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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The domestic and foreign components of loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Domestic$(191,132)$(287,569)$(289,187)
Foreign2,711 1,104 264 
Total$(188,421)$(286,465)$(288,923)
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is comprised of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current:
State$709 $442 $480 
Foreign1,333 307 255 
Total2,042 749 735 
Deferred:
Federal4 (34)(17,841)
State6 93 (6,301)
Foreign(779)(342)(351)
Total(769)(283)(24,493)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$1,273 $466 $(23,758)
The following table provides a reconciliation between income taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate and the Company’s provision for (benefit from) income taxes (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Computed expected income tax benefit$(39,568)$(60,120)$(60,674)
State income taxes - net of federal income tax benefit(6,175)(10,197)(17,171)
Change in valuation allowance42,855 81,251 94,062 
Non-deductible expenses4,489 2,687 2,623 
Non-deductible base erosion expenses11,403 — — 
Non-deductible officers’ compensation
12,775 3,648 8,345 
Stock-based compensation(9,678)135 (30,523)
Tax credits (federal and state)(18,226)(16,863)(16,957)
Foreign rate differential40 35 35 
Other3,358 (110)(3,498)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$1,273 $466 $(23,758)
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets: 
Net operating loss$215,915 $209,795 
Tax credits76,504 58,724 
Lease liabilities20,213 23,203 
Stock-based compensation14,899 22,181 
Capitalized software cost59,487 39,582 
Other5,531 5,013 
Total deferred tax assets392,549 358,498 
Valuation allowance(324,422)(282,337)
Total deferred tax assets, net68,127 76,161 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Lease assets(16,376)(19,296)
Acquired intangible assets(32,120)(39,497)
Contract cost asset(16,868)(15,324)
Prepaid and accrued expenses(3,184)(2,897)
Other(1,201)(1,522)
Total deferred tax liabilities(69,749)(78,536)
Total$(1,622)$(2,375)
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is “more likely than not” that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Realization of future tax benefits is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Based on all available objective evidence management believes it is “more likely than not” that the net deferred tax assets will not be fully realizable in the U.S. as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Accordingly, the Company’s U.S. net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The Company periodically evaluates the recoverability of the deferred tax assets and when it is determined to be “more likely than not” that the deferred tax assets are realizable, the valuation allowance is reduced. The net deferred tax liability position at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was primarily related to the Company’s Australia and Canada tax jurisdictions.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the valuation allowance (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Beginning balance$282,337 $204,182 $112,389 
Current year change40,810 78,155 114,639 
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance as a result of purchase accounting for business combinations1,275 — (22,846)
Ending balance$324,422 $282,337 $204,182 
At the date of acquisition of Levelset and LaborChart in 2021, each entity was in a net deferred tax liability position, primarily as a result of acquired intangible assets. These net deferred tax liabilities are an available source of income to realize the Company’s deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company released $24.2
million of valuation allowance which resulted in an income tax benefit in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for 2021. The Company did not provide for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences of foreign subsidiaries as they are considered indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount of temporary differences related to undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences upon which U.S. income taxes have not been provided is immaterial to these consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL carryforwards”) of $866.7 million, which are comprised of definite and indefinite net operating losses. At December 31, 2023, the Company had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $119.4 million, which expire at various intervals from the years 2035 through 2037 and had NOL carryforwards of $747.3 million which do not expire. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has state net operating losses of $626.4 million, which will begin to expire in 2029. The Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”) of 1986, as amended, imposes restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses and credits when a Company experiences a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has identified a portion of net operating losses and credit carryovers are subject to annual limitations, which the Company has also determined that it should be able to fully utilize these net operating losses and credit carryovers before they expire, provided the Company generates sufficient taxable income.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had credits for research activities available for carryforward for federal income tax purposes of $73.8 million and for state income tax purposes of $33.2 million, which are available to offset future income tax in those jurisdictions and which began to expire in 2023 for federal and have no expiration for state.
The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Beginning balance$21,727 $17,010 $8,369 
Increases related to current period positions7,513 5,915 7,158 
(Decreases) increases related to prior period positions(199)(1,198)1,483 
Ending balance$29,041 $21,727 $17,010 
Due to the Company’s full valuation allowance on federal and state taxes, none of the unrecognized tax benefits would affect the Company’s effective tax rate, if recognized. The Company does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases to its unrecognized tax positions within the next 12 months. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued interest and penalties related to income tax positions were immaterial.
The Company files U.S. federal, various state, and foreign income tax returns. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities. The tax years from 2003 forward remain subject to examination for federal purposes. Generally, state and foreign tax authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for four years and five years, respectively, from the date an income tax return is filed. However, the taxing authorities may continue to examine the Company’s federal and state NOL carryforwards until the statute of limitations closes on the tax years in which the federal and state net operating losses are utilized. At December 31, 2023, tax years 2016 to 2020 were under examination by the Egyptian Taxing Authority. Our foreign operations in Egypt represent an immaterial portion of our overall business.