result in toxicities that the product candidate or other therapy does not produce when used alone. The other therapies we are using in combination with our product candidates may be removed from the market or become prohibitively expensive and thus be unavailable for testing or commercial use with any of our approved products. Testing product candidates in combination with other therapies may increase the risk of significant adverse effects or test failures. The timing, outcome and cost of developing products to be used in combination with other therapies is difficult to predict and dependent on a number of factors that are outside our reasonable control. If any safety or toxicity issues arise in these clinical trials or with any approved products, or if the other therapies are removed from the market, the products may not be approved, which could prevent us from ever generating revenues or achieving profitability.

We will need to develop or acquire additional manufacturing and distribution capabilities, or outsource the same to third parties, in order to commercialize any product candidates that obtain marketing approval, and we may encounter unexpected costs or difficulties in doing so.

If we independently develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, we will need to invest in acquiring or building additional capabilities and effectively manage our operations and facilities to successfully pursue and complete future research, development and commercialization efforts. We will require additional investment and validation process development in order to qualify our commercial-scale manufacturing process to manufacture clinical trial materials and commercial material if any of our products are approved for marketing. This investment and validation process development may be expensive and time-consuming. We will require additional personnel with experience in commercial-scale manufacturing, managing of large-scale information technology systems and managing a large-scale distribution system. We will need to add personnel and expand our capabilities, which may strain our existing managerial, operational, regulatory compliance, financial and other resources. To do this effectively, we must:

We may seek FDA approval for our production process and facilities simultaneously with seeking approval for sale of our product candidates. Should we not complete the development of adequate manufacturing and distribution capabilities, including manufacturing capacity, or fail to receive timely approval of our manufacturing process and facilities, our ability to supply clinical trial materials for planned clinical trials or supply products following regulatory approval for sale could be delayed, which would further delay our clinical trials or the period of time when we would be able to generate revenues from the sale of such products, if we are even able to obtain approval or generate revenues at all.

Additionally, we may decide to outsource some or all of our manufacturing activities to a third-party commercial manufacturing organization, or CMO. Under any agreement with a CMO, we would have less control over the timing and quality of manufacturing than if we were to perform such manufacturing ourselves. A CMO would be manufacturing other pharmaceutical products in the same facilities as our product candidates, increasing the risk of cross product contamination. Further, there is no guarantee that any CMO will continue ongoing operations, causing potential delays in product supply, reduced revenues and other liabilities for us.

Any such events would increase our costs and could delay or prevent our ability to commercialize our product candidates, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us, our collaborators, or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label, the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, or litigation by injured patients, if any. To date, patients treated with AR-301, AR-501 and AR-101 have experienced AEs related to the study drug, some of which have been serious. Regarding AR-301, few (2.2%) adverse events, or AEs, were deemed related, and no serious adverse events, or SAEs, were deemed to be related to AR-301 treatment. There were 31 deaths in the trial, none of which were deemed related to AR-301. Regarding AR-501, there have been a total of 12 AEs reported of which six were related to AR-501 in the ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial. To date, there have been no SAEs and no deaths in this trial. Regarding AR-101, 12 SAEs were experienced by five subjects. An event of cardiorespiratory arrest was judged as probably related to AR-101 and events of hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis, although pre-existent, were deemed possibly related. In both cases, the causality assessment by the investigators accounted for the fact that a contribution by AR-101 to the AE could not be excluded with certainty although other probable causes were acknowledged. The other SAEs were deemed unrelated. The AR-701 mAbs may exhibit a reduction or complete loss of efficacy due to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 mutant virus variants.

Because our product candidates are intended to assist the immune system, our clinical trials could reveal an unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects, including, but not limited to, adverse immune responses that lead to previously unobserved complications. As a result of any side effects, our clinical trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development, or deny approval, of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we, our collaborators, or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including, but not limited to:

In addition, we cannot assure you that the bacteria which our mAbs target will not in the future develop a resistance to our mAbs.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

If we cannot conduct the non-clinical testing required by regulatory authorities to demonstrate an acceptable toxicity profile for our product candidates in non-clinical studies, we will not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials or obtain approval for our product candidates.

In order to move a product candidate into human clinical trials, we must first demonstrate an acceptable toxicity profile in preclinical testing. Furthermore, in order to obtain approval, we must also demonstrate safety in various non-clinical tests. We may not have conducted or may not conduct the types of non-clinical testing required by regulatory authorities, or future non-clinical tests may indicate that our product candidates are not safe for use. Preclinical and non-clinical testing is expensive, time-consuming and has an uncertain outcome. In addition, success in initial non-clinical testing does not ensure that later non-clinical testing will be successful. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the non-clinical testing process, which could delay or prevent our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates, including, but not limited to:

Because we have multiple product candidates in our clinical pipeline and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus our research and development efforts on those product candidates and specific indications that we believe are the most promising. As a result, we may forego or delay our pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. We may in the future spend our resources on other research programs and product candidates for specific indications that ultimately do not yield any commercially viable products. Furthermore, if we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates if and when they are approved.

We do not have a sales and marketing infrastructure or any experience in the sales, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical products. We may seek additional third-party collaborators for the commercialization of our other product candidates. In the future, we may choose to build a focused sales and marketing infrastructure to market or co-promote some of our product candidates if and when they are approved, which would be expensive and time-consuming. Alternatively, we may elect to outsource these functions to third parties. Either approach carries significant risks. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and, if done improperly, could delay a product launch and result in limited sales. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel. Outsourcing sales and marketing capabilities will depend on our ability to enter into and maintain agreements with other companies having sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, the ability of such companies to successfully market and sell our product candidates, and our ability to enter into such agreements on terms favorable to us.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products on our own include, but are not limited to:

Entry into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates will subject us to a number of risks, including, but not limited to, the following:

The availability and amount of reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, and the manner in which government and private payors may reimburse for any potential products, are uncertain.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. There may be significant delays in obtaining such coverage and reimbursement for newly approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, intellectual property, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of product from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare coverage and reimbursement determinations. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

Reimbursement may impact the demand for, and/or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Assuming we obtain coverage for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with those medications. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of our products. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new product acceptance. Coverage decisions may depend upon clinical and economic standards that disfavor new drug products when more established or lower cost therapeutic alternatives are already available or subsequently become available.

The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governmental entities have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and coverage and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs. Adoption of government controls and measures and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could exclude or limit our products from coverage and limit payments for pharmaceuticals.

In addition, we expect that the increased emphasis on managed care and cost containment measures in the U.S. by third-party payors and government authorities to continue and will place pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and coverage. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more drug products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

Failure to attract and retain key personnel could impede our ability to develop our products and to obtain new collaborations or other sources of funding.

Because of the specialized scientific nature of our business and the novel properties of our antibody platform, our success is highly dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific and technical personnel, consultants and advisors. We depend greatly on our founders Dr. Vu Truong, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Scientific Officer and a Director, and Dr. Eric Patzer, our Executive Chairman. We will also need to recruit a significant number of additional personnel in order to achieve our operating goals and financial reporting obligations. In order to pursue our product development and marketing and sales plans, we will need to hire additional qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development, as well as personnel with expertise in clinical testing, government regulation, manufacturing, marketing and sales, which may strain our existing managerial, operational, regulatory compliance, financial and other resources. We also rely on consultants and advisors to assist in formulating our research and development strategy and adhering to complex regulatory requirements. We face competition for qualified individuals from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities and other research institutions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain such individuals on acceptable terms, if at all. The failure to attract and retain qualified personnel, consultants and advisors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates for the indications that we believe are the most scientifically and commercially promising. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable scientific or commercial products or profitable market opportunities. In addition, we may spend valuable time and managerial and financial resources on research programs and product candidates for specific indications that ultimately do not yield any scientifically or commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the scientific and commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in situations where it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole rights to development and commercialization.

We have no experience manufacturing our product candidates at commercial scale, and there can be no assurance that our product candidates can be manufactured in compliance with regulations at a cost or in quantities necessary to make them commercially viable. There can be no assurance that any contract manufacturing facilities will be acceptable for licensure by regulatory authorities or that we can contract to build acceptable facilities.

We have no experience in commercial-scale manufacturing of mAbs. We may develop our manufacturing capacity in part by building manufacturing facilities. This activity would require substantial additional funds and we would need to hire and train significant numbers of qualified employees to staff these facilities. We may not be able to develop commercial-scale manufacturing facilities that are adequate to produce materials for additional later-stage clinical trials or commercial use. We currently rely on CMOs for bulk product manufacturing and sterile fill and finish of our products, and these contractors currently manufacture our product candidates at a scale that is not adequate for commercial supply. Failure to find and maintain satisfactory commercial-scale manufacturing contractors could impair our ability to supply product for clinical and commercial needs. Additionally, we may decide to outsource some or all of our bulk product manufacturing activities to a third-party CMO. Failure of any of these contractors to maintain compliance with cGMPs and other regulatory and legal requirements could result in government actions that would limit or eliminate clinical trial and commercial product supply. Under any agreement with a CMO, we would have less control over the timing and quality of manufacturing than if we were performing such manufacturing ourselves. A CMO would be manufacturing other pharmaceutical products in the same facilities as our product candidates, increasing the risk of cross product contamination. Further, there is no guarantee that any CMO will continue ongoing operations, causing potential delays in product supply, reduced revenues and other liabilities for us.

The equipment and facilities employed in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals are subject to stringent qualification requirements by regulatory agencies, including validation of equipment, systems and processes. We may be subject to lengthy delays and expense in conducting validation studies, if we can meet the requirements at all.

If we are unable to manufacture or contract for a sufficient supply of our product candidates on acceptable terms, or if we encounter delays or difficulties in our manufacturing processes or our relationships with other manufacturers, our preclinical and clinical testing schedule would be delayed. This in turn would delay the submission of product candidates for regulatory approval and thereby delay the market introduction and subsequent sales of any products that receive regulatory approval, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we or our contract manufacturers must supply all necessary documentation in support of our regulatory approval applications on a timely basis and must adhere to cGMP regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory bodies through their facilities inspection programs. If these facilities cannot pass a pre-approval plant inspection, the approval by the FDA or other regulatory bodies of the products will not be granted. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve our facilities and processes for the manufacture of our product candidates or if they withdraw any such approval in the future, we may need to correct the issues or find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Our contract manufacturers are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing of our products.

All entities involved in the preparation of a product candidate for clinical trials or commercial sale, including our contract manufacturing organizations used for bulk product manufacturing and filling and finishing of our bulk product, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished product approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with cGMP. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures, including record keeping, and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. The facilities and quality systems of some or all of our third-party contractors must pass a pre-approval inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations as a condition of any regulatory approval of our product candidates. In addition, the regulatory authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our product candidates or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities being conducted. The regulatory authorities also may, at any time following approval of a product for sale, audit the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contractors or raw material suppliers. If any such inspection or audit identifies a failure to comply with applicable regulations or if a violation of our product specifications or applicable regulations occurs independent of such an inspection or audit, the relevant regulatory authority may require remedial measures that may be costly and time-consuming to implement and that may include the temporary or permanent suspension of a clinical trial or commercial sales or the temporary or permanent closure of a facility. Our third-party contractors or raw material suppliers may refuse to implement remedial measures required by regulatory authorities. Any failure to comply with applicable manufacturing regulations or failure to implement required remedial measures imposed upon third parties with whom we contract could materially harm our business.

We rely on relationships with third-party contract manufacturers and raw material suppliers, which limits our ability to control the availability of, and manufacturing costs for, our product candidates.

Problems with any of our contract manufacturers’ or raw material suppliers’ facilities or processes, could prevent or delay the production of adequate supplies of finished products. This could delay clinical trials or delay and reduce commercial sales and materially harm our business. Any prolonged delay or interruption in the operations of our collaborators’ facilities or contract manufacturers’ facilities could result in cancellation of shipments, loss of components in the process of being manufactured or a shortfall in availability of a product candidate or products. A number of factors could cause interruptions, including, but not limited to:

Because manufacturing processes are complex and are subject to a lengthy regulatory approval process, alternative qualified production capacity and sufficiently trained or qualified personnel may not be available on a timely or cost-effective basis or at all. Difficulties or delays in our contract manufacturers’ production of drug substances could delay our clinical trials, increase our costs, damage our reputation, and cause us to lose revenue and market share if we are unable to timely meet market demand for any products that are approved for sale.

The manufacturing process for our product candidates has several components that are sourced from a single manufacturer. If we utilize an alternative manufacturer or alternative component, we may be required to demonstrate comparability of the drug product before releasing the product for clinical use and we may not be to find an alternative supplier. For example, the stoppers used to seal the vials of our products are made by a single supplier using a proprietary formula and process. Any change to the stopper would require us to carry out lengthy studies to verify that our product remains stable with the replacement stopper. The loss of any of our current suppliers could result in manufacturing delays for the component substitution, and we may need to accept changes in terms or price from our existing supplier in order to avoid such delays.

Further, if our contract manufacturers are not in compliance with regulatory requirements at any stage, including post-marketing approval, we may be fined, forced to remove a product from the market and/or experience other adverse consequences, including delays, which could materially harm our business.

A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, may materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

The outbreak of COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since spread to multiple countries, including the United States and several European countries. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the United States and global economies and has affected our operations and those of third parties on which we rely, including by causing disruptions in the supply of our product candidates and the conduct of current and future clinical trials. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the operations of the FDA and other health authorities, which has resulted in delays of reviews and approvals, including with respect to our product candidates. The evolving COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the pace of enrollment in our Phase 3 pivotal trial for AR-301 and our Phase 1/2a clinical trial for AR-501 during 2021 and could possibly extend longer as patients may avoid or may not be able to travel to healthcare facilities and physicians’ offices unless due to a health emergency. Such facilities and offices may also be required to focus limited resources on non-clinical trial matters, including treatment of COVID-19 patients, and may not be available, in whole or in part, for clinical trial services related to AR-301 and AR-501 or our other product candidates. Additionally, while the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to assess or predict, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global financial markets may reduce our ability to access capital, which could negatively impact our short-term and long-term liquidity. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, financing or clinical trial activities or on healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our liquidity, capital resources, operations and business and those of the third parties on which we rely.

Business disruptions could seriously harm future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our third-party manufacturers, CROs and other contractors and consultants, could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Los Gatos, California, an area prone to wildfires and earthquakes. These and other natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. Any disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any disruption in production or inability to produce or ship adequate quantities to meet our needs, whether as a result of a natural disaster or other causes (such as the recent outbreak of the coronavirus), could impair our ability to operate our business on a day-to-day basis and to continue our research and development of our product candidates. In addition, we are exposed to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the United States government, political unrest or unstable economic conditions. Any recall of the manufacturing lots or similar action regarding our API used in clinical trials could delay the trials or detract from the integrity of the trial data and its potential use in future regulatory filings. In addition, manufacturing interruptions or failure to comply with regulatory requirements by any of these manufacturers could significantly delay clinical development of potential products and reduce third-party or clinical researcher interest and support of proposed trials. These interruptions or failures could also impede commercialization of our product candidate and impair our competitive position.

We use and generate hazardous materials in our business and must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive.

Our research, development and manufacturing involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals, various active microorganisms and volatile organic compounds, and we may incur significant costs as a result of the need to comply with numerous laws and regulations. For example, as a pharmacologically active material, any residual impurities in process-waste streams must be disposed of as hazardous waste. We are subject to laws and regulations enforced by the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Agency, foreign health authorities and other regulatory requirements, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and other current and potential federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of our products, materials used to develop and manufacture our product candidates, and resulting waste products. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials, and for killing any unused microorganisms before disposing of them, comply with the standards prescribed by state and federal regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability could exceed our resources.

During the course of the product life cycle we will make process changes to scale up manufacturing to commercial manufacture or transfer the production to alternate sites or contract manufacturers. Our ability to successfully implement these changes will depend on our ability to demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the FDA and other regulatory agencies that the product made by the new process or at the new site is comparable to the original product.

In the event that manufacturing process changes are necessary for the further development of a product candidate, we may not be able to reach agreement with regulatory agencies on the criteria for demonstrating comparability to the original product, which would require us to repeat clinical studies performed with the original product. This could result in lengthy delays in implementing the new process or site and consequent delays in regulatory approval and commercial sales of product derived from the new process. If we reach agreement with regulatory agencies on the criteria for establishing comparability, we may not be able to meet these criteria or may suffer lengthy delays in meeting these criteria. This may result in significant lost sales due to inability to meet commercial demand with the original product. Furthermore, studies to demonstrate comparability, or any other studies on the new process or site such as validation studies, may uncover findings that result in regulatory agencies delaying or refusing to approve the new process or site.

If our joint venture with Hepalink is not successful or if we fail to realize the benefits we anticipate from such joint venture, we may not be able to capitalize on the full market potential of our products in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

We entered into a Joint Venture Contract, as amended effective August 6, 2018, or the JV Agreement, with Shenzhen Hepalink Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., a People’s Republic of China company, or Hepalink, a related party and significant shareholder in the Company, pursuant to which we formed a Joint Venture company named Shenzhen Arimab BioPharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., or SABC, a People’s Republic of China company, develop, manufacture, import and distribute AR-101, AR-301 and AR-105 in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, collectively, referred to as the Territory. The Joint Venture received regulatory approval in China and SABC was formed on July 2, 2018.

Hepalink contributed the equivalent of $7.2 million in renminbi, the official currency of the People’s Republic of China, and owns 51% of the capital of SABC and we contributed (i) $1.0 million in cash and (ii) a license to AR-101, AR-301 and AR-105 pursuant to an Amended and Restated Technology License and Collaboration Agreement between us and SABC and we own 49% of the capital of SABC. It was agreed by the parties that we shall be reimbursed for certain legal and contract manufacturing expenses related to the clinical drug supply for a Phase 3 clinical study of AR-301 and the clinical drug supply for a clinical study of AR-105. In addition, Hepalink will provide SABC with clinical and regulatory personnel services for clinical and regulatory review, application and filing procedures in the Territory and we will provide clinical and regulatory personnel services to assist in coordination of the execution of the clinical study in China and also with CMC personnel services for drug supply and manufacturing planning. Hepalink is obligated to make an additional equity investment of $10.8 million into SABC in connection with a future financing of SABC provided that (i) such financing does not occur earlier than January 1, 2019, (ii) top-line clinical results of the first global AR-301 Phase 3 study are available, (iii) CFDA approval for a Phase 3 clinical trial in China is granted, (iv) we have not breached the Amended and Restated Technology License and Collaboration Agreement and (v) the SABC Board has approved such financing. If and to the extent these milestone events occur and Hepalink contributes additional capital to SABC, our 49% ownership stake in SABC will be diminished in proportion to such investment.

While SABC is obligated to use its commercial best efforts to commercialize our products and product candidates in the Territory, we have limited contractual rights to direct its activities. Hepalink has the majority of the voting equity in SABC and has the right to designate three of five board seats. Therefore, Hepalink may have a greater influence in the commercialization efforts and other operations of SABC. In general, our joint venture with Hepalink subjects us to a number of related risks including that:

While we believe that our board representation, voting rights and other contractual rights with respect to SABC serve to mitigate some of these risks, we may have disagreements with the other directors and Hepalink that could impair our ability to influence SABC to act in a manner that we believe is in the best interests of our Company. Upon the completion of certain milestone events, Hepalink will become obligated to acquire additional shares of SABC, the proceeds of which would be received by SABC in exchange for newly issued shares. We may not be able to access the funds for our own operations.

The laws of the People’s Republic of China, which govern SABC’s management and operations, may not offer the same protections afforded to minority stockholders under the Delaware General Corporation Law. Consequently, SABC may make business decisions that are not in our best interests as minority equity holders.

We compete in an industry characterized by extensive research and development efforts and rapid technological progress. New discoveries or commercial developments by our competitors could render our potential products obsolete or non-competitive.

New developments occur and are expected to continue to occur at a rapid pace in our industry, and there can be no assurance that discoveries or commercial developments by our competitors will not render some or all of our potential products obsolete or non-competitive, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. New data from commercial and clinical-stage products continue to emerge and it is possible that these data may alter current standards of care, completely precluding us from further developing our product candidates or preventing us from getting them approved by regulatory agencies. Further, it is possible that we may initiate a clinical trial or trials for our product candidates, only to find that data from competing products make it impossible for us to complete enrollment in these trials, resulting in our inability to file for marketing approval with regulatory agencies. Even if these products are approved for marketing in a particular indication or indications, they may have limited sales due to particularly intense competition in these markets.

We expect to compete with fully integrated and well-established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in the near- and long-term. Most of these companies have substantially greater financial, research and development, manufacturing and marketing experience and resources than we do and represent substantial long-term competition for us. Such companies may succeed in discovering and developing pharmaceutical products more rapidly than we do or pharmaceutical products that are safer, more effective or less costly than any that we may develop. Such companies also may be more successful than we are in manufacturing, sales and marketing. Smaller companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large pharmaceutical and established biotechnology companies. Academic institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations also conduct clinical trials, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for the development of product candidates.

We expect competition among products will be based on product efficacy and safety, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, availability of supply, marketing and sales capabilities, reimbursement coverage, price and patent position. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not develop safer and more effective products, commercialize products earlier than we do, or obtain patent protection or intellectual property rights that limit our ability to commercialize our products.

There can be no assurance that our issued patents or pending patent applications, if issued, will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented or that the rights granted thereunder will provide us with proprietary protection or a competitive advantage.

Our competitors may develop and market products that are less expensive, more effective, safer or reach the market sooner than our product candidates, which may diminish or eliminate the commercial success of any products we may commercialize.

The biopharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. There are many public and private biopharmaceutical companies, public and private universities and research organizations actively engaged in the discovery and research and development of products for infectious disease. Several companies are developing mAbs to treat infections, including Merck & Co., AstraZeneca, VIR Biotechnology, Regeneron, Eli Lilly, Adimab, Alopexx Enterprises, LLC, etc.

There is no assurance, however, that another company will not discover how to successfully develop these antibodies for competing indications.

Among current antimicrobial therapies, antibiotics, particularly those administered by inhalation, can be competitors to our products especially AR-501 for lung infections. Examples include TOBI (inhaled tobramycin) and Cayston (inhaled aztreonam). Additionally, the introduction of Vertex’s channel corrector therapies could alter cystic fibrosis patients’ dependencies on chronic antimicrobial therapies. There are antibiotics being developed for gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial infections that could impact the use of standard of care antibiotics in hospitals. These therapies could impact both the clinical results and use of our products being developed for hospital acquired pneumonia.

Many of our competitors, either alone or with their strategic collaborators, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of drugs, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and the commercialization of those products. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful in obtaining approval for drugs and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors’ drugs may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any drug we may commercialize and may render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the significant expenses of developing and commercializing any of our product candidates. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and advanced technologies become available.

We also compete with other clinical-stage companies and institutions for clinical trial participants, which could reduce our ability to recruit participants for our clinical trials. Delay in recruiting clinical trial participants could adversely affect our ability to bring a product to market prior to our competitors. Further, research and discoveries by others may result in breakthroughs that render our product candidates obsolete even before they begin to generate any revenue.

In addition, our competitors may obtain patent protection or FDA approval and commercialize products more rapidly than we do, which may impact future sales of any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval. If the FDA approves the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we will also be competing with respect to marketing capabilities and manufacturing efficiency, areas in which we have limited or no experience. We expect competition among products will be based on product efficacy and safety, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, availability of supply, marketing and sales capabilities, product price, reimbursement coverage by government and private third-party payors, and patent position. Our profitability and financial position will suffer if our products receive regulatory approval but cannot compete effectively in the marketplace.

If any of our product candidates are approved and commercialized, we may face competition from biosimilars. The route to market for biosimilars was established with the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, in March 2010, providing 12 years of marketing exclusivity for reference products and an additional six months of exclusivity if pediatric studies are conducted. In the EU, the EMA has issued guidelines for approving products through an abbreviated pathway, and biosimilars have been approved. If a biosimilar version of one of our potential products were approved in the U.S. or EU, it could have a negative effect on sales and gross profits of the potential product and our financial condition.

Even if we achieve market acceptance for our products, we may experience downward pricing pressure on the price of our drugs because of generic and biosimilar competition and social pressure to lower the cost of drugs.

Several of the FDA approved products for infectious diseases face patent expiration in the next several years. As a result, generic versions and biosimilars of these drugs and biologicals may become available. We expect to face competition from these products, including price-based competition. Pressure from government and private reimbursement groups, plus patient awareness and other social activist groups to reduce drug prices may also put downward pressure on the prices of drugs, including our product candidates, if they are commercialized. Also, if a biosimilar to any of our product candidates is approved by regulatory agencies, there will be significant pricing pressure on our products, causing us or our collaborators to reduce the sales price of our products.

Our product candidates may not be accepted in the marketplace; therefore, we may not be able to generate significant revenue, if any.

Even if our product candidates are approved for sale, physicians and the medical community may not ultimately use them or may use them only in applications more restricted than we expect. Our product candidates, if successfully developed, will compete with a number of traditional products, including antibiotics, and immunotherapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical and other biotechnology companies. Our product candidates will also compete with new products currently under development by such companies and others. Physicians will prescribe a product only if they determine, based on experience, clinical data, side effect profiles, reimbursement for their patients and other factors, that it is beneficial as compared to other products currently in use. Furthermore, physicians have been prescribing traditional antibiotics for decades and may be resistant to switching to new, less established therapies. Many other factors influence the adoption of new products, including marketing and distribution restrictions, course of treatment, adverse publicity, product pricing, the views of thought leaders in the medical community and reimbursement by government and private third-party payors.

We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and our clinical trials and to store and distribute our products for the clinical trials we conduct. If these third parties do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, or we may be delayed in doing so.

We often rely on third parties, such as CROs, medical institutions, academic institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories, to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We are responsible for confirming that our preclinical studies are conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol. The FDA requires us to comply with Good Laboratory Practice for conducting and recording the results of our preclinical studies and Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials, to ensure that data and reported results are accurate and that the clinical trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities. If the third parties conducting our clinical trials do not perform their contractual duties or obligations, do not meet expected deadlines, fail to comply with GCP, do not adhere to our clinical trial protocols or otherwise fail to generate reliable clinical data, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties and our clinical trials may be more costly than expected or budgeted, extended, delayed or terminated or may need to be repeated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize the product candidate being tested in such trials.

Our CROs are not our employees, and we are therefore unable to directly monitor whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and preclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities that could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our therapeutic candidates. If any such event were to occur, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our therapeutic candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Further, switching or adding additional CROs involves additional costs and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which could materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, our future clinical trials will require a sufficient number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute our products for the clinical trials that we conduct. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

We may explore new strategic collaborations that may never materialize or may fail.

We may, in the future, periodically explore a variety of new strategic collaborations in an effort to gain access to additional product candidates or resources. At the current time, we cannot predict what form such a strategic collaboration might take. We are likely to face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and these strategic collaborations can be complicated and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate strategic collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any additional strategic collaborations because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing strategic collaborations.

We are exposed to potential product liability or similar claims, and insurance against these claims may not be available to us at a reasonable rate in the future.

Our business exposes us to potential liability risks that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of human therapeutic products. Clinical trials involve the testing of product candidates on human subjects or volunteers under a research plan and carry a risk of liability for personal injury or death to patients due to unforeseen adverse side effects, improper administration of the product candidate, or other factors. Many of these patients are already seriously ill and are therefore particularly vulnerable to further illness or death.

We believe we have adequate levels of clinical trial liability insurance for our domestic and international clinical trials. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such insurance or that the amount of such insurance will be adequate to cover claims. We could be materially and adversely affected if we were required to pay damages or incur defense costs in connection with a claim outside the scope of indemnity or insurance coverage, if the indemnity is not performed or enforced in accordance with its terms, or if our liability exceeds the amount of applicable insurance. In addition, there can be no assurance that insurance will continue to be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all, or that if obtained, the insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover any potential claims or liabilities. Similar risks would exist upon the commercialization or marketing of any products by us or our collaborators.

Regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

Should any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to the Company.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that we will indemnify our directors to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our bylaws provide that:

As a result, if we are required to indemnify one or more of our directors or executive officers, it may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us, may reduce the amount of money available to us and may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The biopharmaceutical industry is subject to significant regulation and oversight in the United States, in addition to approval of products for sale and marketing. We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, transparency, health information privacy and security laws and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any future product candidates we may develop and any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of biopharmaceutical products, we are exposed, directly, or indirectly, through our customers, to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may affect the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we would market, sell and distribute our products. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute which prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in-kind, to induce or reward either the referring of an individual for, or the purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any health care item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or any other federally financed healthcare program. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from federal Anti-Kickback Statute liability.

The federal false claims and civil monetary penalty laws, including the Federal False Claims Act, which imposes significant penalties and can be enforced by private citizens through civil qui tam actions, prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, using or causing to be made, a false statement or record material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the Federal False Claims Act. As a result of a modification made by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Further, manufacturers can be held liable under the False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. Criminal prosecution is also possible for making or presenting a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim to the federal government. Several pharmaceutical and other health care companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of marketing of the product for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which, among other things, imposes criminal liability for executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and creates federal criminal laws that prohibit knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or representations, or making or using any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach reporting of individually identifiable health information upon entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers and their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve individually identifiable health information. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S. federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

The federal physician payment transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the “Physician Payments Sunshine Act,” and its implementing regulations, which require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

State and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws, that may impose similar or more prohibitive restrictions, and may apply to items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.

State laws that require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs, comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, or to track and report gifts, compensation and other remuneration provided to physicians and other healthcare providers, state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, and other federal, state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information or personally identifiable information in certain circumstances, including state health information privacy and data breach notification laws which govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not pre-empted by HIPAA, thus requiring additional compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws. The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry.

Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will likely be costly and time consuming. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from governmental funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with federal and state health-care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent misconduct may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from governmental funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws.

In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future results of operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs. In 2010, the PPACA was enacted, which includes measures to significantly change the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the PPACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are the following:

Some of the provisions of the PPACA have yet to be implemented, and there have been legal and political challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA. During President Trump’s administration, he signed two executive orders and other directives designed to delay, circumvent, or loosen certain requirements mandated by the PPACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed repeal legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”) includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Congress may consider other legislation to repeal or replace elements of the PPACA.

Many of the details regarding the implementation of the PPACA are yet to be determined, and at this time, the full effect that the PPACA would have on our business remains unclear. In particular, there is uncertainty surrounding the applicability of the biosimilars provisions under the PPACA to our product candidates. The FDA has issued several guidance documents, and withdrawn others, but no implementing regulations on biosimilars have been adopted. A number of biosimilar applications have been approved over the past few years. It is not certain that we will receive 12 years of biologics marketing exclusivity for any of our products. The regulations that are ultimately promulgated and their implementation are likely to have considerable impact on the way we conduct our business and may require us to change current strategies. A biosimilar is a biological product that is highly similar to an approved drug notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and for which there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the approved drug in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.

Individual states have become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce ultimate demand for certain products or put pressure on product pricing, which could negatively affect a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, given recent federal and state government initiatives directed at lowering the total cost of healthcare, Congress and state legislatures will likely continue to focus on healthcare reform, the cost of prescription drugs and biologics and the reform of the Medicare and Medicaid programs. While we cannot predict the full outcome of any such legislation, it may result in decreased reimbursement for drugs and biologics, which may further exacerbate industry-wide pressure to reduce prescription drug prices. This could harm our ability to generate revenues. Increases in importation or re-importation of pharmaceutical products from foreign countries into the United States could put competitive pressure on our ability to profitably price our products, which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We might elect not to seek approval for or market our products in foreign jurisdictions in order to minimize the risk of re-importation, which could also reduce the revenue we generate from our product sales. It is also possible that other legislative proposals having similar effects will be adopted.

Furthermore, regulatory authorities’ assessment of the data and results required to demonstrate safety and efficacy can change over time and can be affected by many factors, such as the emergence of new information, including on other products, changing policies and agency funding, staffing and leadership. We cannot be sure whether future changes to the regulatory environment will be favorable or unfavorable to our business prospects. For example, average review times at the FDA for marketing approval applications can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding levels and statutory, regulatory and policy changes.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights or to defend against infringement claims, we may not be able to compete effectively or operate profitably.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others and maintain trade secrets or other proprietary know-how, both in the United States and other countries. Patent matters in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries can be highly uncertain, can involve changes in laws or regulations, and involve complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, the issuance, validity, breadth and enforceability of our patents and the existence of potentially blocking patent rights of others cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty, either in the United States or in other countries.

Obtaining, maintaining, and enforcing patents is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce and/or license patents that may issue based on our patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development results before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from or license to third parties and are reliant on our licensors or licensees. Further, although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract research organizations, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach these agreements and disclose such results before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

There can be no assurance that we will discover or develop patentable products or processes or that patents will issue from any of the currently pending patent applications or that claims granted on issued patents will be sufficient to protect our technologies, processes, or adequately cover the actual products we may actually sell. Potential competitors or other researchers in the field may have filed patent applications, been issued patents, published articles or otherwise created prior art that could restrict or block our efforts to obtain additional patents or act as obstacles to our pending patent applications. There also can be no assurance that our issued patents or pending patent applications, if issued, will not be challenged, invalidated, rendered unenforceable or not infringed, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages. We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our product candidates or their intended uses, and as a result the impact of such third-party intellectual property rights upon the patentability of our own patents and patent applications, as well as the impact of such third-party intellectual property upon our freedom to operate, is highly uncertain. Patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our patents or pending patent applications may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. For example, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or become involved in post-grant review procedures, oppositions, derivations, reexaminations, inter partes review or interference proceedings, in the U.S. or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. In addition, given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. The patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation, resulting in court decisions, including Supreme Court decisions, that have increased uncertainties as to the ability to enforce patent rights in the future. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., or vice versa. Our patent rights also depend on our compliance with technology and patent licenses upon which our patent rights are based and upon the validity of assignments of patent rights from consultants and other inventors that were, or are, not employed by us.

In addition, competitors may manufacture and sell our potential products in those foreign countries where we have not filed for patent protection or where patent protection may be unavailable, not obtainable or ultimately not enforceable or meaningful. In addition, even where patent protection is obtained, third-party competitors may challenge our patent claims in the various patent offices, for example via opposition in the European Patent Office or reexamination or interference proceedings in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or find ways to design around our patents by producing competitive non-infringing alternative products. The ability of such competitors to sell such products in the United States or in foreign countries where we have obtained patents is usually governed by the patent laws of the countries in which the product is sold.

We will incur significant ongoing expenses in maintaining our patent portfolio in addition to maintaining other registered intellectual property such as trademarks and copyrights. Maintaining registered intellectual property such as patents and trademarks requires timely filing certain maintenance documents and paying certain maintenance fees, the failure of which could result in abandonment or cancellation of such registered intellectual property. Should we lack the funds to maintain our patent portfolio or other registered intellectual property, or to enforce our rights against infringers, we could be adversely impacted. Even if we succeed in enforcing one of our patents against a third-party in a claim of infringement, any such action could divert the time and attention of management and impair our ability to access additional capital and/or cost us significant funds.

If we cannot meet requirements under our license and sublicense agreements, we could lose the rights to our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and Ex-US could increase the uncertainties and costs. Recent patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries, including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, signed into law in the United States on September 16, 2011, could increase those uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third-party was the first to invent the claimed invention. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

We may be subject to litigation with respect to the ownership and use of intellectual property that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our success also will depend, in part, on our refraining from infringing patents or otherwise violating intellectual property owned or controlled by others. There is a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adversarial proceedings regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products candidates, including interference proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, universities, research institutions and others may have filed patent applications or have received, or may obtain, issued patents in the United States or elsewhere relating to aspects of our technology, and it may not always be clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. Third parties may allege that we have infringed or misappropriated their intellectual property. If we were sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product candidates, products or methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, and we may not be able to do this. Proving invalidity is difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel could be diverted in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, we may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion.

Litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, is unpredictable and generally expensive and time consuming and, even if resolved in our favor, is likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios.

If we are found to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or product. Alternatively, we may be required to obtain a license from such third-party in order to use the infringing technology and continue developing, manufacturing or marketing the infringing product candidate. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patents will require us to alter our products or processes, obtain licenses, if such licenses are available on commercially reasonable terms, or cease certain activities completely. Some third-party applications or patents may conflict with our issued patents or pending applications. Any such conflict could result in a significant reduction of the scope or value of our issued or licensed patents.

In addition, if patents issued to other companies contain blocking, dominating or conflicting claims and such claims are ultimately determined to be valid, we may be required to obtain licenses to these patents or to develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology and cease practicing those activities, including potentially manufacturing or selling any products deemed to infringe those patents. If any licenses are required, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such licenses on commercially favorable terms, if at all, and if these licenses are not obtained, we might be prevented from pursuing the development and commercialization of certain of our potential products. Our failure to obtain a license to any technology that we may require to commercialize our products on favorable terms may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Litigation, which could result in substantial costs to us (even if determined in our favor), may also be necessary to enforce any patents issued or licensed to us or to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against any accusations from third parties that our products or activities are infringing their intellectual property rights. The FDA has only recently published draft guidance documents for implementation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, or BPCIA under the PPACA, related to the development of follow-on biologics (biosimilars), and detailed guidance for patent litigation procedures under this act has not yet been provided. If another company files for approval to market a competing follow-on biologic, and/or if such approval is given to such a company, we may be required to promptly initiate patent litigation to prevent the marketing of such biosimilar version of our product prior to the normal expiration of the patent. There can be no assurance that our issued or licensed patents would be held valid by a court of competent jurisdiction or that any follow-on biologic would be found to infringe our patents.

In addition, if our competitors file or have filed patent applications in the United States that claim technology also claimed by us, we may have to participate in interference proceedings to determine priority of invention. These proceedings, if initiated by the USPTO, could result in substantial costs to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. Such proceedings can be lengthy, are costly to defend and involve complex questions of law and fact, the outcomes of which are difficult to predict. Moreover, we may have to participate in post-grant proceedings or third-party ex parte or inter partes reexamination proceedings under the USPTO. An adverse outcome with respect to a third-party claim or in an interference proceeding could subject us to significant liabilities, require us to license disputed rights from third parties, or require us to cease using such technology, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents, in addition to counterclaims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, or both. In any patent infringement proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our patent claims do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our patents could limit our ability to assert our patents against those parties or other competitors and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making and selling similar or competitive products. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of shares of our common stock. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims, which typically last for years before they are concluded. Even if we ultimately prevail in such claims, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of our management and scientific personnel could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings.

We may rely on trade secret and proprietary know-how which can be difficult to trace and enforce and, if we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We also rely on trade secrets to protect technology, especially where patent protection is not believed to be appropriate or obtainable or where patents have not been issued. For example, our manufacturing process involves a number of trade secret steps, processes, and conditions. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. We attempt to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, with confidentiality agreements and assignment of invention agreements with our employees and confidentiality agreements with our consultants and certain contractors. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Any disclosure, either intentional or unintentional, by our employees, the employees of third parties with whom we share our facilities or third-party consultants and vendors that we engage to perform research, clinical studies or manufacturing activities, or misappropriation by third parties (such as through a cybersecurity breach) of our trade secrets or proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, our competitive position would be harmed.

There can be no assurance that these agreements are valid and enforceable, will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. We may fail in certain circumstances to obtain the necessary confidentiality agreements or assignment of invention agreements, or their scope or term may not be sufficiently broad to protect our interests or transfer adequate rights to us.

If our trade secrets or other intellectual property become known to our competitors, it could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that we or our consultants or research collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in work for us, disputes may also arise as to the rights to related or resulting know-how and inventions.

The patent protection and patent prosecution for some of our product candidates is dependent or may be dependent in the future on third parties.

While we normally seek and gain the right to fully prosecute the patents relating to our product candidates, there may be times when platform technology patents or product-specific patents that relate to our product candidates are controlled by our licensors. In addition, our licensors and/or licensees may have back-up rights to prosecute patent applications in the event that we do not do so or choose not to do so, and our licensees may have the right to assume patent prosecution rights after certain milestones are reached. If any of our licensing collaborators fails to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for patents covering any of our product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Patents are of national or regional effect, and filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. As such, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Further, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to pharmaceuticals or biologics, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. In addition, certain developing countries, including China and India, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third-party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patent rights are of limited duration. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such product candidates are commercialized. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from biosimilar or generic products. A patent term extension based on regulatory delay may be available in the U.S. However, only a single patent can be extended for each marketing approval, and any patent can be extended only once, for a single product. Moreover, the scope of protection during the period of the patent term extension does not extend to the full scope of the claim, but instead only to the scope of the product as approved. Laws governing analogous patent term extensions in foreign jurisdictions vary widely, as do laws governing the ability to obtain multiple patents from a single patent family. Additionally, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Some of our employees and our licensors’ employees, including our senior management, were previously employed at universities or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees may have executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements, or similar agreements, in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such third-party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or sustain damages. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third-party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third-party to commercialize our technology or products. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while we typically require our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our senior management and scientific personnel.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submissions, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, our competitive position would be adversely affected.

Our 10% or more stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exercise significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval.

As of March 31, 2023, our executive officers, directors and 10% or more stockholders, together with their respective affiliates, beneficially owned approximately 18% of our outstanding securities. Accordingly, this group of security holders will be able to exert a significant degree of influence over our management and affairs and over matters requiring security holder approval, including the election of our Board of Directors, future issuances of our securities, declaration of dividends and approval of other significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change-of-control of the Company or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the fair market value of our securities. In addition, this significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our common stock if investors perceive disadvantages in owning stock in a company with such concentrated ownership.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carry-forwards and certain other tax attributes is limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Net operating loss carryforwards allow companies to use past year net operating losses to offset against future years’ profits, if any, to reduce future tax liabilities. Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 limit a corporation’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes (including research credits) to offset any future taxable income or tax if the corporation experiences a cumulative ownership change of more than 50% over any rolling three-year period. State net operating loss carryforwards (and certain other tax attributes) may be similarly limited. An ownership change can therefore result in significantly greater tax liabilities than a corporation would incur in the absence of such a change and any increased liabilities could adversely affect the corporation’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

Ownership changes may occur in the future as a result of additional equity offerings or events over which we will have little or no control, including purchases and sales of our equity by our five percent security holders, the emergence of new five percent security holders, redemptions of our securities or certain changes in the ownership of any of our five percent security holders.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” or TCJA, that significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The TCJA, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, a reduction to the maximum deduction allowed for net operating losses generated in tax years after December 31, 2017, and puts into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a partially territorial system. We do not expect tax reform to have a material impact to our projection of minimal cash taxes or to our net operating losses. Our net deferred tax assets and liabilities will be revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate, and the impact will be recognized in our tax expense in the year of enactment. Further, any eligibility we may have or may someday have for tax credits associated with the qualified clinical testing expenses arising out of the development of orphan drugs will be reduced to 25% as a result of the TCJA; thus, our net taxable income may be affected. We continue to examine the impact this tax reform legislation may have on our business. The impact of this tax reform on holders of our common stock is uncertain and could be adverse. This prospectus does not discuss any such tax legislation or the manner in which it might affect purchasers of our common stock. We urge our stockholders, to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to such legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in our common stock.

Our common stock is currently traded on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets, which may have an unfavorable impact on our stock price and liquidity.

Our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets. The OTC Markets Pink Sheets is significantly more limited market than the national securities exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange, or Nasdaq stock exchange, and there are lower financial or qualitative standards that a company must meet to have its stock quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets. OTC Markets Pink Sheets is an inter-dealer quotation system much less regulated than the major exchanges, and trading in our common stock may be subject to abuses, volatility and shorting, which may have little to do with our operations or business prospects. This volatility could depress the market price of our common stock for reasons unrelated to operating performance. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing an investment is suitable for that customer when recommending an investment to a customer. FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for some customers and may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may result in a limited ability to buy and sell our stock.

Our common stock may be categorized as “penny stock,” which may make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares of common stock due to suitability requirements.

Our common stock may be categorized as “penny stock.” The Commission has adopted Rule 15g-9 under the Exchange Act, which generally defines “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price (as defined) less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. The price of our common stock is significantly less than $5.00 per share and, unless we qualify for an exception, may be considered “penny stock.” This designation imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. The penny stock rules, if applicable to us, would require a broker-dealer buying our securities to disclose certain information concerning the transaction, obtain a written agreement from the purchaser and determine that the purchaser is reasonably suitable to purchase the securities given the increased risks generally inherent in penny stocks. These rules may restrict the ability and/or willingness of brokers or dealers to buy or sell our common stock, either directly or on behalf of their clients, may discourage potential stockholders from purchasing our common stock, or may adversely affect the ability of stockholders to sell their shares.

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares of common stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of common stock, and thereby depress our price per share of common stock.

Since our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets our stockholders may face significant restrictions on the resale of our common stock due to state “blue sky” laws and the sale of common stock in this offering is subject to state “blue sky” laws.

Each state has its own securities laws, often called “blue sky” laws, which (i) limit sales of securities to a state’s residents unless the securities are registered in that state or qualify for an exemption from registration, and (ii) govern the reporting requirements for broker-dealers doing business directly or indirectly in the state. Before a security is sold in a state, there must be a registration in place to cover the transaction, or the transaction must be exempt from registration. The applicable broker must also be registered in that state. Since our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets, a determination regarding registration will be made by those broker-dealers, if any, who agree to serve as the market-makers for our common stock. There may be significant state blue sky law restrictions on the ability of investors to sell, and on purchasers to buy, our common stock and warrants. You should therefore consider the resale market for our common stock and warrants to be limited, as you may be unable to resell your common stock without the significant expense of state registration or qualification.

This is a best efforts offering, no minimum amount of securities is required to be sold, and we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our business plan, including our near-term business plan.

The placement agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities in this offering. The placement agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. There is no required minimum number of securities that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, placement agent fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth herein. We may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to support our continued operations, including our near-term continued operations. Thus, we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our operations in the short-term and may need to raise additional funds to complete such short-term operations. Such additional fundraises may not be available or available on terms acceptable to us.

Our management will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may invest or spend the proceeds in ways with which you do not agree and in ways that may not yield a return.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section titled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary from their currently intended use. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our securityholders.

If you purchase common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.

You will incur immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering. Because the price per share of our common stock being offered is higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock, you will experience dilution to the extent of the difference between the offering price per share of common stock you pay in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Our net tangible book value as of March 31, 2023, was approximately $(29.2) million, or approximately $(0.81) per share of common stock. Net tangible book value per share is equal to our total tangible assets minus total liabilities, all divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding. See the section titled “Dilution” for a more detailed discussion of the dilution you will incur if you purchase securities in this offering.

You should consider an investment in our common stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Some factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate, in addition to the other risks mentioned in this “Risk Factors” section, are:

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock pursuant to our equity incentive plan could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our share price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including expanding research and development, funding clinical trials, purchasing of capital equipment, hiring new personnel, commercializing our products, and continuing activities as an operating public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner, we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our shares of common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, of our share price.

If you purchase our securities in this offering, you may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings or other equity issuances.

In order to raise additional capital, we believe that we will offer and issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering.

In addition, we have a significant number of warrants and stock options outstanding. To the extent that outstanding stock options or warrants have been or may be exercised or other shares issued, you may experience further dilution. Further, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

There is no public market for the pre-funded warrants or warrants being offered in this offering.

There is no established public trading market for the pre-funded warrants or warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the pre-funded warrants or warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and warrants will be limited.

Holders of pre-funded warrants and common warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise such warrants and acquire our common stock, except as set forth in the pre-funded warrants and common warrants.

Until holders of pre-funded warrants or warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of such warrants, holders of pre-funded warrants or warrants will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such warrants. Upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants or warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

We are an “emerging growth company” and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We are electing to delay such adoption of new or revised accounting standards, and as a result, we may not comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. As a result of such election, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of other public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Because we have elected to defer compliance with new or revised accounting standards, our financial statement disclosure may not be comparable to similar companies.

We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act. This allows us to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards apply to private companies. As a result of our election, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

Because of this extended transition period, we may be less attractive to investors and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be at risk of securities class action litigation. This risk is especially relevant for us due to our dependence on positive clinical trial outcomes and regulatory approvals of each of our product candidates. In the past, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility, particularly when associated with binary events such as clinical trials and product approvals. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business and results in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a newly formed entity. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Capital Market, have imposed various new requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these new compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time consuming and costly. We expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage.

Upon our dissolution, you may not recoup all or any portion of your investment.

In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of us, whether voluntary or involuntary, the proceeds and/or our assets may not be sufficient to repay the aggregate investment you purchased in our company. In this event, you could lose some or all of your investment.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause our investors to lose confidence in us and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. If our internal controls are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports in a timely manner. In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we concluded that there was a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the restatement described elsewhere in this prospectus. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In the course of finalizing the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we with our independent auditors, identified a misapplication of GAAP that resulted in a restatement. The restatement results from the Company’s correction of its valuation using fair value option accounting of our Notes Payable. The correction reduces the valuation of the Notes Payable, which results in recognizing Other Comprehensive Income in accordance with the requirements of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”). The correction in Notes Payable valuation using fair value option resulted in adjustments to Notes Payable - Current, Notes Payable – Long Term, and Other Comprehensive Income. The Company evaluated the adjustments to the Notes Payable valuation recorded during 2022 and 2021, and, after assessing the materiality of such adjustments, is restating its financial statements for each of the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022 in the 2022 Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (collectively, the “Prior Quarterly Financial Statements”). The Company concluded that the impact of the proposed accounting adjustments on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for each of the year end and quarterly periods ended December 31, 2021 were not material to those financial statements.

While we have designed and implemented, or expect to implement, measures that we believe address or will address this control weakness, we continue to develop our internal controls, processes and reporting systems by, among other things, hiring qualified personnel with expertise to perform specific functions, and designing and implementing improved processes and internal controls, including ongoing senior management review and audit committee oversight. We plan to remediate the identified material weakness by hiring financial consultants and expect to hire additional senior accounting staff to complete the remediation by the end of 2023. We expect to incur additional costs to remediate this weakness, primarily personnel costs and external consulting fees. We may not be successful in implementing these systems or in developing other internal controls, which may undermine our ability to provide accurate, timely and reliable reports on our financial and operating results. Further, we will not be able to fully assess whether the steps we are taking will remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting until we have completed our implementation efforts and sufficient time passes in order to evaluate their effectiveness. In addition, if we identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our consolidated financial statements may be materially misstated. Moreover, in the future we may engage in business transactions, such as acquisitions, reorganizations or implementation of new information systems that could negatively affect our internal control over financial reporting and result in material weaknesses.

Our independent registered public accounting firm did not perform an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting during any period in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional control deficiencies amounting to material weaknesses might have been identified. If we identify new material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may be late with the filing of our periodic reports, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. As a result of such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial condition or divert financial and management resources from our core business.

The Restatement of the Prior Quarterly Financial Statements may affect investor confidence and raise reputational issues and may subject us to additional risks and uncertainties, including increased professional costs and the increased possibility of legal proceedings.

As discussed in Note 15, we reached a determination to restate our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures for the periods disclosed in those notes after it was determined under ASC 820 that our Notes Payable were over-valued as they did not factor credit risk into the fair value option valuation. As a result, the Company corrected the valuation of Notes Payable – Current and Notes Payable – Long Term, which resulted in adjustments to Other Comprehensive Income. The Company evaluated the proposed adjustments to the Notes Payable valuations recorded during 2022 and 2021, and, after assessing the materiality of such adjustments under ASC 820, is restating its financial statements for each of the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022 in the 2022 Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (collectively, the “Prior Quarterly Financial Statements”).

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the reasons described in our “Prospectus Summary,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Risk Factors,” “Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations,” and “Business” sections. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “depends,” “estimate,” “expects,” “intend,” “may,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” or the negative of those terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain those words.

Our operations and business prospects are always subject to risks and uncertainties including, among others:

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered under this prospectus, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately $1.6 million (based on an assumed public offering price per share and accompanying common warrant of $0.22 per share, which was the last reported sales price of our common stock on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets on July 24, 2023 and an assuming offering amount of $2,000,000 in gross proceeds). However, because this is a best efforts offering and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, the placement agent’s fees and net proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

We intend to use the net proceeds to fund our planned clinical trials, manufacturing and process development, analytical testing, regulatory expenses and for general corporate purposes, including working capital and repaying $495,000 on Note 1 on a monthly basis starting in July 2023 and 16.667% of the outstanding balance on Note 2 monthly starting in October 2023. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $11.0 million was owed to Streeterville under the Notes including accrued interest. The maturity date of the Notes are November 2023 and April 2024.

In the ordinary course of our business, we expect to from time to time evaluate the acquisition of, investment in or in-license of complementary products, technologies or businesses, and we could use a portion of the net proceeds from this offering for such activities. We currently do not have any agreements, arrangements or commitments with respect to any potential acquisition, investment or license.

This expected use of net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the status of and results from clinical trials of our product candidates. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds from this offering for other purposes, and we will have broad discretion in the application of net proceeds from this offering. Furthermore, we anticipate that we will need to secure additional funding for the further development of our product candidates or commercially launch our product candidates in the United States.

Pending our use of the net proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.

If you invest in our securities, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and accompanying common warrant and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after giving effect to this offering.

Our net tangible book deficit as of March 31, 2023 was approximately $(29.2) million, or approximately $(0.81) per share of common stock. Our net tangible book deficit is the amount of our total tangible assets less our liabilities. Net tangible book deficit per share is our net tangible book deficit divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

After giving effect to the assumed sale of 9,090,909 shares of common stock and accompanying common warrants in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $0.22 per share (the last reported sale price of our common stock on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets on July 24, 2023), and after deducting estimated placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no sale of any pre-funded warrants in this offering, no exercise of the warrants being offered in this offering, that no value is attributed to such warrants and that such warrants are classified as and accounted for as equity, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2023 would have been approximately $(27.6) million, or approximately $(0.61) per share of common stock. This amount represents an immediate increase in as adjusted net tangible book value of $0.20 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $0.83 per share to investors participating in this offering. We determine dilution per share to investors participating in this offering by subtracting as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering from the assumed public offering price per share and accompanying common warrant paid by investors participating in this offering.

The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 36,077,532 shares of or common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and excludes:

The information discussed above is illustrative only and will adjust based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Except as indicated otherwise, the discussion and table above assume (i) no sale of pre-funded warrants, which, if sold, would reduce the number of shares of common stock that we are offering on a one-for-one basis and (ii) no exercise of the common warrants being sold in this offering.

MANAGEMENT’s DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Restatement and Revision of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Information

In this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” we have restated our previously issued unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022; and condensed consolidated balance sheet for the three months ended March 31, 2022, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (the “Prior Quarterly Financial Statements”), to reflect the restatement more fully described in Note 15 Restatement to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus. Within this section, we revised our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The financial information that has been previously filed or otherwise reported for the Prior Quarterly Financial Statements is superseded by the information in this prospectus. See Note 15 Restatement in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the prospectus for additional information on the restatement and the related financial statement impact.

We are a late clinical development-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of novel anti-infectives. A significant focus of ours is on targeted immunotherapy using fully human monoclonal antibodies, or mAbs, to treat life-threatening infections. mAbs represent an innovative treatment approach that harnesses the human immune system to fight infections and are designed to overcome the deficiencies associated with current therapies, such as rise in drug resistance, short duration of response, limited tolerability, negative impact on the human microbiome, and lack of differentiation among the treatment alternatives. The majority of our product candidates are derived by employing our differentiated antibody discovery platforms. Our proprietary product pipeline comprises fully human mAbs targeting specific pathogens associated with life-threatening bacterial infections, primarily nosocomial pneumonia, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Our proprietary product pipeline is comprised of fully human mAbs targeting specific pathogens associated with life threatening bacterial and viral infections, primarily hospital acquired pneumonia, or HAP, ventilator associated pneumonia, or VAP, cystic fibrosis, and COVID-19. Our clinical stage product candidates have exhibited promising preclinical data and clinical data.

Our ʎPEX™ production platform technology enables the screening of a large number of antibody-producing B-cells from patients and generation of high mAb-producing mammalian production cell line at a speed not previously attainable. As a result, we can significantly reduce time for antibody discovery and manufacturing compared to conventional approaches. This technology is being applied to the development of COVID-19 mAbs.

Current clinical development activities are focused on AR-301, AR-320, AR-501. Our lead product candidates, AR-301 and AR-320, target gram positive bacteria S. aureus, a common pathogen associated with HAP, VAP, and a number of other life-threatening infections. AR-301 neutralizes the alpha toxin produced by gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and prevents alpha toxin mediated destruction of host cells and host immune response to the S. aureus infection. AR-301’s mode of action is independent of the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus, and it is active against infections caused by both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (“MRSA”) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (“MSSA”). AR-301 has exhibited promising data from a Phase 1/2a clinical study in S. aureus VAP patients (n=48 patients), showing consistent trends toward clinical benefits. A global Phase 3 trial to evaluate the therapeutic adjunctive treatment of AR-301 in S. aureus infected ventilator associated pneumonia patients has recently closed patient enrollment. Primary outcome measures of safety and tolerability of AR-301 were achieved. Due to the limited sample size evaluated, statistical significance was not reached for the primary endpoint of clinical cure rate on Day 21 compared to antibiotics alone. However, in a prespecified older adults (>65 yrs) population, substantial improvement in the clinical cure rate of pneumonia that reached statistical significance at day 28 post-treatment with AR-301. The trial represents the first of two Phase 3 superiority clinical studies evaluating immunotherapy with a fully human mAb to treat acute pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting.

AR-320 and AR-301 share similar targets and mechanism of action, thus are complementary products. AR-320 (also called ‘suvratoxumab’) is being developed as a preventive treatment of S. aureus pneumonia, while AR-301 is being developed as a therapeutic treatment. A multinational, randomized, double blinded, placebo -controlled Phase 2 study (n=196 patients) showed that mechanically ventilated ICU patients colonized with S. aureus who are treated with AR-320 saw a relative risk reduction of pneumonia by 32% in the overall intent to treat study population, and by 47% in the prespecified under 65-year-old population, which is the target population in the planned Phase 3 study. The relative risk reduction in the target population reached statistical significance and was also associated with a substantial reduction in the duration of care needed in the ICU and hospital.

Based on the failure of MedImmune to assist in the necessary technology transfer pursuant to Section 3.5.2 of the License Agreement, we notified MedImmune on March 24, 2023 that it was in material breach of Section 3.5.2 and requested that the material breach be cured as soon as possible.

To complement and diversify our portfolio of targeted mAbs, we are developing a broad-spectrum small molecule non-antibiotic anti-infective agent gallium citrate (AR-501). AR-501 is being developed in collaboration with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (“CFF”) as a chronic inhaled therapy to treat lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. AR-501 was granted Orphan Drug, Fast Track and Qualified Infectious Disease Product (“QIDP”) designations by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) granted the program Orphan Drug Designation. AR-501 is being evaluated in a Phase 1/2a for the treatment of chronic lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis. In June 2020, we announced positive results from the Phase 1 portion of our Phase 1/2a clinical trial of AR-501 in which healthy subjects were enrolled. The FDA reviewed the Phase 1 study results and agreed that the study could proceed at all dose levels to the Phase 2a portion of the Phase 1/2a trial in adult subjects with cystic fibrosis (“CF”). Based on available blinded safety data of the on-going Phase 2a study, FDA also recently agreed with the Company’s proposal to include an additional higher dose cohort. The study’s primary and secondary endpoints of safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) were met. Three weekly inhaled doses of AR-501 at 6.4mg, 20mg, and 40mg dose levels were well tolerated in CF patients. No drug related serious adverse events (SAEs) were observed. The majority of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were respiratory in nature and mostly mild to moderate in severity. CF patients achieved high uptake of AR-501 in the respiratory tract, as measured by sputum concentrations, at levels that were >50-fold higher than required for inhibition of the target bacteria P. aeruginosa. Inhaled delivery achieved more than 10-fold higher respiratory uptake of gallium (AR-501) than past clinical studies of intravenous (IV) gallium which resulted in lung function improvement and P. aeruginosa reduction.

AR-701 is a cocktail of two fully human IgG1 mAbs discovered from screening the antibody secreting B-cells of convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infected (COVID-19) patients. The AR-701 cocktail neutralizes coronaviruses (CoV) using a distinct mechanism of action, namely inhibition of viral fusion and entry into human cells (AR-703) or blockage of virus binding to the human ‘ACE2’ receptor (AR-720). Each of the mAbs conferred strong protection against Omicron BA.1 infected animals when given either parenterally or by intranasal administration. On August 10, 2022, we announced that AR-701 was also shown to be effective in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infected macaque monkeys (non-human primates) when administered by inhalation.

As part of an ongoing grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, we delivered proof-of-concept pre-clinical data to demonstrate prevention of influenza and SARS-CoV2 viral transmission using our inhaled formulation technology.

To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development efforts relating to our therapeutic candidates, including conducting clinical trials and developing manufacturing capabilities, in-licensing related intellectual property, protecting our intellectual property and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have generated revenue from our payments under our collaboration strategic research and development contracts and federal awards and grants, as well as awards and grants from not-for-profit entities and fee for service to third-party entities. Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through these sources and the issuance of common stock, convertible preferred stock, and debt securities. Current clinical development activities are focused on AR-301 and AR-501. Our expenses and resulting cash burn during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were largely due to costs associated with the Phase 3 study of AR-301 for the treatment of VAP caused by the S. aureus bacteria, preclinical development of AR-701 COVID-19 mAbs, the preparation of AR-320 for a phase 3 clinical trial that was be initiated in the first half of 2022 and the Phase 1/2a study of AR-501 for the treatment of chronic lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis.

We have incurred losses since our inception. Our net losses were approximately $30.4 million and $42.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 we had approximately $5.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $195.7 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs, clinical trials, intellectual property matters, strengthening our manufacturing capabilities, and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.

We have not yet achieved commercialization of our products and have a cumulative net loss from our operations. We will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. We will require additional capital to meet our long-term operating requirements. We expect to raise additional capital through the sale of equity and/or debt securities. Historically, our principal sources of cash have included proceeds from grant funding, fees for services performed, issuances of debt and the sale of our common and preferred stock. Our principal uses of cash have included cash used in operations. We expect that the principal uses of cash in the future will be for continuing operations, funding of research and development including our clinical trials and general working capital requirements.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and losses for at least the next several years. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will need to raise additional capital in order to obtain regulatory approval for, and the commercialization of, our therapeutic candidates. Until such time that we can generate meaningful revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any approved therapies or products or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In July 2019, we entered into an option agreement with Serum International B.V. (“SIBV”), an affiliate of Serum Institute of India Private Limited, which granted SIBV the option to license multiple programs from us and access our MabIgX® platform technology for asset identification and selection. We received an upfront cash payment of $5 million upon execution of this option agreement. In connection with the option agreement, SIBV made an equity investment whereby we issued 801,820 shares of our restricted common stock in a private placement to SIBV for total gross proceeds of $10 million.

In September 2019, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Serum AMR Products (“SAMR”). Pursuant to the License Agreement, we received upfront payments totaling $15 million, of which $5 million was received in July 2019 through the option agreement referred to above, and we may receive milestone payments and royalty-based payments from SAMR if certain milestones and sales levels as defined in the License Agreement are met.

On May 8^th, 2023, we exercised the right of termination under Section 13.3(a) for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the contract, applicable to all products, therefore terminating the Agreement with SAMR.

Under the Development Program Letter Agreement with CFF (the “CFF Agreement”), entered into in December 2016 and amended in November 2018 and December 2022 to support funding for the development of our Inhaled Gallium Citrate Anti-Infective program, we recognized revenue of approximately $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. We expect that any revenue we generate for the foreseeable future will fluctuate from period to period as a result of the timing of when performance obligations and variable consideration criteria under the contract are satisfied.

Under a product discovery agreement with Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc. (“Kermode”), entered into in February 2021 to fund the discovery of product candidates for African Swine Fever Virus (“ASFV”) with an option to include the discovery of product candidates for swine influenza virus (“SIV”). For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $485,000 and $465,000, respectively, in revenue related to the Kermode Agreement. The Company has recorded the remaining portion of the nonrefundable upfront payment as a contract liability of approximately $285,000 to deferred revenue, current, as of December 31, 2022.

On October 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Grant Agreement with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (“Gates Foundation”). The goal of the Grant is to develop durable approaches to block the infection and transmission of pathogens. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $1.2 million and 546,000 from the Grant. The Company recorded a contract liability for the remaining consideration of approximately $183,000 to deferred revenue, current, on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

In March 2021, the Company entered into an agreement (the IMI JU Agreement) with the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) funded consortium COMBACTE-NET to collaborate with other participants in a joint undertaking (the IMI JU) to combat bacterial resistance in Europe. The project facilitates a pan-European clinical trial network to test antibiotics and other drugs to prevent and treat various infections. This project commenced on January 1, 2013 with an initial duration of seven years. It has since been extended to October 31, 2023. The project has 46 participants including European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) companies, universities, research organizations, public bodies, non-profit groups, subject matter experts, and third parties.

The academic COMBACTE-NET consortium partners initially pay for all costs incurred at EU clinical sites and subsequently bills the Company for 25% of such costs. Specifically, we are billed for 25% of eligible costs during the entire fiscal year six to seven months following the fiscal year. The work at these sites is performed entirely by third-party subcontractors. As such, we reimburse the 25% at the passed-through invoice amounts. There is no reimbursement for costs incurred at non-EU sites. After October 31, 2023, the Company is committed to continuing the trials whether or not a renewal is executed with the IMI JU. If no renewal is executed, the trials will continue without any form of reimbursement.

For research and development costs incurred at non-EU sites, we recognize these expenses as incurred. We recognized research and development expense of $5.0 million and $17.5 million at non-EU sites for the year ended 2022 and 2021, respectively.

For research and development costs incurred at EU sites, we recognize a liability for the 25% of these costs we are obligated to repay. This amount reflects gross expenditures incurred net of contributed services to be received from the IMI JU. Research and development expense of approximately $3.9 million and $0.2 million were incurred at EU sites for year ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 respectively. Of this gross expense amount, the EU has contributed services of 75%, or $2.9 and $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Thus, our liability presented on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet is $1.0 million and $0 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are presented within Other Liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In-kind contributions we make to the program will be expensed as R&D at their fair value when made. If the fair value of an in-kind contribution we make to the IMI JU differs from its carrying amount, we will recognize a gain or loss on disposition. No gain or loss on disposition was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The clinical trial to which our agreement with the IMI JU has been applied to, has been put on hold.

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses during the reported periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Such estimates include those related to the evaluation of our ability to continue as a going concern, our best estimate of standalone selling price of revenue deliverables, useful life of long lived assets, classification of deferred revenue, income taxes, assumptions used in the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock based compensation, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, and preclinical study and clinical trial accruals. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We define our critical accounting policies as those accounting principles generally accepted in the United States that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations as well as the specific manner in which we apply those principles. Our critical accounting policies are primarily for revenue recognition and accrued research and development costs. We believe the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are as follows:

We recognize revenue based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments.

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that we determine are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue at a point in time, or over time, as the entity satisfies performance obligations. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

As part of the accounting for customer arrangements, we must use judgment to determine: a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above; b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; and c) the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of the transaction price in step (iv) above. We use judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration should be included in the transaction price.

The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. In developing the standalone price for a performance obligation, we consider applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. We recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. We receive payments from our customers based on payment schedules established in each contract. We record any amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. Amounts recognized as revenue, but not yet received or invoiced are recorded within other receivables on the consolidated balance sheet. Amounts are recorded as other receivables on the consolidated balance sheet when our right to consideration is unconditional. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of a majority of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.

We recognize research and development expenses to operations as they are incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and clinical sites. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in future periods for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are then expensed as the related goods are delivered or when the services are performed.

We plan to increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop our therapeutic programs, and subject to the availability of additional funding, further advance the development of our therapeutic candidates for additional indications and begin to conduct clinical trials.

The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming, and the successful development of our therapeutic candidates is highly uncertain. As a result, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our therapeutic candidates.

We recognize compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date estimated fair values, which we determine using the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

The Black Scholes Merton option pricing model incorporates various highly sensitive assumptions, including the fair value of our common stock, expected volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. The weighted average expected life of options was calculated using the simplified method as prescribed by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin, Topic 14 (“SAB Topic 14”). This decision was based on the lack of relevant historical data due to our limited historical experience. In addition, due to our limited historical data, the estimated volatility also reflects the application of SAB Topic 14, incorporating the historical volatility of comparable companies whose stock prices are publicly available. The risk-free interest rate for the periods within the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield was zero, as we have never declared or paid dividends and have no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

We account for income taxes under the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no income tax expense or benefit was recognized, primarily due to a full valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax asset.

We assess all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by the relevant taxing authorities. Assessing an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. At each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and we determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit might change as new information becomes available.

We assess and determine our ability to continue as a going concern under the provisions of ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern, which requires us to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that our annual and interim consolidated financial statements are issued. Certain additional financial statement disclosures are required if such conditions or events are identified. If and when an entity’s liquidation becomes imminent, financial statements should be prepared under the liquidation basis of accounting.

Determining the extent, if any, to which conditions or events raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, or the extent to which mitigating plans sufficiently alleviate any such substantial doubt, as well as whether or not liquidation is imminent, requires significant judgment by us.

We do not have sufficient cash on hand and available liquidity to meet our obligations through the twelve months following the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. Therefore, this condition raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans were updated to evaluate different strategies to obtain the required funding of future operations. These plans may include, but are not limited to, additional funding from current or new investors; however, if we are unable to raise additional funding to meet working capital needs, we will be forced to delay or reduce the scope of our research programs and/or limit or cease operations. The negative cash flows and lack of financial resources raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern, and that substantial doubt has not been alleviated. Therefore, this condition raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. See Note 1 to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, “Going Concern” for further details.

Our estimated cash and cash equivalents were approximately $1.5 million as of April 30, 2023. We are currently in discussions with financing sources in an attempt to secure short-term financing to continue operations and fund other liquidity needs. In the absence of such financing, management anticipates that existing cash resources will not be sufficient to meet operating and liquidity needs on or before June 30, 2023. However, management is currently evaluating various cost reduction actions, including additional reductions in the Company’s workforce and suspending research and development expenditures on one or more product candidates, in order to reduce our expenditures and preserve cash. We are not able to predict whether any such cost reduction actions will be successful.

As a result of our current liquidity position, management can provide no assurance that we will be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, if at all. If financing is available, it may not be on favorable terms and may have a significant dilutive effect on our existing stockholders. In the event we are unable to secure financing sufficient to allow us to meet our obligations as they become due, we may need to file a voluntary petition for relief under the United States Bankruptcy Code in order to implement a restructuring plan or liquidation.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - March 31, 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue was $1.2 million and $0 for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 and the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. The three months ended March 31, 2022 included revenue from CFF, Kermode and Gates.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by approximately $1.5 million from approximately $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $6.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $217,000 from approximately $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 which was due primarily to increases in personnel related costs and professional service fees.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net increased by approximately $383,000 from $1,000 income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to $382,000 expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The expense increase for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2021 is primarily due to the original issue discount on the Note Purchase Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC .

Change in Fair Value of Note Payable. This relates primarily to the change in fair value of the note payable pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Other Income. Other income increased by approximately $15,000 from $7,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $22,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily related to sublease income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant on March 1, 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income increased from $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to $84,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - June 30, 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue increased to $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 from zero for the three months ended June 30, 2021 primarily due to the recognition of revenue from grants from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), the Gates Foundation, as well as from Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc., an ʎPEX technology licensee, during the second quarter of 2022. There was no recognition of grant revenue during the second quarter of 2021.

License Revenue. There was no recognition of license revenue during the second quarter of 2022 and $33,000 was recognized for license revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The recognition of revenue was related to the out-licensing and product discovery agreement, and a statement of work, with Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc. (“Kermode”) (collectively, the “Kermode Agreement”), which was entered into in February 2021.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by approximately $1.8 million from approximately $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $6.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $13,000 from approximately $1.69 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $1.68 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 which were due primarily to decreases in stock compensation expense and Delaware franchise taxes offset by increases in personnel related costs and in liability insurance.

Interest Income (Expense),Net. Net interest income was approximately $8,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 compared to zero interest income for the quarter ended June 30, 2021. The interest income was primarily due to interest earned on our cash-on-hand during the second quarter of 2022.

Other Income. Other income increased to $23,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 from approximately $22,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2021. The income was primarily due to a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant in March 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Gain on Extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program Loan. There was no extinguishment of debt for the quarter ended June 30, 2022. Gain on extinguishment of the Paycheck Protection Program loan was approximately $722,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2021.

Change in Fair Value of Note Payable: Change in fair value of note payable increased by $273,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 compared to zero for the quarter ended June 30, 2021. The increase was due to an updated fair valuation calculation for outstanding debt.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income increased from $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 to $1,760,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue increased to $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from zero for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily due to the recognition of revenue from grants from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and the Gates Foundation, as well as from Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc., an ʎPEX technology licensee and no recognition of grant revenue during the first half of 2021.

License Revenue. License revenue was zero for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $33,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily due to the recognition of revenue related to the Kermode Agreement, which was entered into in February 2021.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by approximately $3.3 million from approximately $9.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $12.8 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $204,000 from approximately $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $3.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 which was due primarily to increases in personnel related costs, liability insurance, professional service fees, offset by Delaware franchise taxes.

Interest Income (Expense), Net. Interest expense, net increased by approximately $102,000 from $1,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $101,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to debt servicing during the second quarter of 2022.

Other Income. Other income increased by approximately $16,000 from $29,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to approximately $45,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily related to income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant on March 1, 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Gain on Extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program Loan. There was no extinguishment of debt in 2022. Gain on extinguishment of the PPP loan of approximately $722,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 is related to the forgiveness of our loan from the Small Business Administration and release of financial obligation from our lender, Silicon Valley Bank, in May 2021.

Change in Fair Value of Note Payable: Change in fair value of note payable increased by $267,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to zero for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was due to an updated fair valuation calculation for our outstanding debt.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income increased from $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to $1,844,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - September 30, 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue remained at $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to the recognition of revenue from grants from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), the Gates Foundation, as well as from Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc., during the third quarter of 2022.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $13.7 million from approximately $19.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $6.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses remained approximately $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2022 due primarily to decrease in stock compensation expense, liability insurance, Delaware franchise taxes, partially offset by an increase in personnel and professional related costs.

Interest Income (Expense), Net. Interest expense, net increased by approximately $840,000 from $1,000 income for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $841,000 expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase is primarily due to prepayment premium paid on Streeterville loan ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2021.

Other Income. Other income stayed constant for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and September 31, 2021 at approximately $23,000. The balance is primarily related to income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant on March 1, 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Change in Fair Value of Note Payable: Change in fair value of note payable increased by approximately $1,372,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, compared to zero for the quarter ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to an updated fair valuation calculation for outstanding debt.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income decreased from $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to ($104,000) for the three months ended September 30, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue increased to $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to the recognition of revenue from grants from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and the Gates Foundation, as well as from Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $10.5 million from approximately $29.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $18.9 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $0.2 million from approximately $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 which was due primarily to increases in personnel related costs and professional service fees, offset by Delaware franchise taxes and stock compensation expense.

Interest Income (Expense), Net. Interest income, net decreased from $2,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $740,000 interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to debt servicing during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Other Income. Other income increased by approximately $16,000 from $52,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately $68,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily related to income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant on March 1, 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Gain on Extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program Loan. There was no extinguishment of debt in 2022. Gain on extinguishment of the PPP loan of approximately $722,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 is related to the forgiveness of our loan from the Small Business Administration and release of financial obligation from our lender, Silicon Valley Bank, in May 2021.

Change in Fair Value of Note Payable: Change in fair value of note payable increased by $1,639,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to zero for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to an updated fair valuation calculation for our outstanding debt.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income increased from $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $1,740,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue increased by approximately $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to the recognition of revenue from the CFF, Gates Foundation and Kermode during 2022 and 2021.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $11.0 million to $25.9 million for year ended December 31, 2022 from $36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.1 million to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due primarily to decreases in stock compensation expense, professional service fees, liability insurance, and Delaware franchise tax partially offset by an increase in personnel related costs.

Interest Income (Expense), Net. Interest expense decreased by approximately $174,000 to $121,000 for the year ended December 31,2022 from $245,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The expense is primarily due to our debt servicing of notes payable with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

Other Income. Other income in the year ended December 31, 2022, decreased by approximately $703,000 from $796,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to forgiveness of the $722,000 Paycheck Protection Program loan by the U.S. Small Business Administration. Additionally, other income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant in March 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility increased by approximately $19,000 to approximately $93,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $74,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Change in fair value of note payable. Change in fair value of note payable increased by approximately 317,000 to $350,000 for the year ended December 31,2022 from $33,000 for the year ended December 31,2021. The increase was due to an updated fair valuation calculation for outstanding debt.

Other Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income increased from $0 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $5,051,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):

Grant Revenue. Grant revenue was $1.1 million and $1.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, respectively. The three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 included revenue from CFF, Kermode and Gates.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $0.9 million from approximately $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to approximately $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 due primarily to:

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.3 million from approximately $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to approximately $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to decreases in stock compensation expense, professional fees and liability insurance, partially offset by an increase in personnel related costs and DE franchise tax.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net increased by approximately $275,000 from $248,000 income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $27,000 expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The expense increase for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2022 is primarily due to the original issue discount on the Note Purchase Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

Other Income. Other income increased by approximately $3,000 from $22,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to approximately $25,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily related to sublease income from a sublease agreement we entered into with a tenant on March 1, 2021 to sublet a small portion of our Los Gatos facility.

Change in fair value of note payable. Change in fair value of notes payable decreased by approximately 489,000 to $(605,000) for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 from $(116,000) for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, 2023 we had approximately $1.8 million of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $202.5 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $5.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $195.7 million.

We entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC (the “Lender”), pursuant to which we issued to the Lender a secured promissory note (the “Note”) in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000. Closing occurred on November 23, 2021 (the “Issuance Date”). The Note carries an original issue discount of $250,000. The Note bears interest at the rate of 6% per annum and matures on November 23, 2023. Net proceeds after deducting the discount fee were $5,000,000. Pursuant to the terms agreed in the Note Purchase Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC, we issued a second Note to the Lender on February 21, 2022 in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000 which are substantially similar to the first Note except the maturity date is February 21, 2024.

On September 30, 2022, we signed an amendment to promissory note #2. Subject to certain provisions and so long as no Event of Default has occurred, then in addition to the three (3) deferral rights previously available, we shall have the right to exercise additional monthly deferrals until March 31, 2023 (each, an “Additional Deferral”). Each time Borrower exercises an Additional Deferral the Outstanding Balance will automatically be increased by 1.5%. As of March 31, 2023, no payments have been made on note #2.

On April 26, 2023, the Company entered into a Note Purchase and Loan Restructuring Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC modifying the principal amount of Note #2 from approximately $5,250,000 to approximately $9,287,000 in exchange for an additional investment amount of up to $2,500,000.

We obtained financing for certain Director & Officer liability insurance policy premiums from First Insurance Funding. The total premiums, taxes and fees financed is approximately $915,000 with an annual percentage interest rate of 5.13%. At March 31, 2023 the balance of insurance financing note payable was approximately $208,000 in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

We have had recurring losses from operations since inception and negative cash flows from operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022. We anticipate that we will continue to generate operating losses and use cash in operations through the foreseeable future. Management plans to finance operations through equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations or other strategic transactions. There can be no assurances that, in the event that we require additional financing, such financing will be available on terms which are favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional funding to meet our working capital needs in the future, we will be forced to delay or reduce the scope of our research programs and/or limit or cease our operations. As described above under “Going Concern,” in the absence of equity or debt financing, or other capital sources, including grant funding, potential collaborations or other strategic transactions, management anticipates that existing cash resources will not be sufficient to meet operating and liquidity needs on or before June 30, 2023. Management is currently evaluating various cost reduction actions, including possible reductions in our workforce and suspending research and development expenditures on one or more product candidates, in order to reduce our expenditures and preserve cash. We are limited in our ability to reduce expenditures for known contractual obligations. As a result, we are not able to predict whether any cost reduction actions will be successful or how much longer any such actions will allow us to continue to operate without financing.

Our net cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods below were as follows (in thousands):

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, which was primarily due to our net loss of approximately $6.8 million, a decrease of approximately $1.1 million in deferred revenue and an increase of $0.9 million in other comprehensive income offset by an increase of approximately $1.8 million in accounts payable, and a decrease of approximately $1.0 million in accounts receivable.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $10.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, which was primarily due to our net loss of approximately $7.8 million, a decrease in accounts payable of approximately $2.2 million, and an increase in contract costs of approximately $1.3 million.

There was no cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Net cash used in investing activities of approximately $21,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2022, was due to the purchase of equipment, primarily for diagnostic use in clinical trials.

Net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $0.3 million during the year ended March 31, 2023 was from $2.1 million proceeds received from issuance of common stock partially offset by approximately $1.5 million for payment on note payable and $0.3 million for payment on financing of insurance premium during the first quarter of 2023.

Net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $4.4 million during the year ended March 31, 2022 was from $5.0 million proceeds received from our loan from Streeterville Capital partially offset by approximately $0.6 million for payment on financing of insurance premium during the first quarter of 2022.

To date, we have generated revenue from grants and contract services performed and funding from the issuance of convertible preferred stock and common stock sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from our development stage therapeutic programs. We do not expect to generate any revenue from sales of our therapeutic candidates unless and until we obtain regulatory approval. At the same time, we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly as we continue the research, development and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our therapeutic candidates. We expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. In addition, subject to obtaining regulatory approval of any of our therapeutic candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses for product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We anticipate that we will need additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

Until such time that we can generate meaningful revenue from the sales of approved therapies and products, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include conversion discounts or covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, or strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

During the periods presented we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under the rules of the SEC.

The JOBS Act permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We are choosing to take advantage of this provision and, as a result, we will adopt the extended transition period available under the JOBS Act until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided under the JOBS Act.

Please refer to section “New Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 of our Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our proprietary pipeline is primarily focused on severe lung infections and is comprised of five wholly owned product candidates which are highlighted below.

As of December 31, 2022, we have raised over $183 million in public and private investments. Furthermore, we have been able to augment our own financial resources by obtaining approximately $53 million of non-dilutive awards and grants, including approximately $32 million from the Department of Health and Human Services, or DHHS, the National Institute of Health, or NIH, and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, or BARDA, and approximately $12 million from the Department of Defense, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Gates Foundation, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, European Commission’s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), other strategic research and development collaborations. We believe that our ability to attract significant financial investments and grant funding underscores the recognized need for new anti-infective products and the strength of our product candidate portfolio.

We have assembled a senior management team with substantial product development experience and a successful track record of navigating complex drug development and regulatory pathways. Our management team has over 175 years of combined drug development experience from proven biopharmaceutical companies, such as Abgenix, Inc. Aviron, Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Medimmune (AstraZeneca), and Novartis AG among others, and has contributed to the development and launch of products with multi-billions in annual sales.

Our goal is to become a global leader in anti-infective immunotherapy by discovering, developing and commercializing best-in-class mAbs with the potential to significantly improve upon SOC treatments for life-threatening infections. Key elements of our strategy are as follows:

Our mission is to improve the treatment of infectious diseases, particularly the deficiencies of conventional antibiotics. It is widely recognized that there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance at a time when the pipeline of antibiotics is dwindling and much of the development activity currently ongoing is devoted to modifications of existing classes of antibiotics. We believe this antibiotic strategy has merely delayed rather than solved the underlying resistance problem as evidenced by the spread of drug resistant bacteria, particularly in the hospital settings. The drug resistance and adverse impact on the human microbiome, particularly the gut microbial flora, brought about by frequent use of broad spectrum antibiotics increased the need for targeted, narrow spectrum anti-infectives that counteract only the etiologic bacterial agent. The ability to identify the infection-causing agent has significantly improved in recent years because of the availability and proliferation of rapid diagnostic tests. These diagnostics have enabled the identification of pathogen profiles within hours of patient sample collection, thus providing physicians with the rapid, precise information necessary to make more informed treatment decisions. Given the identity of the specific pathogen responsible for an infection, we believe the physician is more likely to prescribe a targeted anti-infective, rather than a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Therefore, we believe that the treatment of infectious diseases will see a paradigm shift from broad spectrum antibiotic utilization to narrow, targeted anti-infectives. Such a paradigm shift is similar to that observed in oncology starting in the early 2000s, from broad acting chemotherapies to targeted immune-oncology mAbs. Therefore, we believe that the opportunity for application of mAbs in infectious diseases is highly attractive.

The current small molecule antibiotics market is crowded, highly competitive, and lacking in product differentiation. The lack of antibiotic product differentiation is traced to the usage of non-inferiority clinical trial designs that is common practice for most of the antibiotics that have been marketed to date. No new class of antibiotic has been introduced to the market within the last two decades, which further heightens the need for new anti-infectives. In addition to significant market differentiation, mAbs may offer substantially less market competition, and higher barrier to entry. Unlike antibiotics, mAbs have a more predictable and attractive safety profile and are designed to kill via an immunological mechanism of action that is different from the mechanisms of action of all antibiotics and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, so long as it binds to such bacteria or their toxins, mAbs are likely unaffected by the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria and will remain effective against antibiotic resistant bacteria. mAbs also have a dosing frequency of once or twice a month and may require only a single administration for treatment of hospital acquired pneumonia. Our mAbs will be used as an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotics, so they will not directly compete with antibiotics. By improving the outcome in terms of mortality and reducing the time to clinical cure and length of hospital and ICU stay, mAbs offer both a medical benefit to the patient and an economic benefit to the hospital. Our clinical study designs utilize superiority in primary end points, which will allow for clear demonstration of measurable clinical benefits and product differentiation.

We are initially focused on respiratory infections in the ICU settings, particularly bacterial pneumonia. In the U.S., there are approximately 628,000 cases of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia, HAP and Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, VAP (DRG 2016). HAP due to MRSA infections results in substantial loss of life with an annual worldwide incidence of approximately 200,000 patients (Decision Resources, 2016 data) and mortality rates as high as 50% depending on the patient population and treatment regimen (Decision Resources, 2016). Mechanical Ventilation for VAP patients costs over $30 billion annually in the U.S. Infections due to MRSA represent a high-value segment of the overall antibiotics market. According to this report, the worldwide market for existing therapies for MRSA infections was over $800 million in 2015. The progressively aging population is expected to increase the number of MRSA infections that result in HAP. Moreover, MRSA infections are associated with significantly longer hospital stays, repeated hospitalizations and increased healthcare costs. Currently, the median hospital stay of a patient with VAP is 29 days, and the average length of ICU stay is 19 days. The median total hospitalization costs for a VAP patient is approximately $198,000. Current SOC antibiotics for MRSA pneumonia is dominated by five antibiotics: Linezolid, Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Ceftaroline and Tigecycline, which combined have approximately 90% market share. There is a significant need for new anti-MRSA agents given the S. aureus resistance rate of 31% to 53%. We believe that the addition of AR-301 to SOC antibiotics has the potential to improve clinical outcome and could be effective in patients with MRSA infections.

There are more than 70,000 patients with cystic fibrosis worldwide. 80% of these patients present with chronic polymicrobial infections, particularly P. aeruginosa infection. We believe the medical need and market potential for an anti-infective therapeutic that can be given to cystic fibrosis patients chronically is substantial. The current market for inhaled antimicrobials for cystic fibrosis, based on recent combined sales figures for TOBI (tobramycin) and Cayston (aztreonam), is approximately $600 million worldwide. Existing therapies such as aminoglycoside antibiotics lead to a temporary improvement in bacterial load, but ultimately 80% to 95% of cystic fibrosis patients succumb to respiratory failure due to chronic P. aeruginosa infection and airway inflammation.

The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Worldwide as of March 2023, more than 676 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 6.88 million deaths attributed to COVID-19. Symptoms of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from none to life-threatening illness. The virus spreads mainly through the air when people are near each other. Infection generally lasts for up to two weeks and transmission from an infected person occurs as they breathe, cough, sneeze, or speak. There are several highly efficacious vaccines that are marketed in different regions of the world. Regarding antiviral treatment, two monoclonal antibody-based therapies are available in the US, indicated for early use in cases thought to be at high risk of progression to severe disease. The antiviral remdesivir is also available as another treatment option. Because SARS-CoV-2 is expected to remain endemic for years to come, the above population remains at-risk of contracting COVID-19. Given the dominance of the Omicron variants, such as the XBB.1.5 variant, having rendered vaccines and mAbs less effective or ineffective, and the low vaccine booster coverage, the majority of the US population remains vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Therefore, there is a substantial addressable patient population who will be in need of effective therapeutic intervention.

mAbs represent a fundamentally new immunologic approach for treating bacterial infections that can potentially overcome the problems of toxicity and resistance that may occur with traditional antibiotics when they are used long-term in individual patients and pervasively across patient populations. Our product portfolio consists of candidates that have novel mechanisms of action differing from that of traditional antibiotics and includes five mAb programs, most of which were discovered using our MabIgX platform technology, and one broad spectrum small molecule anti-infective.

Our lead product candidate, AR-301 is a fully human mAb of IgG1, for the treatment of lung infections resulting from S. aureus including MRSA strains. We are developing AR-301 as an adjunctive therapy with SOC antibiotics to treat HAP and VAP. AR-301 was discovered by screening the B-cell immune response repertoire generated against S. aureus infection. It has received Fast-Track designation in the U.S., Orphan status in the EU and has completed the first of two planned Phase 3 pivotal trials.

AR-301 is targeted against S. aureus alpha toxin, which is a toxin produced by most S. aureus strains to cause destruction of human cells and tissues. In mouse models AR-301 is effective against S. aureus infections whether or not the bacteria are resistant to conventional antibiotics. We believe AR-301 has the potential to positively impact the outcome of S. aureus infections in patients by improving survival rates and/or shortening the duration of overall hospital stays, the length of time a patient requires mechanical ventilation, and/or the time a patient spends in the ICU.

AR-301 was discovered by screening B-cell lymphocytes from a patient with a confirmed S. aureus infection. AR-301 binds to alpha toxin with high affinity and prevents its assembly into an active complex, which prevents alpha toxin-mediated breakdown of cell membranes, or lysis, of erythrocytes, human lung cells and immune cells such as lymphocytes (see Figure 3 below). This prevention of killing of host cells, in turn, may protect the patient from further progression of pneumonia disease and systemic infections caused by S. aureus. During infection and active proliferation, S. aureus is metabolically more virulent, geared toward higher toxin production than during its more sessile colonization stage. In contrast to other programs targeting S. aureus colonization, AR-301 targets the active, disease-causing infection stage. There is no commercially available product that specifically neutralizes the pathogenic effects brought about by S. aureus toxins. We believe that this mechanism of action complements the bacterial killing properties of many conventional antibiotics, essentially neutralizing the bacterial toxins left behind following antibiotic-mediated killing. Additional indications for AR-301 may include any S. aureus infection, particularly surgical site infections, blood stream infections, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections such as diabetic ulcers and non-healing wounds.

We completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator, ascending dose Phase 2a clinical trial to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of a single intravenous administration of AR-301 plus SOC in patients with severe pneumonia caused by S. aureus (Francois, B. et al., 2018. Intensive Care Medicine 44(11):1787-1796). The SOC regimens were the physicians’ choice and were based on the individual clinical site’s prescribing practice. Forty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. This Phase 2a clinical trial included 31 sites located across Belgium, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. and was designed primarily to address the safety and pharmacokinetics of AR-301. The drug was generally well tolerated. In exploratory analysis of the VAP subgroup of 25 patients, numeric clinical improvement of antibody treated patients over placebo were observed in time to extubation. Additionally, patients treated with AR-301 exhibited trends toward a higher rate of microbiological eradication, and reduction in number of hospital or ICU days.

Our plan has been to conduct two pivotal clinical trials in pneumonia patients for regulatory approval in the U.S. and Europe. Prior to commencing the trials, we had reached concurrence with the FDA and EMA on a consolidated single primary endpoint, which included the components of mortality, ventilation requirements and signs and symptoms of pneumonia. We recently completed the first Phase 3 clinical trial, which is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled active comparator AR-301 (20 mg/kg) plus SOC versus placebo plus SOC. AR-301 is being evaluated for the investigation of AR-301 intravenous for adjunct therapy in addition to standard-of-care for ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) caused by S. aureus. AR-301-002 is a superiority, double blind, randomized well controlled Phase 3 clinical trial that utilize a clinically significant endpoint of clinical cure at 21 days (n=174). In the overall mFAS population (n=120), a clinically meaningful improvement in clinical cure rate at day 21 of 11.3% (p=0.23) was observed. Clinical cure improvements were also observed when assessed at day 7, 14, and 28 post-treatment with AR-301. In the more vulnerable population of older than 65 years of age (n=48), which was a prespecified population in the study, a substantially larger improvement in clinical cure rate of ~3-fold to 33.6% at day 21 (p=0.056) was observed as compared to the improvement that was observed in the overall mFAS. This enhanced improvement in clinical cure was maintained when assessed at day 28 (37.9%, p=0.025) [see bar graph below]. The efficacy increase was primarily driven by the lower effectiveness of SOC antibiotics in the placebo cohort (a decrease from 57.6% in the overall population to 30.4% in the older adults). The decrease in antibiotic effectiveness in the older adult population has also been observed with other antibiotic trials in HAP/VAP (6-8). In the older adult population, there was no observable imbalance that favors the AR-301 treatment cohort in terms of MRSA or MSSA, in geographical territory, antibiotic treatment regimen, clinical severity (SOFA score), or mortality. The younger, <65 year old population also saw a positive improvement (12.5%) when treated with AR-301 (p=0.206). Furthermore, in the prespecified subpopulations of MRSA infected patients and in patients receiving sub-optimal antibiotics (defined as: not receiving anti-S aureus antibiotics that are effective against the infecting strain, and not administered for a minimum of 5 days), there was also a substantial efficacy improvement of 28.2% and 20.8%, respectively. Finally, the prespecified healthcare utilization analyses of the mFAS population showed a reduction in the median days on mechanical ventilation, days in the ICU, and days in the hospital of 2, 7, and 14, respectively, when treated with AR-301. A Phase 2a study of AR-301 in S. aureus HAP/VAP provided further supportive data of clinical efficacy trends (13).

AR-301 was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events , or SAEs, related to the product candidate. The all-cause mortality rates in all patients were AR-301: 21/89 (23.6%) vs. SOC: 16/85 (18.8%) (p=0.367). These deaths were primarily associated with patients’ underlying conditions which brought the patient into the ICU. The all-cause mortality in the evaluable microFAS population were similar between the active (14/61; 23.0%) and placebo (14/59; 23.7%) groups (p=0.830). The mortality due to pneumonia was one (1/61 [1.6%]) patient in the AR-301 treated group compared to three (3/59 [5.0%]) patients in the placebo group among the population with confirmed S. aureus pneumonia.

The superior clinical improvement compared to SOC antibiotics alone, especially in the older adults >65 years, shows a clear advantage over the available antibiotic therapies. AR-301 showed a substantial and clinically meaningful effect on the underlying S. aureus infection and progression of VABP that is likely to have a sustained disease-modifying effect, especially in the older adult population. The safety data suggest that AR-301 also presents an important safety advantage compared to new combinations of antibiotics.

AR-320 or ‘suvratoxumab’ is a human immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody (mAb) with an extended half-life that binds alpha-toxin (AT) with high affinity and effectively blocks AT pore formation in target cell membranes. AR-320 shares a similar mechanism of action as AR-301. The nonclinical pharmacologic program for suvratoxumab includes studies evaluating the ability of suvratoxumab to bind and neutralize AT and determining the frequency of AT expression in S. aureus clinical isolates. Suvratoxumab binds AT with high affinity and effectively blocks AT pore formation in target cell membranes. The AT gene was present in 99% and expressed by 83% of approximately 1,200 clinical isolates tested. Suvratoxumab effectively neutralizes all AT sequence variants identified in these clinical isolates indicating its epitope is highly conserved. In vitro, AR-320 inhibits AT mediated rabbit red blood cell (RBC) and human lung epithelial, monocytic and keratinocyte cell line lysis.

Pharmacology studies were performed using the non-YTE (i.e., non half-life extended) version of suvratoxumab (known as LC10) because YTE mutations increase antibody half-life and exposure in mice, preventing the use of suvratoxumab directly in murine models. Other than the YTE modification in suvratoxumab, the sequences of suvratoxumab and LC10 are identical.

Prophylaxis with LC10 reduced disease severity in 3 murine infection models (dermonecrosis, pneumonia, and lethal bacteraemia/sepsis) and in rabbit and ferret pneumonia models. In the lethal S. aureus pneumonia model, LC10 significantly improved survival, preserved lung integrity, and reduced both bacterial load in lungs and bacterial dissemination to the kidneys. Efficacy of LC10 was demonstrated, both for prophylaxis and adjunctive treatment utilizing the lethal S. aureus murine pneumonia model, in both immunocompetent (Hua et al, 2014) and immunocompromised (Hua et al, 2015) mice. The LC10 serum EC90 in the murine pneumonia model was 211 µg/mL, and this value was set as the clinical target level for suvratoxumab in patients. LC10 also reduced lesion size and improved survival in the murine dermonecrosis and lethal bacteraemia/sepsis models.

The nonclinical safety evaluation program for suvratoxumab included a tissue cross-reactivity study and a single-dose toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys. As predicted for a bacterial target, no specific staining with suvratoxumab was observed using a full panel of normal human tissues in the cross-reactivity study, indicating an absence of cross-reactivity of suvratoxumab with the tested human tissues. Following a single IV infusion, suvratoxumab was well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at dosages exceeding the expected human therapeutic dosage. No mortality was observed in the study and during the 12-week observation period there were no adverse suvratoxumab related findings.

Toxicokinetic (TK) analyses confirmed all monkeys were exposed to suvratoxumab and revealed the expected extended half-life of this molecule. An ex vivo AT-neutralization assay demonstrated pharmacodynamic activity of suvratoxumab in serum samples from monkeys administered suvratoxumab confirming that pharmacologically active concentrations of suvratoxumab were attained. As suvratoxumab is a mAb that binds to a bacterial target not expressed in healthy humans or healthy animals, no additional toxicology studies (including reproductive toxicity studies) are planned for suvratoxumab in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) S6(R1) guidance for Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals

The clinical development of suvratoxumab was aimed to support the target indication of prevention of nosocomial pneumonia caused by S. aureus is a pre-emptive approach, evaluating the effects of suvratoxumab in hospitalized patients with confirmed S. aureus colonisation of the lower respiratory tract.

Suvratoxumab has been evaluated in two clinical studies, including a Phase 1 study in healthy adult volunteers and a Phase 2 study in mechanically ventilated patients at high risk for S. aureus infections. A single Phase 3 study was initiated to support the Marketing Authorization of suvratoxumab. As noted above, this trial is currently on hold.

Study CD-ID-MEDI4893-1133 was a Phase 1 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of suvratoxumab, administered as a single IV dose of 225, 750, 2250, or 5000 mg, compared to placebo in 33 healthy adult volunteers. Suvratoxumab exhibited linear and dose proportional serum pharmacokinetics (PK), with a half-life (t_1/2) of 80-112 days, and no major safety findings were observed. PK analyses and simulations from this study served as the basis for advancing 2 dosages (2000 mg and 5000 mg) into Study CD-ID-MEDI4893-1139. The 2000 mg dose was selected as the likely efficacious dose because it was the lowest dose expected to maintain a serum AR-320 exposure above 211 μg/mL for 30 days. The 5000 mg suvratoxumab dose was selected to explore maximal efficacy in patients, and to ensure appropriate drug exposure in case there was significantly greater drug clearance in the mechanically ventilated ICU patients compared with the healthy volunteers, which would lead to the 2000 mg dose providing suboptimal exposure.

Study CD-ID-MEDI4893-1139 was a Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, superiority design study evaluating the efficacy and safety of 2 dosages of suvratoxumab in mechanically ventilated subjects (Francois et al, 2021). These patients were in the ICU and deemed at high risk for S. aureus infections and were currently free of S. aureus-related disease but who were colonised with S. aureus in the lower respiratory tract.

Study enrolment was completed on April 1, 2018, when 767 patients were screened, of whom 213 patients with confirmed S. aureus colonisation of the lower respiratory tract were randomly assigned to the suvratoxumab 2000 mg group (n=15), the suvratoxumab 5000 mg group (n=96), or the placebo group (n=102). The 2,000 mg group was discontinued per recommendation from the trial’s data monitoring committee. At 30 days after treatment, 17 (18%) of 96 patients in the suvratoxumab 5000 mg group and 26 (26%) of 100 patients in the placebo group had developed S. aureus pneumonia (relative risk reduction 31·9% [90% CI −7·5 to 56·8], p=0·17), as determined by an independent endpoint adjudication committee (Table 1). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events at 30 days were similar between the suvratoxumab 5,000 mg group (87 [91%]) and the placebo group (90 [90%]). The incidence of treatment-emergent serious adverse events at 30 days were also similar between the suvratoxumab 5000 mg group (36 [38%]) and the placebo group (32 [32%]). No significant difference in the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events between the two groups at 90 days (89 [93%] in the suvratoxumab 5000 mg group vs 92 [92%] in the placebo group) and at 190 days (93 [94%] vs 93 [93%]) was observed. Forty (40%) patients in the placebo group and 50 (52%) in the suvratoxumab 5,000 mg group had a serious adverse event at 190 days. In the suvratoxumab 5,000 mg group, one (1%) patient reported at least one treatment-emergent serious adverse event deemed related to treatment, two (2%) patients reported an adverse event of special interest, and two (2%) reported a new-onset chronic disease.

Pre-specified analyses (Table 1) were performed for EAC-determined S. aureus pneumonia (primary efficacy endpoint), as well as for the exploratory efficacy endpoints of EAC-determined all-cause pneumonia, and EAC-determined all-cause pneumonia or death.

ARR denotes absolute risk reduction, CI confidence interval, EAC endpoint adjudication committee; mITT modified intent-to-treat, RRR relative risk reduction, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus.

*RRR (suvratoxumab vs. placebo), 90% CI, and P value based on modified Poisson regression with robust variance.

Two prespecified analyses that were conducted were 1) a subgroup of subjects who are less than or equal to 65 years old and 2) impact on the 5 VAP bundles, which is a clinical outcome improvement assessment (i.e., elevation of the head of the bed, daily sedation vacation and readiness to extubate assessment, peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, daily oral care with chlorhexidine). Aging is associated with immunosenescence, progressively reduced innate and adaptive immune response against infections, and a concomitant increased frequency of age-related diseases, inflammatory status and comorbidities such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases (Crooke et al, 2019; Barbe-Tuana et al, 2020). As an anti-exotoxin, suvratoxumab does not directly mediate bacterial killing, rather, a competent host immune response is required for bacterial killing. Older patients, such as those > 65 years of age, may not have sufficient immune competency to eradicate the bacterial cells, and may derive less clinical benefits from AR-320 treatment. In the Phase 2 study, 83% of subjects >65 years of age had at least 1 comorbidity compared to 64% of subjects ≤ 65 years of age (including congestive heart failure, COPD, cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, renal insufficiency, etc). Hypertension was the most frequently reported comorbidity, and was higher among >65 years of age (63%) vs those ≤ 65 years of age (44%). A ≤ 65 years old subgroup analysis was prespecified in a Phase 2 study. Results of the prespecified subgroup analyses of the primary endpoint are shown in Figure 1. Compared with placebo, suvratoxumab treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction of S. aureus pneumonia in subjects ≤ 65 years of age (relative risk reduction [RRR] = 47·4%, 90%CI, 3·5% to 71·4%, P=0.075; Table 2) and in subjects who received all 5 VAP bundles during the course of MV, statistically significant relative risk reduction was achieved (RRR = 46·3%, 90%CI, 2.2% to 70.5%, P=0.075). Post hoc analysis also demonstrated a reduction of S. aureus pneumonia in suvratoxumab-treated subjects with a low S. aureus LRT colonisation load (RRR = 66·7%, 90%CI, 21·3% to 86·2%, P=0.069) (Figure 1).

Note: Overall RRRs and 90% CI were calculated with Poisson regression with robust variance. Subgroup analyses were prespecified. Subgroup RRRs and 90% Cis were based on the unconditional CI on the ratio of proportions. Abx= antibiotics; CT= cycle threshold; RRR= relative risk reduction; VAP= ventilator-associated pneumonia. Subgroup analysis of S. aureus colonisation load was done as a post-hoc analysis. Preventive VAP measures (bundles) were elevation of the head of the bed, daily sedation vacations and extubation readiness assessment, peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and daily oral care with chlorhexidine.

Efficacy analyses of the prespecified subgroup of subjects ≤ 65 years of age provided consistent magnitude of absolute risk reduction across the primary and key exploratory endpoints of EAC-determined S. aureus pneumonia (primary efficacy endpoint), as well as for EAC-determined all-cause pneumonia, and EAC-determined all-cause pneumonia or death (exploratory efficacy endpoints) as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Efficacy Analysis on the Prespecified Subgroup of Subjects ≤ 65 years of age

The duration of healthcare resource utilization analyses (Table 3 and Table 4) suggested trends in reduction of HRU in the mITT, those ≤ 65 years old. In addition, the duration of HRU were also shorter in HRU duration among subjects who developed EAC S. aureus pneumonia.

Table 4. Duration of All Cause Healthcare Resource Utilisation Through Day 91 (mITT Population – Subjects with EAC-determined S. aureus Pneumonia)

EAC = Endpoint Adjudication Committee; ICU = intensive care unit; mITT = modified intent-to-treat; SD = standard deviation.

In patients in the ICU receiving mechanical ventilation with PCR-confirmed S. aureus colonisation of the lower respiratory tract, the incidence of S. aureus pneumonia at 30 days following treatment with 5000 mg suvratoxumab was lower than with placebo. These results support that mAbs represent a promising therapeutic option to reduce antibiotic consumption that require further exploration and studies.

We recently initiated the Phase 3 pivotal study, AR-320-003, which is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of suvratoxumab in mechanically ventilated adults (≤ 65 years old) and adolescents for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia caused by S. aureus. Approximately 564 subjects will be enrolled at 200 centers worldwide. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single IV dose of suvratoxumab (5,000 mg) or placebo. Randomization was stratified by age group (adults vs. adolescents), country, by whether or not subjects received systemic anti-S. aureus systemic antibiotic treatment, and by whether the subject has underlying COVID-19 infection. Following investigational product administration on Day 1, subjects will be followed through Day 91.

The primary endpoint for this study was the incidence of S. aureus pneumonia through 30 days after a single dose of suvratoxumab in mechanically ventilated subjects at risk for S. aureus pneumonia. It is anticipated that while a substantial number of mechanically ventilated subjects will continue to require mechanical ventilation throughout the 30-day post-dose period, a number of subjects will be weaned off the ventilator during this period.

As noted above, due to the abrupt termination of the commercial license by Medimmune (AstraZeneca), enrollment in AR-320-003 study was put on hold.

To complement our suite of targeted antibody product candidates, we are developing AR-501 (gallium(III) citrate) as an anti-infective therapy to manage both chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. AR-501 exhibits broad antimicrobial activity against antibiotic resistant gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in free-living, or planktonic, and biofilm communities, as well as against non-tuberculosis mycobacteria and fungi. We believe AR-501’s unique combination of broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens, lower propensity to develop resistance than inhaled TOBI (tobramycin) and Cayston (aztreonam), and less frequent dosing as compared to SOC, make it an ideal candidate for treatment of chronic polymicrobial infections, such as lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. AR-501 has been granted Fast-Track and QIDP designations by the FDA.

To enhance delivery to the lungs and provide a simple method of administration, we are developing AR-501 as an inhaled formulation that can be administered conveniently with one of several commercially available liquid nebulization devices. We were awarded a development grant from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation for up to approximately $7.5 million to develop an aerosolized formulation of AR-501 to manage bacterial lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. We have produced good manufacturing practice, or GMP, clinical bulk drug that is ready for use in human clinical trials, and we have completed good laboratory practice, or GLP, toxicology studies. We believe that the novel characteristics of AR-501, namely broad-spectrum activity, lower propensity to develop resistance, and long half-life, may enable cystic fibrosis patients to avoid the current need for the intermittent “drug holidays” commonly employed with SOC drugs such as TOBI (tobramycin). The novel characteristics of AR-501 may also benefit patients with other infectious lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia.

AR-501 is a proprietary formulation of gallium(III) citrate. Trivalent ions of the element gallium (Ga) have biologic activity because Ga(III) chemically mimics the ferric iron ions (Fe(III)) that bacteria and many other microorganisms require for survival. Bacterial iron-binding proteins imperfectly distinguish Ga(III) from Fe(III), functionally starving bacteria of iron and poisoning critical Fe(III)-dependent metabolic pathways. We believe this novel mechanism of action is distinct from those underlying all current antibiotics.

There is a long history of administering gallium(III) salts to humans. Gallium scans are used as diagnostic tests to identify areas of inflammation, infection, or cancer in the body, and Ganite, a formulation of gallium(III) nitrate, was introduced in 2003 as an FDA-approved intravenous treatment for hypercalcemia secondary to cancer. The anti-infective activity was only recently demonstrated using gallium(III) nitrate in citrate buffer. Our in vitro tests and in vivo animal studies show that gallium(III) citrate exhibits the same antimicrobial activity as gallium(III) nitrate in citrate buffer, demonstrating that Ga(III) ion itself, and not any particular salt form, is responsible for the anti-infective activity.

More than 50 published human clinical trials conducted in more than 1,000 cancer patients attest to the safety of systemic Ga(III) compounds and establish a tolerated dose that greatly exceeds the dose at which we project AR-501 will be used. Recently an open-label Phase 1 proof-of-concept clinical trial of Ganite administered intravenously to cystic fibrosis patients showed evidence of an improvement in lung function and reduction of P. aeruginosa burden in the lungs. Investigators at the University of Washington, or UW, and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation conducted the clinical study, and we analyzed patient samples to determine pharmacokinetics. The aim of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics, lung distribution, and safety of intravenous Ga(III) in cystic fibrosis patients. This non-randomized Phase 1 study comprised two dosing cohorts (cohort one: n=9 patients, cohort two: n=11 patients). Analysis of subjects’ sputum, urine, and plasma showed persistent Ga(III) levels in sputum up to 28 days after a single dose. Encouragingly, a number of patients in both cohorts showed significant reduction in sputum P. aeruginosa and an improvement in steady forced expiratory volume (FEV1) throughout the 28 days. We anticipate that inhaled AR-501 can result in at least 100-fold higher Ga(III) concentration in the lungs. The UW investigators continue to develop Ganite as an intravenous treatment for cystic fibrosis associated lung infections and initiated a randomized, double-blind Phase 2 clinical study in cystic fibrosis patients. This study was completed in the second half of 2018 and provided clinical evidence of the safety and efficacy of Ga(III) in cystic fibrosis patients (see Goss, C. et al. The Ignite Study: IV Gallium Nitrate As A Treatment For Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection In CF. North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference Abstract number 307, 2018).

AR-501 exhibits antimicrobial activity in diverse in vitro and in vivo bacterial infection models. The in vitro activity of Ga(III) salts extends to many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, fungi and in vivo activity has been demonstrated against P. aeruginosa when administered via inhalation and intraperitoneal injection. We showed that persistent exposure of P. aeruginosa to gallium(III) citrate did not change the minimum inhibitory concentration, or MIC, whereas parallel studies demonstrated a greater than eight-fold rise in MIC for the antibiotics tobramycin, vancomycin, or aztreonam. Thus, we believe that for mechanistic reasons, bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to Ga(III) compounds than to conventional antibiotics. Pharmacokinetic studies of inhaled AR-501 in mice showed the initial half-life was 0.6 hours and the terminal half-life was 40.0 hours. In preclinical animal lung infection studies, AR-501 at an inhaled dose as low as 3.7 mg/kg is protective against a lethal challenge with P. aeruginosa strain PA103.

We tested the local effects of inhaled Ga(III) on lung tissues by examining the acute pulmonary toxicity of inhaled gallium(III) nitrate formulated in a citrate buffer in mice. We exposed animals to aerosolized gallium(III) nitrate formulated in a citrate buffer (12.5 mg/mL) for two, four, or six hours in a whole body exposure chamber. Histopathological evaluation revealed no significant changes in lung tissues. Inflammation was observed that reached a maximum at four to eight hours post dosing but waned beyond eight hours. Mice and subsequently dogs that were administered AR-501 by inhalation once per week for 28 days (five administrations), showed unremarkable clinical chemistry findings, and no significant adverse observations were noted in the lungs or kidneys. The no observed adverse effect level from the GLP toxicology testing has been established.

The Phase 1 portion of the clinical study in healthy adults has been completed and results were reported in 2020. The Phase 2a clinical study is initiated and enrollment was recently completed. We delivered top-line data in the first quarter of 2023.

The Phase 2a study of AR-501 enrolled 42 adults, ages 18–80, with CF and confirmed P. aeruginosa bacterial colonization to evaluate the safety and pharmacological properties of three (3) weekly doses of AR-501 administered as a liquid aerosol at 6.4mg (low dose cohort), 20mg (mid dose cohort), and 40mg (high dose cohort). Dose related increase in blood serum level of gallium was observed, reaching 0.6ug/mL AR-501 after the third inhaled dose at day 14 for the high dose cohort. Sputum levels of gallium, a surrogate for level in lung fluids, were well over 50 ug/mL, which is greater than 50-fold required to inhibit P. aeruginosa . Prior Phase 1 & 2 studies of 5-day continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of gallium resulted in statistically significant lung function improvements and reductions of P. aeruginosa in CF patients, despite low sputum uptake (~1ug/mL) and high blood serum exposures (2-3 ug/mL) [see Goss, CH et al. Sci Transl Med. 2018 September 26; 10(460). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7520]. The current pharmacokinetics data of inhaled delivery showed >10-fold higher respiratory uptake of gallium (AR-501) and ~5-fold lower blood serum exposure as compared to IV delivery.

Inhaled AR-501 was found to be well tolerated. The majority of adverse events (AEs) were non-serious and deemed not related to the study drug by the blinded study investigator. Most AEs were Grade 1 or Grade 2 in severity. Most common treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were respiratory in nature (e.g., cough, throat irritation), with one Grade 3 TEAE of dry throat and cough that occurred in the first of the 3 inhaled doses. An independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) consisting of CF physicians has reviewed the safety data and authorized the escalation to the 80 mg (highest) dose cohort. Aridis received approval by the FDA and support from the CF Foundation to continue the study with the 80mg cohort to explore the drug candidate’s potential at a higher dose. Data from the highest cohort are expected in the second half of 2023.

AR-501’s once weekly inhaled formulation of gallium, given in either a single ascending dose or a multiple ascending dose regimen (5 weekly doses), was also found to be safe and well-tolerated in 48 healthy adults participating in the Phase 1 part of Aridis’ Phase 1/2a study (NCT03669614).

AR-501 has received Orphan Drug designation in the US and in Europe, Fast Track and Qualified Infectious Diseases Product (QIDP) designations from the US FDA as a potential treatment of CF-related lung infections.

With the substantial number of people unvaccinated and immunocompromised world-wide, and the emergence of new variants that can evade immune protection, a great need remains for new therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 that are unlikely to be impacted by its continued evolution. Furthermore, there is a potential treatment advantage of combining Abs that simultaneously inhibit multiple viral functions. AR-701 is a cocktail of two fully human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) lambda mAbs AR-720 and AR-703 that inhibits both ACE2 binding and viral fusion. The cocktail directed at the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-protein) receptor binding domain (RBD) and the stem ‘S2’ region, respectively. AR-701 was identified by screening the blood of COVID-19 convalescent patients. Antibodies directed to the S-protein RBD are generally thought to be required for blockage of viral binding and host cell entry via the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, and thus viral neutralizing. RBD is used predominantly as the target in clinical stage vaccines and antibody candidates, with positive clinical responses, with two mAbs receiving Emergency Use Authorization (EAU) from the FDA. AR-703 recognizes all human β-coronavirus and neutralize SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. It has demonstrated significant prophylactic activity in K18 hACE2 mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 Wa-1, Beta, and Omicron. AR-703 delivered as a single 4 mg/kg intranasal (i.n.) dose to hamsters 12 hours following infection with SARS-CoV-2/Delta protected them from weight loss, with therapeutic activity further enhanced when combined with AR-720, an S1-specific neutralizing mAb. As little as 2 mg/kg of AR-703 i.n. 20 hours following infection with SARS-CoV/Urbani protected hamsters from weight loss and significantly reduced upper and lower respiratory viral burden. These results indicate co-operativity between S1 and S2 specific neutralizing mAbs and that potent universal coronavirus neutralizing mAbs with therapeutic potential may be induced in humans and may inform universal coronavirus vaccine development. AR-701 showed broad binding to SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates, including recently reported variants of SARS-CoV-2 such as the variants associated with the UK, South Africa, Brazil and Japan SARS-CoV-2, Delta, and Omicron. AR-701 also binds and neutralized SARS and MERS coronaviruses, which were viruses that caused prior pandemic in China and the Middle East, respectively.

Different from other mAb therapies that are under clinical testing, AR-701 is intended to be delivered via inhalation. COVID-19 mAb has been shown to mediate therapeutic treatment benefits and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals at a lung deposited dose level that is more than 100-fold lower than the dose required to achieve similar levels of efficacy when delivered by the parenteral route of administration (Piepenbrink, et al., Cell Reports Medicine doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100218). AR-701 has shown evidence of treatment benefit as low as 0.6 mg/kg of inhaled dose, equivalent to 0.01mg/kg of lung deposited dose (Figure 9).

Intraperitoneal (IP) or intranasal showed eradication of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of infected ACE2 mice and protection from mortality.

There are two key advantages of inhalation delivery of a mAb over standard IV administration. The first is dosing efficiency and dose sparing as compared to the parenteral routes of administration. With an efficient nebulization device, up to half the dose or more can be deposited in the lungs, which is the target organ. In contrast, a recent clinical study showed that when a 1800 mg mAb dose is delivered by IV, the estimated peak concentration of drug reached in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in the lungs (Cmax) was only 128 µg/mL (Magyarics, et al, 2019), which represents less than 0.2% of the drug administered (Fröhlich, et al, 2016). The benefit of significant dose sparing provided by inhalation administration will alleviate supply constraints for the drug, allowing the treatment of significantly more patients from each mAb production batch and thereby expanding the number of patients that can receive the drug. The second key advantage of inhalation delivery over parenteral delivery is convenience. Administration by inhalation does not require a hospital or clinic, and, as with many other inhaled treatments such as those for cystic fibrosis or asthma, can be performed by the patient themselves in their own home. The convenience of self-administration in an outpatient setting is designed to lower the barrier to COVID-19 treatment. This can also reduce the burden on hospital resources, reducing exposure risks to health care workers. These advantages, combined with increased supply, enables a uniquely positioned mAb treatment in much broader patient settings.

AR-401 is our mAb discovery program aimed at treating infections caused by A. baumannii, which is a gram-negative pathogen that is rapidly emerging as a serious threat to patients in hospital care. Its high level of resistance to first-line antibiotic therapies, potential to survive prolonged periods on dry surfaces and ability to form biofilms rapidly on artificial devices, such as catheters and ventilators, have made it particularly virulent. The clinical impact of A. baumannii infections can have serious adverse consequences with crude mortality rates reaching 30% in infected ICU patients. Moreover, infection with A. baumannii leads to an increased length of stay at the ICU of an average of 15 extra days. We intend to develop an anti-A. baumannii human mAb to address the unmet medical need for new and effective anti-infectives to treat severe and life-threatening infections caused by this difficult-to-treat bacterium.

We have made significant progress toward the identification of potential anti-microbial targets on A. baumannii, which we believe will facilitate the development of both active and passive immune-based therapies. We believe our preliminary target identification work on A. baumannii is among the most comprehensive to date. We used a proteomic approach to identify bacterial surface proteins that are accessible to the immune system. We then performed a thorough analysis using multiple bioinformatic tools that reduced the number of identified proteins to eight outer membrane proteins on A. baumannii. Our studies showed that active immunization with each protein reduced mortality in a pneumonia model. Antibodies against these A. baumannii targets were also detected in the majority of A. baumannii infected patient sera. Polyclonal rabbit immune sera raised against these targets mediated protection in the Acinetobacter pneumonia mouse model as shown by a reduction of mortality and clinical score.

Of the eight surface proteins identified as potential targets for mAbs, three have been previously characterized. The five remaining proteins are of unknown function, potentially representing completely unique and innovative targets. Antibody titers to all eight proteins can be detected in sera of convalescent patients whereas sera from healthy donors from a regional blood bank have only very low or undetectable antibody serum titers to these proteins. An initial study demonstrated that the peripheral blood lymphocytes, or PBL, from patients with a high serum titer can result in hybridoma cell lines that specifically stain A. baumannii cells. Our planned next step for this program is to select a lead therapeutic mAb and advance into in vitro potency testing and in vivo assessment of therapeutic efficacy in an A. baumannii challenge mouse model.

Our proprietary MabIgX and λPEX discovery platforms enable us to rapidly screen, identify and optimize fully human therapeutic mAb product candidates directly from the B-cells of patients. We have developed a method of selecting rare, potent B-cells isolated either from convalescent individuals who have successfully survived an infection with the pathogen or healthy individuals who have been actively immunized with a vaccine against a target pathogen. These B-cells produce antibodies that are highly relevant for the body’s defense against a particular pathogen and which we believe will be highly protective mAb therapeutic product candidates. Our mAb product candidates are of completely human origin, which we believe maximizes the antibodies’ protection and effector functions and minimizes the risk of adverse reactions.

We believe our MabIgX and λPEX drug discovery platforms, which enable us to rapidly identify and manufacture naturally occurring fully human antibody product candidates, provides us with the following competitive advantages:

Our technology enables us to overcome one of the major challenges in developing human therapeutic mAbs, which is the inability to easily select and culture antigen-induced mAb-producing human B-cells and to use them to construct continuous mAb-producing cell lines. We have defined the properties of circulating antigen-specific human B-cells recruited through the immune response to polysaccharide and protein antigens, and have optimized their enrichment and propagation in culture for the production of fully human mAbs. After isolation, these highly antigen-specific human B-cells are for large scale manufacturing of our fully human mAbs.

Our technology enables us to isolate and select the most relevant and most effective human antibodies for a specific pathogen. Not all pathogens require the same type of immune effector function, and therefore, our immune system has developed a set of different antibody isotypes with very specific characteristics. For example, high-affinity IgG antibodies are more efficient at neutralizing viruses and preventing infections whereas IgM antibodies can more efficiently attack gram-negative bacteria by targeting the bacterial surface polysaccharides and by activating complement, which leads to a “flagging” of the bacteria, known as opsonization, and ultimately the destruction of the bacteria by the immune system. It is important to isolate antibodies of the proper isotype based on the infection targeted and the desired reaction of the human immune system. Our MabIgX technology enables the isolation of the isotype of an antibody that the human immune system utilizes to combat a particular pathogen and isolate all different isotypes.

Our λPEX^TM platform technology is also designed to discover new monoclonal antibody products directly from patients but extends beyond MabIgX’s utility in its B-cell screening capacity, with its ability to increase mAb productivity from existing mammalian production cell lines, and the involvement of a novel CHO based production cell line technology that differs from MabIgX’s usage of hybridoma cell line. APEX allows for the unbiased discovery of new and highly potent antibodies against pathogens and a methodology to maximize the production/yield of selected antibodies on a commercial scale. The platform technology is comprised of a silicon wafer-based array of nanoliter sized tissue microculture wells that enable rapid screening of antibody secreting cells, enabling discovery of potent antibodies against targets such as viruses within one day of a pandemic outbreak. It also features CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene editing enabled activation of endogenous genetic control elements that dramatically increase the yield of biotherapeutic drugs from manufacturing production cell lines, and a proprietary production cell line that is designed to rapidly manufacture multiple monoclonal antibody therapeutics at approximately half the manufacturing cycle time than current available manufacturing technologies. We have licensed the CRISPR gene editing technology from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.

λPEX^TMis expected to facilitate the rapid discovery and production of critical therapies for companies operating in the biopharmaceutical, biomanufacturing and biosimilar space. A summary of the λPEX technology suite is shown in Figure 10.

λPEX^TMTechnology Suite Comprises Several Related Technologies that Enable Rapid Discovery of mAb and Scale up Manufacturing

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain, maintain, and enforce patents and other proprietary protections of our commercially important technologies and product candidates, to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others, and to maintain trade secrets or other proprietary know-how, both in the U.S. and other countries. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products will depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that protect these activities. We seek to protect proprietary technology, inventions, and improvements that are commercially important to our business by seeking, maintaining, and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties.

As of December 31, 2022, our patent estate includes approximately 98 issued patents (approximately 27 of which are in the U.S.) and approximately 58 pending patent applications (approximately 8 of which are in the U.S.), which we either own or for which we have an exclusive commercial license (either in its entirety or within our field of use), as is more fully described below.

Our AR 301 patent estate includes a patent family that we own related to AR 301 titled “Human Monoclonal Antibody against S. aureus derived alpha toxin and its use in treating or preventing abscess formation” which has a priority date of August 10, 2009. Issued claims include: composition of matter claims to a human mAb that binds to S. aureus alpha toxin and a cell line producing the antibody. Patents in this family have been issued in Europe, the U.S., Brazil, Canada, China, Israel, India, Japan, Korea and Russia. Issued patents are expected to expire in 2030, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions. The portfolio is complemented by a patent family in-licensed from University of Chicago and titled “Methods and Compositions related to Immunizing Against Staphylococcal Lung Diseases and Conditions.” This patent family includes twelve patents, which are granted in jurisdictions including Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the U.S., and two patent applications that are pending in Hong Kong and the U.S. Patents in this family are expected to expire in 2028, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

AR-320: Antibodies That Specifically Bind Staphylococcus aureus Alpha Toxin and Methods of Use

Furthermore the portfolio is complemented by 4 patent families in-licensed from Astra Zeneca/Medimmune and titled “Antibodies That Specifically Bind Staphylococcus aureus Alpha Toxin and Methods of Use”. The patent family protecting the antibody (composition of matter) has a priority date of February 08, 2011. Issued claims include: composition of matter claims to a human mAb that binds to S. aureus alpha . Patents in this family have been issued in Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Europe, the U.S., China, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Hongkong, Jersey, Israel, India, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mexico, Russia and Singapore. National patent applications are currently pending in Brazil, Europe, Hongkong, Mexico, Singapore. Issued patents are expected to expire in 2032, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions. In addition, there are three additional patent families covering methods of use, which are expected to expire in 2033, 2035 and 2040, respectively.

Our AR 501 patent estate includes two patent families, one of which we own and one of which is in-licensed from the University of Iowa Research Foundation. These patents are directed to Gallium containing formulations for anti-infective indications and methods of using the same. These patent families include granted patents in Australia, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, and the U.S. The in-licensed issued patents are expected to expire in 2024 and the patents that we own are expected to expire in 2030, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Our patent estate for AR 701 includes a two patent families titled “Human monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV2 and use thereof “ and “Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 domain and uses thereof” which have been in-licensed from University of Alabama. The provisional applications have a priority date of 03 September 2020 and 03 September 2021. PCT-applications have been filed in September 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Our patent estate for AR 401 includes a patent family titled “Novel targets of Acinetobacter baumannii” with priority to November 30, 2011. This family includes issued patents in Australia, China, Europe, Japan and the U.S. A patent application is pending in Canada. Claims in these patents and applications include those directed to certain vaccine compositions and to mAb against outer membrane protein targets. Patents in this family are expected to expire in 2032, and any patents that may issue from the pending patent application are expected to expire in 2032, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Our AR-101 patent estate includes a patent family, titled “Human Monoclonal Antibody Specific for LPS of serotype IATS 011 Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” with issued patents in seven jurisdictions including Canada, Europe, China, India, Israel, Japan, and the U.S. The issued patents include claims directed to certain antibodies, variants or Fab fragments thereof, hybridomas producing the antibodies, as well as nucleic acids encoding the antibodies. In the U.S. issued claims are directed to antibodies with specific variable region sequences that bind LPS of the P. aeruginosa LPS serotype IATS 011, or with variable region sequences having 85% identity thereto. Similar claims were granted in Europe, Canada, China, Israel, India and Japan. Patents in this family are expected to expire in 2026, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions. Additionally, we own a U.S. patent covering the O6 serotype of P. aeruginosa LPS titled “Human Monoclonal Antibody Specific for LPS of Serotype IATS O6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa”. This issued US patent is expected to expire in 2026, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Our patent estate for AR-201 comprises two U.S. patent and pending patent applications in Canada, China, Europe and India titled “Human Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).” Claims in the U.S. patents are directed to antibodies with specificity to a region of RSV F protein, methods of producing certain antibodies and methods of treating or preventing RSV infections with such antibodies. The U.S. patents are expected to expire in 2034 and—in case of grant-currently pending patent applications are expected to expire in 2035, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Complementing the product specific patents is a pharmaceutical processing and formulation technology related portfolio comprising five patent families of which one was in-licensed. The patent families consist of nine national patents and patent applications on formulation and delivery technologies. The issued patents have expected expiration ranges between 2028 and 2038, and the pending patent applications are expected to expire between 2028 and 2040, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions. Claims in the patents are directed to formulation, stabilization, and delivery of pharmaceuticals.

We are also actively pursuing additional patent applications in the U.S. and foreign patent jurisdictions for other preclinical product candidates and methods of use, including additional product candidates for infectious disease. In addition, we will pursue patent protection whenever it is deemed sufficiently beneficial for any product or product candidate and related technology we develop and/or acquire in the future.

The patent positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued. Consequently, we do not know whether the product candidates we are developing will gain patent protection or, if patents are issued, whether they will provide significant proprietary protection or will be challenged, circumvented, invalidated, or found to be unenforceable. Because patent applications in the U.S. and certain other jurisdictions are maintained in secrecy for 18 months, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain of the priority of inventions or filing dates covered by pending patent applications. Moreover, we may have to participate in post-grant proceedings, interference proceedings, or third-party ex parte or inter partes reexamination proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or in opposition proceedings in a foreign patent office, any of which could result in substantial cost to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. There can be no assurance that the patents, if issued, would be held valid and enforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from third parties or require us to cease using specific compounds or technology. To the extent it is prudent, we intend to bring litigation against third parties that we believe are infringing one or more of our patents or other intellectual property rights.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the U.S., a patent term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent. Some of our patents currently benefit from patent term adjustment and some of our patents that will be issued in the future may benefit from patent term adjustment.

The patent term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved product may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Act, permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the product is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved product may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other non-U.S. jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved product. In the future, if and when our product candidates receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent-term extensions on patents covering those products.

To protect our rights to any of our issued patents and proprietary information, we may need to litigate against infringing third parties, or avail ourselves of the courts or participate in hearings to determine the scope and validity of those patents or other proprietary rights. These types of proceedings are often costly and could be very time-consuming to us, and there can be no assurance that the deciding authorities will rule in our favor. An unfavorable decision could allow third parties to use our technology without being required to pay us licensing fees or may compel us to license needed technologies to avoid infringing third-party patent and proprietary rights. Such a decision could even result in the invalidation or a limitation in the scope of our patents or forfeiture of the rights associated with our patents or pending patent applications.

We also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. No assurance can be given that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose such technology, or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. However, we believe that the substantial costs and resources required to develop technological innovations will help us to protect the competitive advantage of our products.

It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting or collaborative relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual shall be and are our exclusive property. There can be no assurance, however, that these agreements will provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies for our trade secrets in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information.

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard — Non-Exclusive Manufacturing License Agreement

We entered into a non-exclusive manufacturing licensing agreement with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (the “Broad Institute”) in 2021 to make and manufacture CRISPR Modified Cell Lines, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. These license rights permit the non-exclusive use of the CRISPR Technology for the creation of and improvement of yield from protein and mAb production cell lines, which is one of the core components of the λPEX^TM mAb discovery and manufacturing production technology.

Pursuant to this agreement, we are obligated to pay to the Broad Institute an issue fee of $25,000, an annual license maintenance fee of $50,000 in 2022, and fees of $100,000 in 2023 and each year thereafter. Additionally, we are obligated to pay a royalty of a single digit percentage of all service income received from a customer for the manufacture, sale or transfer of CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants or end products, as well as a small royalty (a fraction of a percent) on end product net sales from use of any commercialized product that contains any small or large molecule made through the use of a CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. The term of the license agreement continues until all patents and filed patent applications, included within the licensed Broad Institute patents, have expired or been abandoned.

The University of Iowa Research Foundation—Exclusive Patent License Agreement

We are party to an exclusive licensing agreement with The University of Iowa Research Foundation (UIRF) relating to our AR-501 product candidate, which we entered into in 2010. The agreement granted to us is an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under its rights in methods relating to gallium containing compounds for the treatment of infections to make, use and sell products that are covered by such patent rights worldwide. The UIRF agreement also provided us the right to sublicense. UIRF retained the right and ability to grant right to use such patent rights for academic and research purposes, and also to certain pre-existing rights of the U.S. government including the rights of United States Department of Veterans Affairs. We paid $25,000 to UIRF in connection with entering into the UIRF agreement.

We also are obligated to pay UIRF low single digit percentage royalties on net sales from our and our sublicensee’s sale of any commercialized licensed product or process, and certain other milestone and other payments. The aggregate milestone payments under the UIRF agreement potentially total up to $712,500. We are responsible for diligently prosecuting and maintaining the licensed UIRF patent rights, at our sole cost and expense.

The UIRF agreement provides that we have certain obligations to conduct further research and development, and are obligated to utilize reasonable efforts to commercialize, either directly or through a sublicensee, the licensed UIRF patent rights as licensed products or processes.

The term of the agreement continues until the expiration of the last to expire patents (which is expected to be in 2034), or until the agreement is earlier terminated. We may terminate the agreement on 90 days prior written notice to UIRF. Each party has the right to terminate the agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach of obligations under the agreement.

Additionally, the UIRF Agreement will terminate upon any of the following events:

In December 2016, pursuant to a letter agreement between us and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, we received an award for up to $2.9 million from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to advance research on potential drugs utilizing inhaled gallium citrate anti-infective. On November 26, 2018, pursuant to an amendment to the letter agreement, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation increased the potential award to up to approximately $7.5 million. Under the award agreement, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation will make payments to us as certain milestones are met. The award agreement also contains a provision whereby if we spend less on developing a potential drug utilizing inhaled gallium citrate anti-infective than we actually receive under this award agreement, we will be required to return the excess portion of the award to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. No liability related to this excess amount was recorded by us as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

In the event that development efforts are successful and we commercialize a drug from these related development efforts, we may be subject to pay to Cystic Fibrosis Foundation a one-time amount equal to nine times the awarded amount. Such amount shall be paid in not more than five annual installments.

In the event that we license rights to the product in the field to a third-party, sell the product, or consummate a change of control transaction prior to the first commercial sale, we shall pay to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation an amount equal to fifteen percent (15%) of the amounts received by us and its shareholders in connection with such disposition up to nine times the actual awarded amount received from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

In the event that the development efforts are delayed, which result from events within our control, for more than one hundred eighty (180) consecutive days at any time before we first commercialize the drug from the related development efforts, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation may provide an interruption notice to us. We then have thirty (30) days to respond to such notice. If we do not respond within thirty (30) days, an interruption license shall be effective. The interruption license to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is an exclusive, worldwide license under the development program technology to manufacture, have manufactured, license, use, sell, offer to sell, and support the product in the field and includes financial conditions for both parties.

In July 2021, the Company executed the License Agreement with MedImmune pursuant to which MedImmune granted the Company an exclusive worldwide license for the development and commercialization of suvratoxumab, a Phase 3 ready fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin (the “Licensed Product”). As consideration for the MedImmune License Agreement, the Company issued 884,956 shares of its common stock to MedImmune and a $5.0 million cash payment is due to MedImmune upon the earlier of (i) a registered direct offering in which the Company receives third-party funding or (ii) December 31, 2022. The due date was not enforced by the licensor and the $5.0 million liability remains unpaid as of December 31, 2022. It therefore has been included in accrued liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022, and recorded as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair value of the 884,956 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with the MedImmune License agreement was approximately $6.5 million (see Note 9) which the Company recognized as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations and additional paid-in capital within equity in its consolidated balance sheet during the year ended December 31, 2021.

As additional consideration, the Company will pay MedImmune milestone payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals, for one licensed product, up to a total aggregate amount of $30.0 million and sales related milestone payments of up to $85.0 million. There are no development milestone payments. MedImmune is entitled to royalty payments based on aggregate net sales ranging from 12.5% to 15% dependent on net sales volume. Further, until delivery of an interim data readout, or an interim futility analysis, from the first Phase 3 clinical study for any indication, MedImmune has a right of first negotiation regarding any commercial rights that the Company intends to sub-license. The term of the MedImmune License Agreement continues until the expiration of the last royalty term for the last licensed product as defined in the license agreement.

In July 2019, we entered into an Option Agreement for Exclusive Product and Platform Technology License (the Option Agreement) with Serum International BV, a company incorporated in the Netherlands (SIBV). Pursuant to the Option Agreement, SIBV made a fee payment to us in the amount of $5 million.

In September 2019, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the License Agreement) with Serum AMR Products, a Netherlands based company (SAMR), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of SIBV, pursuant to the previous Option Agreement, and received an upfront cash payment of $10 million (in addition to the $5 million that was initially received upon the parties entering into the Option Agreement).

Additionally, in certain circumstances, SAMR and us will agree to commit to negotiate in good faith to extend the rights granted in the License Agreement to include an exclusive license to make, have made, import, use and have used, and sell and have sold, certain Aridis Products in the European Union during the Term. Such an obligation upon us to negotiate such rights is preconditioned upon the demonstration of certain milestones by SAMR, including its obtaining, under certain funding programs, sufficient financial support to cover all requisite clinical development and manufacturing development costs, under terms which allow distribution of Aridis Products at commercially reasonable prices and without materially hindering distribution of Aridis Products in any other territories.

Pursuant to the License Agreement, SAMR shall make commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all regulatory approvals, to have approved for commercialization and sale, and to commercialize and sell (i) Aridis Products in the Limited Territory, and (ii) SAMR Products and the AR-201 product in the Worldwide Territory.

In addition to the upfront payments noted above, upon the achievement of certain milestones, SAMR shall pay us up to $42.5 million in milestone fees related to the products covered in the License Agreement. SAMR shall also be obligated to pay us royalties ranging from 4% to 6% on net sales of all licensed products, except for Aridis Products in the European Union, should such be authorized at a later date, which require payment of 20% royalties on the net sales of those products.

On May 3, 2023, we sent written notice to Serum AMR Products stating that as of May 8, 2023, the License Agreement would terminate pursuant to Section 13.3(a) of the License Agreement for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the License Agreement.

We are a party to an asset purchase agreement with Kenta Biotech Ltd., (Kenta), a for profit corporation incorporated in Schlieren (Canton of Zurich, Switzerland). The asset purchase agreement contains a licensing arrangement based upon the worldwide out licensing or net sales of certain of Kenta’s physical assets, contracts and technology. Pursuant to such agreement, we were obligated to pay Kenta a fixed purchase price, which was fully paid during 2013 and 2014, and are obligated to pay a declining scale of royalties on gross licensing revenues from either out-licensing of the assets or net sales revenues actually received by us up to a maximum of $50 million.

The agreement also assigned and transferred certain of Kenta’s physical assets, contracts and technology to us. The physical assets included all physical assets owned or controlled by Kenta, including but not limited to cell lines, genes, antibodies, diagnostic assays and related documentation, which were related to Kenta’s MabIgX technology platform for hybridoma generation and its mAb targeting S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and RSV. The technology included all intellectual property, including but not limited to patents, patent applications, trademarks, knowhow, trade secrets, regulatory filings, clinical trials, clinical trial information, all supporting documentation and all other related intellectual property which are related to Kenta’s MabIgX technology platform for hybridoma generation and its mAb targeting S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and RSV. The contracts included the contracts and agreements (including all rights and obligations thereunder), whether oral or written, which Kenta has concluded and which pertain to the assets. The contracts were primarily related to the ongoing clinical trial of AR-301.

We are party to a license agreement with Emergent Product Development Gaithersburg Inc. (Emergent), which we entered into in 2010. We granted Emergent an exclusive, perpetual, royalty-bearing license to use certain of our patents and related know how for the prevention or treatment of infection or illness caused by biodefense pathogens. We also granted a non-exclusive, royalty-bearing license to use certain of our patents and related know how for the prevention or treatment of tularemia and viral hemorrhagic fever indications. Both exclusive and non-exclusive licenses grant Emergent the opportunity to Exploit Licensed Products as defined in the Emergent Agreement in all of the countries of the world. There are currently no commercialized Exploit Licensed Products using this technology.

Emergent is obligated to pay us low single digit percentage royalties on net sales from their and their sublicensee’s sale of any commercialized licensed product, and certain other payments. The aggregate milestone payments that we are entitled to pursuant to the Emergent Agreement potentially total up to $2.8 million.

The term of the Emergent Agreement continues until expiration of all royalty obligations or until the agreement is terminated earlier. Emergent may terminate the agreement upon 60 days prior written notice. In addition, the Emergent Agreement terminates in the event the parties mutually agree to terminate the agreement.

We entered into a Joint Venture Contract, as amended, effective August 6, 2018, (JV Agreement) with Shenzhen Hepalink Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., a People’s Republic of China company (Hepalink), a related party and significant shareholder in the Company, pursuant to which we formed a Joint Venture company named Shenzhen Arimab BioPharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (SABC), a People’s Republic of China Company, to develop, manufacture, import and distribute AR-101, AR-301 and AR-105 in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, collectively, referred to as the Territory. The Joint Venture received regulatory approval in China and SABC was formed on July 2, 2018.

Hepalink contributed the equivalent of $7.2 million in renminbi, the official currency of the People’s Republic of China, and owns 51% of the capital of SABC and we contributed (i) $1.0 million in cash and (ii) a license to AR-101, AR-301 and AR-105 pursuant to an Amended and Restated Technology License and Collaboration Agreement between us and SABC and we own 49% of the capital of SABC. In addition, Hepalink will provide SABC with clinical and regulatory personnel services for clinical and regulatory review, application and filing procedures in the Territory and we will provide clinical and regulatory personnel services to assist in coordination of the execution of the clinical study in China and also with CMC personnel services for drug supply and manufacturing planning. Hepalink is obligated to make an additional equity investment of $10.8 million into SABC in connection with a future financing of SABC provided that (i) such financing does not occur earlier than January 1, 2019, (ii) top-line clinical results of the first global AR-301 Phase 3 study are available, (iii) CFDA approval for a Phase 3 clinical trial in China is granted, (iv) we have not breached the Amended and Restated Technology License and Collaboration Agreement and (v) the SABC Board has approved such financing. If and to the extent these milestone events occur and Hepalink contributes additional capital to SABC, our 49% ownership stake in SABC will be diminished in proportion to such investment. It was agreed by the parties that we shall be reimbursed for certain legal and contract manufacturing expenses related to the clinical drug supply for a Phase 3 clinical study of AR-301 and the clinical drug supply for a clinical study of AR-105.

The Board of Directors of SABC consists of five directors, of which Hepalink appoints three members and we appoint two members. The term of office for each director is for four years. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of SABC were approved by unanimous consent of the Board of Directors of SABC. The term of SABC is 20 years from the date of formation.

We operate in a highly regulated industry that is subject to significant federal, state, local and foreign regulation. Our present and future business has been, and will continue to be, subject to a variety of laws including, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDC Act, and the Public Health Service Act, among others.

The FDC Act and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern the testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our products. As a result of these laws and regulations, product development and product approval processes are very expensive and time-consuming.

In the United States, pharmaceutical products, including biologics, are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The FDC Act and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending new drug applications, or NDAs, or biologic license applications, or BLAs, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical product development in the United States typically involves preclinical laboratory and animal tests, the submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before clinical testing may commence, and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the drug or biologic for each indication for which FDA approval is sought. Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential pharmacology and toxicity of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including good laboratory practices. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has not objected to the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted in compliance with federal regulations and good clinical practices, or GCP, as well as under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.

The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The clinical trial protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an institutional review board, or IRB, for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions.

Clinical trials to support NDAs or BLAs, which are applications for marketing approval, are typically conducted in three sequential Phases, but the Phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the investigational drug candidate into healthy human subjects or patients, the investigational drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, early evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population, to determine the effectiveness of the investigational drug for a particular indication or indications, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage, and identify common adverse effects and safety risks. In the case of product candidates for severe or life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients rather than in healthy volunteers.

If an investigational drug demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 clinical trials are undertaken to obtain additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the investigational drug and to provide adequate information for its labeling.

After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA or, in the case of a biologic, a BLA, is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the marketing application is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The marketing application must include the results of all preclinical, clinical and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA or BLA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of marketing applications. Most such applications for non-priority drug products are reviewed within ten months. The review process may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider new information submitted during the review or clarification regarding information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving a marketing application, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP.

Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the NDA or, in the case of a biologic, the BLA unless compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) is satisfactory and the marketing application contains data that provide substantial evidence that the product is safe and effective in the indication studied. Manufacturers of biologics also must comply with FDA’s general biological product standards.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA or BLA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed in a resubmission of the marketing application, the FDA will re-initiate review. If the FDA is satisfied that the deficiencies have been addressed, the agency will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. It is not unusual for the FDA to issue a complete response letter because it believes that the drug product is not safe enough or effective enough or because it does not believe that the data submitted are reliable or conclusive.

An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of approval of the marketing application, the FDA may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug product’s safety or efficacy and may impose other conditions, including labeling restrictions, which can materially affect the product’s potential market and profitability. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives to manufacturers to develop and market drugs for rare diseases and conditions affecting fewer than 200,000 persons in the U.S. at the time of application for orphan drug designation. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the holder of the approval is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the U.S. for that product except in very limited circumstances. For example, a drug that the FDA considers to be clinically superior to, or different from, another approved orphan drug, even though for the same indication, may also obtain approval in the U.S. during the seven-year exclusive marketing period. In addition, holders of exclusivity for orphan drugs are expected to assure the availability of sufficient quantities of their orphan drugs to meet the needs of patients. Failure to do so could result in the withdrawal of marketing exclusivity for the drug.

QIDP Designation is awarded to antibacterial or antifungal product candidates for human use that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening infections caused by certain bacterial or fungal pathogens that are deemed to be a particular threat to public health. QIDP designated products have a five-year market exclusivity extension and receive priority review for the first application submitted for product approval.

Products authorized as “orphan medicinal products” in the EU are entitled to certain exclusivity benefits. In accordance with Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on orphan medicinal products, a medicinal product may be designated as an orphan medicinal product if: (1) it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (2) either (a) such condition affects no more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union when the application is made, or (b) the product, without the incentives derived from orphan medicinal product status, would not generate sufficient return in the European Union to justify investment; and (3) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU, or if such a method exists, the product will be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition.

An application for orphan drug designation must be submitted before the application for marketing authorization. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

Products authorized in the EU as orphan medicinal products are entitled to 10 years of market exclusivity. The 10-year market exclusivity may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation, for example, if the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Additionally, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar product during the 10-year period of market exclusivity for the same therapeutic indication at any time if:

Once an NDA or BLA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of therapeutic products, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet.

Biologics may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new BLA or BLA supplement, before the change can be implemented. A BLA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing BLA supplements as it does in reviewing BLAs. We cannot be certain that the FDA or any other regulatory agency will grant approval for our product candidates for any other indications or any other product candidate for any indication on a timely basis, if at all.

Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of a BLA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control as well as product manufacturing, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs after approval. Manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

Some of our product candidates currently may rely upon the use of a companion microbial diagnostic test to select patients who are infected with either S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, or A. baumannii bacteria and in the future, we may utilize other biomarkers as companion diagnostic tests for our other product candidates. Approval of our product candidates may require FDA approval of a Premarket Approval Application, or PMA, for a reproducible, validated diagnostic test to be used with our mAb product candidates.

The PMA process is costly, lengthy, and uncertain, although the PMA review for the microbial tests is not currently planned to occur concurrently with the development and review of a BLA for our product candidates. The receipt and timing of PMA approval may have a significant effect on the receipt and timing of commercial approval for our product candidates. Human diagnostic products are subject to pervasive and ongoing regulatory obligations, including the submission of medical device reports, adherence to the Quality Systems Regulation, recordkeeping and product labeling, as enforced by the FDA and comparable state authorities.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, to which we are subject, prohibits corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business or to influence a person working in an official capacity. It is illegal to pay, offer to pay or authorize the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of drug and biologic product candidates which obtain marketing approval. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, pharmaceutical manufacturers are exposed, directly, or indirectly, through customers, to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may affect the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which a pharmaceutical manufacturer can market, sell and distribute drug and biologic products. These laws include, but are not limited to:

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute which prohibits, any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in-kind, to induce or reward either the referring of an individual for, or the purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for the purchase, lease, or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid, or any other federally financed healthcare program. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases, or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor.

The federal false claims and civil monetary penalty laws, including the Federal False Claims Act, which imposes significant penalties and can be enforced by private citizens through civil qui tam actions, prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, using or causing to be made, a false statement or record material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the Federal False Claims Act. As a result of a modification made by the Federal Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. In addition, manufacturers can be held liable under the False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. Criminal prosecution is also possible for making or presenting a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim to the federal government. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with certain expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the company’s marketing of the product for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is possible that some business activities can be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry.

Ensuring that business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations is costly and time consuming. If business operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other applicable governmental regulations a pharmaceutical manufacturer may be subject to penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from governmental funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailment or restructuring of operations, any of which could adversely affect a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s ability to operate its business and the results of its operations.

In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to the healthcare system that could affect our future results of operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs. In 2010, the PPACA was enacted, which includes measures to significantly change the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are the following:

Biologics are also subject to extensive regulation outside of the U.S. In the EU, for example, there is a centralized approval procedure that authorizes marketing of a product in all countries of the EU, which includes most major countries in Europe. If this procedure is not used, approval in one country of the European Union can be used to obtain approval in another country of the EU under two simplified application processes, the mutual recognition procedure or the decentralized procedure, both of which rely on the principle of mutual recognition. After receiving regulatory approval through any of the European registration procedures, pricing and reimbursement approvals are also required in most countries.

We are also subject to numerous federal, state and local laws relating to such matters as safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, environmental protection, fire hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances and biological materials. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations now or in the future.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that can require the provision of supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of drug or biologic products to the payor. There may be significant delays in obtaining such coverage and reimbursement for newly approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers operating costs, including research, development, intellectual property, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of product from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare coverage and reimbursement determinations. It is difficult to predict what third-party payors will decide with respect to coverage and reimbursement for new drug and biologic product candidates. An inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products could have a material adverse effect on a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s operating results, ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and overall financial condition.

Reimbursement may have an impact the demand for, and/or the price of, any product which obtains marketing approval. Even if coverage is obtained for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with those medications. Patients are unlikely to use products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of the products. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new product acceptance. Coverage decisions may depend upon clinical and economic standards that disfavor new drug products when more established or lower cost therapeutic alternatives are already available or subsequently become available.

In addition, it is expected that the increased emphasis on managed care and cost containment measures in the United States by third-party payors and government authorities will continue and place further pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and coverage. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more drug products that gain regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

As of March 31, 2023, we had ____ employees, and engaged several consultants as needed to support our operations compared with 34 employees as of December 31, 2021. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. On March 31, 2023 the Company reduced its full-time employee headcount by seven. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

The following table sets forth the name, age and positions of our executive officers and directors.

Eric Patzer, Ph.D, Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors. Dr. Patzer is one of our co-founders. He was appointed Chairman in May 2014 and served as President from 2003 through 2014. Prior to that, he was VP of Development at Aviron Inc. from 1996 to 2002. Prior to that, he was VP of Product Development at Genentech from 1981 to 1996. Dr. Patzer received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University and his Ph.D. in Microbiology from University of Virginia. We believe that Dr. Patzer possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including his experience in managing projects through the entire development process to regulatory approval, his longevity in the industry, and his intimate knowledge of our company, as he is a founder.

Vu Truong, Ph.D, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Scientific Officer and Director. Dr. Truong is one of our co-founders and our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer. He has served as our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Scientific Officer and head of R&D since 2003. He has more than 15 years of experience in biopharmaceutical drug development, having held positions of increasing responsibilities at Transform Pharmaceuticals Inc., GeneMedicine Inc., Aviron Inc. and MedImmune (sold to AstraZeneca). He received his Ph.D. in Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and his B.A. in Biochemistry from Brandeis University. We believe that Dr. Truong possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including his depth of scientific, operating, strategic, transactional, and senior management experience in our industry, his longevity in the industry, and his intimate knowledge of our company, as he is a founder.

Fred Kurland, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Kurland has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2021 and served on our board of directors from August 2014 through July 2015. Mr. Kurland previously served as our Chief Financial Officer from 2015 to 2019. He is a seasoned financial executive with 40 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry. Prior to joining us he was the Vice President, Finance, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of XOMA Corporation from December 2008 through March 2015. Between 2002 and 2008 Mr. Kurland served as Chief Financial Officer of Bayhill Therapeutics, Inc., Corcept Therapeutics Inc. and Genitope Corp. From 1998 to 2002, he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Aviron, which was acquired by MedImmune in 2001. From 1996 to 1998, Mr. Kurland was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Protein Design Labs, Inc., an antibody design company, and from 1995 to 1996, he served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Applied Immune Sciences, Inc. He also held a number of financial management positions at Syntex Corporation, a pharmaceutical company acquired by Roche, including Vice President and Controller between 1991 and 1995. Mr. Kurland received his J.D. and M.B.A. from the University of Chicago and his B.S. in Business and Economics from Lehigh University.

Dr. Hasan Jafri, Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Jafri was appointed Chief Medical Officer in June 2020. He comes to the Company from AstraZeneca, where he most recently served as Senior Medical Director, Clinical Research and Development, Microbial Sciences, Clinical Head of Antibacterial mAb Program, and Coordinator of the European Public-Private COMBACTE-NET & COMBACTE-MAGNET consortia focused on antibacterial drug development supported by the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI). During his tenure at AstraZeneca, he led the clinical development of the anti-bacterial monoclonal antibodies within the Serious Bacterial Infections Franchise, including its Phase 2 programs MEDI4893 (anti-S. aureus alphatoxin mAb) and MEDI3902 (anti-P. aeruginosa Psl/PcrV mAb). He also served as the AstraZeneca representative on the Infection Control Strategic Governance Group (SGG), an industry committee tasked with advising the European Commission and IMI on R&D priorities. In addition to the antibacterial programs, Dr. Jafri has been a leader in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) R&D. Dr. Jafri has over 25 years of experience in clinical practice and research, especially in the area of serious healthcare associated and community acquired infections, respiratory viral infections and invasive fungal infections (in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts), and biomarker and translational research. He has been involved in the design and conduct of multiple Phase 1-4 clinical studies to assess novel small and large molecules against bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Prior to joining AstraZeneca, Dr. Jafri served as a professor in the department of pediatric infectious diseases and the department of clinical science research at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. He was the Chief of Division of Clinical Pharmacology, director of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases fellowship program, and director of the NICHD Pediatric Pharmacology Research Center. Dr. Jafri has authored over 70 peer reviewed journal articles and presented over 100 original research abstracts at National and International Conferences.

John Hamilton, Director. Mr. Hamilton was appointed to our Board in June 2015. He served as a director and audit chair of three companies including Vermillion Inc. from 2008 to 2013, Anesiva, Inc. during 2009 and Encompass Funds from 2012 to 2015. From 1997 until his retirement in 2007, Mr. Hamilton served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Depomed, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on enhancing pharmaceutical products. Prior to that, from 1992 to 1996, he was the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Glyko Inc. From 1987 to 1992 Mr. Hamilton was Manager of Financial Planning and Analysis and then Treasurer at Chiron Corp. From 1985 to 1987 he was Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary of American Hawaii Cruises, Inc. From 1968 to 1985 he began his career in international banking with The Philadelphia National Bank and then Crocker National Bank. Mr. Hamilton sits on the regional Board of Directors of the Association of Bioscience Financial Officers and is past-president of the Treasurers Club of San Francisco. Mr. Hamilton received his M.B.A. from the University of Chicago and B.A. in International Relations from the University of Pennsylvania. We believe that Mr. Hamilton possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including the depth of his financial, accounting and operating experience.

Susan Windham-Bannister, Ph.D., Director. Dr. Windham-Bannister was appointed to our Board in June 2019. Dr. Windham-Bannister currently serves as President and CEO of Biomedical Growth Strategies., LLC and Managing Partner of Biomedical Innovation Advisors, LLC, a strategic advisory firm serving the healthcare industry which she founded with Dr. Harvey Lodish, co-founder of Genzyme. From 2008-2015, Dr. Windham-Bannister served as founding President and Chief Executive Officer of the Massachusetts Life Sciences Initiative, the brainchild of former Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick where she led this $1 billion healthcare dedicated investment fund. Dr. Windham-Bannister is currently the Chair of the National Board of Directors of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS) and also serves on the Boards of St. Jude’s Children’s Hospital and Tufts Health Plan. She received a Doctorate in Health Policy and Management from the Florence Heller School at Brandeis University, and a Doctor of Science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (honoris causa). Dr. Windham-Bannister was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School and a Fellow in the Center for Science and Policy (CSAP) at Cambridge University, Cambridge, England. She completed her doctoral work at the Heller School under a fellowship from the Ford Foundation. We believe that Dr. Windham-Bannister possesses specific attributes that qualify her to serve as a member of our Board, including her past experiences as Chair of the National Governing Board of the Association for Women in STEM, President and CEO of the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center (MLSC), Fellow in the Center for Science and Policy (CSAP) at Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, and having been recognized by the Boston Globe as one of the “10 Most Influential Women in Biotech”.

The following Board Diversity Matrix presents our Board diversity statistics in accordance with Nasdaq Rule 5606, as self-disclosed by our directors.

There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. There are no arrangements or understandings with another person pursuant to which any of our executive officers or directors were selected as an executive officer or director.

None of our directors or executive officers has been involved in any bankruptcy or criminal proceedings, nor have there been any judgments or injunctions brought against any of our directors or executive officers during the last ten years that we consider material to the evaluation of the ability and integrity of any director or executive officer.

The Board has four directors. Holders of common stock have no cumulative voting rights in any election of directors.

The directors are classified with respect to the time for which they shall severally hold office by dividing them into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, All directors shall hold office until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal, At each annual stockholders’ meeting, successors to the directors whose terms shall expire that year shall be elected to hold office for a term of three years, so that the term of office of one class of directors shall expire in each year. Except in the event of vacancies in the Board, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast at annual meetings of stockholders, and each director so elected shall hold office until the annual meeting at which their term expires and until his successor is duly elected and qualified, or until his earlier resignation or removal.

Our Board has undertaken a review of the independence of each director. Based on information provided by each director concerning his background, employment and affiliations, our Board has determined that Messrs., and Hamilton and Ms. Windham-Bannister do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under the listing standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market. In making these determinations, our Board considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our Board deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director, and the transactions involving them, if any, described in the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions.”

Although we do not require separation of the offices of the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, we currently have a different person serving in each such role - Dr. Patzer is our Executive Chairman, and Dr. Truong is our Chief Executive Officer. The decision whether to combine or separate these positions depends on what our Board deems to be in the long-term interest of stockholders in light of prevailing circumstances.

This arrangement has and will continue to allow our Chairman to lead the Board, while our Chief Executive Officer focuses primarily on managing the operations of the Company. The separation of duties provides strong leadership for the Board while allowing the Chief Executive Officer to be the leader of the Company, focusing on its customers, employees, and operations. Our Board believes the Company is well-served by this flexible leadership structure and that the combination or separation of these positions should continue to be considered on an ongoing basis.

Risk assessment and oversight are an integral part of our governance and management processes. Our Board encourages management to promote a culture that incorporates risk management into our corporate strategy and day-to-day business operations. Management discusses strategic and operational risks at regular management meetings, and conducts specific strategic planning and review sessions during the year that include a focused discussion and analysis of the risks facing us. Throughout the year, senior management reviews these risks with the Board at regular Board meetings as part of management presentations that focus on particular business functions, operations or strategies, and presents the steps taken by management to mitigate or eliminate such risks.

Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our Board as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our Board that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. While our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, our Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures. The Audit Committee also monitors compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and considers and approves or disapproves any related person transactions. Our Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance policies. Our Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking.

Our Board has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, and a Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee, each of which operates under a charter that has been approved by our Board, and are available at https://investors.aridispharma.com/governance.

Our Board has determined that all of the members of the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee are independent as defined under the applicable rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market, including, in the case of all of the members of our Audit Committee, the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In making such determination, the Board considered the relationships that each director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances that the Board deemed relevant in determining director independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each director.

Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is comprised of John Hamilton and Susan Windham-Bannister. Our Board has determined that John Hamilton is an audit committee financial expert, as defined by the rules of the SEC, and satisfies the financial sophistication requirements of applicable rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market. Mr. Hamilton is the chair of the Audit Committee.

Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee is comprised of Susan Windham-Bannister and John Hamilton. Dr. Windham-Bannister is the chair of the Compensation Committee.

Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee. The Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee is comprised of John Hamilton and Susan Windham-Bannister. Mr. Hamilton is the chair of the Corporate Governance/Nominating Committee.

None of the members of our Compensation Committee has ever been an officer or employee of Aridis. None of the members were parties to any related party transaction with Aridis during the year ended December 31, 2022. None of our executive officers serves, or has served during the last fiscal year, as a member of the Board, Compensation Committee or other Board committee performing equivalent functions of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as one of our directors or on our Compensation Committee.

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code is posted on our website, www.aridispharma.com. In addition, we post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or the Nasdaq rules concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of the code.

The following table sets forth the compensation paid during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Medical Officer, who were our named executive officers as of December 31, 2022.

We do not have formal employment agreements with any of our named executive officers. We have entered into offer letter agreements and confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with each of our named executive officers. Each named executive officer’s employment is at will, and none of the offer letters provide for a specific term or severance on a termination or change of control. Under the terms of our standard confidential information and invention assignment agreement, each executive has agreed (i) not to solicit our employees or consultants during his employment and for a period of one year after the termination of his employment, (ii) to protect our confidential and proprietary information, and (iii) to assign to us related intellectual property developed during the course of his employment. Each named executive officer is also eligible to participate in our standard employee benefit plans.

The following table sets forth information for the named executive officers as of December 31, 2022 regarding the number of shares subject to both exercisable and unexercisable stock options, as well as the exercise prices and expiration dates thereof, as of December 31, 2022. Except for the options set forth in the table below, no other equity awards were held by any our named executive officers as of December 31, 2022. All equity awards included below were granted from our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, unless otherwise noted below.

(1) Grant date of December 5, 2022, with 50% of the RSUS vesting on June 5, 2023 and 50% vesting on December 5, 2023.

Directors who are employees do not receive any fees or other non-equity compensation for their service on our Board. Our Board has granted equity awards from time to time to our non-employee directors as compensation for their service as directors. We also reimburse our non-employee directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket costs and travel expenses in connection with their attendance at Board and committee meetings.

The following table sets forth information for the year ended December 31, 2022 regarding the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our non-employee directors in 2022:

Our insider trading policy prohibits employees, advisors, officers, directors and consultants of the Company, members of their immediate families, and corporations, partnerships or similar entities which such persons influence or control (collectively, “Covered Persons”) from entering into hedging or derivative transactions, including purchasing financial instruments (such as prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars, and exchange funds), or otherwise engage in transactions, that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of the Company’s securities. Our chief compliance officer has the authority to grant exceptions to the prohibition against pledges where a Covered Person wishes to pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan (not including margin debt) and clearly demonstrates the financial capacity to repay the loan without resort to the pledged securities.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock as of July __, 2023 by (i) each person known to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, (ii) each of our directors, (iii) each of our named executive officers, and (iv) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws, where applicable. The percentage of shares beneficially owned is computed on the basis of [●] shares of our common stock outstanding as of July __, 2023.

There are no transactions or series of similar transactions, since January 1, 2020 to which we have been a participant in which the amount involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of (a) $120,000 or (b) 1% of our average total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years, and in which any of our director, executive officer, holder of more than 5% of our capital stock, promotor or certain control person or any member of their immediate family had or will have a direct or indirect material interest except for the following:

As a matter of policy, the Board reviews and determines whether or not to approve any transaction between the Company and its directors, director nominees, executive officers and greater than 5% beneficial owners and each of their respective immediate family members where the amount involved in the transaction exceeded or will exceed the lesser of (a) $120,000 or (b) 1% of our average total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years and the related party has or will have a direct or indirect interest in the transaction

We are offering 9,090,909 shares of our common stock and 9,090,909 pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 9,090,909 shares of our common stock along with 9,090,909 warrants to purchase up to 9,090,909 shares of common stock. We are offering pre-funded warrants to those purchasers whose purchase of shares of our common stock in this offering would result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock following the consummation of this offering in lieu of the shares of common stocks that would result in such excess ownership. For each pre-funded warrant we sell, the number of shares of common stock we sell in this offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. Each share of our common stock (or pre-funded warrant in lieu of a share of common stock) is being sold together with a warrant to purchase one share of our common stock. The shares of our common stock or pre-funded warrants and related common warrants will be issued separately. We are also registering the shares of our common stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants offered hereby.

As of July 12, 2023, there were 36,213,952 shares of our common stock outstanding.

Voting Rights. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting. Because of this, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, subject to the rights of holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.

Dividends. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our Board of Directors out of legally available funds.

Liquidation. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or an event of sale (as defined in our certificate of incorporation), holders of common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities, subject to the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.

Rights and Preferences. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the common warrant that is being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the common warrant, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of common warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the common warrant.

We are also offering 9,090,909 warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,090,909 shares of our common stock.

Each common warrant issued in this offering represents the right to purchase one share of common stock at an initial exercise price of $ per share. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the common warrants are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common stock and the exercise price. The common warrants will be issued separately from the common stock or pre-funded warrants, respectively, and may be transferred separately immediately thereafter. The common warrants will be issued in certificated form only.

Each warrant may be exercised, in cash or by a cashless exercise at the election of the holder at any time beginning on the issuance date of the warrant and from time to time thereafter through and including the five-year anniversary of the issuance date of the warrant. The common warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such holder’s common warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the outstanding common stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the limitation on the amount of ownership of outstanding stock after exercising the holder’s common warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the common warrants. The ownership limit may be decreased upon notice from the holder to us.

If, at the time a holder exercises its common warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance or resale of the shares of common stock underlying the common warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the common warrant.

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the common warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our shares of common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of 50% or more of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% or more of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, any merger with or into another entity or a tender offer or exchange offer approved by 50% or more of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital, then upon any subsequent exercise of a common warrant, the holder will have the right to receive as alternative consideration, for each share of our common stock that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of our company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable upon or as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of our common stock for which the common warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such event. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a fundamental transaction, the holders of the common warrants have the right to require us or a successor entity to redeem the common warrants for cash in the amount of the Black-Scholes Value (as defined in each common warrant) of the unexercised portion of the common warrants concurrently with or within 30 days following the consummation of a fundamental transaction.

However, in the event of a fundamental transaction which is not in our control, including a fundamental transaction not approved by our board of directors, the holders of the common warrants will only be entitled to receive from us or our successor entity, as of the date of consummation of such fundamental transaction the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the common warrant that is being offered and paid to the holders of our common stock in connection with the fundamental transaction, whether that consideration is in the form of cash, stock or any combination of cash and stock, or whether the holders of our common stock are given the choice to receive alternative forms of consideration in connection with the fundamental transaction. If holders of our common stock are not offered or paid any consideration in the fundamental transaction, holders of common stock will be deemed to have received common stock of our successor entity.

Subject to applicable laws, a common warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the common warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the common warrants. Rather, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the next whole share or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

There is no established trading market for the common warrants, and we do not expect such a market to develop. We do not intend to apply to list the common warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the common warrants will be extremely limited.

Except as otherwise provided in the common warrants or by virtue of the holder’s ownership of shares of our common stock, such holder of common warrants does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our common stock, including any voting rights, until such holder exercises such holder’s common warrants. The common warrants will provide that the holders of the common warrants have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on our shares of common stock.

The common warrants may be modified or amended or the provisions of such warrants waived with our consent and the consent of the holder of the common warrant.

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the pre-funded warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the pre-funded warrant, the form of which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of pre-funded warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the pre-funded warrants.

Each pre-funded warrant offered hereby will have an initial exercise price per share of common stock equal to $0.0001. The pre-funded warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of common stock and the exercise price.

The pre-funded warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the pre-funded warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of common stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder’s pre-funded warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the pre-funded warrants. Purchasers of pre-funded warrants in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of the pre-funded warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock or subsequently elect to decrease or increase the exercise limitation up to such 9.99%

In lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the pre-funded warrants.

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants. Rather, at the Company’s election, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will be rounded up to the next whole share or the Company will pay a cash adjustment in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Subject to applicable laws, a pre-funded warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the pre-funded warrants to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

There is no established trading market for the warrants, and we do not expect such a market to develop. We do not intend to apply to list the pre-funded warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants will be extremely limited.

Except as otherwise provided in the pre-funded warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of common stock, the holders of the pre-funded warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our shares of common stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their pre-funded warrants. The pre-funded warrants will provide that the holders of the pre-funded warrants have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on our shares of common stock.

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the pre-funded warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our shares of common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of 50% or more of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% or more of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of capital stock, the holders of the pre-funded warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the pre-funded warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.

We have engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or the placement agent, to act as our exclusive placement agent to solicit offers to purchase the shares of our common stock, pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered by this prospectus. The placement agent is not purchasing or selling any such securities, nor is it required to arrange for the purchase and sale of any specific number or dollar amount of such securities, other than to use its “reasonable best efforts” to arrange for the sale of such securities by us. Therefore, we may not sell all of the shares of common stock, pre-funded warrants and common warrants being offered. The terms of this offering were subject to market conditions and negotiations between us, the placement agent and prospective investors. The placement agent will have no authority to bind us by virtue of the engagement letter. This is a best efforts offering and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering. The placement agent may retain sub-agents and selected dealers in connection with this offering. Investors purchasing securities offered hereby will have the option to execute a securities purchase agreement with us. In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers which enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract is material to larger purchasers in this offering as a means to enforce the following covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement: (i) a covenant to not enter into variable rate financings for a period of one year following the closing of the offering; and (ii) a covenant to not enter into any equity financings for thirty (30) days from closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions.

The nature of the representations, warranties and covenants in the securities purchase agreements shall include:

Delivery of the shares of common shares, pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered hereby is expected to occur on or about July [_], 2023, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.

We estimate the total expenses of this offering paid or payable by us, exclusive of the placement agent’s cash fee of 6% of the gross proceeds and expenses, will be approximately $275,950. After deducting the fees due to the placement agent and our estimated expenses in connection with this offering, we expect the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $1.6 million (based on an assumed public offering price per share and accompanying warrant of $0.22, which was the last reported sales price of our common stock on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets on July 24, 2023 and assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $2,000,000).

We have agreed to pay the placement agent an aggregate fee equal to 6.0% of the gross proceeds received in the offering, provided that the placement agent shall not receive any compensation in connection with sales to certain specified investors. We estimate that the total expenses of the offering, excluding the placement agent fees, will be approximately $275,950. These expenses are payable by us. We have agreed to pay the placement agent, a non-accountable expense allowance of $20,000. We also have agreed to pay the placement agent up to $100,000 for fees incurred in connection with this offering, including fees of placement agent’s counsel, and $15,950 for clearing expenses. These amounts are included in the estimate provided above.

We have agreed to indemnify the placement agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and liabilities arising from breaches of representations and warranties contained in our engagement letter with the placement agent. We have also agreed to contribute to payments the placement agent may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

We have also agreed to pay the placement agent a tail fee equal to the cash compensation in this offering, if any investor, who was contacted or brought over the wall by the placement agent or who participated in an offering during the term of its engagement, provides us with capital in any public or private offering or other financing or capital raising transaction during the 3-month period following expiration or termination of our engagement of the placement agent.

We and each of our officers and directors have agreed with the placement agent to be subject to a lock-up period of thirty (30) days following the date of closing of the offering pursuant to this prospectus. This means that, during the applicable lock-up period, we and such persons may not offer for sale, contract to sell, sell, distribute, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our shares of common stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares of common stock, subject to customary exceptions. The placement agent may waive the terms of these lock-up agreements in its sole discretion and without notice. In addition, we have agreed to not issue any securities that are subject to a price reset based on the trading prices of our common stock or upon a specified or contingent event in the future or enter into any agreement to issue securities at a future determined price for a period of one (1) year following the closing date of this offering. The placement agent may waive this prohibition in its sole discretion and without notice.

From time to time, the placement agent may provide in the future various advisory, investment and commercial banking and other services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which they have received and may continue to receive customary fees and commissions. However, except as disclosed in this prospectus, we have no present arrangements with the placement agent for any further services.

The placement agent may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by it and any profit realized on the sale of our securities offered hereby by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. The placement agent will be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our securities by the placement agent. Under these rules and regulations, the placement agent may not (i) engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities; and (ii) bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until they have completed their participation in the distribution.

In connection with this offering, we will rely on exemptions from registration for sales of securities in this offering solely to institutional investors pursuant to an exemption provided for sales to these investors under the state Blue Sky laws. The definition of an “institutional investor” varies from state to state but generally includes financial institutions, broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies and other qualified entities.

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Sheets under the symbol “ARDS.” There is no established public trading market for the pre-funded warrants or common warrants to be sold in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the common warrants or pre-funded warrants on any national securities exchange.

The transfer agent of our common stock is Pacific Stock Transfer Company. We do not plan on making an application to list the pre-funded warrants or warrants on any national securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system.

This prospectus in electronic format may be made available on websites or through other online services maintained by the placement agent, or by its affiliates. Other than this prospectus in electronic format, the information on the placement agent’s website and any information contained in any other website maintained by the placement agent is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the placement agent in its capacity as placement agent, and should not be relied upon by investors.

The validity of the issuance of the common stock offered by us in this offering will be passed upon for us by Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, LLP New York, New York. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York is acting as counsel to the Placement Agent in connection with this offering.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and for the period then ended, included in this prospectus, have been audited by Baker Tilly US, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The above referenced report on the financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in this prospectus, have been audited by Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report (which report includes an explanatory paragraph regarding the existence of substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern), appearing elsewhere herein, given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing, in giving said reports.

This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement on Form S-1 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act, does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to us and the common stock offered by this prospectus, you should refer to the registration statement and the exhibits filed as part of that document. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You can read our SEC filings, including the registration statement, over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We also maintain a website at http://www.aridispharma.com, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases in fiscal year 2022 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company expects to continue to incur negative cash flows from operations with limited sources of revenue and is therefore dependent on cash on hand and additional financing to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Company”) as of December 31, 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company expects to continue to incur negative cash flows from operations with limited sources of revenue and is therefore dependent on cash on hand and additional financing to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “we” or “our” or “us”) was established as a California limited liability corporation in 2003. The Company converted to a Delaware C corporation on May 21, 2014. Our principal place of business is in Los Gatos, California. We are a late clinical development - stage biopharmaceutical Company focused on developing new breakthrough therapies for infectious diseases and addressing the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The Company has a diversified portfolio of clinical and pre-clinical stage non-antibiotic anti-infective product candidates that are complemented by a fully human monoclonal antibody discovery platform technology. The Company’s suite of anti-infective monoclonal antibodies offers opportunities to profoundly alter the current trajectory of increasing antibiotic resistance and improve the health outcome of many of the most serious life-threatening infections particularly in hospital settings.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its two wholly owned subsidiaries, Aridis Biopharmaceuticals, LLC and Aridis Pharmaceuticals, C.V. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company operates in one segment. Management uses one measurement of profitability and does not segregate its business for internal reporting.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused business disruption globally. The protracted COVID-19 pandemic has continued to have an impact on patient enrollment globally and the rate of clinical site activation. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s future operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, and impact on the Company’s clinical trials, employees and vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. At this point, the extent to which COVID-19 may impact the Company’s future financial condition or results of operations is uncertain.

The Company had recurring losses from operations since inception and negative cash flows from operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Management expects to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future as the Company continues its product development programs. The forecasted outflow of cash for at least a one-year period from the expected financial statement issuance date is in excess of the cash available on-hand. In March 2023, the Company raised $2.1 million in net proceeds through the sale of equity. We do not have sufficient cash on hand and available liquidity to meet our obligations through the twelve months following the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. Our cash and cash equivalents were approximately $1.5 million as of April 30, 2023. In the absence of financing, management anticipates that existing cash resources will not be sufficient to meet operating and liquidity needs on our before June 30, 2023.

The Company’s research and development expenses and resulting cash burn during the year ended December 31, 2022, were largely due to costs associated with the Phase 3 study of AR-301 for the treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia (“VAP”) caused by the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, the Phase 1/2a study of AR-501 for the treatment of chronic lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis and the pre-launch activities associated with the Phase 3 study of AR-320 for the prevention of S. aureus VAP. Current development activities are focused on AR-301, and AR-501. We expect our expenses to continue in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly as we continue the research, development and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our therapeutic candidates.

The Company plans to fund its cash flow needs through current cash on hand and future debt and/or equity financings which we may obtain through one or more public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its clinical research and development programs or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its future business prospects and its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company believes that its current available cash and cash equivalents, including cash received in March 2023 from equity proceeds, will not be sufficient to fund its planned expenditures and meet the Company’s obligations for at least the one-year period following its consolidated financial statement issuance date.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis that contemplates the realization of assets and discharge of liabilities in their normal course of business. There is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include those related to the evaluation of our ability to continue as a going concern, best estimate of standalone selling price of revenue deliverables, useful life of long-lived assets, classification of deferred revenue, income taxes, assumptions used in the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock-based compensation, valuation of debt at fair value option, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, and preclinical study and clinical trial accruals. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions in the United States of America. Deposits held by these institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely impacted, including the loss of uninsured deposits and other uninsured financial assets, if one or more of the financial institutions in which we hold our cash or cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, three customers, each individually being 16%, 39% and 45% accounted for 100% of total revenue and for the year ended December 31, 2021, three customers, each individually being 34%, 36% and 30% accounted for 100% of total revenue. The customers are located in the United States. As of December 31, 2022 there was $1.0 million in accounts receivable due from one customer and there were no accounts receivable at the year ended December 2021.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within the consolidated balance sheets which, in aggregate, represent the amount reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Restricted cash consists of deposits for a letter of credit that the Company has provided to secure its obligations under its facility lease and cash received from the Gates Foundation restricted specifically to research associated with the grant. Restricted cash is classified as current when the Company expects to fulfill the obligation within one year or less.

Accounts receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company considers the credit worthiness of its customers but does not require collateral in advance of a sale. The Company evaluates collectability and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio when necessary. The allowance is based on the Company’s best estimate of the amount of losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable, which is based on customer creditworthiness, facts and circumstances specific to outstanding balances, and payment terms. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no allowances for doubtful accounts. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were $1.0 million and zero in accounts receivable, respectively.

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception by assessing whether the arrangement contains an identified asset and whether it has the right to control the identified asset. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets are based on the measurement of the lease liability and also include any lease payments made prior to or on lease commencement and lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred, as applicable.

As the implicit rate in the Company’s leases is generally unknown, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate of 6% based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future lease payments. Lease costs for the Company’s operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis within operating expenses over the reasonably assured lease term. The Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for any leases within its existing classes of assets and, as a result, accounts for any lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Prior to adoption of ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2022, the Company evaluated leases at their inception as either operating or capital leases, and renewal or expansion options, rent holidays, leasehold improvement allowances and other incentives on such lease agreements. The Company recognized operating lease costs on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally between three and five years for lab equipment and computer equipment and software, and over the shorter of the lease term or useful life for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and costs of improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statement of operations in the period realized.

Intangible assets are recorded at cost and amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Intangible assets consist of licenses with various institutions whereby the Company has rights to use intangible property obtained from such institutions.

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to the future undiscounted net cash flows which the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured by the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over fair value less the costs to sell the assets, generally determined using the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset. There was approximately $227,000 in impairment of lab equipment reported on our Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022 and reported on our Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss under research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no such impairments of long-lived assets as of December 31, 2021.

The Company recognizes revenue based on ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. See Note 6 for details of the development and license agreements.

To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue at a point in time, or over time, as the entity satisfies performance obligations. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

As part of the accounting for customer arrangements, the Company must use judgment to determine: a) the number of performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above; b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; and c) the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of the transaction price in step (iv) above. The Company uses judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration should be included in the transaction price.

The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. In developing the standalone price for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. The Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. The Company receives payments from its customers based on payment schedules established in each contract. The Company records any amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria as deferred revenue on its consolidated balance sheets. Amounts recognized as revenue, but not yet received or invoiced are recorded within other receivables on the consolidated balance sheet. Amounts are recorded as other receivables on the consolidated balance sheet when our right to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of a majority of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.

The incremental costs of obtaining a contract under ASC 606 (i.e. costs that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained) are recognized as an asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets if the Company expects to recover them (see Note 6). Capitalized costs will be amortized to the respective expenses using a systematic basis that mirrors the pattern in which the Company transfers control of the goods and service to the customer. At each reporting date, the Company determines whether or not the capitalized costs to obtain a contract are impaired by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the remaining amount of consideration that the Company received and expects to receive less the costs that relate to providing services under the relevant contract. Capitalized contract assets were $2.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no amortization of the contract assets and there have been no impairments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria, or in which the Company has an unconditional right to payment, are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company has estimated the classification between current and noncurrent deferred revenue related to the respective license agreement within its consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (see Note 6).

Research and development costs are expensed to operations as incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and clinical sites. Non-refundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in future periods for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are then expensed as the related goods are delivered or when the services are performed.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date estimated fair values, which the Company determines using the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

A change in any of the terms or conditions of warrants is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant over the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the fair value of the shares and other pertinent factors at the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to equity offerings, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants are accounted for as equity issuance costs.

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.

The Company assesses all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by the relevant taxing authorities. Assessing an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. At each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and the Company will determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit might change as new information becomes available. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

ASC 825-10, Financial Instruments, provides FVO election that allows companies an irrevocable election to use fair value as the initial and subsequent accounting measurement attribute for certain financial assets and liabilities. ASC 825-10 permits entities to elect to measure eligible financial assets and liabilities at fair value on an ongoing basis. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the FVO has been elected are reported in earnings. The decision to elect the FVO is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis, must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value pursuant to ASC 825-10 are required to be reported separately from those instruments measured using another accounting method.

The Company recognized a gain of $5,051,000 in other comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the change in fair value of notes payable due to the change in instrument specific credit risk.

Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period.

There have been no dividend shares issued for the year ended December 31, 2022. In March 2021 and in August 2021, the Company issued 124,789 and 634,600 dividend shares, respectively, to certain common stockholders with a fair value of approximately $986,000 and approximately $3.1 million, respectively, (see Note 9) which is included in the net loss available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2021 in the below table.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 there is no difference in the number of shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share due to the Company’s net loss position. The following tables presents the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share data):

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements not yet adopted as of December 31, 2022

ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The standard changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including accounts and notes receivables. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model, under which companies will recognize allowances based on expected rather than incurred losses. Entities will apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The effective date of this update is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods therein. Adoption of ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022 did not not have a impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

There were no other significant updates to the recently issued accounting standards other than as disclosed herewith for the year ended December 31, 2022. Although there are several other new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, the Company does not believe any of those accounting pronouncements have had or will have a material impact on its financial position or operating results.

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This guidance requires lessees to recognize leases on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 establishes a right-of-use model (ROU) that requires a lessee to recognize an ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2022, as required, retrospectively through a cumulative effect adjustment. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the “package of practical expedients,” which permits the Company not to reassess, under ASU 2016-02, prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. The new standard also provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing accounting. The Company elected to utilize the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those short-term leases that qualify, the Company will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities. The Company also elected to separate lease and non-lease components for facility leases. Adoption of this guidance resulted in the recognition of lease liabilities of $2.3 million, based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for the Company’s applicable existing office space operating lease, with corresponding ROU assets of $1.9 million as of adoption date on January 1, 2022.

ASU 2020-06 - Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”)

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, which simplifies the guidance on the issuer’s accounting for convertible debt instruments by removing the separation models for (1) convertible debt with a cash conversion feature and (2) convertible instruments with a beneficial conversion feature. As a result, entities will not separately present in equity an embedded conversion feature in such debt and will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt, unless certain other conditions are met. The elimination of these models will reduce reported interest expense and increase reported net income for entities that have issued a convertible instrument that is within the scope of ASU 2020-06. Also, ASU 2020-06 requires the application of the if-converted method for calculating diluted earnings per share and treasury stock method will be no longer available. ASU 2020-06 is effective for smaller reporting companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Adoption of ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2022 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASC 740)”, which removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and improves consistent application of and simplifies U.S. GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public entities, the ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2020. As a result of the Company having elected the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, ASU 2019-12 is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending on December 31, 2022, and all interim periods within. Adoption of ASU 2019-12 as of January 1, 2022 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s consolidated financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

The change in the estimated fair value of the Level 3 liability is summarized below:

The fair value of the Streeterville Note as of December 31, 2022 amounting to $3.8 million, was based on the weighted average discounted expected future cash flows representing the terms of the note, discounting them to their present value equivalents. This was classified as Level 3 fair value in the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs, including the Company’s own credit risk.

The Company determined and performed the valuations of the Streeterville Note with the assistance of an independent valuation service provider. On a quarterly basis, the Company considers the main Level 3 inputs used as follows:

The following table summarizes the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurement:

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company has elected the fair value option for calculating the value of its Notes Payable and are classified as Level 3. The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid assets and other current assets, other assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and insurance financing note payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items.

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $482,000 and $430,000 for years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Amortization expense was approximately $5,000 for both years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The estimated acquired intangible amortization expense for the next five fiscal years is as follows (in thousands):

We are party to an exclusive licensing agreement with The University of Iowa Research Foundation (UIRF). The UIRF agreement granted to us an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under its rights in methods relating to gallium containing compounds for the treatment of infections to make, use and sell products that are covered by such patent rights. The UIRF agreement also granted to us the right to sublicense. UIRF retained the right and ability to grant right to use such patent rights for academic and research purposes, and also to certain pre-existing rights of the U.S. government including the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. We also are obligated to pay UIRF low single digit percentage royalties on net sales from our and our sublicensee’s sale of any commercialized licensed product or process, and certain other payments. The aggregate milestone payments under the UIRF agreement potentially total up to $712,500. No milestones were met or accrued for during 2022. A milestone was met and $75,000 was accrued for as of December 31, 2021. We are responsible for diligently prosecuting and maintaining the licensed UIRF patent rights, at our sole cost and expense.

The agreement provides that we have certain obligations to conduct further research and development, and are obligated to utilize reasonable efforts to commercialize, either directly or through a sublicensee, the licensed UIRF patent rights as licensed products or processes. The term of the agreement continues until the expiration of the last to expire patents, included within the licensed UIRF patents, or until the agreement is earlier terminated. We may terminate the agreement on prior written notice to UIRF. Each party has the right to terminate the agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach of obligations under the agreement.

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard — Non-Exclusive Manufacturing License Agreement

We entered into a non-exclusive manufacturing licensing agreement with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (the “Broad Institute”) to make and manufacture CRISPR Modified Cell Lines, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. These license rights permit the non-exclusive use of the CRISPR Technology for the creation of and improvement of yield from protein and mAb production cell lines, which is one of the core components of the λPEX^TM mAb discovery and manufacturing production technology.

We are obligated to pay to the Broad Institute an issue fee of $25,000, an annual license maintenance fee of $50,000 in 2022, and fees of $100,000 in 2023 and each year thereafter. Additionally, we are obligated to pay a royalty of 7% of all service income received from a customer for the manufacture, sale or transfer of CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants or end products, as well as 0.5% of end product net sales from use of any commercialized product that contains any small or large molecule made through the use of a CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. The term of the license agreement continues until all patents and filed patent applications, included within the licensed Broad Institute patents, have expired or been abandoned.

In July 2021, the Company executed a license agreement effective July 12, 2021 and entered into an amendment to the license agreement on August 9, 2021 (collectively the “MedImmune License Agreement”) with MedImmune Limited (“MedImmune”), pursuant to which MedImmune granted the Company an exclusive worldwide license for the development and commercialization of suvratoxumab, a Phase 3 ready fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the S. aureus alpha toxin (the “Licensed Product”). As consideration for the MedImmune License Agreement, the Company issued 884,956 shares of its common stock to MedImmune and a $5.0 million cash payment was due to MedImmune upon the earlier of (i) a registered direct offering in which the Company receives third-party funding or (ii) December 31, 2021. The $5.0 million liability has not been paid and therefore has been included in accrued liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and recorded as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair value of the 884,956 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with the MedImmune License agreement is approximately $6.5 million (see Note 9) which the Company recognized as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations and additional paid-in capital within equity in its consolidated balance sheet during the year ended December 31, 2021.

On March 20, 2023, Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) received written notice from MedImmune Limited (“MedImmune”) that it has terminated that certain License Agreement by and between MedImmune and the Company dated as of July 12, 2021, and as amended by Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2021 (the “License Agreement”), pursuant to Section 9.2.1 of the License Agreement for non-payment of the Upfront Cash Payment which was due on December 31, 2021. The notice states that such termination shall be effective on March 30, 2023. As a result of the termination notice, the on-going AR-320-003 Phase 3 clinical study has been put on hold. The Company does not agree that it is in material breach of the License Agreement.

Based on the failure of MedImmune to assist in the necessary technology transfer pursuant to Section 3.5.2 of the License Agreement, the Company notified MedImmune on March 24, 2023 that it was in material breach of Section 3.5.2 and requested that the material breach be cured as soon as possible.

On February 11, 2018, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement (the “JV Agreement”) with Shenzhen Hepalink Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., a related party, principal shareholder of the Company, and a Chinese entity (“Hepalink”), to develop and commercialize products for infectious diseases. Under the terms of the JV Agreement, the Company contributed $1.0 million and the license of its technology relating to the Company’s AR-101 and AR-301 product candidates for use in the joint venture company named Shenzhen Arimab BioPharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (the “JV Entity”) in the territories of the Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (the “Territory”) and initially owns 49% of the JV Entity. On July 2, 2018, the JV Entity received final approval from the government of the People’s Republic of China. It was agreed by the parties that the Company shall be reimbursed for certain legal and contract manufacturing expenses related to the clinical drug supply for a Phase 3 clinical study of AR-301 and the clinical drug supply for a clinical study of AR-105 (see Note 12).

On August 6, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to the JV Agreement with Hepalink whereby the Company agreed to additionally contribute an exclusive, revocable, and royalty-free right and license to its AR-105 product candidate in the Territory. Pursuant to the JV Agreement and the amendment, Hepalink initially owns 51% of the JV Entity and is obligated to contribute the equivalent of $7.2 million to the JV Entity. Additionally, Hepalink is obligated to make an additional equity investment of $10.8 million or more at the time of the JV Entity’s first future financing.

The Company evaluated the accounting for the JV Agreement entered into noting that it did not meet the accounting definition of a joint venture and instead meets the definition of a variable interest entity. The Company concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of the JV Entity and therefore is not required to consolidate the entity. This conclusion was based on the fact that the equity-at-risk is insufficient to support operations without additional investment and that the Company does not hold decision-making power over activities that significantly impact the JV Entity’s operations. The Company accounted for its investment in the JV Entity as an equity method investment. The Company recorded the equity method investment at $1.0 million which represents the Company’s contribution into the JV Entity. The Company’s license contributed to the JV Entity was recorded at its carryover basis of $0.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $0 in losses from the operations of the JV Entity, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s equity method investment in the JV Entity was $0.

The Company’s primary role in the project is to help lead a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of suvratoxumab in the prevention of S. aureus Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in mechanically ventilated Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. We are acting as study sponsor for Phase 3 clinical study to be conducted and assume responsibility for ensuring that all studies are conducted according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. This study will be conducted in approximately 200 sites distributed globally across European Union (EU) and non-EU sites (50% EU and 50% non-EU). To help facilitate these trials, we make in-kind contributions of materials and services to the project at non-EU sites.

Under the IMI JU Agreement, the Company will own all results, findings, and intellectual property generated by the project and is entitled to receive any benefits these items bring. As such, these costs are deemed research and development expenditures. Considering our obligation to repay a portion of costs incurred, we determined this agreement is under the scope of ASC Subtopic 730-20, Research and Development Arrangements. Further, as the parties in the IMI JU Agreement are active participants and are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the research, this agreement is also under the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements.

In December 2016, the Company received an award from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (“CFF”), which was executed under the Development Program Letter Agreement (the “CFF Agreement”), for approximately $2.9 million. Under the CFF Agreement, CFF made an upfront payment of $200,000 and will make milestone payments to the Company as certain milestones defined in the agreement are met. The milestones relate to pre-clinical and clinical research activities. The agreement also specifies that we are obligated to cumulatively spend on the development program at least an equal amount that the Company receives from the CFF. In the event that we do not spend as much as we received under the agreement, we are obligated to return any overage to the CFF. In November 2018, the CFF increased the award to approximately $7.5 million. In December 2022, the CFF further increased the award to approximately $7.6 million by adding the “Additional Award Amount” of $0.15 million with amendment no 2.

As of the adoption date of ASC 606 on January 1, 2019 (the “Adoption Date”), the Company identified the following promises with regards to the clinical research activities under the CFF Agreement that represent an initial contract of: a) Phase 1 single ascending dose (“SAD”) clinical trial, which consists of the satisfied development-based milestones and one development-based milestone in progress which was accounted for as a single performance obligation; and contingent promises of: b) Phase 1 multiple ascending dose (“MAD”) clinical trial, which consists of one development-based milestone that had not yet been started, and c) Phase 2a clinical trial, which consists of four development-based milestones that had not yet been started. Of these promises, the Phase 1 SAD clinical trial was determined to be a distinct performance obligation as of the Adoption Date. For the clinical research activities related to the Phase 1 MAD clinical trial and the Phase 2a clinical trial that had not yet been started, the Company was contingently obligated to perform these clinical research activities only after the previous milestones, which achievement was uncertain, had been met.

The clinical research activities related to the Phase 1 MAD clinical trial and the Phase 2a clinical trial that had not been started were evaluated to determine if they should be considered variable consideration or contingent promises akin to optional purchases under ASC 606. The Company concluded that these two promises that have not been started are contingent promises because there is substantive uncertainty about the contingent event occurring (i.e. milestones being achieved) and the contingent event requires additional distinct services and incremental payments from the CFF. The Company determined that these contingent promises did not provide the CFF with any material rights. The Phase 1 MAD clinical trial and the Phase 2a clinical trial will be accounted for as separate contracts at the time the Company is obligated to perform the underlying clinical research activities.

The Company determined that the consideration for the Phase 1 SAD clinical trial contract included several development-based milestones, which had been achieved as of the Adoption Date, totaling approximately $1.7 million, and the one development-based milestone in progress as of the Adoption Date of $1.0 million became probable during the quarter ended March 31, 2019. Additionally, the Company determined the consideration for the Phase 1 MAD clinical trial contract included one development-based milestone of $1.0 million which was achieved during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The Company determined the consideration for the Phase 2a clinical trial contract totaled approximately $3.8 million which included four development-based milestones. With the increased grant funding in December, 2022, bringing the Phase 2a clinical trial contract total to approximately $3.9 million, CFF introduced an additional development-based milestone.

In December, 2022 the Company determined that one development-based milestone of $1.0 million had been achieved.

The Company determined as of December 31, 2022, the transaction price for the Phase 2a clinical trial contract was $3.0 million as achievement of the three development-based milestones was achieved during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of the remaining two development-based milestones could not be included in the transaction price for this contract as it was contingent on successful completion of the remaining two milestones, and it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur if those milestones were included in the transaction price.

The milestones under the CFF Agreement are development-based milestones related to pre-clinical and clinical research activities and the realization of or recognition of revenue associated with the milestones as determined by the completion of the milestones and, if applicable, review and approval of the achievement by the CFF. Each development-based milestone payment has specific criteria that needs to be met, some examples of which include, the completion of certain study activities and approval to move to the next activity. At every reporting period, the Company evaluates the individual facts and circumstances of the development-based milestone to assess whether the revenue attributable to the development-based milestone in progress should be constrained. The constraint assessment by the Company includes an analysis of the key judgements and considerations used for each milestone which include, but are not limited to, the nature and amount of work to be performed, if the work is subject to the approval of the CFF, clinical data and uncertainty with regards to the results of the clinical studies, and the probability of successful clinical studies. The constraint will be removed once the Company achieves the development-based milestone or has determined that there is probable completion of the development-based milestone, and it has also concluded that it is not probable that revenue recognized attributable to the development-based milestone will result in a significant reversal of revenue in the future.

The Company determined that the clinical research activities under the CFF Agreement should be recognized over time by calculating the amount of revenue to recognize in any given period by accumulating the total related costs incurred for the respective clinical research activities related to that distinct performance obligation using the input method (cost-to-cost) and applies that percentage of completion to the transaction price at each reporting period. The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the costs related to the clinical research activities are incurred.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $1.4 million from the CFF Agreement, mainly due to the achievement of the two development-based milestones related to the Phase 2a clinical trial in 2022. The Company recorded a contract liability for the remaining consideration of approximately $1,074,000 to deferred revenue, current, on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $524,000 in revenue from the CFF Agreement, mainly due to the achievement in 2021 of the first development-based milestone related to the Phase 2a clinical trial.

On October 15, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (“Gates Foundation” or “BMGF”) by executing a Grant Agreement identified as Investment ID INV-033376 (“Grant Agreement”). The goal of the Grant Agreement, is to develop durable approaches to block the infection and transmission of pathogens. For providing research and development services under the Grant Agreement, the Gates Foundation has agreed to compensate the Company $1.93 million due upon execution of the Grant Agreement. In return, we agreed to conduct a proof-of-concept study seeking to demonstrate that inhaled neutralizing antibodies are effective for preventing viral infection and transmission. We are required to ensure global access which means that the knowledge and information gained from the project will be promptly and broadly disseminated, and that the products, technologies, materials, processes and other intellectual property resulting from the proof-of-concept study (collectively referred to as the Funded Developments) will be made available and accessible at an affordable price (i) to people most in need within developing countries or (ii) in support of the U.S. educational system and public libraries.

Under the Grant Agreement, the Gates Foundation made an upfront payment of $1.93 million. The Agreement specifies that we may not use funds provided under the Grant Agreement for any purpose other than the project. The Company is required to repay any portion of the funds used or committed in material breach of the Grant Agreement. Any grant funds, plus any income, that have not been used for, or committed to, the Project upon expiration or termination of the Agreement, must be returned promptly to the Gates Foundation.

The Company will conduct research and development services up until the proof-of-concept study is completed, at which point the Gates Foundation will determine whether to approve further grant funding for transmission studies or end the study in which case the Company will no longer provide any significant goods or services. The Company will partner with three main subcontractors to deliver the scope of work described in the investment document.

The Grant Agreement is considered within the scope of ASC 606 as the parties have a customer/vendor relationship and are not exposed equally to the risks and rewards of the research and development services contemplated in the Grant Agreement. The Company identified the following promises under the Agreement: 1) research and development services, 2) global access commitment, 3) humanitarian license, 4) publication if requested by the Gates Foundation, and 5) intellectual property reporting upon request. The Company determined that these promises are not distinct from each other, and therefore represent one performance obligation.

Since the Company is required to update the Gates Foundation on technical progress during each stage of the Funded Development, the ability to access research and development results represents the Gates Foundation’s consumption of the benefits from the Company’s research and development activities. As such, research and development services revenue is recognized over time. At each reporting period, the amount of revenue to recognize is calculated using the input method (cost-to-cost), by comparing cumulative costs incurred to the total estimated costs to perform the research and development services and applying that percentage of completion to the transaction price. The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the costs related to the research and development services are incurred.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $1.2 million from the Grant Agreement, based on expenses incurred and paid to partners to assist with the research and development services. The Company reduced the contract liability for the remaining consideration to approximately $0.2 million in deferred revenue, current, on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $546,000 from the Grant Agreement, based on expenses incurred and paid to partners to assist with the research and development services. The Company recorded a contract liability for the remaining consideration of approximately $1,387,000 to deferred revenue, current, on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021.

In July 2019, the Company and Serum International B.V. (“SIBV”), an affiliate of Serum Institute of India Private Limited, entered into an option agreement which granted SIBV the option to license multiple programs from the Company and access the Company’s MabIgX® platform technology for asset identification and selection. The Company received an upfront cash payment of $5 million upon execution of this option agreement. In connection with the option agreement, SIBV made an equity investment whereby the Company issued 801,820 shares of its restricted common stock in a private placement to SIBV for total gross proceeds of $10 million. As a result of this transaction, SIBV and its affiliates, are considered related parties to the Company.

In September 2019, the Company and Serum AMR Products (“SAMR”), a party under common ownership of SIBV, entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “License Agreement”). Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Company granted to SAMR exclusive licenses, and rights to sublicense, certain patent rights and technology related know-how to the Company’s products AR-301, AR-105, AR-101 (i.e. exclusive rights to, among other things, develop, distribute, market, promote, sell, import and otherwise commercialize) in (a) the country of India, and (b) all other countries of the world except the USA, Canada, EU Territory, UK, China, Australia, South Korea, Brazil, New Zealand, and Japan (products AR-105 and AR-101 countries do not exclude South Korea and Brazil) (the “Limited Territory”); and AR-201 (i.e. exclusive rights to, among other things, develop, manufacture, make, distribute, market, promote, sell, import and otherwise commercialize) in all countries of the world except China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (the “Worldwide Territory”) (the “licenses and know-how”). Further, the License Agreement grants SAMR an option for the Company to provide research services using its MabIgX® platform technology for the identification of up to five (5) candidates including product development of these identified candidates and an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, make, distribute, market, promote, sell, import and otherwise commercialize these development products in the Worldwide Territory (the “research and development option”).

Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Company will provide development support related to the licensed products above in order to assist SAMR in its efforts to develop, receive regulatory approval, and manufacture and sell the licensed products in SAMR’s authorized territories which will be performed under the direction of a Joint Steering Committee (“JSC”) which the Company will participate in (collectively “development support services”).

In addition, under the License Agreement, SAMR was granted an exclusive manufacturing license option as the initial license granted above for AR-301, AR-105 and AR-101 does not allow for manufacturing. This manufacturing option provides incremental rights related to these products beyond what is granted as part of the licensing discussed above (the “manufacturing rights option”). If this option is exercised, after SAMR has met certain requirements to exercise the option as defined in the License Agreement, it would provide for an exclusive license for use by SAMR to manufacture and supply the products for SAMR’s own use in the Limited Territory and to manufacture and supply these products to the Company, or their affiliates, for the Company’s use outside the Limited Territory. Should SAMR exercise the development and research option or the manufacturing rights option discussed above, SAMR and the Company shall negotiate in good faith the economic terms around these arrangements. If a third-party sublicensee of AR-301, AR-105 and AR-101 wishes to manufacture these products by itself for the territory for which it has a license from the Company, then the Company shall have the right to buy back the manufacturing rights for all territories outside of the Limited Territory by paying to SAMR $5 million.

Under the License Agreement, the Company received upfront payments totaling $15 million, of which $5 million was received in July 2019 through the option agreement referred to above. The Company is also entitled to additional payments from SAMR of up to $42.5 million, conditioned upon the achievement of specified milestones related to completion of certain trials and regulatory approvals as defined in the License Agreement. Further, the Company may receive additional royalty-based payments from SAMR if certain sales levels on licensed products are achieved as defined in the License Agreement.

Given the equity investment by SIBV was negotiated in conjunction with the option agreement, which resulted in the execution of the License Agreement, all arrangements were evaluated as a single agreement and amounts were allocated to the elements of the arrangement based on their fair value. The Company recorded approximately $5.0 million, which represented the fair value of the restricted common stock issued of $5.4 million, net of $441,000 of issuance costs, to stockholders’ equity within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. The Company allocated the net $4.6 million from the equity investment, after deducting commissions and offering costs, to the License Agreement. Therefore, the Company recorded approximately $19.6 million to deferred revenue based on the $15.0 million from upfront payments under the License Agreement and approximately $4.6 million from the equity allocation.

The License Agreement is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, as the transaction represents a contract with a customer where the participants function in a customer/vendor relationship and are not exposed equally to the risks and rewards of the activities contemplated under the License Agreement. Using the concepts of ASC 606, the Company identified the following performance obligations under the License Agreement: 1) the transfer of licenses of the intellectual property for AR-301, AR-101, AR-105 and AR-201, inclusive of the related technology know-how conveyance (referred to as the license and know-how above); and 2) the Company to deliver ongoing development support services related to the licensed products and the Company’s participation in the JSC (referred to as the development support services above); and identified the following material promises under the License Agreement: 3) SAMR was granted a research and development option of up to five identified product candidates for the Company to perform including specific development services (the research and development option referred to above); and 4) SAMR was granted an exclusive manufacturing license option which would provide for incremental manufacturing rights related to AR-301, AR-105 and AR-101 beyond what is granted in the License Agreement (the manufacturing rights option referred to above). The Company concluded that the performance obligations and material promises identified are separate and distinct from each other.

The Company is also entitled to additional payments from SAMR of up to $42.5 million, conditioned upon the achievement of specified milestones related to completion of certain trials and regulatory approvals as defined in the License Agreement. Further, the Company may receive additional royalty-based payments from SAMR if certain sales levels on licensed products are achieved as defined in the License Agreement. The Company concluded that these milestones and royalty payments each contain a significant uncertainty associated with a future event. As such, these milestone and royalty payments are constrained at contract inception and are not included in the transaction price as the Company could not conclude that it is probable a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur surrounding these payments. At the end of each reporting period, the Company will update its assessment of whether the milestone and royalty payments are constrained by considering both the likelihood and magnitude of the potential revenue reversal. At December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company performed an assessment and determined that these milestone and royalty payments are constrained.

The Company determined that the transaction price under the License Agreement was $19.6 million, consisting of the $15.0 million from upfront payments under the License Agreement and approximately $4.6 million from the equity allocation as noted above, which was allocated among the performance obligations and material promises based on their respective related standalone selling prices. The Company allocated the $19.6 million transaction price to the following: approximately $14.5 million to the licenses and know-how; approximately $0.1 million to the development support services; approximately $0.9 million to the research and development option; and approximately $4.1 million to the manufacturing rights option.

The Company determined that no performance obligations or material promises were satisfied as of December 31, 2022, and therefore, no revenue related to the License Agreement was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company has recorded contract liabilities resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $18.9 million and $18.6 million to deferred revenue, current, and approximately $0.7 million and $0.9 million to deferred revenue, noncurrent, on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company capitalized a contract asset resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $2.1 million related to the incremental costs of obtaining the License Agreement on its consolidated balance sheets, of which approximately $2.0 million is classified as current, and approximately $0.1 million is classified as noncurrent, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

In February 2021, the Company entered into an out-licensing and product discovery agreement with Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc. (“Kermode”) and a statement of work (the “Kermode Agreement”). Under the terms of this agreement, Kermode will fund for one year the discovery of product candidates for African Swine Fever Virus (“ASFV”) with an option to include the discovery of product candidates for swine influenza virus (“SIV”). Kermode also received exclusive rights to all mAbs and vaccines discovered for veterinary uses and rights to a non-exclusive license to use the Company’s ʎPEX technology platform for further development activities. The Company retained exclusive rights to mAbs and vaccines discovered for human uses. In March 2021, the Company received a non-refundable upfront payment of $500,000 and received two milestone payment of $250,000 each. The Kermode Agreement defines four phases of research and development activities. The Company is also entitled to royalty payments based on future net sales if Kermode is ultimately successful in commercializing product candidates.

The Kermode Agreement is within the scope of ASC 606 as the parties have a customer/vendor relationship and are not exposed equally to the risks and rewards of the activities contemplated in the Kermode Agreement. The Company identified the following promises under the Kermode Agreement: 1) research and development services, and 2) license rights of the ʎPEX Platform and mAbs and vaccines (“Program IP”). The Company determined that these promises are not distinct from each other, and therefore represent one performance obligation.

As of December 31, 2022, the transaction price of the Kermode Agreement was $1,000,000, consisting of the non-refundable upfront payment of $500,000 and the two milestone payments totaling $500,000. Potential royalty payments were not included in the transaction price, as it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur if these amounts were included. At the end of each reporting period, the Company will update its assessment of whether the milestone payments and royalties are constrained by considering both the likelihood and magnitude of the potential revenue reversal.

The Company determined that the one performance obligation under the Kermode Agreement should be recognized over time. At each reporting period, the amount of revenue to recognize will be calculated using the input method (cost-to-cost), by comparing cumulative costs incurred to the total estimated costs to perform all four phases of the research and development activities, and applying that percentage of completion to the transaction price. The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the costs related to the research and development activities are incurred.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized approximately $0.5 million in revenue related to the Kermode Agreement. Approximately $0.1 million in deferred revenue is recorded on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized approximately $465,000 in revenue related to the Kermode Agreement. The Company has recorded the remaining portion of the nonrefundable upfront payment as a contract liability of approximately $285,000 to deferred revenue, current, as of December 31, 2021.

On November 23, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement (“Note Purchase Agreement”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC (Lender), pursuant to which we issued to the Lender a secured promissory note (Note) in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000. Closing occurred on November 23, 2021 (Issuance Date). The Note carries an original issue discount of $250,000. The Note bears interest at the rate of 6% per annum and matures on November 23, 2023. Beginning on May 23, 2022, the Lender has the right to redeem all or any portion of the Note up to the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount which is $450,000. Pursuant to the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement, the Company issued a second Note (collectively, the “Notes”) to the Lender on February 21, 2022 in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000 with terms substantially similar to the first Note except the maturity date is February 21, 2024. As of December 31, 2022, the Lender has exercised their right to redeem the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amounts and the Company has made four monthly payments for the first note of $495,000 including $450,000 paydown on the principal and $45,000 prepayment premium.

Payments of each redemption amount must be made in cash. Pursuant to the Note, the Company can defer all redemption payments that the Lender could otherwise elect to make during any calendar month on three (3) separate occasions by providing written notice to Lender at least three (3) trading days prior to the first day of each such calendar month for which it wishes to defer redemptions for that month. In the event the Company elects to defer, the aggregate principal amount plus accrued but unpaid interest (Outstanding Amount) shall automatically be increased by (a) 0.5% for the first exercise; (b) 1% for the second exercise and (c) 1.5% for the third exercise. The Company can prepay all or any portion of the Outstanding Amount at a rate of (a) 105% of the portion of the Outstanding Balance the Company elects to prepay if prepayment occurs on or before the three-month anniversary of the Issuance Date; (b) 107.5% of the portion of the Outstanding Balance the Company elects to prepay if prepayment occurs after the three-month anniversary of the Issuance Date but on or before the six-month anniversary of the Issuance Date and (c) 110% of the Outstanding Balance if the prepayment occurs after the six-month anniversary of the Issuance Date.

On September 30, 2022, the Company signed an amendment to promissory Note #2. Subject to certain provisions and so long as no Event of Default has occurred, then in addition to the three (3) deferral rights previously available, the Company shall have the right to exercise additional monthly deferrals until March 31, 2023 (each, an “Additional Deferral”). Each time Borrower exercises an Additional Deferral the Outstanding Balance will automatically be increased by 1.5%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has not made any payments on Note #2.

Pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, the Company is subject to certain covenants, including the obligations to: (i) timely file all reports required to be filed under Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and not terminate its status as an issuer required to file reports under the Exchange Act; (ii) maintain listing of its common stock on a securities exchange; and (iii) avoid trading in its common stock from being suspended, halted, chilled, frozen or otherwise ceased. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2022. On April 17, 2023, the Company was no longer in compliance as it didn’t meet the time filing of the annual report on 10-K. The Company has received a waiver from the lender for this covenant The Note is secured by the Company’s MabIgX assets.

The fair value measurement includes interest, at the stated rate, and this separate amount is not reflected in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company has recorded a liability of approximately $3.8 million for Note Payable (current) and $0 for non-current Note Payable for a total of approximately $3.8 million for both Notes, as of December 31, 2022.

The Company obtained financing for certain Director & Officer liability insurance policy premiums. The agreement assigns First Insurance Funding (Lender) a first priority lien on and security interest in the financed policies and any additional premium required in the financed policies including (a) all returned or unearned premiums, (b) all additional cash contributions or collateral amounts assessed by the insurance companies in relation to the financed policies and financed by Lender, (c) any credits generated by the financed policies, (d) dividend payments, and (e) loss payments which reduce unearned premiums. If any circumstances exist in which premiums related to any Financed Policy could become fully earned in the event of loss, Lender shall be named a loss-payee with respect to such policy.

The total premiums, taxes and fees financed is approximately $0.9 million with an annual interest rate of 5.129%. In consideration of the premium payment by Lender to the insurance companies or the Agent or Broker, the Company unconditionally promises to pay Lender the amount Financed plus interest and other charges permitted under the Agreement. At December 31, 2022 the Company recognized approximately $0.5 million as insurance financing note payable in its consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2021 the Company recognized approximately $696,000 as insurance financing note payable in its consolidated balance sheet. The Company will pay the insurance financing through installment payments with the last payment due on May 14, 2023.

The Company applied for and received a loan, which is in the form of a note dated May 1, 2020, from Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) in the aggregate amount of approximately $715,000 (the “Loan”), pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”). The PPP, established as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), provides for loans to qualifying businesses for amounts up to 2.5 times of the average monthly payroll expenses of the qualifying business.

In May 2021, the Company received confirmation that the PPP Loan was forgiven by the SBA and was legally released from its financial obligation by the lender, SVB. As such, for the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized in its consolidated statement of operations a gain on extinguishment of PPP Loan of approximately $722,000, which includes the PPP Loan principal of approximately $715,000 and accrued interest of approximately $7,000. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no liabilities related to the PPP Loan recorded in its consolidated balance sheet.

In August 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “August 2021 Securities Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed to offer, issue and sell to this investor, in a registered direct offering, 1,300,000 shares of its Common Stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,647,556 shares of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), and warrants to purchase up to 2,473,778 shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants”). The combined purchase price of each share of Common Stock and accompanying Warrants is $5.053 per share. The combined purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant is $5.052 (equal to the combined purchase price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Warrant, minus $0.001). The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $25.0 million, and after deducting the placement agent fees and expenses and offering costs, net proceeds were approximately $22.6 million (see Note 9).

Each Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The Warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire seven years from the original issuance date, or August 4, 2028. The Pre-Funded Warrants were offered in lieu of shares of Common Stock to the Purchaser whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in the Offering would otherwise result in the Purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the Purchaser, 9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of this Offering. Each Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable, to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the holder’s option upon issuance, 9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable. The exercise price of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants are subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. Each of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants may be exercised on a “cashless” basis under certain circumstances set forth in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants.

The Company measured the fair value of the Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants based on the Company’s closing stock price on the date the August 2021 Purchase Agreement was entered into and the fair value of the Warrants was based upon a Black Scholes Merton option pricing model. The Black Scholes Merton option pricing model used the following assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of approximately 97%, risk-free interest rate of 0.96%, and dividend yield of 0%. The Company used the relative fair value method to allocate the net proceeds received from the sale of the Common Stock, the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants of approximately $22.6 million. The Company recorded approximately $4.4 million, $12.2 million and $6 million, which represented the relative fair value of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants, respectively, to stockholders’ deficit within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

In December 2021, all of the Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised. A total of 3,647,556 shares of Common Stock were issued in exchange for approximately $4,000 in cash as a result of the exercise.

In October 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “October 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement”) with a certain institutional and accredited investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed to offer, issue and sell to this investor, in a registered direct offering, 1,800,000 shares of common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,407,208 shares of Common Stock (the “2022 Pre-Funded Warrants”), and unregistered warrants to purchase up to 7,207,208 shares of Common Stock (the “2022 Warrants”). Each Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock. The common stock was issued for $1.11 per share which represents the per share public price on the date of issuance. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants were issued for $1.109 per warrant and include a $0.001 per share exercise price and the 2022 Warrants have an exercise price of $1.11 per warrant. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable immediately and the 2022 Warrants are exercisable six months after the closing date. The 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants do not expire and the 2022 Warrants expire on April 7, 2028. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $8.0 million, and after deducting the placement agent fees and expenses and offering costs, net proceeds were approximately $7.9 million (see Note 9)

The 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants and 2022 Pre-Funded Warrants (collectively, “the Pre-Funded Warrants”) were offered in lieu of shares of Common Stock to the Purchaser whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in the offerings would otherwise result in the Purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the Purchaser, 9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of the offerings. Each Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable, to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the holder’s option upon issuance, 9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable. The exercise price of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants are subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. Each of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants may be exercised on a “cashless” basis under certain circumstances set forth in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants agreements.

In connection with the October 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into a Warrant Amendment (the “Warrant Amendment”) with the investor to amend the 2021 Warrants. Pursuant to the Warrant Amendment, the 2021 Warrants were amended, effective upon the closing of the October 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, so that the amended warrants have a reduced exercise price from $5.00 per share to $2.00 per share. All other terms and provisions remain in full force and effect. On the date of the amendment, the Company calculated the fair value, using the Black Scholes Merton (“BSM”) option pricing model, of the 2021 Warrants immediately prior to the Warrant Amendment and immediately after the Warrant Amendment. On the date of the exchange, the 2021 Warrants were valued at $0.716 and $0.843, respectively, using the original and modified terms of the 2021 Warrants. The incremental change in fair value was deemed to be $314,170, which was included as equity issuance costs related to the October 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement. The BSM valuation model used the following assumptions:

The Company measured the fair value of the Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants based on the Company’s closing stock price on the date the 2021 Purchase Agreement and 2022 Purchase Agreement was entered into and the fair value of the 2021 Warrants and 2022 Warrants was based upon a BSM valuation model. The BSM valuation model used the following assumptions:

The Company used the relative fair value method to allocate the net proceeds received from the sale of the Common Stock, the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants to stockholders’ equity (deficit) on the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

The following table summarizes information about shares issuable under warrants outstanding at December 31, 2022:

In January 2023, Armistice exercised 3,044,000 warrants to purchase common stock.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved the following common stock for future issuance:

In December 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) in which we agreed to offer, issue and sell 5,168,732 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001. The per share offering price of the shares was $0.94. Additionally, CFF agreed to increase the amount of grant award to provide additional $0.2 million. When combining the equity purchase with the additional grant award, we received total proceeds of $5.0 million.

On October 5, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “October 2022 Purchase Agreement”) with a certain institutional and accredited investor (the “Purchaser”), relating to the issuance and sale of 1,800,000 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”) and pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,407,208 shares of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), at a purchase price of $1.11 per share. Concurrently with the sale of the Shares and the Pre-Funded Warrants, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company also sold to the investor unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 7,207,208 shares of Common Stock (the “Warrant”) in a private placement. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the offerings were approximately $8 million, excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants.

In March 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “March 2021 Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional and individual investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to offer, issue and sell to the Purchasers, in a registered direct offering, an aggregate of 1,037,405 shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”) for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $7.0 million, and after deducting commissions and offering costs, net proceeds were approximately $6.4 million.

In October 2020, shares of Common Stock were sold in a registered direct offering in which each share contains a price based anti-dilution rights. If the Company issues additional securities at a purchase price less than the purchase price paid by these respective holders, the Company shall issue additional common shares equal to the difference of the number of common shares that each respective shareholder would have received if they paid the subsequent lower price, and the number of shares each respective shareholder originally received. As a result of the March 2021 registered direct offering price per share being less than the October 2020 registered direct offering price per share, the Company was obligated to issue an additional 124,789 shares of unregistered Common Stock to the investors in the Company’s October 2020 registered direct offering pursuant to the anti-dilutive provisions of the October 2020 Securities Purchase Agreement. In March 2021, the Company issued 124,789 dividend shares to its common stockholders with a fair value of approximately $986,000, which the Company recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital, and since the Company had an accumulated deficit, the corresponding debit to additional paid-in capital, resulting in no dollar impact within the Company’s consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Effective July 12, 2021, the Company entered into the MedImmune License Agreement, pursuant to which MedImmune granted the Company an exclusive worldwide license for the development and commercialization of suvratoxumab, a Phase 3 ready fully human monoclonal antibody targeting S. aureus alpha toxin (see Note 4). As part of the consideration for the MedImmune License Agreement, the Company issued 884,956 shares of its common stock to MedImmune. The fair value of the 884,956 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with the MedImmune License agreement is approximately $6.5 million. The Company measured the fair value of the common stock issued to MedImmune based on the Company’s closing stock price on the effective date of the MedImmune License Agreement. The Company recognized the $6.5 million as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations and additional paid-in capital within equity in its consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2021.

As a result of this registered direct offering price per share being less than the October 2020 and March 2021 registered direct offerings price per share, the Company was obligated to issue an additional 634,600 shares of unregistered Common Stock to the investors in the Company’s October 2020 and March 2021 registered direct offerings pursuant to the anti-dilutive provisions of the October 2020 and March 2021 Securities Purchase Agreements. In August 2021, the Company issued 634,600 dividend shares to certain common stockholders with a fair value of approximately $3.1 million, which the Company recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital, and since the Company has an accumulated deficit, the corresponding debit to additional paid-in capital, resulting in no dollar impact within the Company’s consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company has fulfilled the obligation and no further anti-dilutive provisions are available.

On January 19, 2022, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Sales Agreement (“Sales Agreement”) with Virtu Americas LLC (“Virtu”), as sales agent. Pursuant to the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company may issue and sell from time to time shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, through Virtu, acting as its sales agent, or directly to Virtu, acting as principal. Pursuant to the Company’s prospectus supplement filed on January 19, 2022, the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $25.0 million.

Under the Sales Agreement, Shares will be offered and sold pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-233601) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on September 3, 2019, declared effective by the SEC on September 5, 2019. In addition, under the Sales Agreement, sales of Shares may be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Company will pay Virtu a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Shares and has agreed to provide Virtu with customary indemnification and contribution rights. The Company will also reimburse Virtu for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales Agreement. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the Shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend the offering of its common stock upon notice and subject to other conditions. The Sales Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, other obligations of the parties and termination provisions.

The Company had not sold any shares of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement . The ATM Sales Agreement facility currently cannot be used without the Company updating certain required conditions that are expired. The Company presently has no plans to update such required conditions.

In May 2014, the Company adopted and the shareholders approved the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2014 Plan). Under the 2014 Plan, 233,722 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially reserved for the issuance of stock options to employees, directors, and consultants, under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors. Under the terms of the 2014 Plan, options may be granted at an exercise price not less than fair market value. For employees holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise prices for incentive stock options may not be less than 110% of fair market value, as determined by the Board of Directors. The terms of options granted under the 2014 Plan may not exceed ten years.

In June 2020, the adoption of an amendment to the 2014 Plan to eliminate the evergreen provision and set the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder to 2,183,692 shares was approved by the Company’s stockholders.

In June 2022, the shareholder approved an additional 750,000 shares to be reserved for the issuance of stock options to employees, directors, and consultants, under terms and provisions established by the Board of Directors.

The number of shares, terms, and vesting periods are determined by the Company’s Board of Directors or a committee thereof on an option-by-option basis. Options generally vest ratably over service periods of up to four years and expire ten years from the date of grant.

Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 is represented in the following table:

Additional information related to the status of options as of December 31, 2022 is summarized as follows:

The Company estimated the fair value of options using the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model. The fair value of options is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The fair value of the options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were estimated using the following assumptions:

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company granted options to purchase 388,569 shares 493,440 shares with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $1.31 and $3.68 per share, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company granted 376,165 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $0.95 per share and no restricted stock units were granted during the year ended December 31, 2021.

There were zero and 1,559 options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0 and approximately $5,000, respectively.

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense related to stock options (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expenses related to unvested stock options was approximately $1.1million, which is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.30 years.

The Company has accumulated net losses since inception and has not recorded an income tax provision or benefit during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

A reconciliation between the statutory U.S. federal rate and the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows (in thousands):

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets (in thousands) are as follows:

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the Company’s liability for uncertain tax positions (in thousands) is as follows:

Due to the existence of the valuation allowance, future changes in the Company’s liability for uncertain tax positions will not impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate that there will be a substantial change in its liability for uncertain tax positions in the next twelve months.

Tax Legislation subjects a U.S. shareholder to tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years or to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense only. The Company has elected to account for GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. The Company does not have a GILTI inclusion as the foreign subsidiaries are in loss positions in 2022.

Based on the available objective evidence, management believes it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets were not fully realizable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Accordingly, the Company has established a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The net change in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $5.4 million and $9.2 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $19.5 million that begin to expire in 2034. The Company also has federal net operating losses of approximately $70 million that arose after the 2017 tax year and will carryforward indefinitely. The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $71.3 million that will begin to expire in 2034. At December 31, 2022, the Company has research credit carryforwards of approximately $4.2 million and approximately $975,000 for federal and California state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal credits begin to expire in 2034 and the state credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

Under the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Sections 382 and 383, annual use of the Company’s net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards to offset taxable income may be limited based on cumulative changes in ownership. The Company has not completed an analysis to determine whether any such limitations have been triggered as of December 31, 2022. The Company has no income tax affect due to the recognition of a full valuation allowance on the expected tax benefits of future loss carry forwards based on uncertainty surrounding realization of such assets. Any annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. The Company may continue to experience ownership changes in the future as a result of the Company’s future expected equity financings and subsequent shifts in its stock ownership, some of which may be outside of its control.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act contained a provision which requires the capitalization of Section 174 costs incurred in years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. Section 174 costs are expenditures which represent research and development costs that are incident to the development or improvement of a product, process, formula, invention, computer software, or technique. This provision changes the treatment of Section 174 costs such that the expenditures are no longer allowed as an immediate deduction but rather must be capitalized and amortized.

We have included the impact of this provision, which results in a deferred tax asset of approximately $2.3 million as of December 31, 2022.

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States, California, the Netherlands and China, and remains subject to possible examination by tax authorities in these jurisdictions for tax years dating back to 2014. The Company became subject to taxation in Maryland and North Carolina starting tax year 2020, and became subject to taxation in Colorado, Pennsylvania and South Carolina starting tax year 2021. The Company does not have any pending tax examinations. Following the Company’s adoption of ASC 740-10 regarding accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the Company made a comprehensive review of its portfolio of uncertain tax positions in accordance with the guidance. In this regard, an uncertain tax position represents the Company’s expected treatment of a tax position taken in a filed tax return, or planned to be taken in a future tax return, that has not been reflected in measuring income tax expense for financial reporting purposes. As a result of that review, the Company concluded there were no uncertain tax positions and no cumulative effect on retained earnings at the time of adoption.

On February 11, 2018, the Company entered into a Joint Venture (“JV”) Agreement with Hepalink which is a related party and principal shareholder in the Company, pursuant to which the Company formed a JV Entity for developing and commercializing products for infectious diseases in the greater China territories. It was agreed by the parties that the Company shall be reimbursed for certain legal and contract manufacturing expenses related to the clinical drug supply for a Phase 3 clinical study of AR-301 and the clinical drug supply for a clinical study of AR-105. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded approximately $51,000 and $75,000, respectively, as a reduction to operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for amounts reimbursed to the Company by the JV Entity under this arrangement. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded approximately $5,000 and $43,000, respectively, in other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets for amounts owed to the Company by the JV Entity under this arrangement and the Company expects the amounts to be collectable and as a result, no reserve for uncollectability was established.

In July 2019, the Company issued 801,820 shares of its restricted common stock in a private placement to Serum International B.V. (“SIBV”), an affiliate of Serum Institute of India Private Limited, for total gross proceeds of $10 million (see Note 9). As a result of this transaction, SIBV and its affiliates, are considered related parties to the Company. In September 2019, the Company and Serum AMR Products (“SAMR”), a party under common ownership of SIBV, entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the” License Agreement”) (see Note 6).

The Company determined that no performance obligations or material promises were satisfied as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Therefore, no revenue related to the License Agreement was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company has recorded contract liabilities resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $18.9 million and $18.7 million to deferred revenue, current, and approximately $0.7 million and $0.9 million to deferred revenue, noncurrent, on its consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company capitalized a contract asset resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $2.1 million related to the incremental costs of obtaining the License Agreement on its consolidated balance sheets, of which approximately $2.0 million is classified as current, and approximately $0.1 million is classified as noncurrent, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a finance lease, operating lease or short-term lease at inception, or as applicable, and accounts for the arrangement under the relevant accounting literature. Currently, the Company is only party to a non-cancelable office space operating lease. Under the relevant guidance, the Company recognizes operating lease ROU assets and liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date, using the Company’s assumed incremental borrowing rate of 6%, and amortizes the ROU assets and liabilities over the lease term. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In October 2020, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”) with Boccardo Corporation (the “Landlord”) pursuant to which the Company leased approximately 15,129 square feet of office and laboratory space in Los Gatos, California. In December 2020, the Company moved into the new facility which serves as the Company’s corporate headquarters and the Company has made leasehold improvements to the new facility of which approximately $378,000 may be reimbursed by the Landlord as certain criteria are met as defined in the Lease Agreement. The lease commenced in December 2020 and has an approximate five-year term with a three year renewal option. Rental payments by the Company commenced on February 1, 2021. In connection with the Lease Agreement, the Company was required to deliver a security deposit in the form of a letter of credit of $500,000 to the Landlord which is classified as restricted cash, noncurrent, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

As of January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases. The Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities at the adoption date based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used was the incremental borrowing rate of 6% in determining the present value of the future minimum lease payments. The Company recognized ROU assets of $1.9 million and lease liabilities of $2.3 million as of adoption date. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s ROU assets and liabilities related to the Lease are as follows (in thousands):

The future minimum lease payments for the new facility as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may incur charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.

The Company has entered into various collaboration and licensing agreements that provide it with access to certain technology and patent rights. Under the terms of the agreements, the Company may be required to make milestone payments upon achievement of certain development and regulatory activities. None of these events occurred as of December 31, 2022.

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that a potential loss will be incurred and such amount can be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no accruals have been made related to commitments and contingencies.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. See below Legal Proceedings ongoing at December 31, 2022.

A complaint was filed in February 2020 in the New York State Supreme Court against the Company by an investor who invested in the Company’s preferred stock in July 2017 prior to the Company’s IPO in August 2018. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the Company breached its contract and fiduciary duty, by not issuing additional securities to the investor as a result of the Company’s IPO. The plaintiff is asking for approximately $277,000 in compensatory damages, although in recent motion practice the plaintiff indicated that it wants the agreement between the parties to be rescinded and a return of the original purchase price of $531,686.85. Discovery has been completed and the parties filed competing motions for summary judgment on all claims. The Court heard oral argument on those motions on January 12, 2023. The parties now await the Court’s decision. We believe that the claims in this complaint are without merit and intend to continue to defend vigorously against them.

In September 2021, Cantor filed a complaint in the New York State Supreme Court against the Company alleging that it breached a letter agreement with Cantor and owes Cantor approximately $1.8 million, including attorney’s fees for a financing fee related to the Company’s equity offering in August 2021. The parties entered into a settlement agreement and release on December 15, 2021. The settlement amount was included in accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021, and paid in 2022.

The Company submitted a complaint in Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, against our former landlord on October 22, 2021, asserting claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, wrongful eviction/constructive eviction and unjust enrichment and violation of the unfair competition law. The claims arise from rent increases and the termination of the tenancy that we allege were not permitted by the agreement with the landlord. We seek to recover rent paid under protest, our deposit, moving and relocation expenses and consequential damages arising from disruption to our operations. The Company filed a first amended complaint on July 18, 2022 asserting the same claims. The landlord has filed a cross-complaint for damage to property and attorneys ‘fees. Discovery in the case is proceeding and no trial date has been set. A further case management conference is scheduled for May 2, 2023.

In December 2016, the Company received an award for up to $2.9 million from the CFF to advance research on potential drugs utilizing inhaled gallium citrate anti-infective. In November 2018, the CFF increased the award to $7.5 million and in December 2022, the CFF increased the award to $7.6 million. Under the award agreement, the CFF will make payments to the Company as certain milestones are met. The award agreement also contains a provision whereby if the Company spends less on developing a potential drug utilizing inhaled gallium citrate anti-infective than the Company actually receives under this award agreement, the Company will be required to return the excess portion of the award to the CFF. At the end of any reporting period, if the Company determines that the cumulative amount spent on this program is less than the cumulative cash received from the CFF, the Company will record the excess amount received as a liability. No liability related to this excess amount was recorded by the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

In the event that development efforts are successful and the Company commercializes a drug from these related development efforts, the Company will be subject to paying to CFF a one-time amount over time equal to nine times the actual net award received from CFF. Such amount shall be paid in not more than five annual installments, as follows: within ninety days of the end of the calendar year in which the first commercial sale occurs, and within ninety days of the end of each subsequent calendar year until the net amount received from CFF is repaid. The Company shall pay 15% of net sales for that calendar year up to the amount of the net award received from CFF (except that in the fifth installment, if any, the Company shall pay the remaining unpaid portion of the net award received from CFF).

In the event that the Company licenses rights to the product in the field to a third-party, sells the product, or consummates a change of control transaction prior to the first commercial sale, the Company shall pay to CFF an amount equal to 15% of the amounts received by the Company and its shareholders in connection with such disposition (whether paid upfront or in accordance with subsequent milestones and whether paid in cash or property) up to nine times the actual net award received from CFF. The payment shall be made within ninety days after the closing of such a transaction.

In the event that the development efforts are delayed, which result from events within the Company’s control, for more than one hundred eighty (180) consecutive days at any time before the first commercialization of the drug from the related development efforts, the CFF may provide an interruption notice to the Company, or in lieu of the interruption license, pay to the CFF an amount greater than two times the award received plus interest up to the time of such election. The Company then has thirty (30) days to respond to such notice. If the Company does not respond within thirty (30) days, an interruption license shall be effective. The interruption license to the CFF is an exclusive, worldwide license under the development program technology to manufacture, have manufactured, license, use, sell, offer to sell, and support the product in the field and includes financial conditions for both parties.

In February 2021, the Company entered into the Kermode Agreement, in which the Company received an upfront payment of $500,000 and received two milestone payments of $250,000 each. The Company is also entitled to additional payments from Kermode for royalty payments on future net sales (see Note 6). In the event that the research and development efforts under the agreement are successful and if the Company elects to develop and commercialize products under certain provisions contained in the agreement, the Company shall pay to Kermode a 5% royalty of net sales from those products. None of these events occurred as of December 31, 2022.

In March 2023, the Company entered into a definitive agreement for the issuance and sale of an aggregate of 6,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $0.38 per share in a registered direct offering. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $2.28 million, before deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

In April 2023, the Company entered into a Note Purchase agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC modifying the principal amount of Note #2 from approximately $5,250,000 to approximately $9,287,000 in exchange for an additional investment amount of up to $2,500,000.

In May 2023, the Company terminated the License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with SAMR for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the contract.

We restated the unaudited quarterly financial information as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 202, to correct misstatements associated with the valuation of the Company’s Notes Payable.

See below for a reconciliation from the previously reported to the restated amounts for the periods as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The previously reported amounts were derived from the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 16, 2022, August 16, 2022 and November 21, 2022, respectively (the “Form 10-Qs”). These amounts are labeled as “As Previously Reported” in the table below. The amounts labeled “Adjusted Balance” represent the effects of this restatement (“Restatement”).

The tables below illustrate the impact of the restatement on the historical unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the interim quarters impacted, each as compared with the amounts presented in the Form 10-Qs previously filed with the SEC. See all adjustments detailed in the table below.

The following table sets forth the effects of the restatement on the affected line items within the Company’s previously reported Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022 and March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

The following tables set forth the effects of the restatement on the affected line items within the Company’s previously reported Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the quarterly periods ended September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022, and March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

The following tables set forth the effects of the Restatement on the affected line items within the Company’s previously reported unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year-to-date periods ended September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022, and March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “we” or “our” or “us”) was established as a California limited liability corporation in 2003. The Company converted to a Delaware C corporation on May 21, 2014. Our principal place of business is in Los Gatos, California. We are a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing new breakthrough therapies for infectious diseases and addressing the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The Company has a deep, diversified portfolio of clinical and pre-clinical stage non-antibiotic anti-infective product candidates that are complemented by a fully human monoclonal antibody discovery platform technology. The Company’s suite of anti-infective monoclonal antibodies offers opportunities to profoundly alter the current trajectory of increasing antibiotic resistance and improve the health outcome of many of the most serious life-threatening infections particularly in hospital settings.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the amounts of the Company and our wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and applicable rules of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the preceding fiscal year included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on May 22, 2023.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Aridis Biopharmaceuticals, LLC and Aridis Pharmaceuticals, C.V. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company operates in one segment. Management uses one measurement of profitability and does not segregate its business for internal reporting. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other future period. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited balance sheet at December 31, 2022 contained in the above referenced Form 10-K.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused business disruption globally and may continue to cause an impact on patient enrollment globally and the rate of clinical site activation. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s future operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, and impact on the Company’s clinical trials, employees and vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. At this point, the extent to which COVID-19 may impact the Company’s future financial condition or results of operations remains uncertain.

The Company had recurring losses from operations since inception and negative cash flows from operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2022. Management expects to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future as the Company continues its product development programs. The forecasted outflow of cash for at least a one-year period from the expected condensed consolidated financial statement issuance date, is in excess of the cash available on-hand.

The Company’s research and development expenses and resulting cash burn during the three months ended March 31, 2023, were largely due to costs associated with customary study closure activities associated with the recently completed Phase 3 study of AR-301 for the treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia (“VAP”) caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the Phase 1/2 study of AR-501 for the treatment of chronic lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis, and the activities associated with the Phase 3 study of AR-320 for the prevention of S. aureus VAP. Current development activities are focused on AR-301, AR-320, and AR-501. However, going forward in the second quarter of 2023, we expect our expenses associated with the AR-301 and AR-320 programs to significantly decrease until the clinical development activities resume.

The Company plans to fund its cash flow needs through current cash on hand and future debt and/or equity financings which we may obtain through one or more public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its research and development programs or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its future business prospects and its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company believes that its current available cash and cash equivalents, including cash received in March 2023 from equity raise proceeds, will not be sufficient to fund its planned expenditures and meet the Company’s obligations for at least the one-year period following its consolidated financial statement issuance date. In the absence of equity or debt financing, or other capital sources, including grant funding, potential collaborations or other strategic transactions, management anticipates that existing cash resources will not be sufficient to meet operating and liquidity needs on or before June 30, 2023.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis that contemplates the realization of assets and discharge of liabilities in their normal course of business. There is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. These condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include those related to the evaluation of our ability to continue as a going concern, best estimate of standalone selling price of revenue deliverables, useful life of long-lived assets, classification of deferred revenue, income taxes, assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) model to calculate the fair value of stock-based compensation, deferred tax asset valuation allowances, and preclinical study and clinical trial accruals. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

There was $1.1 million revenue from three customers for the three months ended March 31, 2023 each individually being 5%, 17% and 78% and $1.2 million revenue from three customers during the three months ended March 31, 2022 each individually being 10%, 24% and 66% accounting for 100% of total revenue. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no accounts receivable.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of checking account and money market fund account balances. Restricted cash consists of deposits for a letter of credit that the Company has provided to secure its obligations under its facility lease as well as grant funds identified for the specific grant project.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within the condensed consolidated balance sheets which, in aggregate, represent the amount reported in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Accounts receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company considers the creditworthiness of its customers but does not require collateral in advance of a sale. The Company evaluates collectability and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio when necessary. The allowance is based on the Company’s best estimate of the amount of losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable, which is based on customer creditworthiness, facts and circumstances specific to outstanding balances, and payment terms. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were zero and $1.0 million in accounts receivable, respectively, and no allowances for doubtful accounts.

Prior to adoption of ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2022, the Company evaluated leases at their inception as either operating or capital leases, and renewal or expansion options, rent holidays, leasehold improvement allowances and other incentives on such lease agreements. The Company recognized operating lease costs on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally between three and five years for lab equipment and computer equipment and software, and over the shorter of the lease term or useful life for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and costs of improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the condensed consolidated balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the condensed consolidated statement of operations in the period realized.

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to the future undiscounted net cash flows which the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured by the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over fair value less the costs to sell the assets, generally determined using the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset. There have been no such impairments of long-lived assets during the period ended March 31, 2023 and approximately $227,000 in impairment of lab equipment during the period ended December 31, 2022.

The Company recognizes revenue based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. See Note 6 for details of the development and license agreements.

The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. In developing the standalone price for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. The Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. The Company receives payments from its customers based on payment schedules established in each contract. The Company records any amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria as deferred revenue on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts recognized as revenue, but not yet received or invoiced are recorded within other receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts are recorded as other receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheet when our right to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of a majority of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.

The incremental costs of obtaining a contract under ASC 606 (i.e., costs that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained) are recognized as an asset in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets if the Company expects to recover them (see Note 6). Capitalized costs will be amortized to the respective expenses using a systematic basis that mirrors the pattern in which the Company transfers control of the goods and service to the customer. At each reporting date, the Company determines whether the capitalized costs to obtain a contract are impaired by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the remaining amount of consideration that the Company received and expects to receive less the costs that relate to providing services under the relevant contract. Capitalized contract assets were $2.1 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, there was no amortization of the contract assets and there have been no impairments as of March 31, 2023.

Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria, or in which the Company has an unconditional right to payment, are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has estimated the classification between current and noncurrent deferred revenue related to the respective license agreement within its condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 (see Note 6).

Research and development costs are expensed to operations as incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date estimated fair values, which the Company determines using the BSM option pricing model, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The BSM option pricing model incorporates various highly sensitive assumptions, including the fair value of our common stock, expected volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. The weighted average expected life of options was calculated using the simplified method as prescribed by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin, Topic 14 (“SAB Topic 14”). This decision was based on the lack of relevant historical data due to our limited historical experience. In addition, due to our limited historical data, the estimated volatility also reflects the application of SAB Topic 14, incorporating the historical volatility of comparable companies whose stock prices are publicly available. The risk-free interest rate for the periods within the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield was zero, as we have never declared or paid dividends and have no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

Other comprehensive income increased from $5,051,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $5,912,000 for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 . This relates to the change in credit risk calculated by our fair value option valuation for the Note Purchase Agreements with Streeterville Capital, LLC.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, there is no difference in the number of shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share due to the Company’s net loss position. The following table presents the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s consolidated financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The change in the estimated fair value of the Level 3 liability is summarized below:

The fair value of the Streeterville Note as of March 31, 2023 amounting to $2.0 million, was based on the weighted average discounted expected future cash flows representing the terms of the note, discounting them to their present value equivalents. This was classified as Level 3 fair value in the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs, including the Company’s own credit risk.

The following table summarizes the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurement for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Depreciation expense was approximately $86,000 and $482,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Amortization expense was approximately $1,000 for both three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard — Non-Exclusive Manufacturing License Agreement

In January 2021, we entered into a non-exclusive manufacturing licensing agreement with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (the “Broad Institute”) to make and manufacture CRISPR Modified Cell Lines, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. These license rights permit the non-exclusive use of the CRISPR Technology for the creation of and improvement of yield from protein and mAb production cell lines, which is one of the core components of the APEX^TM mAb discovery and manufacturing production technology.

Pursuant to this agreement, the Company is obligated to pay to the Broad Institute an issue fee of $25,000, an annual license maintenance fee of $50,000 in 2022, and fees of $100,000 in December 2023 and each year thereafter. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay a royalty of 7% of all service income received from a customer for the manufacture, sale or transfer of CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants or end products, as well as 0.5% of end product net sales from use of any commercialized product that contains any small or large molecule made through the use of a CRISPR modified cell line, CRISPR Modified Animals and CRISPR Modified Plants. The term of the license agreement continues until all patents and filed patent applications, included within the licensed Broad Institute patents, have expired or been abandoned.

As additional consideration, the Company will pay MedImmune milestone payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory approvals, for one licensed product, up to a total aggregate amount of $30.0 million and sales related milestone payments of up to $85.0 million. To date, no milestones have been achieved and no milestone payments have been made pursuant to this agreement. MedImmune is entitled to royalty payments based on aggregate net sales ranging from 12.5% to 15% dependent on net sales volume. Further, until delivery of an interim data readout, or an interim futility analysis, from the first Phase 3 clinical study for any indication, MedImmune has a right of first negotiation regarding any commercial rights that the Company intends to sub-license. The term of the MedImmune License Agreement continues until the expiration of the last royalty term for the last licensed product as defined in the license agreement.

On March 20^th, 2023, the Company received a written notice from MedImmune that it has terminated that certain License Agreement by and between MedImmune and the Company dated as of July 12, 2021, and as amended by Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2021 (the “License Agreement”), pursuant to Section 9.2.1 of the License Agreement for non-payment of the Upfront Cash Payment which was due on December 31, 2021. The notice states that such termination shall be effective on March 30, 2023. As a result of the termination, the on-going AR-320-003 Phase 3 clinical study must be put on hold. The Company does not agree that it is in material breach of the License Agreement. Based on the failure of MedImmune to assist in the necessary technology transfer pursuant to Section 3.5.2 of the License Agreement. The Company notified MedImmune on March 24, 2023 that it was in material breach of Section 3.5.2 and requested that the material breach be cured as soon as possible.

The Company recognized no losses from the operations of the JV Entity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s equity method investment in the JV Entity was $0.

For research and development costs incurred at non-EU sites, we recognize these expenses as incurred. We recognized research and development expenses of $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 at non-EU sites.

For research and development costs incurred at EU sites, we recognize a liability for 25% of these costs. Research and development expenses of approximately $1.9 million were incurred at EU sites for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and approximately $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Of this gross expense amount, the EU has contributed services of 75%, or $1.4 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $2.9 million for the year ended December31, 2022. Thus, our liability presented on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet is $1.4 million as of March 31, 2023 and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2022, and are presented within Other Liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company determined that the consideration for the Phase 1 SAD clinical trial contract included several development-based milestones, which had been achieved as of the Adoption Date, totaling approximately $1.7 million, and the one development-based milestone in progress as of the Adoption Date of $1.0 million became probable during the quarter ended March 31, 2019. Additionally, the Company determined the consideration for the Phase 1 MAD clinical trial contract included one development-based milestone of $1.0 million which was achieved during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The Company determined the consideration for the Phase 2a clinical trial contract totaled approximately $3.8 million which included four development-based milestones. With the increased grant funding in December 2022, bringing the Phase 2a clinical trial contract total to approximately $3.9 million, CFF introduced an additional development-based milestone.

The Company determined the consideration for the Phase 2a clinical trial contract totals approximately $3.8 million which includes four development-based milestones. The milestones under the CFF Agreement are related to pre-clinical and clinical research activities and the realization of or recognition of revenue associated with the milestones as determined by the completion of the milestones and, if applicable, review and approval of the achievement by the CFF. Each development-based milestone payment has specific criteria that needs to be met, some examples of which include, the completion of certain study activities and approval to move to the next activity. At every reporting period, the Company evaluates the individual facts and circumstances of the development-based milestone to assess whether the revenue attributable to the development-based milestone in progress should be constrained. The constraint assessment by the Company includes an analysis of the key judgements and considerations used for each milestone which include, but are not limited to, the nature and amount of work to be performed, if the work is subject to the approval of the CFF, clinical data and uncertainty with regards to the results of the clinical studies, and the probability of successful clinical studies. The constraint will be removed once the Company achieves the development-based milestone or has determined that there is probable completion of the development-based milestone, and it has also concluded that it is not probable that revenue recognized attributable to the development-based milestone will result in a significant reversal of revenue in the future.

The Company determined as of March 31, 2023, the transaction price for the Phase 2a clinical trial contract was $3.0 million as achievement of the three development-based milestones was achieved during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the amount of the remaining two development-based milestones could not be included in the transaction price for this contract as it was contingent on successful completion of the remaining two milestones, and it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur if those milestones were included in the transaction price. The Company recorded a contract liability for the remaining consideration of approximately $0.2 million to deferred revenue, current, on its consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023.

For each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized revenue from the CFF Agreement of $0.8 million.

On October 15, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (“Gates Foundation” or “BMGF”) by executing a Grant Agreement identified as Investment ID INV-033376 (“Grant”). The goal of the Grant Agreement is to develop durable approaches to block the infection and transmission of pathogens. For providing research and development services under the Grant Agreement, the Gates Foundation has agreed to compensate the Company $1.93 million due upon execution of the Grant Agreement. In return, we agreed to conduct a proof-of-concept study seeking to demonstrate that inhaled neutralizing antibodies are effective for preventing viral infection and transmission. We are required to ensure global access which means that the knowledge and information gained from the project will be promptly and broadly disseminated, and that the products, technologies, materials, processes and other intellectual property resulting from the proof-of-concept study (collectively referred to as the Funded Developments) will be made available and accessible at an affordable price (i) to people most in need within developing countries or (ii) in support of the U.S. educational system and public libraries.

Since the Company is required to update the Gates Foundation on technical progress during each stage of the Funded Development, the ability to access research and development results represents the Gates Foundation’s consumption of the benefits from the Company’s research and development activities. As such, research and development services revenue are recognized over time. At each reporting period, the amount of revenue to recognize is calculated using the input method (cost-to-cost), by comparing cumulative costs incurred to the total estimated costs to perform the research and development services and applying that percentage of completion to the transaction price. The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the costs related to the research and development services are incurred.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $0.2 million from the Grant Agreement, based on expenses incurred and paid to partners to assist with the research and development services. The Company eliminated the contract liability in deferred revenue, current, on its condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 as all of the grant funding had been consumed.

The Company is also entitled to additional payments from SAMR of up to $42.5 million, conditioned upon the achievement of specified milestones related to completion of certain trials and regulatory approvals as defined in the License Agreement. Further, the Company may receive additional royalty-based payments from SAMR if certain sales levels on licensed products are achieved as defined in the License Agreement. The Company concluded that these milestones and royalty payments each contain a significant uncertainty associated with a future event. As such, these milestone and royalty payments are constrained at contract inception and are not included in the transaction price as the Company could not conclude that it is probable a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur surrounding these payments. At the end of each reporting period, the Company will update its assessment of whether the milestone and royalty payments are constrained by considering both the likelihood and magnitude of the potential revenue reversal. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company performed an assessment and determined that these milestone and royalty payments are constrained.

The Company determined that the transaction price under the License Agreement was $19.6 million, consisting of the $15.0 million from upfront payments under the License Agreement and approximately $4.6 million from the equity allocation as noted above, which was allocated among the performance obligations and material promises based on their respective related standalone selling prices. The Company allocated the $19.6 million transaction price to the following: approximately $14.5 million to the licenses and know-how; approximately $79,000 to the development support services; approximately $892,000 to the research and development option; and approximately $4.1 million to the manufacturing rights option.

The Company determined that the intellectual property licensed under the License Agreement represents functional intellectual property and it has significant standalone functionality and therefore should be recognized at a point in time upon satisfying the performance obligations. The Company intended to satisfy the performance obligations upon transfer of the licenses and know-how to SAMR to satisfy these performance obligations by March 31, 2023.

The Company determined that no performance obligations or material promises were satisfied as of March 31, 2023, and therefore, no revenue related to the License Agreement was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022. The Company has recorded contract liabilities resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $18.7 million and $18.7 million to deferred revenue, current, and approximately $854,000 and $913,000 to deferred revenue, noncurrent, on its consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company capitalized a contract asset resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $2.1 million related to the incremental costs of obtaining the License Agreement on its consolidated balance sheets, of which approximately $2.0 million and $2.0 million is classified as current, and approximately $90,000 and $96,000 is classified as noncurrent, as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

On May 3, 2023, the Company sent written notice to Serum AMR Products stating that as of May 8, 2023, the License Agreement would terminate pursuant to Section 13.3(a) of the License Agreement for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the License Agreement.

In February 2021, the Company entered into an out-licensing and product discovery agreement, and a statement of work, collectively (the “Kermode Agreement”), with Kermode Biotechnologies, Inc. (“Kermode”). Under the terms of this agreement, Kermode will fund for one year the discovery of product candidates for African Swine Fever Virus (“ASFV”) with an option to include the discovery of product candidates for swine influenza virus (“SIV”). Kermode also received exclusive rights to all mAbs and vaccines discovered for veterinary uses and rights to a non-exclusive license to use the Company’s ʎPEX technology platform for further development activities. The Company retained exclusive rights to mAbs and vaccines discovered for human uses. In March 2021, the Company received a nonrefundable upfront payment of $500,000 and received one milestone payment of $250,000 in December 2021. The Company will receive one more milestone payment of $250,000 from Kermode after certain research and development phases in the agreement are completed. The Kermode Agreement defines four phases of research and development activities. The Company is also entitled to royalty payments based on future net sales if Kermode is ultimately successful in commercializing product candidates.

As of March 31, 2022, the transaction price of the Kermode Agreement was $1,000,000, consisting of the nonrefundable upfront payment of $500,000 and the two milestone payments, totaling $500,000. Potential royalty payments were not included in the transaction price, as it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur if these amounts were included. At the end of each reporting period, the Company will update its assessment of whether the milestone payments and royalties are constrained by considering both the likelihood and magnitude of the potential revenue reversal.

The Company determined that the one performance obligation under the Kermode Agreement should be recognized over time. At each reporting period, the amount of revenue to recognize will be calculated using the input method (cost-to-cost), by comparing cumulative costs incurred to the total estimated costs to perform all four phases of the research and development activities and applying that percentage of completion to the transaction price. The Company believes this method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the costs related to the research and development activities are incurred.

The Company recognized approximately $51,000 in revenue related to the Kermode Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and approximately $288,000 in revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The Company has no remaining portion of the nonrefundable upfront payment as a contract liability on its condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 as the statement of work was considered completed.

On November 23, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement (“Note Purchase Agreement”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC (Lender), pursuant to which we issued to the Lender a secured promissory note (Note) in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000. Closing occurred on November 23, 2021 (Issuance Date). The Note carries an original issue discount of $250,000. The Note bears interest at the rate of 6% per annum and matures on November 23, 2023. Beginning on May 23, 2022, the Lender has the right to redeem all or any portion of the Note up to the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount which is $450,000. Pursuant to the terms agreed in the Note Purchase Agreement, the Company issued a second Note to the Lender on February 21, 2022 in the aggregate principal amount of $5,250,000 with terms substantially similar to the first Note except the maturity date is February 21, 2024. As of September 30, 2022 the Lender has exercised their right to redeem one of the Maximum Monthly Redemption Amounts and the Company has made a payment for the first note on September 7, 2022 of $495,000 including $450,000 paydown on the principal and $45,000 prepayment premium.

On September 30, 2022, the Company signed an amendment to promissory note #2. Subject to certain provisions and so long as no Event of Default has occurred, then in addition to the three (3) deferral rights previously available, the Company shall have the right to exercise additional monthly deferrals until March 31, 2023 (each, an “Additional Deferral”). Each time Borrower exercises an Additional Deferral the Outstanding Balance will automatically be increased by 1.5%. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has not made any payments on Note #2.

In April 2023, the Company entered into a Note Purchase and Loan Restructuring Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC modifying the principal amount of Note #2 from approximately $5,250,000 to approximately $9,287,000 in exchange for an additional investment amount of up to $2,500,000.

Pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, we are subject to certain covenants, including the obligations to: (i) timely file all reports required to be filed under Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and not terminate its status as an issuer required to file reports under the Exchange Act; (ii) maintain listing of our common stock on a securities exchange; and (iii) avoid trading in our common stock from being suspended, halted, chilled, frozen or otherwise ceased. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2023. On April 17, 2023, the Company was no longer in compliance as it didn’t meet the timely filing of the annual report on 10-K. The Company has received a waiver from the lender for this covenant which also included waiving compliance for timely filing of the May 15, 2023 10Q filing for the period ended March 31, 2023. The Note is secured by the Company’s MabIgX assets and Note #2 is secured by all of the Company’s assets.

The fair value measurement includes interest, at the stated rate, and this separate amount is not reflected in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company has recorded a liability of approximately $2.0 million for Note Payable (current) for both Notes, as of March 31, 2023.

The total premiums, taxes and fees financed is approximately $0.9 million with an annual interest rate of 5.129%. In consideration of the premium payment by Lender to the insurance companies or the Agent or Broker, the Company unconditionally promises to pay Lender the amount Financed plus interest and other charges permitted under the Agreement. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized approximately $208,000 and $519,000, respectively, as insurance financing note payable in its consolidated balance sheet. The Company paid the insurance financing through installment payments with the last payment made in May 2023.

Each Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The Warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire seven years from the original issuance date, or August 4, 2028. The Pre-Funded Warrants were offered in lieu of shares of Common Stock to the Purchaser whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in the Offering would otherwise result in the Purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the Purchaser, 9.99)% of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of this Offering. Each Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable, to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the holder’s option upon issuance, 9.99)% of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable. The exercise price of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants are subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividends and splits, reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization or similar transaction, as described in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. Each of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants may be exercised on a “cashless” basis under certain circumstances set forth in the Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants.

The Company measured the fair value of the Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants based on the Company’s closing stock price on the date the August 2021 Purchase Agreement was entered into and the fair value of the Warrants was based upon a BSM valuation model. The BSM valuation model used the following assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of approximately 97%, risk-free interest rate of 0.96%, and dividend yield of 0%. The Company used the relative fair value method to allocate the net proceeds received from the sale of the Common Stock, the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants of approximately $22.6 million. The Company recorded approximately $4.4 million, $12.2 million and $6 million, which represented the relative fair value of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants, respectively, to stockholders’ deficit within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

In December 2021, all of the Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised. A total of 3,647,556 shares of Common Stock were issued in exchange for approximately $4,000 in cash as a result of the exercise.

In January 2023, Armistice exercised 3,044,000 warrants to purchase common stock.

As of March 31, 2023 the Company had reserved the following common stock for future issuance:

In March 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional and accredited investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering (the “Offering”), 6,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”). The purchase price of each share of Common Stock is $0.38 per share. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and indemnification rights and obligations of the Company and the Purchasers. The Offering closed in March 2023, and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $2.28 million in connection with the Offering, before deducting placement agent fees and related offering expenses. The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering, after deducting the placement agent fees and expenses and the Company’s estimated offering expenses, was approximately $2.1 million.

Effective July 12, 2021, the Company entered into the MedImmune License Agreement, pursuant to which MedImmune granted the Company an exclusive worldwide license for the development and commercialization of suvratoxumab, a Phase 3 ready fully human monoclonal antibody targeting Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin (see Note 4). As part of the consideration for the MedImmune License Agreement, the Company issued 884,956 shares of its common stock to MedImmune. The fair value of the 884,956 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with the MedImmune License agreement is approximately $6.5 million. The Company measured the fair value of the common stock issued to MedImmune based on the Company’s closing stock price on the effective date of the MedImmune License Agreement. The Company recognized the $6.5 million as research and development expense within its consolidated statement of operations and additional paid-in capital within equity in its consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2021.

On March 20, 2023, we received written notice from MedImmune Limited that it has terminated that certain License Agreement by and between MedImmune and us dated as of July 12, 2021, and as amended by Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2021 (the “License Agreement”), pursuant to Section 9.2.1 of the License Agreement for non-payment of the Upfront Cash Payment which was due on December 31, 2021. The notice states that such termination shall be effective on March 30, 2023. As a result of the termination notice, the on-going AR-320-003 Phase 3 clinical study has been put on hold. We do not agree that we are in material breach of the License Agreement.

On January 19, 2022, the Company entered into an At-the-Market (“ATM”) Sales Agreement (“Sales Agreement”) with Virtu Americas LLC (“Virtu”), as sales agent. Pursuant to the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company may issue and sell from time-to-time shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, through Virtu, acting as its sales agent, or directly to Virtu, acting as principal. Pursuant to the Company’s prospectus supplement filed on January 19, 2022, the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $25.0 million.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had not sold any shares of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. The ATM Sales Agreement facility currently cannot be used without the Company updating certain required conditions that are expired. The Company presently has no plans to update such required conditions.

The number of shares, terms, and vesting periods are determined by the Company’s Board of Directors or a committee thereof on an option by option basis. Options generally vest ratably over service periods of up to four years and expire ten years from the date of grant.

Stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is represented in the following table:

The Company estimated the fair value of options using the BSM option valuation model. The fair value of options is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The fair value of the options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were estimated using the following assumptions:

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 54,000 shares and 258,934 shares with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $0.46 and $1.92 per share, respectively.

There were no options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense related to stock options (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expenses related to unvested stock options was approximately $1.0 million, which is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.3 years.

On February 11, 2018, the Company entered into a Joint Venture (“JV”) Agreement with Hepalink which is a related party and principal shareholder in the Company, pursuant to which the Company formed a JV Entity for developing and commercializing products for infectious diseases in the greater China territories. It was agreed by the parties that the Company shall be reimbursed for certain legal and contract manufacturing expenses related to the clinical drug supply for a Phase 3 clinical study of AR-301 and the clinical drug supply for a clinical study of AR-105. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2021, the Company recorded approximately $17,000 and $33,000, respectively, as a reduction to operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for amounts reimbursed to the Company by the JV Entity under this arrangement. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2021, the Company recorded approximately $17,000 and $33,000, respectively, in other receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheets for amounts owed to the Company by the JV Entity under this arrangement and the Company expects the amounts to be collectable and as a result, no reserve for uncollectability was established.

In July 2019, the Company issued 801,820 shares of its restricted common stock in a private placement to Serum International B.V. (“SIBV”), an affiliate of Serum Institute of India Private Limited, for total gross proceeds of $10 million. As a result of this transaction, SIBV and its affiliates, are considered related parties to the Company. In September 2019, the Company and Serum AMR Products, a party under common ownership of SIBV, entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “License Agreement”) (see Note 6).

The Company determined that no performance obligations or material promises were satisfied as of March 31, 2023, and therefore, no revenue related to the License Agreement was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company has recorded contract liabilities resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $18.9 million to deferred revenue, current, and approximately $0.7 million to deferred revenue, noncurrent, on both condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. The Company capitalized a contract asset resulting from the License Agreement of approximately $2.1 million related to the incremental costs of obtaining the License Agreement on its condensed consolidated balance sheets, of which approximately $2.0 million is classified as current, and approximately $0.1 million is classified as noncurrent, as of both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

On May 3, 2023, the Company sent written notice to SAMR stating that as of May 8, 2023, the License Agreement would terminate pursuant to Section 13.3(a) of the License Agreement for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the License Agreement.

In October 2020, the Company entered into a new lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”) with Boccardo Corporation (the “Landlord”) pursuant to which the Company leased approximately 15,129 square feet of office and laboratory space in Los Gatos, California. In December 2020, the Company moved into the new facility which serves as the Company’s corporate headquarters and the Company has made leasehold improvements to the new facility of which approximately $378,000 may be reimbursed by the Landlord as certain criteria are met as defined in the Lease Agreement. The lease commenced in December 2020 and has an approximate five-year term with a three-year renewal option. Rental payments by the Company commenced on February 1, 2021. In connection with the Lease Agreement, the Company was required to deliver a security deposit in the form of a letter of credit of $500,000 to the Landlord, which is classified as restricted cash, noncurrent, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

As of January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases. The Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities at the adoption date based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used was the incremental borrowing rate of 6% in determining the present value of the future minimum lease payments. The Company recognized ROU assets of $1.9 million and lease liabilities of $2.3 million as of adoption date. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s ROU assets and liabilities related to the Lease are as follows (in thousands):

The future minimum lease payments for the new facility as of March 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that a potential loss will be incurred and such amount can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, no accruals have been made related to commitments and contingencies.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. See below Legal Proceedings ongoing at March 31, 2023.

A complaint was filed in February 2020 in the New York State Supreme Court against the Company by an investor who invested in the Company’s preferred stock in July 2017 prior to the Company’s IPO in August 2018. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the Company breached its contract and fiduciary duty, by not issuing additional securities to the investor as a result of the Company’s IPO. The plaintiff is asking for approximately $277,000 in compensatory damages, although in a recent motion practice the plaintiff indicated that it wants the agreement between the parties to be rescinded and a return of the original purchase price of $531,687. Discovery has been completed and the parties filed competing motions for summary judgment on all claims. The Court heard oral argument on those motions on January 12, 2023. The parties now await the Court’s decision. We believe that the claims in this complaint are without merit and intend to continue to defend vigorously against them.

The Company submitted a complaint in Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, against our former landlord on October 22, 2021, asserting claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, wrongful eviction/constructive eviction and unjust enrichment and violation of the unfair competition law. The claims arise from rent increases and the termination of the tenancy that we allege were not permitted by the agreement with the landlord. We seek to recover rent paid under protest, our deposit, moving and relocation expenses and consequential damages arising from disruption to our operations. The Company filed a first amended complaint on July 18, 2022 asserting the same claims. The landlord has filed a cross-complaint for damage to property and attorneys’ fees. Discovery in the case is proceeding and no trial date has been set. At the recent case management conference, the court set a further case management conference for September 7, 2023. The court advised the parties to mediate the dispute prior to the next case management conference and indicated that, if no settlement is reached prior to that conference, a trial date will be set.

The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that potential loss will be incurred and such amount can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, no liability has been recognized in relation to these matters.

The Company receives various grants that are subject to audit by the grantors or their representatives. Such audits could result in requests for reimbursement for expenditures disallowed under the terms of the grant. As of March 31, 2023, management has complied with all of the required grant terms. There are no grant audits currently in process.

In December 2016, the Company received an award for up to $2.9 million from the CFF to advance research on potential drugs utilizing inhaled gallium citrate anti-infective. In November 2018, the CFF increased the award to $7.5 million. Under the award agreement, the CFF will make payments to the Company as certain milestones are met. See Note 6 for details of the grant agreement.

In February 2021, the Company entered into the Kermode Agreement, in which the Company received an upfront payment of $500,000 and received one milestone payment of $250,000 in December 2021. The Company will receive one more milestone payment of $250,000 from Kermode after certain research and development phases in the agreement are completed. The Company is also entitled to additional payments from Kermode for royalty payments on future net sales (see Note 6). In the event that the research and development efforts under the agreement are successful and if the Company elects to develop and commercialize products under certain provisions contained in the agreement, the Company shall pay to Kermode a 5% royalty of net sales from those products. None of these events occurred as of March 31, 2023.

On April 19, 2023, we received written notice from Nasdaq indicating that Nasdaq had not received our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and this serves as an additional basis for delisting our securities from The Nasdaq Capital Market. Since we already had a hearing date of May 4, 2023 before the Hearings Panel for our failure to comply with the Market Value Rule, we needed to request a stay of the suspension of our securities pending a Hearings Panel decision. Subsequent to the hearing, we requested a stay of the suspension and are awaiting the Hearings Panel’s decision.

On April 20, 2023, the Company received written notice from Nasdaq that due to the resignation of Craig Gibbs, Ph.D. from the Company’s board and audit committee on March 27, 2023, the Company no longer complies with Nasdaq’s independent director and audit committee requirements as set forth in Listing Rule 5605. Pursuant to Nasdaq’s cure period, the Company is required to regain compliance by the earlier of the Company’s next annual shareholders’ meeting or March 27, 2024 or if the next annual shareholders’ meeting is held before September 25, 2023, then the Company must evidence compliance no later than September 25, 2023.

On April 26, 2023, the Company entered into a Note Purchase and Loan Restructuring Agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC. We had previously issued to the Investor in February 2021, a secured promissory note in the original principal amount of $5,250,000. Pursuant to the Agreement, the Investor agreed to invest an additional investment amount of up to $2,500,000; with $1,000,000 being delivered to the Company at closing and the remaining $1,500,000 to be placed into escrow under a secured line of credit facility with the total original principal amount of the secured promissory note being up to $9,286,770.80 (the “Secured Note”). Closing occurred on April 26, 2023 (the “Issuance Date”). The Note carries an original issue discount of $606,564.45. The Note bears interest at the rate of 8% per annum and matures on April 26, 2024. Beginning on October 26, 2023, on the same day of each month for the following five (5) calendar months thereafter, the Company will be obligated to reduce the Outstanding Balance of the Secured Note by sixteen and two-thirds percent (16.6667%) of the Outstanding Balance of the Secured Note per month. The Company can prepay all or any portion of the Outstanding Amount at a rate of 110% of the portion of the Outstanding Balance. In addition, pursuant to the Security Agreement dated April 26, 2023 between the Company and the Investor, the Note is secured by all of the Company’s assets. The Company received payments of $500,000 in May 2023 and $250,000 in June 2023.

On May 3, 2023, the Company sent written notice to Serum AMR Products stating that as of May 8, 2023, the License, Development and Commercialization Agreement between the Company and Serum would terminate pursuant to Section 13.3(a) of the Agreement for nonfulfillment of development obligations under the Agreement.

9,090,909 Pre-Funded Warrant to Purchase up to 9,090,909 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 18,181,818 Shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants

The following table sets forth all expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the registrant in connection with the sale of the common stock being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates except the SEC registration fee.

Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law authorizes a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers in terms sufficiently broad to permit such indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities, including reimbursement for expenses incurred, arising under the Securities Act.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that we will indemnify our directors to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law our bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and executive officers for serving us in those capacities or for serving other business enterprises at our request, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that a corporation may indemnify such person if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful. We may, in our discretion, indemnify other officers, employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law. We are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and executive officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or executive officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification. We will not be obligated pursuant to our bylaws to indemnify any director or executive officer in connection with any proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless (i) such indemnification is expressly required to be made by law, (ii) the proceeding was authorized by our Board of Directors, (iii) such indemnification is provided by us, in our sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the corporation under applicable law or (iv) such indemnification is required to be made pursuant to our restated bylaws. The rights conferred in our bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons. We may not retroactively amend our bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents. We may, to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware Law, purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any officer, director, employee and agent against any liability which may be asserted against such person.

In any underwriting agreement we enter into in connection with the sale of common stock being registered hereby, the underwriters will agree to indemnify, under certain conditions, us, our directors, our officers and persons who control us, within the meaning of the Securities Act, against certain liabilities.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the Underwriting Agreement, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Los Gatos, State of California, on the 26th day of July 2023.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Delaware		2834		47-2641188
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported			Adjusted Balance			As Restated
Revenue:
Grant Revenue	$	1,187		$	-		$	1,187
Operating expenses:
Research and Development		6,450			-			6,450
General and administrative		2,161			-			2,161
Total operating expenses		8,611			-			8,611
Loss from operations		(7,424	)		-			(7,424	)
Other income (expense):
Interest (expense), net		(248	)		(134	)		(382	)
Other income, net		22			-			22
Gain on valuation of notes payable		-			250			250
Change in fair value of notes payable		(116	)		68			(48	)
Net loss	$	(7,766	)	$	184		$	(7,582	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		17,701,592			17,701,592			17,701,592
Net loss per share to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.44	)		0.01			(0.43	)

Net loss	$	(7,766	)	$	184		$	(7,582	)
Other comprehensive income		-			84			84
Total comprehensive (loss) income		(7,766	)		268			(7,498	)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022 (as restated)			2021			Change $
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Revenue:
Grant revenue	$	1,187		$	-		$	1,187
Operating expenses:
Research and development		6,450			4,955			1,495
General and administrative		2,161			1,944			217
Total operating expenses		8,611			6,899			1,712
Loss from operations		(7,424	)		(6,899	)		(525	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net		(382	)		1			(383	)
Other income		22			7			15
Gain on valuation of notes payable		250			-			250
Change in fair value of notes payable		(48	)		-			(48	)
Net loss	$	(7,582	)	$	(6,891	)	$	(691	)
Deemed dividends		-			(986	)		986
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(7,582	)	$	(7,877	)	$	295
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		17,701,592			17,701,592			17,701,592
Net (loss) income per share to common stockholders, basic and diluted		(0.43	)		(0.44	)		.01

Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(7,582	)	$	(7,877	)	$	295
Other comprehensive income		84			-			84
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(7,498	)	$	(7,877	)	$	379

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022								Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
	As Previously Reported			Adjusted Balance		As Restated			As Previously Reported			Adjusted Balance		As Restated
Revenue:
Grant Revenue	$	292		$	-	$	292		$	1,479		$	-	$	1,479
Operating expenses:
Research and Development		6,348			-		6,348			12,798			-		12,798
General and administrative		1,681			-		1,681			3,842			-		3,842
Total operating expenses		8,029			-		8,029			16,640			-		16,640
Loss from operations		(7,737	)		-		(7,737	)		(15,161	)		-		(15,161	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net		8			273		281			(240	)		139		(101	)
Other income, net		23			-		23			45			-		45
Gain on valuation of notes payable		-			-		-			-			250		250
Change in fair value of notes payable		(273	)		588		315			(389	)		656		267
Net (loss) income	$	(7,979	)	$	861	$	(7,118	)	$	(15,745	)	$	1,045	$	(14,700	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		17,701,592			17,701,592		17,701,592			17,701,592			17,701,592		17,701,592
Net loss per share to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.45	)	$	0.05	$	(0.40	)	$	(0.89	)	$	0.06	$	(0.83	)

Net (loss) income	$	(7,979	)	$	861	$	(7,118	)	$	(15,745	)	$	1,045	$	(14,700	)
Other comprehensive income		-			1,760		1,760			-			1,844		1,844
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(7,979	)	$	2,621	$	(5,358	)	$	(15,745	)	$	2,889	$	(12,856	)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2022 (as restated)			2021			Change $
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Revenue:
Grant revenue	$	292		$	-		$	292
License revenue		-			33			(33	)
Total revenue		292			33			259
Operating expenses:
Research and development		6,348			4,573			1,775
General and administrative		1,681			1,694			(13	)
Total operating expenses		8,029			6,267			1,762
Loss from operations		(7,737	)		(6,234	)		(1,503	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net		281			-			281
Other income		23			22			1
Gain on extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program loan		-			722			(722	)
Change in fair value of notes payable		315			-			315
Net loss	$	(7,118	)	$	(5,490	)	$	(1,628	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		17,701,592			17,701,592			17,701,592
Net loss per share to common stockholders, basic and diluted		(0.40	)		(0.31	)		(0.09	)

Net loss	$	(7,118	)	$	(5,490	)	$	(1,628	)
Other comprehensive income		1,760			-			1,760
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(5,358	)	$	(5,490	)	$	132

	Page
About This Prospectus	1
Prospectus Summary	2
Risk Factors	6
Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements	46
Use of Proceeds	47
Dilution	48
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	49
Business	73
Management	109
Executive Compensation	114
Principal Stockholders	117
Certain Relationships and Related Persons Transactions	117
Description of Securities We Are Offering	118
Plan of Distribution	122
Legal Matters	124
Experts	124
Where You Can Find More Information	124
Index to Financial Statements	F-1

	●	the scope, rate of progress, results and costs of our preclinical and non-clinical studies, clinical trials and other research and development activities;

	●	the scope, rate of progress and costs of our manufacturing development and commercial manufacturing activities;

	●	the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory proceedings, including FDA review of any Biologics License Application, or BLA, or New Drug Application, or NDA, that we file;

	●	payments required with respect to development milestones we achieve under our in-licensing agreements, including any such payments to University of Chicago, University of Iowa, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc., Brigham Young University, Public Health Service and Kenta Biotech Ltd., Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Broad Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham Research Foundation, and Medimmune Ltd.;

	●	the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims;

	●	the costs associated with commercializing our product candidates if they receive regulatory approval;

	●	the cost and timing of establishing sales and marketing capabilities;

	●	competing technological efforts and market developments;

	●	changes in our existing research relationships;

	●	our ability to establish collaborative arrangements to the extent necessary;

	●	revenues received from any future products;

	●	the ability to achieve and receive milestone payments for products licensed to collaborators; and

	●	payments received under any future strategic collaborations.

	●	delays in reaching agreement on trial design and clinical study protocol with investigators and regulatory authorities in various countries where our clinical trials are being conducted;

	●	governmental or regulatory delays, failure to obtain regulatory approval or changes in regulatory requirements, policy or guidelines;

	●	adding new clinical trial sites;

	●	reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

	●	the actual performance of CROs and clinical trial sites in ensuring the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials;

	●	developing and validating companion diagnostics on a timely basis;

	●	adverse effects experienced by subjects in clinical trials;

	●	manufacturing sufficient quantities of product candidates for use in clinical trials;
	●	delay or failure in achieving study efficacy endpoints and completing data analysis for a trial;

	●	regulators or institutional review boards, or IRBs, may not authorize us to commence a clinical trial;

	●	regulators or IRBs may suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or concerns about patient safety;

	●	we may suspend or terminate our clinical trials if we believe that they expose the participating patients to unacceptable health risks;

	●	patients may not complete clinical trials due to safety issues, side effects, such as injection site discomfort, a belief that they are receiving placebo instead of our product candidates, or other reasons;

	●	patients with serious diseases included in our clinical trials may die or suffer other adverse medical events for reasons that may not be related to our product candidates;

	●	in those trials where our product candidate is being tested in combination with one or more other therapies, deaths may occur that may be attributable to the other therapies;

	●	we may have difficulty in maintaining contact with patients after treatment, preventing us from collecting the data required by our study protocol;

	●	product candidates may demonstrate a lack of efficacy during clinical trials;

	●	personnel conducting clinical trials may fail to properly administer our product candidates;

	●	COVID-19 pandemic may be protracted and cause a significant decline in patient enrollment rate; and

	●	our collaborators may decide not to pursue further clinical trials.

	●	severity of the disease under investigation;

	●	design of the trial protocol;

	●	the size and nature of the patient population;

	●	eligibility criteria for the study in question;

	●	lack of a sufficient number of patients who meet the enrollment criteria for our clinical trials;

	●	delays in characterizing a patient’s infection to allow us to select a product candidate, which may lead patients to seek to enroll in other clinical trials or seek alternative treatments;

	●	perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;

	●	availability of competing therapies and clinical trials;

	●	efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

	●	clinical trial sites being overtaxed by treating COVID-19 patients;

	●	scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians;

	●	patient referral practices of physicians;

	●	the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and

	●	proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.

	●	a product candidate may not be considered safe or effective;

	●	our manufacturing processes or facilities may not meet the applicable requirements;

	●	changes in the agencies’ approval policies or adoption of new regulations may require additional work on our part, for example, the FDA may require us to change or expand the endpoints in our clinical trials;

	●	different divisions of the FDA are reviewing different product candidates and those divisions may have different requirements for approval; and

	●	changes in regulatory law, FDA or foreign regulatory agency organization, or personnel may result in different requirements for approval than anticipated.

	●	deficiencies in the conduct of the clinical trials, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or clinical protocols;

	●	deficiencies in the clinical trial operations or trial sites;

	●	the product candidate may have unforeseen adverse side effects;

	●	the time required to determine whether the product candidate is effective may be longer than expected;

	●	deaths or other adverse events arising during a clinical trial due to medical problems that may not be related to clinical trial treatments;

	●	the product candidate may not appear to be more effective than current therapies;

	●	the quality or stability of the product candidate may fall below acceptable standards; and

	●	insufficient quantities of the product candidate might be available to complete the trials.

	●	the second applicant can establish in its application that its product, although similar to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior;

	●	the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or

	●	the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product.

	●	restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

	●	restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product;

	●	restrictions on product distribution or use;

	●	requirements to conduct post-marketing clinical trials;

	●	warning or untitled letters;

	●	withdrawal of the products from the market;

	●	refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

	●	recall of products, fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;

	●	suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

	●	refusal to permit the import or export of our products;

	●	product seizure; and

	●	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

	●	recruit, hire, train, manage and motivate a growing employee base;

	●	accurately forecast demand for our products;

	●	assemble and manage the supply chain to ensure our ability to meet demand; and

	●	expand existing operational, manufacturing, financial and management information systems.

	●	regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product;

	●	regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label;

	●	we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

	●	we may be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

	●	our reputation may suffer.

	●	our preclinical and non-clinical testing may produce inconclusive or negative safety results, which may require us to conduct additional non-clinical testing or to abandon product candidates;

	●	our product candidates may have unfavorable pharmacology or toxicity characteristics;

	●	our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects such as negative immune responses that lead to complications;

	●	our enrolled patients may have allergies that lead to complications after treatment; and

	●	the FDA or other regulatory authorities may determine that additional safety testing is required.

	●	our inability to recruit, manage and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;
	●	the inability of marketing personnel to develop effective marketing materials;
	●	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any future products;
	●	the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and
	●	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

	●	we may be required to relinquish important rights to our products or product candidates;
	●	we may not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our distributors or collaborators may devote to the commercialization of our product candidates;
	●	distributors or collaborators may experience financial difficulties;
	●	our distributors or collaborators may not devote sufficient time to the marketing and sales of our products; and
	●	business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may adversely affect a collaborator’s willingness or ability to complete its obligations under any arrangement.

	●	the inability of a supplier to provide raw materials;
	●	equipment malfunctions or failures at the facilities of our collaborators or suppliers;
	●	employee absenteeism as a result of coronavirus outbreaks;
	●	high process failure rates;
	●	damage to facilities due to natural or man-made disasters;
	●	changes in regulatory requirements or standards that require modifications to our or our collaborators’ and suppliers’ manufacturing processes;
	●	action by regulatory authorities or by us that results in the halting or slowdown of production of components or finished product at our facilities or the facilities of our collaborators or suppliers;
	●	problems that delay or prevent manufacturing technology transfer to another facility, contract manufacturer or collaborator with subsequent delay or inability to start up a commercial facility;
	●	a contract manufacturer or supplier going out of business, undergoing a capacity shortfall or otherwise failing to produce product as contractually required;
	●	employee or contractor misconduct or negligence; and
	●	shipping delays, losses or interruptions; and other similar factors.

	●	SABC may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our products in the Territory;
	●	SABC may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and other potential liability;
	●	as long as we remain a shareholder of SABC, any cash that we contribute to SABC may not be transferred back to us or converted into USD and thus, may only be used for goods and services in China;
	●	disputes may arise among SABC, Hepalink and us that result in the delay or termination of the commercialization of our products or product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; and;
	●	SABC may not provide us with timely and accurate information regarding commercialization status or results, which could adversely impact our ability to manage our own commercialization efforts, accurately forecast financial results or provide timely information to our shareholders regarding our commercialization efforts in the Territory.

	●	decreased demand for our product;
	●	injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;
	●	withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers;
	●	costs of litigation;
	●	distraction of management; and
	●	substantial monetary awards to plaintiffs.

	●	we may, in our discretion, indemnify other officers, employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law;
	●	we are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and executive officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or executive officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification;
	●	we will not be obligated pursuant to our bylaws to indemnify any director or executive officer in connection with any proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless (i) such indemnification is expressly required to be made by law, (ii) the proceeding was authorized by our Board of Directors, (iii) such indemnification is provided by us, in our sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the corporation under applicable law or (iv) such indemnification is required to be made pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws;
	●	the rights conferred in our bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons; and
	●	we may not retroactively amend our bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

	●	an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;
	●	implementation of the federal physician payment transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the “Physician Payments Sunshine Act”;
	●	a licensure framework for follow-on biologic products;
	●	a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research;
	●	establishment of a Center for Medicare Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending;
	●	an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for most branded and generic drugs, respectively and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the Average Manufacturer Price, or AMP;
	●	a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for certain drugs and biologics, including our product candidates, that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;
	●	extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;
	●	expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for individuals with income at or below 133% of the federal poverty level, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;
	●	a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturers’ outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and
	●	expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health program.

	●	others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed;
	●	we or our licensors or strategic collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we own or have exclusively licensed;
	●	we or our licensors or strategic collaborators might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;
	●	others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;
	●	it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;
	●	issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;
	●	our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;
	●	we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and
	●	the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

	●	sale of our common stock by our stockholders, executives, and directors;
	●	volatility and limitations in trading volumes of our shares of common stock;
	●	our ability to obtain financings to conduct and complete research and development activities including, but not limited to, our human clinical trials, and other business activities;
	●	our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, enhancements, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments;
	●	failures to meet external expectations or management guidance;
	●	clinical trial progress and outcomes;
	●	changes in our capital structure or dividend policy;
	●	our cash position and substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern;
	●	announcements and events surrounding financing efforts, including debt and equity securities;
	●	our inability to enter into new markets or develop new products;
	●	reputational issues;
	●	announcements of acquisitions, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, new products, capital commitments, or other events by us or our competitors;
	●	changes in general economic, political and market conditions in any of the regions in which we conduct our business;
	●	changes in industry conditions or perceptions;
	●	changes in valuations of similar companies or groups of companies;
	●	analyst research reports, recommendation and changes in recommendations, price targets, and withdrawals of coverage;
	●	departures and additions of key personnel;
	●	disputes and litigations related to contractual obligations;
	●	changes in applicable laws, rules, regulations, or accounting practices and other dynamics;
	●	catastrophic weather and/or global disease outbreaks, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic; and or
	●	other events or factors, many of which may be out of our control.

	●	the timing of regulatory submissions;

	●	our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our existing product candidates and any other product candidates we may develop, and the labeling under any approval we may obtain;

	●	approvals for clinical trials may be delayed or withheld by regulatory agencies;

	●	preclinical and clinical studies will not be successful or confirm earlier results or meet expectations or meet regulatory requirements or meet performance thresholds for commercial success;

	●	risks relating to the timing and costs of clinical trials, the timing and costs of other expenses;

	●	risks associated with obtaining third-party funding;

	●	risks associated with delays, increased costs and funding shortages caused by or resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;

	●	management and employee operations and execution risks;

	●	loss of key personnel;

	●	competition;

	●	risks related to market acceptance of products;

	●	intellectual property risks;

	●	assumptions regarding the size of the available market, benefits of our products, product pricing, timing of product launches;

	●	risks associated with the uncertainty of future financial results;

	●	risks associated with this offering;

	●	our ability to attract collaborators and partners; and

	●	risks associated with our reliance on third party organizations.

Assumed public offering price per share and accompanying common warrant				$	0.22
Historical net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2023	$	(0.81	)
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering	$	0.20
As adjusted tangible book value per share, after giving effect to this offering				$	(0.61	)
Dilution per share to investors in this offering				$	0.83

	●	2,102,944 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2023, with a weighted-average exercise price of $7.35 per share;

	●	325,540 shares of our common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding as of March 31, 2023, with a weighted-average grant price of $0.95 per share;

	●	10,742,404 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants to purchase common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2023, with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.31 per share;

	●	55,074 shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our stock incentive plans.

●	continue enrollment in our ongoing clinical trials;
●	initiate new clinical trials;
●	seek to identify, assess, acquire and develop other products, therapeutic candidates and technologies;
●	seek regulatory and marketing approvals in multiple jurisdictions for our therapeutic candidates that successfully complete clinical studies;
●	establish collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our products and therapeutic candidates;
●	make milestone or other payments under our agreements, pursuant to which we have or will license or acquire rights to intellectual property and technology;
●	seek to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;
●	seek to attract and retain skilled personnel;
●	incur the administrative costs associated with being a public company and related costs of compliance including director and officers liability insurance required to attract and retain Board members;
●	create additional infrastructure to support our operations as a commercial stage public company and our planned future commercialization efforts;
●	experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above; and
●	risks associated with delays, increased costs and funding shortages caused by or resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;
●	experience continued global disruptions associated with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

●	we recorded approximately $5.0 million, which represented the fair value of the restricted common stock issued of $5.4 million, net of $441,000 of issuance costs, to stockholders’ equity within our consolidated balance sheet;
●	we recorded approximately $19.6 million to deferred revenue based on the $15 million from upfront payments under the License Agreement and approximately $4.6 million from the equity allocation; and
●	we capitalized approximately $2.1 million to contract costs, which consists of approximately $376,000 issuance costs from the equity allocation and approximately $1.7 million in other direct costs to obtain the License Agreement.

●	salaries and related overhead expenses, which include stock-based compensation and benefits for personnel in research and development functions;
●	fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations, or CROs, including in connection with our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other related clinical trial fees, such as for investigator grants, patient screening, laboratory work, clinical trial material management and statistical compilation and analyses;
●	costs related to acquiring and manufacturing clinical trial materials;
●	costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and
●	payments related to licensed products and technologies.

	●	an increase of approximately $1.0 million for drug manufacturing expenses for our Phase 3

	●	clinical trial evaluating AR-320 for the prevention of VAP; an increase of approximately $0.8 million in other spending in preparation for

	●	the initiation of the AR-320 Phase 3 clinical trial; and an increase of approximately $0.5 million in manufacturing of clinical supplies for the initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating AR-701 for the treatment of COVID-19.

	●	a decrease of approximately $0.7 million in spending on clinical trial activities and drug manufacturing expenses for the Phase 3 study of our AR-301 program; and

	●	a decrease of approximately $0.1 million in spending on our ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial evaluating AR-501 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.