Revenue Recognition

Restaurant Sales

Restaurant sales consist of sales of food and beverage products to restaurant guests at our Luby’s Cafeteria, Fuddruckers and Cheeseburger in Paradise restaurants. Revenue from restaurant sales is recognized at the point of sale and is presented net of discounts, coupons, employee meals and complimentary meals. Sales taxes that we collect and remit to the appropriate taxing authority related to these sales are excluded from revenue.

We sell gift cards to our customers in our venues and through certain third-party distributors. These gift cards do not expire and do not incur a service fee on unused balances. Sales of gift cards to our restaurant customers are initially recorded as a contract liability, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, at their expected redemption value. When gift cards are redeemed, we recognize revenue and reduce the contract liability. Discounts on gift cards sold by third parties are recorded as a reduction to accrued expenses and other liabilities and are recognized, as a reduction to revenue, over a period that approximates redemption patterns. The portion of gift cards sold to customers that is never redeemed is commonly referred to as gift card breakage. Under ASC 606 we recognize gift card breakage revenue in proportion to the pattern of gift card redemptions exercised by our customers, using an estimated breakage rate based on our historical experience. Under the Previous Standards, we recognized gift card breakage income within other (expense) income (and not within revenue) when it was deemed remote that the unused gift card balance would be redeemed.

Culinary contract services revenue

Our Culinary Contract Services segment provides food, beverage and catering services to our clients at their locations. Depending on the type of client and service, we are either paid directly by our client and/or directly by the customer to whom we have been provided access by our client.

We typically use one of the following types of client contracts:

Fee-Based Contracts. Revenue from fee-based contracts is based on our costs incurred and invoiced to the client along with the agreed management fee, which may be calculated as a fixed dollar amount or a percentage of sales or other variable measure. Some fee-based contracts entitle us to receive incentive fees based upon our performance under the contract, as measured by factors such as sales, operating costs and client satisfaction surveys. This potential incentive revenue is allocated entirely to the management services performance obligation. We recognize revenue from our management fee and payroll cost reimbursement over time as the services are performed. We recognize revenue from our food and 3^rd party purchases reimbursement at the point in time when the vendor delivers the goods or performs the services.

Profit and Loss Contracts. Revenue from profit and loss contracts consist primarily of sales made to consumers, typically with little or no subsidy charged to clients. Revenue is recognized at the point of sale to the consumer. Sales taxes that we collect and remit to the appropriate taxing authority related to these sales are excluded from revenue.

As part of client contracts, we sometimes make payments to clients, such as concession rentals, vending commissions and profit share. These payments are accounted for as operating costs when incurred.

Revenue from the sale of frozen foods includes royalty fees based on a percentage of frozen food sales and is recognized at the point in time when product is delivered by our contracted manufacturers to the retail outlet.

Franchise revenues

Franchise revenues consist primarily of royalties, marketing and advertising fund (“MAF”) contributions, initial and renewal franchise fees, and upfront fees from area development agreements related to our Fuddruckers restaurant brand. Our performance obligations under franchise agreements consist of: (1) a franchise license, including a license to use our brand and MAF management, (2) pre-opening services, such as training and inspections and (3) ongoing services, such as development of training materials and menu items as well as restaurant monitoring and inspections. These performance obligations are highly interrelated, so we do not consider them to be individually distinct. We account for them under ASC 606 as a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time by providing a right to use our intellectual property over the term of each franchise agreement.

Royalties, including franchisee MAF contributions, are calculated as a percentage of franchise restaurant sales. MAF contributions paid by franchisees are used for the creation and development of brand advertising, marketing and public relations, merchandising research and related programs, activities and materials. The initial franchisee fee is payable upon execution of the franchise agreement and the renewal fee is due and payable at the expiration of the initial term of the franchise agreement. Our franchise agreement royalties, including advertising fund contributions, represent sales-based royalties that are related entirely to our performance obligation under the franchise agreement and are recognized as franchise sales occur.

Initial and renewal franchise fees and area development fees are recognized as revenue over the term of the respective agreement. Area development fees are not distinct from franchise fees, so upfront fees paid by franchisees for exclusive development rights are deferred and apportioned to each franchise restaurant opened by the franchisee. The pro-rata amount apportioned to each restaurant is accounted for as an initial franchise fee.

Under the Previous Standards, initial franchise fees and area development fees were recognized as revenue when the related restaurant commenced operations and we completed all material pre-opening services and conditions. Renewal franchise fees were recognized as revenue upon execution of a new franchise agreement. MAF contributions from franchisees and the related MAF expenditures were accounted for on a net basis in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Revenue from vending machine sales is recorded at the point in time when the sale occurs.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities consist of (1) deferred revenue resulting from initial and renewal franchise fees and upfront area development fees paid by franchisees, which are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying agreement, (2) liability for unused gift cards and (3) unamortized discount on gift cards sold to 3^rd party retailers. These contract liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. The following table reflects the change in contract liabilities between the date of adoption (August 30, 2018) and March 13, 2019 (in thousands):



	Gift Cards, net of discounts			Franchise Fees
	(In thousands)
Balance at August 30, 2018	$	2,707		$	1,891
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year	(990		)	(503		)
Increase (decrease), net of amounts recognized as revenue during the period	1,633			(20		)
Balance at March 13, 2019	$	3,350		$	1,368

The following table illustrates the estimated revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to our deferred franchise fees that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of March 13, 2019 (in thousands):



		Franchise Fees
	(In thousands)
Remainder of fiscal 2019		$	18
Fiscal 2020		40
Fiscal 2021		40
Fiscal 2022		40
Fiscal 2023		39
Thereafter		401
Total operating franchise restaurants		$	578
Franchise restaurants not yet opened⁽¹⁾		790
Total		$	1,368

(1) Amortization of the deferred franchise fees will begin when the restaurant commences operations and revenue will be recognized straight-line over the franchise term (which is typically 20 years). If the franchise agreement is terminated, the deferred franchise fee will be recognized in full in the period of termination.

Disaggregation of Total Revenues

For the two quarters ended March 13, 2019, total sales of $177.3 million was comprised of revenue from performance obligations satisfied over time of $12.3 million and revenue from performance obligations satisfied at a point in time of $165.0 million. For the quarter ended March 13, 2019, total sales of $74.4 million was comprised of revenue from performance obligations satisfied over time of $5.2 million and revenue from performance obligations satisfied at a point in time of $69.2 million. See Note 4. Reportable Segments for disaggregation of revenue by reportable segment.

With the exception of the cumulative effect adjustment described in Note 1, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements for the two quarters ended March 13, 2019.