UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _______ to _______

 

(Exact Name of Company as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland (State of Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation) 001-36695 (Commission File No.) 38-3941859 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

214 West First Street

Oswego, NY 13126

(315) 343-0057

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	PBHC	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of May 10, 2024, there were 4,719,788 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Voting common stock and 1,380,283 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Series A Non-Voting common stock.

Table of Contents

PATHFINDER BANCORP, INC.

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		PAGE NO.
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Condition	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited)	41
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	58
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	58
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	59
Item 1A.	Risk Factor	59
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	59
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	59
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	59
Item 5.	Other information	59
Item 6.	Exhibits	60
SIGNATURES		60

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Consolidated Financial Statements
 

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Condition

(Unaudited)

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2024			2023
ASSETS:
Cash and due from banks	$	13,565		$	12,338
Interest-earning deposits		15,658			36,394
Total cash and cash equivalents		29,223			48,732
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value		279,012			258,716
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost (fair value of $162,368 and $168,034, respectively)		172,648			179,286
Marketable equity securities, at fair value		3,342			3,206
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		7,031			8,748
Loans		891,531			897,207
Less: Allowance for credit losses		16,655			15,975
Loans receivable, net		874,876			881,232
Premises and equipment, net		18,332			18,441
Assets held-for-sale		3,042			3,042
Operating lease right-of-use assets		1,493			1,526
Finance lease right-of-use assets		4,038			4,073
Accrued interest receivable		7,170			7,286
Foreclosed real estate		82			151
Intangible assets, net		80			85
Goodwill		4,536			4,536
Bank owned life insurance		24,799			24,641
Other assets		23,968			22,097
Total assets	$	1,453,672		$	1,465,798
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing	$	969,692		$	949,898
Noninterest-bearing		176,421			170,169
Total deposits		1,146,113			1,120,067
Short-term borrowings		91,577			125,680
Long-term borrowings		45,869			49,919
Subordinated debt		29,961			29,914
Accrued interest payable		1,963			2,245
Operating lease liabilities		1,682			1,711
Finance lease liabilities		4,370			4,381
Other liabilities		9,505			11,625
Total liabilities		1,331,040			1,345,542
Shareholders' equity:
Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 25,000,000 authorized shares; 4,719,788 and 4,719,288 shares    issued and outstanding, respectively		47			47
Non-Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 1,505,283 authorized shares; 1,380,283 shares    issued and outstanding, respectively		14			14
Additional paid in capital		53,151			53,114
Retained earnings		77,558			76,060
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(8,862	)		(9,605	)
Unearned ESOP shares		(90	)		(135	)
Total Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. shareholders' equity		121,818			119,495
Noncontrolling interest		814			761
Total equity		122,632			120,256
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,453,672		$	1,465,798

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 3 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
(In thousands, except per share data)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Interest and dividend income:
Loans, including fees	$	12,268		$	10,658
Debt securities:
Taxable		5,607			3,747
Tax-exempt		508			455
Dividends		129			78
Federal funds sold and interest earning deposits		98			105
Total interest and dividend income		18,610			15,043
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		7,411			4,037
Interest on short-term borrowings		1,114			372
Interest on long-term borrowings		194			194
Interest on subordinated debt		491			472
Total interest expense		9,210			5,075
Net interest income		9,400			9,968
Provision for credit losses:
Loans		710			692
Held-to-maturity securities		15			-
Unfunded commitments		1			-
Total provision for credit losses		726			692
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		8,674			9,276
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts		309			267
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance		157			158
Loan servicing fees		88			72
Net realized (losses) gains on sales and redemptions of investment securities		(148	)		73
Net realized gains on sales of marketable equity securities		108			-
Gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate		18			25
Debit card interchange fees		119			321
Insurance agency revenue		397			420
Other charges, commissions & fees		689			256
Total noninterest income		1,737			1,592
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		4,329			4,183
Building and occupancy		816			852
Data processing		528			553
Professional and other services		562			536
Advertising		105			206
FDIC assessments		229			219
Audits and exams		170			159
Insurance agency expense		285			261
Community service activities		52			30
Foreclosed real estate expenses		25			14
Other expenses		605			511
Total noninterest expense		7,706			7,524
Income before provision for income taxes		2,705			3,344
Provision for income taxes		532			669
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest and    Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.		2,173			2,675
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		53			76
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp Inc.	$	2,120		$	2,599
Voting Earnings per common share - basic and diluted	$	0.34		$	0.43
Series A Non-Voting Earnings per common share- basic and diluted	$	0.34		$	0.43
Dividends per common share (Voting and Series A Non-Voting)	$	0.10		$	0.09

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 4 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Net Income	$	2,173		$	2,675
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Retirement Plans:
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses		37			55
Net unrealized gain on retirement plans		37			55
Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period		302			(509	)
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income		154			1,933
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities		456			1,424
Derivatives and hedging activities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period		513			(616	)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities		513			(616	)
Other comprehensive income, before tax		1,006			863
Tax effect		(263	)		(225	)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		743			638
Comprehensive income	$	2,916		$	3,313
Comprehensive income, attributable to noncontrolling interest	$	53		$	76
Comprehensive income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,863		$	3,237
Tax Effect Allocated to Each Component of Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses	$	(10	)	$	(14	)
Unrealized holding (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities arising during the period		(79	)		133
Reclassification adjustment for net losses on available-for-sale securities      included in net income		(40	)		(505	)
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives and hedging arising during the period		(134	)		161
Income tax effect related to other comprehensive income	$	(263	)	$	(225	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 5 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	Common Stock		Non-Voting Common Stock		Additional Paid in Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Unearned ESOP shares			Non-controlling Interest		Total
Balance, January 1, 2024	$	47	$	14	$	53,114	$	76,060		$	(9,605	)	$	(135	)	$	761	$	120,256
Net income		-		-		-		2,120			-			-			53		2,173
Other comprehensive income net of tax		-		-		-		-			743			-			-		743
ESOP shares earned (6,111 shares)		-		-		32		-			-			45			-		77
Stock options exercised		-		-		5		-			-			-			-		5
Common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share)		-		-		-		(471	)		-			-			-		(471	)
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share)		-		-		-		(138	)		-			-			-		(138	)
Warrant dividends declared ($0.10 per share)		-		-		-		(13	)		-			-			-		(13	)
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	47	$	14	$	53,151	$	77,558		$	(8,862	)	$	(90	)	$	814	$	122,632
Balance, January 1, 2023	$	47	$	14	$	52,101	$	71,322		$	(12,172	)	$	(315	)	$	585	$	111,582
Net income		-		-		-		2,599			-			-			76		2,675
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		-		-			638			-			-		638
ESOP shares earned (6,111 shares)		-		-		70		-			-			45			-		115
Stock based compensation		-		-		36		-			-			-			-		36
Common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(416	)		-			-			-		(416	)
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(124	)		-			-			-		(124	)
Warrant dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(11	)		-			-			-		(11	)
Adoption of ASU 2016-13 Current Expected Credit Losses		-		-		-		(2,134	)		-			-			-		(2,134	)
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	47	$	14	$	52,207	$	71,236		$	(11,534	)	$	(270	)	$	661	$	112,361

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 6 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,120		$	2,599
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		726			692
Proceeds from sales of loans		1,042			962
Originations of loans held-for-sale		(1,024	)		(918	)
Realized (gains) losses on sales, redemptions and calls of:
Loans		(18	)		(25	)
Available-for-sale investment securities		143			370
Held-to-maturity investment securities		5			6
Marketable securities		(108	)		-
Depreciation		339			355
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights		(14	)		(13	)
Amortization of deferred loan fees and costs		(105	)		(74	)
Amortization of operating leases		28			28
Amortization of deferred financing from subordinated debt		47			44
Earnings on bank owned life insurance		(157	)		(158	)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities		22			769
Amortization of intangible assets		5			5
Stock based compensation and ESOP expense		77			151
Net change in accrued interest receivable		116			543
Net change in other assets and liabilities		(2,740	)		708
Net cash inflows from operating activities		504			6,044
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of available-for-sale securities		(40,740	)		(12,882	)
Purchase of held-to-maturity securities		(3,014	)		(8,999	)
Purchase of marketable securities		(28	)		(264	)
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock		(2,896	)		(2,637	)
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock		4,613			3,393
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of available-for-sale securities		16,029			2,341
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of held-to-maturity securities		8,929			1,682
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and calls of:
Available-for-sale securities		3,434			17,396
Held-to-maturity securities		696			39
Real estate acquired through foreclosure		68			-
Net change in loans		5,735			(10,468	)
Purchase of premises and equipment		(230	)		(168	)
Net cash outflows from investing activities		(7,404	)		(10,567	)

- 7 -

FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net change in demand deposits, NOW accounts, savings accounts, money management    deposit accounts, MMDA accounts and escrow deposits		6,271			(16,091	)
Net change in time deposits		23,657			37,991
Net change in brokered deposits		(3,882	)		(3,068	)
Net change in short-term borrowings		(34,103	)		(16,797	)
Payments on long-term borrowings		(4,050	)		(2,700	)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		-			2,705
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		5			-
Cash dividends paid to common voting shareholders		(424	)		(419	)
Cash dividends paid to common non-voting shareholders		(124	)		(124	)
Cash dividends paid on warrants		(12	)		(11	)
Change in noncontrolling interest, net		53			76
Net cash (outflows) inflows from financing activities		(12,609	)		1,562
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(19,509	)		(2,961	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		48,732			35,282
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	29,223		$	32,321
CASH PAID DURING THE PERIOD FOR:
Interest	$	9,492		$	493
Income taxes		-			-
RESTRICTED CASH
Collateral deposits for hedge position included in cash and due from banks		-			1,600

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 8 -

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1: Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc., (the “Company”), Pathfinder Bank (the “Bank”) and its other wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. Certain amounts in the 2023 consolidated financial statements may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or comprehensive income as previously reported. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024 or any other interim period.

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the consolidated financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

Although the Company owns, through its wholly owned subsidiary Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc., 51% of the membership interest in FitzGibbons Agency, LLC (“Agency”), the Company is required to consolidate 100% of the Agency within the consolidated financial statements. The 49% of which the Company does not own is accounted for separately as noncontrolling interests within the consolidated financial statements.

- 9 -

Note 2: New Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and, to a lesser extent, other authoritative rulemaking bodies promulgate generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) to regulate the standards of accounting in the United States. From time to time, the FASB issues new GAAP standards, known as Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) some of which, upon adoption, may have the potential to change the way in which the Company recognizes or reports within its consolidated financial statements. The following table provides a description of the accounting standards that are not currently effective, but could have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Standards Not Yet Adopted as of March 31, 2024
Standard	Description	Required Date of Implementation	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Reference Rate Reform (ASU 2020-04: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting [Topic 848]: Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848)	The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments (1) apply to contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform, (2) provide exceptions to existing guidance related to changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship due to reference rate reform (3) provide optional expedients for fair value hedging relationships, cash flow hedging relationships, and net investment hedging relationships, and (4) provide a onetime election to sell, transfer, or both sell and transfer debt securities classified as held-to-maturity that reference a rate affected by reference rate reform and that are classified as held-to-maturity before January 1, 2020. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope. ASU 2021-01 clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. ASU 2021-01 also amends the expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition.	Upon issuance, January 7, 2021, through December 31, 2024, as amended by ASU 2022-06.	The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's consolidated statements of condition or income.
Standard	Description	Required Date of Implementation	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Income taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures 2023-09	Amendments to ASC740 are being made to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The enhancements are made to provide information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The objective of these disclosure requirements is for an entity, particularly an entity operating in multiple jurisdictions, to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature and magnitude of factors contributing to the difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate.	Public business entities are required to apply this guidance to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024.	The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's consolidated statements of condition or income.

- 10 -

Note 3: Earnings per Common Share

Following shareholder approval received on June 4, 2021, the Company converted 1,380,283 shares of its Series B Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock") to an equal number of shares of its newly-created Series A Non-Voting Common Stock. The conversion, which was effective on June 28, 2021, represented 100% of the Company's Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock outstanding at the time of the conversion and retired the Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock in perpetuity.

The Company has voting common stock, non-voting common stock and a warrant that are all eligible to participate in dividends equal to the voting common stock dividends on a per share basis. Securities that participate in dividends, such as the Company’s non-voting common stock and warrant, are considered “participating securities”. The Company calculates net income available to voting common shareholders using the two-class method required for capital structures that include participating securities.

In applying the two-class method, basic net income per share was calculated by dividing net income (less any dividends on participating securities) by the weighted average number of shares of voting common stock and participating securities outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share may include the additional effect of other securities, if dilutive, in which case the dilutive effect of such securities is calculated by applying either the two-class method or the Treasury Stock method to the assumed exercise or vesting of potentially dilutive common shares. The method yielding the more dilutive result is ultimately reported for the applicable period. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents primarily consist of employee stock options and restricted stock units. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per common share until they are committed to be released to plan participants.

Anti-dilutive shares are common stock equivalents with average exercise prices in excess of the weighted average market price for the period presented. Anti-dilutive stock options, not included in the computation below, were -0- for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and March 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2024		2023
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,120	$	2,599
Series A Non-Voting Common Stock dividends		138		124
Warrant dividends		13		11
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		363		504
Net income available to common shareholders-Voting	$	1,606	$	1,960
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,120	$	2,599
Voting Common Stock dividends		471		416
Warrant dividends		13		11
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		1,165		1,586
Net income available to common shareholders-Series A Non-Voting	$	471	$	586
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding-Voting		4,701		4,609
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding-Series A Non-Voting		1,380		1,380
Basic and diluted earnings per common share-Voting	$	0.34	$	0.43
Basic and diluted earnings per common share-Series A Non-Voting	$	0.34	$	0.43

- 11 -

Note 4: Investment Securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities are summarized as follows:

	March 31, 2024
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	92,121	$	672	$	(3,645	)	$	89,148
State and political subdivisions		30,270		157		(1,519	)		28,908
Corporate		10,993		255		(358	)		10,890
Asset backed securities		19,661		21		(212	)		19,470
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		32,761		50		(1,069	)		31,742
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		13,958		44		(993	)		13,009
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		88,827		100		(3,288	)		85,639
Total		288,591		1,299		(11,084	)		278,806
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-			206
Total		206		-		-			206
Total available-for-sale	$	288,797	$	1,299	$	(11,084	)	$	279,012
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	3,698	$	-	$	(313	)	$	3,385
State and political subdivisions		17,011		10		(1,888	)		15,133
Corporate		44,418		33		(2,934	)		41,517
Asset backed securities		17,091		-		(943	)		16,148
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		6,915		18		(693	)		6,240
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		12,986		-		(1,360	)		11,626
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		70,896		136		(2,713	)		68,319
Total		173,015		197		(10,844	)		162,368
Less: Allowance for credit losses		367		-		-			-
Total held-to-maturity	$	172,648	$	197	$	(10,844	)	$	162,368

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	December 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	82,588	$	754	$	(3,259	)	$	80,083
State and political subdivisions		34,588		145		(1,809	)		32,924
Corporate		11,008		276		(365	)		10,919
Asset backed securities		20,251		-		(359	)		19,892
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		25,446		57		(1,085	)		24,418
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		13,058		116		(995	)		12,179
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		81,812		128		(3,845	)		78,095
Total		268,751		1,476		(11,717	)		258,510
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-			206
Total		206		-		-			206
Total available-for-sale	$	268,957	$	1,476	$	(11,717	)	$	258,716
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	3,760	$	-	$	(304	)	$	3,456
State and political subdivisions		16,576		28		(1,874	)		14,730
Corporate		45,427		9		(3,281	)		42,155
Asset backed securities		16,860		-		(1,180	)		15,680
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		6,974		15		(665	)		6,324
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		13,221		-		(1,293	)		11,928
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		76,819		120		(3,178	)		73,761
Total		179,637		172		(11,775	)		168,034
Less: Allowance for credit losses		351		-		-			-
Total held-to-maturity	$	179,286	$	172	$	(11,775	)	$	168,034

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt investments at March 31, 2024 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	16,463	$	16,663	$	1,922	$	1,904
Due after one year through five years		9,001		8,532		20,500		20,012
Due after five years through ten years		44,936		41,728		41,877		38,211
Due after ten years		82,645		81,493		17,919		16,056
Sub-total		153,045		148,416		82,218		76,183
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		32,761		31,742		6,915		6,240
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		13,958		13,009		12,986		11,626
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		88,827		85,639		70,896		68,319
Totals	$	288,591	$	278,806	$	173,015	$	162,368

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The Company’s investment securities’ gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, are as follows:

	March 31, 2024
	Less than Twelve Months							Twelve Months or More							Total
	Number of							Number of							Number of
	Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		7	$	(53	)	$	10,680		5	$	(3,592	)	$	29,325		12	$	(3,645	)	$	40,005
State and political subdivisions		-		-			-		19		(1,519	)		23,437		19		(1,519	)		23,437
Corporate		-		-			-		4		(358	)		3,354		4		(358	)		3,354
Asset backed securities		1		(7	)		969		8		(205	)		13,480		9		(212	)		14,449
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		4		(114	)		7,776		14		(955	)		14,756		18		(1,069	)		22,532
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		1		(5	)		1,271		10		(988	)		7,794		11		(993	)		9,065
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		13		(220	)		23,903		29		(3,068	)		35,192		42		(3,288	)		59,095
Totals		26	$	(399	)	$	44,599		89	$	(10,685	)	$	127,338		115	$	(11,084	)	$	171,937
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		-	$	-		$	-		2	$	(313	)	$	3,385		2	$	(313	)	$	3,385
State and political subdivisions		2		(2	)		787		18		(1,886	)		13,214		20		(1,888	)		14,001
Corporate		-		-			-		39		(2,934	)		33,310		39		(2,934	)		33,310
Asset backed securities		-		-			-		6		(943	)		10,748		6		(943	)		10,748
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		-			-		7		(693	)		4,885		7		(693	)		4,885
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		-			-		10		(1,360	)		11,626		10		(1,360	)		11,626
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		-		-			-		40		(2,713	)		56,175		40		(2,713	)		56,175
Totals		2	$	(2	)	$	787		122	$	(10,842	)	$	133,343		124	$	(10,844	)	$	134,130

	December 31, 2023
	Less than Twelve Months							Twelve Months or More							Total
	Number of							Number of							Number of
	Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		3	$	(13	)	$	5,990		3	$	(3,246	)	$	25,794		6	$	(3,259	)	$	31,784
State and political subdivisions		-		-			-		20		(1,809	)		26,432		20		(1,809	)		26,432
Corporate		-		-			-		5		(365	)		4,351		5		(365	)		4,351
Asset backed securities		3		(65	)		5,907		10		(294	)		13,985		13		(359	)		19,892
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		1		(14	)		2,477		15		(1,071	)		14,931		16		(1,085	)		17,408
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		-			-		11		(995	)		8,123		11		(995	)		8,123
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		10		(274	)		18,067		33		(3,571	)		46,483		43		(3,845	)		64,550
Totals		17	$	(366	)	$	32,441		97	$	(11,351	)	$	140,099		114	$	(11,717	)	$	172,540
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSE's		-	$	-		$	-		2	$	(304	)	$	3,456		2	$	(304	)	$	3,456
State and political subdivisions		4		(2	)		575		14		(1,872	)		12,718		18		(1,874	)		13,293
Corporate		1		(61	)		439		39		(3,220	)		33,532		40		(3,281	)		33,971
Asset backed securities		2		(8	)		2,877		8		(1,172	)		10,652		10		(1,180	)		13,529
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		-			-		7		(665	)		4,942		7		(665	)		4,942
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		-			-		10		(1,293	)		11,928		10		(1,293	)		11,928
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		4		(38	)		5,827		43		(3,140	)		60,260		47		(3,178	)		66,087
Totals		11	$	(109	)	$	9,718		123	$	(11,666	)	$	137,488		134	$	(11,775	)	$	147,206

Excluding the effects of changes in the characteristics of individual debt securities that potentially give rise to credit losses, as described below, the fair market value of a debt security as of a particular measurement date is highly dependent upon prevailing market and economic environmental factors at the measurement date relative to the prevailing market and economic environmental factors present at the time the debt security was acquired. The most significant market and environmental factors include, but are not limited to (1) the general level of interest rates, (2) the relationship between shorter-term interest rates and longer-term interest rates (referred to as the “slope” or "shape" of the interest rate yield curve),

- 14 -

(3) general bond market liquidity, (4) the recent and expected near-term volume of new issuances of similar debt securities, and (5) changes in the market values of individual loan collateral underlying mortgage-backed an asset-backed debt securities. Changes in interest rates affect the fair market values of debt securities by influencing the discount rate applied to the securities’ future expected cash flows. The higher the discount rate, the lower the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. Conversely, the lower the discount rate, the higher the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. In addition, the cumulative amount and timing of undiscounted cash flows of debt securities may also be affected by changes in interest rates. For any given level of movement in the general market and economic environmental factors described above, the magnitude of any particular debt security’s price changes will also depend heavily upon security-specific factors such as (1) the duration of the security, (2) imbedded optionality contractually granted to the issuer of the security with respect to principal prepayments, and (3) changes in the level of market premiums demanded by investors for securities with imbedded credit risk (where applicable).

When the fair value of any individual security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not a charge to current earnings for credit loss is required. In assessing potential credit losses, management also makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of income tax effects, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ credit losses, if any, which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio (both AFS and HTM) for credit losses, management considers (1) if we intend to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as AFS, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $288.8 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $10.7 million, or -3.7%, at March 31, 2024. The AFS securities portfolio, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $268.8 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $11.7 million, or -4.4%, at December 31, 2023. The resultant $1.0 million total improvement in the fair value of the AFS investment portfolio's aggregate fair value relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment (the general interest rate level and the relationships between shorter-term and longer-term interest rates, known as the 'yield curve') that occurred in that period. These changes in aggregate fair value relative to aggregate amortized historical cost that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2024 did not represent any changes in credit loss estimations within the portfolio.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as HTM, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $172.6 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $10.8 million, or -6.3%, at March 31, 2024. The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as HTM, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $179.3 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $11.8 million, or -6.6%, at December 31, 2023. The resultant $1.0 million reduction in the aggregate fair value of the HTM investment portfolio, relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment (the general interest rate level and the relationships between shorter-term and longer-term interest rates, known as the 'yield curve') that occurred in that period. These changes in aggregate fair value relative to aggregate amortized historical cost that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2024 did not represent any changes in credit loss estimations within the portfolio. The Company does not intend to sell these

- 15 -

securities, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities prior to the recovery of the amortized cost.

The following tables depicts a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on investment securities classified as held-to-maturity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

(In thousands)	Government Issued and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities		Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities		Securities Issued By State and Political Subdivisions		Corporate Securities		Total
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	-	$	-	$	2	$	350	$	352
Provision for credit losses		-		-		-		15		15
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration		-		-		-		-		-
Charge-offs of securities		-		-		-		-		-
Recoveries		-		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	-	$	-	$	2	$	365	$	367

	Government Issued and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities		Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities		Securities Issued By State and Political Subdivisions		Corporate Securities		Total
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2016-13		-		40		1		409		450
Provision for credit losses		-		-		-		-		-
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration		-		-		-		-		-
Charge-offs of securities		-		-		-		-		-
Recoveries		-		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	-	$	40	$	1	$	409	$	450

The Company monitors the credit quality of the debt securities categorized as HTM primarily through the use of NRSRO credit ratings. These assessments are made on a quarterly basis. The following tables summarizes the amortized cost of debt securities categorized as HTM at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by credit quality indicators:

(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
AAA or equivalent	$	37,202	$	42,476
AA or equivalent, including securities issued by the United States Government or Government Sponsored Enterprises		46,308		49,479
A or equivalent		18,945		19,021
BBB or equivalent		18,549		16,304
BB or equivalent		984		983
Unrated		51,027		51,374
Total	$	173,015	$	179,637

- 16 -

Gross realized (losses) gains on sales and redemptions of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities for the indicated periods are detailed below:

	For the three months
	ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023
Realized gains on investments	$	734		$	2,021
Realized losses on investments		(882	)		(1,948	)
Total	$	(148	)	$	73

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, securities with a fair value of $155.2 million and $110.3 million, respectively, were pledged to collateralize certain municipal deposit relationships. As of the same dates, securities with a fair value of $97.6 million and $114.3 million, respectively, were pledged against certain borrowing arrangements.

Management has reviewed its loan and mortgage-backed securities portfolios and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, only minimal exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. With limited exceptions in the Company’s investment portfolio involving the most senior tranches of securitized bonds, the Company is not in the practice of investing in, or originating, these types of investment securities.

Note 5: Pension and Postretirement Benefits

The Company has a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, the Company informed its employees of its decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. The plan was frozen on June 30, 2012. Compensation earned by employees up to June 30, 2012 is used for purposes of calculating benefits under the plan but there are no future benefit accruals after this date. Participants as of June 30, 2012 will continue to earn vesting credit with respect to their frozen accrued benefits as they continue to work. In addition, the Company provides certain health and life insurance benefits for a limited number of eligible retired employees. The healthcare plan is contributory with participants’ contributions adjusted annually; the life insurance plan is noncontributory. Employees with less than 14 years of service as of January 1, 1995, are not eligible for the health and life insurance retirement benefits.

The composition of net periodic pension plan and postretirement plan costs for the indicated periods is as follows:

	Pension Benefits						Postretirement Benefits
	For the three months ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Service cost	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Interest cost		139			140			2			2
Expected return on plan assets		(253	)		(241	)		-			-
Amortization of prior service credits		-			-			(1	)		(1	)
Amortization of net losses		40			57			(1	)		(1	)
Net periodic benefit plan (benefit) cost	$	(74	)	$	(44	)	$	-		$	-

The Company will evaluate the need for further contributions to the defined benefit pension plan during 2024. The prepaid pension asset of $7.6 million and $7.5 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 respectively, is recorded in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition.

- 17 -

Note 6: Loans

Major classifications of loans at the indicated dates are as follows:

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	252,026		$	257,604
Construction		1,689			1,355
Loans held-for-sale		-			-
Total residential mortgage loans		253,715			258,959
Commercial loans:
Real estate		363,467			358,707
Lines of credit		67,416			72,069
Other commercial and industrial		91,178			89,803
Paycheck Protection Program loans		147			158
Tax exempt loans		3,374			3,430
Total commercial loans		525,582			524,167
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		35,723			34,858
Other consumer		77,106			79,797
Total consumer loans		112,829			114,655
Total loans		892,126			897,781
Net deferred loan fees		(595	)		(574	)
Less allowance for credit losses		16,655			15,975
Loans receivable, net	$	874,876		$	881,232

Although the Bank may sometimes purchase or fund loan participation interests outside of its primary market areas, the Bank generally originates residential mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans largely to customers throughout Oswego and Onondaga counties. Although the Bank has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its borrowers’ abilities to honor their loan contracts is dependent upon the counties’ employment and economic conditions.

- 18 -

From time to time, the Bank acquires diversified pools of loans, originated by unrelated third parties, as part of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies. These acquisitions took place with nine separate transactions, that occurred between 2017 and 2019, with an additional six transactions occurring in 2021. The following tables detail the purchased loan pool positions held by the Bank at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (the month/year of the earliest acquisition date is depicted in parentheses):

(In thousands, except number of loans)	March 31, 2024
	Original Balance		Current Balance		Unamortized Premium/ (Discount)			Number of Loans		Maturity Range		Cumulative net charge-offs
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019)	$	6,800	$	1,500	$	-			19	1-6 years		$	-
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019)		21,900		4,400		79			120	1-26 years			-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019)		26,600		300		1			135	0-2 years			-
Residential real estate loans (12/2019)		4,300		4,400		282			55	17-25 years			-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019)		5,400		900		-			44	1-3 years			-
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)		10,300		400		13			132	0-9 years			75
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020)		14,500		10,000		(1,414	)		493	21-25 years			-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)		24,400		15,000		(388	)		630	7-22 years			-
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (3/2021)		11,600		12,100		-			1	0-1 year			-
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021)		21,300		17,700		(2,839	)		820	17-24 years			-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)		22,200		18,100		(2,212	)		520	7-24 years			-
Total	$	169,300	$	84,800	$	(6,478	)		2,969			$	75
(In thousands, except number of loans)	December 31, 2023
	Original Balance		Current Balance		Unamortized Premium/ (Discount)			Number of Loans		Maturity Range		Cumulative net charge-offs
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019)		6,800		1,600		-			20	2-6 years			-
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019)		21,900		4,500		108			159	1-26 years			-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019)		26,600		500		2			167	0-2 years			-
Residential real estate loans (12/2019)		4,300		4,500		284			56	17-25 years			-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019)		5,400		1,000		-			46	1-3 years			-
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)		10,300		500		17			158	0-9 years			69
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020)		14,500		10,600		(1,252	)		499	21-25 years			-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)		24,400		15,600		(450	)		644	7-22 years			-
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (3/2021)		11,600		12,400		2			1	0-1 year			-
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021)		21,300		18,000		(2,923	)		821	17-24 years			-
Revolving commercial line of credit 2 (11/2021) paid in full at 12/11/23		10,500		-		-			-		-		-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)		22,200		18,200		(2,292	)		522	7-24 years			-
Total	$	179,800	$	87,400	$	(6,504	)		3,093			$	69

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the ACL related to these pools were $2.1 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of $118.1 million and $113.6 million,

- 19 -

respectively, have been pledged by the Company to the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) under a blanket collateral agreement to secure the Company’s line of credit and term borrowings.

Loan Origination / Risk Management

The Company’s lending policies and procedures are presented in Note 5 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 22, 2024 and have not changed. As part of the execution of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies, the Bank will acquire participating interests in loans originated by unrelated third parties on an occasional basis. The purchase of participations in loans that are originated by third parties only occurs after the completion of thorough pre-acquisition due diligence. Loans in which the Company acquires a participating interest are determined to meet, in all material respects, the Company’s internal underwriting policies, including credit and collateral suitability thresholds, prior to acquisition. In addition, the financial condition of the originating financial institutions, which are generally retained as the ongoing loan servicing provider for participations acquired by the Bank, are analyzed prior to the acquisition of the participating interests and monitored on a regular basis thereafter for the life of those interests.

To develop and document a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company has divided the loan portfolio into three portfolio segments, each with different risk characteristics but with similar methodologies for assessing risk. Each portfolio segment is broken down into loan classes where appropriate. Loan classes contain unique measurement attributes, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing risk that are necessary to develop the allowance for credit losses. Unique characteristics such as borrower type, loan type, collateral type, and risk characteristics define each class.

The following table illustrates the portfolio segments and classes for the Company’s loan portfolio:

Portfolio Segment	Class
Residential Mortgage Loans	1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages
	Construction
Commercial Loans	Real estate
	Lines of credit
	Other commercial and industrial
	Tax exempt loans
Consumer Loans	Home equity and junior liens
	Other consumer

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The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024, summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company's internal risk rating system as of the dates indicated:

															Revolving
	Term Loans By Origination Year												Revolving		loans converted
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Loans		to term loans		Total
Commercial Real Estate:
Pass	$	9,617	$	45,928	$	66,860	$	54,896	$	28,871	$	131,685	$	-	$	-	$	337,857
Special Mention		-		-		14,009		-		-		445		-		-		14,454
Substandard		-		2,988		500		2,338		739		4,532		-		-		11,097
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		59		-		-		59
Total Commercial Real Estate		9,617		48,916		81,369		57,234		29,610		136,721		-		-		363,467
Commercial Lines of Credit:
Pass		-		-		-		-		-		-		62,865		2,339		65,204
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		648		158		806
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		393		1,006		1,399
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		7		7
Total Commercial Lines of Credit		-		-		-		-		-		-		63,906		3,510		67,416
Other Commercial and Industrial:
Pass		4,586		24,278		15,331		5,799		5,090		22,466		4,357		-		81,907
Special Mention		-		2,204		-		233		59		-		-		-		2,496
Substandard		-		30		1,124		929		740		2,547		-		-		5,370
Doubtful		-		1,405		-		-		-		-		-		-		1,405
Total Other Commercial and Industrial		4,586		27,917		16,455		6,961		5,889		25,013		4,357		-		91,178
Paycheck Protection Program Loans
Pass		-		-		-		-		147		-		-		-		147
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Paycheck Protection Program Loans		-		-		-		-		147		-		-		-		147
Tax Exempt Loans
Pass		-		105		-		-		151		3,118		-		-		3,374
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Tax Exempt Loans		-		105		-		-		151		3,118		-		-		3,374

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																			Revolving
	Term Loans By Origination Year																Revolving		loans converted
(In thousands)	2024			2023		2022		2021			2020			Prior			Loans		to term loans		Total
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages:
Pass	$	202		$	16,860	$	31,333	$	49,447		$	38,987		$	110,364		$	-	$	-	$	247,193
Special Mention		-			-		-		1,452			562			519			-		-		2,533
Substandard		-			-		-		136			209			1,336			-		-		1,681
Doubtful		-			-		-		-			154			465			-		-		619
Total 1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages		202			16,860		31,333		51,035			39,912			112,684			-		-		252,026
Construction:
Pass		46			1,643		-		-			-			-			-		-		1,689
Special Mention		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-
Substandard		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-
Doubtful		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-
Total Construction		46			1,643		-		-			-			-			-		-		1,689
Home Equity and Junior Liens:
Pass		4,404			3,960		2,244		1,444			716			2,632			18,662		911		34,973
Special Mention		-			-		-		-			-			6			20		9		35
Substandard		-			-		-		66			-			50			599		-		715
Doubtful		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-
Total Home Equity and Junior Liens		4,404			3,960		2,244		1,510			716			2,688			19,281		920		35,723
Other Consumer:
Pass		1,767			64,726		3,703		2,957			1,302			2,578			-		-		77,033
Special Mention		-			22		4		13			8			15			-		-		62
Substandard		-			-		-		7			-			4			-		-		11
Doubtful		-			-		-		-			-			-			-		-		-
Total Other Consumer		1,767			64,748		3,707		2,977			1,310			2,597			-		-		77,106
Net Deferred Loan Fees		(496	)		166		80		(83	)		(16	)		(246	)		-		-		(595	)
Total Loans	$	20,126		$	164,315	$	135,188	$	119,634		$	77,719		$	282,575		$	87,544	$	4,430	$	891,531

Management has reviewed its loan portfolio and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, no material exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. The Company is not in the practice of originating these types of loans.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received within thirty days of the payment due date. Loans are placed on nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal and interest has become 90 days past due or when management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan may be currently performing.

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An aging analysis of past due loans, not including net deferred loan costs, segregated by portfolio segment and class of loans, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are detailed in the following tables:

	As of March 31, 2024
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans
(In thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		and Over		Past Due		Current		Receivable
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	2,801	$	493	$	1,775	$	5,069	$	246,957	$	252,026
Construction		-		-		-		-		1,689		1,689
Loans held-for-sale		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total residential mortgage loans		2,801		493		1,775		5,069		248,646		253,715
Commercial loans:
Real estate		16,078		577		6,548		23,203		340,264		363,467
Lines of credit		1,541		102		958		2,601		64,815		67,416
Other commercial and industrial		6,356		583		6,799		13,738		77,440		91,178
Paycheck Protection Program loans		-		-		-		-		147		147
Tax exempt loans		-		-		-		-		3,374		3,374
Total commercial loans		23,975		1,262		14,305		39,542		486,040		525,582
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		83		6		183		272		35,451		35,723
Other consumer		523		548		3,389		4,460		72,646		77,106
Total consumer loans		606		554		3,572		4,732		108,097		112,829
Total loans	$	27,382	$	2,309	$	19,652	$	49,343	$	842,783	$	892,126
	As of December 31, 2023
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans
(In thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		and Over		Past Due		Current		Receivable
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,462	$	2,269	$	1,770	$	5,501	$	252,103	$	257,604
Construction		-		-		-		-		1,355		1,355
Loans held-for-sale		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total residential mortgage loans		1,462		2,269		1,770		5,501		253,458		258,959
Commercial loans:
Real estate		5,385		196		5,053		10,634		348,073		358,707
Lines of credit		180		-		924		1,104		70,965		72,069
Other commercial and industrial		5,347		322		6,340		12,009		77,794		89,803
Paycheck Protection Program loans		-		-		-		-		158		158
Tax exempt loans		-		-		-		-		3,430		3,430
Total commercial loans		10,912		518		12,317		23,747		500,420		524,167
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		210		29		192		431		34,427		34,858
Other consumer		984		383		2,948		4,315		75,482		79,797
Total consumer loans		1,194		412		3,140		4,746		109,909		114,655
Total loans	$	13,568	$	3,199	$	17,227	$	33,994	$	863,787	$	897,781

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As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amount of interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and the cost basis of nonaccrual loans, for which there is no ACL, are detailed in the following tables. All loans greater than 90 days past due are classified as nonaccrual.

	March 31, 2024
(In thousands)	Nonaccrual Loans		Nonaccrual loans without related allowance for credit loss		Recognized interest income
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,775	$	1,728	$	13
		1,775		1,728		13
Commercial loans:
Real estate		6,548		3,838		32
Lines of credit		958		93		1
Other commercial and industrial		6,799		3,485		56
		14,305		7,416		89
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		183		131		1
Other consumer		3,389		1,537		2
Total consumer loans		3,572		1,668		3
Total nonaccrual loans	$	19,652	$	10,812	$	105

	December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Nonaccrual Loans		Nonaccrual loans without related allowance for credit loss		Recognized interest income
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,770	$	1,770	$	43
		1,770		1,770		43
Commercial loans:
Real estate		5,053		3,058		109
Lines of credit		924		67		52
Other commercial and industrial		6,340		4,132		164
		12,317		7,257		325
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		192		37		2
Other consumer		2,948		1,228		9
Total consumer loans		3,140		1,265		11
Total nonaccrual loans	$	17,227	$	10,292	$	379

At March 31, 2024, the Bank's 176 nonperforming loans represented 2.2% of total loans, with an aggregate outstanding balance of $19.7 million, as compared to 150 loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $17.2 million at December 31, 2023. This increase in nonaccrual balances of $2.5 million was primarily the result of the downgrade of one commercial real estate loan with a balance of $1.4 million, $900,000 in commercial and consumer loan relationships, and $200,000 in other loans in the aggregate. Management is closely monitoring all nonaccrual loans and has incorporated its current estimate of the ultimate collectability of these loans into the reported allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2024.

The measurement of individually evaluated loans is generally based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. The Company utilizes the Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) method for its pooled segment calculation. The DCF method implements a probability of default with loss given default and loss exposure at default

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estimation. The probability of default and loss given default are applied to future cash flows that are adjusted to present value and these discounted expected losses become the Allowance for Credit Losses.

Note 7: Allowance for Credit Losses

Management extensively reviews recent trends in historical losses, qualitative factors, including concentrations of loans to related borrowers and concentrations of loans by collateral type, and specific reserve requirements on loans individually evaluated in its determination of the adequacy of the credit losses. We recorded $726,000 in provision for credit losses ("PCL") for the three month period ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $692,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2023.

There was a modest increase in provision for credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2024, when compared to the same three month period in 2023. In addition, during the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded modest PCL increases of $15,000 and $1,000 for reserves related to securities classified as held-to-maturity and unfunded commitments, respectively. The provision in the quarter ended March 31, 2024 was reflective of the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the ACL and changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. The first quarter PCL reflects an addition to reserves considering loan growth and asset quality metrics.

The following table summarizes all activity related to the ACL from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024 and to the recorded PCL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Reserves as of December 31, 2023		Q1 2024 Charge-Offs			Q1 2024 Recoveries		Q1 2024 PCL		Reserves as of March 31, 2024
ACL - Loans
Specifically identified	$	3,716	$	-		$	-	$	100	$	3,816
Overdraft		364		(5	)		4		-		363
Pooled - quantitative		6,203		(63	)		34		101		6,275
Pooled - qualitative		3,566		-			-		509		4,075
Purchased		2,126		-			-		-		2,126
Total ACL - Loans	$	15,975	$	(68	)	$	38	$	710	$	16,655
ACL - Held-To-Maturity		352		-			-		15		367
Other Liabilities - Unfunded Commitments		589		-			-		1		590
	$	16,916	$	(68	)	$	38	$	726	$	17,612

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Summarized in the tables below are changes in the allowance for credit losses for loans for the indicated periods and information pertaining to the allocation of the balances of the credit losses, loans receivable based on individual, and collective evaluation by loan portfolio class. An allocation of a portion of the allowance to a given portfolio class does not limit the Company’s ability to absorb losses in another portfolio class.

	For the three months ended March 31, 2024
	1-4 family
	first-lien		Residential									Other		Paycheck
	residential		construction			Commercial			Commercial			commercial		Protection
(In thousands)	mortgage		mortgage			real estate			lines of credit			and industrial		Program
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	1,608	$	858		$	5,751		$	1,674		$	3,281	$	-
Charge-offs		-		-			-			-			-		-
Recoveries		2		-			6			-			5		-
Provisions (credits)		9		(56	)		810			(283	)		117		-
Ending balance	$	1,619	$	802		$	6,567		$	1,391		$	3,403	$	-
Ending balance: related to loans    individually evaluated	$	138	$	-		$	1,057		$	725		$	1,710	$	-
Ending balance: related to loans    collectively evaluated	$	1,481	$	802		$	5,510		$	666		$	1,693	$	-
Loans receivables:
Ending balance	$	252,026	$	1,689		$	363,467		$	67,416		$	91,178	$	147
Ending balance: individually    evaluated	$	2,129	$	-		$	12,138		$	1,270		$	6,849	$	-
Ending balance: collectively    evaluated	$	249,897	$	1,689		$	351,329		$	66,146		$	84,329	$	147
			Home equity			Other
	Tax exempt		and junior liens			Consumer			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	1	$	657		$	2,145		$	15,975
Charge-offs		-		-			(68	)		(68	)
Recoveries		-		-			25			38
Provisions (credits)		1		5			107			710
Ending balance	$	2	$	662		$	2,209		$	16,655
Ending balance: related to loans    individually evaluated	$	-	$	146		$	70		$	3,846
Ending balance: related to loans    collectively evaluated	$	2	$	516		$	2,139		$	12,809
Loans receivables:
Ending balance	$	3,374	$	35,723		$	77,106		$	892,126
Ending balance: individually    evaluated	$	-	$	715		$	70		$	23,171
Ending balance: collectively    evaluated	$	3,374	$	35,008		$	77,036		$	868,955

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	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
	1-4 family
	first-lien			Residential									Other			Paycheck
	residential			construction			Commercial			Commercial			commercial			Protection
(In thousands)	mortgage			mortgage			real estate			lines of credit			and industrial			Program
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	714		$	-		$	5,881		$	3,990		$	2,944		$	-
Adoption of New Accounting Standard		1,396			969			(1,744	)		95			10
Charge-offs		-			-			-			-			(36	)		-
Recoveries		-			-			-			1			62			-
Provisions (credits)		(173	)		(269	)		1,045			(1,991	)		2,101			-
Ending balance	$	1,937		$	700		$	5,182		$	2,095		$	5,081		$	-
Ending balance: related to loans    individually evaluated for impairment	$	63		$	-		$	530		$	1,301		$	1,712		$	-
Ending balance: related to loans    collectively evaluated for impairment	$	1,874		$	-		$	4,652		$	794		$	3,369		$	-
Loans receivables:
Ending balance	$	260,199		$	2,933		$	350,175		$	81,704		$	84,553		$	192
Ending balance: individually    evaluated for impairment	$	1,427		$	-		$	10,522		$	2,491		$	6,369		$	-
Ending balance: collectively    evaluated for impairment	$	258,772		$	2,933		$	339,653		$	79,213		$	78,184		$	192
				Home equity			Other
	Tax exempt			and junior liens			Consumer			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	3		$	741		$	1,046		$	15,319
Adoption of New Accounting Standard		14			(97	)		1,242			1,886
Charge-offs		-			-			(83	)		(119	)
Recoveries		-			-			28			91
Provisions (credits)		(2	)		79			(98	)		692
Ending balance	$	15		$	723		$	2,135		$	17,869
Ending balance: related to loans    individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	157		$	-		$	3,763
Ending balance: related to loans    collectively evaluated for impairment	$	15		$	566		$	2,135		$	13,405
Loans receivables:
Ending balance	$	4,200		$	34,096		$	93,197		$	911,249
Ending balance: individually    evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	716		$	-		$	21,525
Ending balance: collectively    evaluated for impairment	$	4,200		$	33,380		$	93,197		$	889,724

The Company’s methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of qualitative factors that are added to the historical loss rates in arriving at the total allowance for credit losses needed for this general pool of loans. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Changes in national and local economic trends;

•The rate of growth in the portfolio;

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•Trends of delinquencies and nonaccrual balances;

•Changes in loan policy; and

•Changes in lending management experience and related staffing.

Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. These qualitative factors, applied to each product class, make the evaluation inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions in a narrative accompanying the allowance for credit losses analysis and calculation.

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses summarized on the basis of the Company’s calculation methodology was as follows:

	March 31, 2024
	1-4 family
	first-lien			Residential						Other
	residential			construction		Commercial		Commercial		commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage			mortgage		real estate		lines of credit		and industrial
Specifically reserved	$	138		$	-	$	1,057	$	725	$	1,710
Historical loss rate		1,556			696		2,605		136		1,139
Qualitative factors		(75	)		106		2,905		530		554
Total	$	1,619		$	802	$	6,567	$	1,391	$	3,403
				Home equity		Other
	Tax exempt			and junior liens		consumer		Total
Specifically reserved	$	-		$	455	$	1,888	$	5,973
Historical loss rate		2			197		299		6,630
Qualitative factors		-			10		22		4,052
Total	$	2		$	662	$	2,209	$	16,655

	December 31, 2023
	1-4 family
	first-lien			Residential						Other
	residential			construction		Commercial		Commercial		commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage			mortgage		real estate		lines of credit		and industrial
Specifically reserved	$	137		$	-	$	969	$	844	$	1,617
Historical loss rate		1,537			674		2,645		209		1,026
Qualitative factors		(66	)		184		2,137		621		638
Total	$	1,608		$	858	$	5,751	$	1,674	$	3,281
				Home equity		Other
	Tax exempt			and junior liens		consumer		Total
Specifically reserved	$	-		$	458	$	1,817	$	5,842
Historical loss rate		1			190		307		6,589
Qualitative factors		-			9		21		3,544
Total	$	1		$	657	$	2,145	$	15,975

Collateral Dependent Disclosures

The Company has certain loans for which repayment is dependent upon the operation or sale of collateral, as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following provides more detail about the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

•Commercial real estate loans can be secured by either owner occupied commercial real estate or non-owner occupied investment commercial real estate. Typically, owner occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies.

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Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development, industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate.

•Residential real estate loans are typically secured by first mortgages, and in some cases could be secured by a second mortgage.

•Home equity lines of credit are generally secured by second mortgages on residential real estate property.

•Consumer loans are generally secured by automobiles, motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other personal property. Some consumer loans are unsecured and have no underlying collateral.

The following table details the amortized cost of collateral dependent loans at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	8,019	$	7,788
Commercial real estate		11,643		11,814
Residential (1-4 family) first mortgages		1,158		699
Home equity loans and lines of credit		659		599
Consumer loans		98		81
Total loans	$	21,577	$	20,981

Note 8: Foreclosed Real Estate

The Company is required to disclose the carrying amount of foreclosed real estate properties held as a result of obtaining physical possession of the property at each reporting period.

(In thousands)	Number of properties		March 31, 2024		Number of properties		December 31, 2023
Foreclosed real estate		2	$	82		4	$	151

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company reported $1.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in real estate loans in the process of foreclosure.

Note 9: Guarantees

The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Generally, all letters of credit, when issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risks involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as those that are involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company generally holds collateral and/or personal guarantees supporting these commitments. The Company had $1.8 million of standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2024. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of collateral and the enforcement of guarantees would be sufficient to cover the potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees. No provision for credit losses have been made for these commitments. The fair value of standby letters of credit was not significant to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 10: Fair Value Measurements

Accounting guidance related to fair value measurements and disclosures specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

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Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs, minimize the use of unobservable inputs, to the extent possible, and considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment securities: The fair values of available-for-sale and marketable equity securities are obtained from an independent third party and are based on quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges where available (Level 1). If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured by utilizing matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2). Management made no adjustment to the fair value quotes that were received from the independent third party pricing service. Level 3 securities are assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures, such as market prices or pricing models. Level 3 assets are typically very illiquid, and fair values can only be calculated using estimates or risk-adjusted value ranges. Management applies known factors, such as currently applicable discount rates, to the valuation of those investments in order to determine fair value at the reporting date.

The Company holds two corporate investment securities with an amortized historical cost of $4.1 million and an aggregate fair market value of $4.3 million as of March 31, 2024. These securities have an aggregate valuation that is determined using published net asset values (NAV) derived by an analysis of the securities’ underlying assets. These securities are comprised primarily of broadly-diversified real estate holdings and are traded in secondary markets on an infrequent basis. While these securities are redeemable at least annually through tender offers made by respective issuers, the liquidation value of these securities may be below stated NAVs and also subject to restrictions as to the amount that can be redeemed at any single scheduled redemption. The Company anticipates that these securities will be redeemed by respective issuers on indeterminate future dates as a consequence of the ultimate liquidation strategies employed by the managers of these portfolios.

The Company also holds two limited partnership investments managed by an unrelated third party with an aggregate fair market value of $3.3 million. The investments are funds comprised of marketable equity securities, primarily issued by community banks and financial technology companies. These investments are recorded at fair value at the end of each reporting period using Level 1 valuation techniques. Unrealized changes in the fair value of these investments are recorded as components of periodic net income in the period in which the changes occur.

Interest rate derivatives: The fair value of the interest rate derivatives, characterized as either fair value or cash flow hedges, are calculated based on a discounted cash flow model. All future floating rate cash flows are projected and both floating rate and fixed rate cash flows are discounted to the valuation date. The benchmark interest rate curve utilized for projecting cash flows and applying appropriate discount rates is built by obtaining publicly available third party market quotes for various swap maturity terms.

Individually evaluated loans: Specifically-identified loans are those loans in which the Company has measured impairment based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral or the discounted value of expected future cash flows. Fair value is generally determined based upon market value evaluations by third parties of the properties and/or estimates by management of working capital collateral or discounted cash flows based upon expected proceeds. These appraisals may include up to three approaches to value: the sales comparison approach, the income approach (for income-producing property), and the cost approach. Management modifies the appraised values, if needed, to take into account recent developments in the market or other factors, such as, changes in absorption rates or market conditions from the time of valuation and anticipated sales values considering management’s plans for disposition. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower

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valuations of such collateral. Estimated costs to sell are based on current amounts of disposal costs for similar assets. These measurements are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Specifically-identified loans are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustment upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to specifically-identified loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance.

The following tables summarize assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the indicated dates, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

	March 31, 2024
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	-	$	89,148	$	-	$	89,148
State and political subdivisions		-		28,908		-		28,908
Corporate		-		6,598		-		6,598
Asset backed securities		-		19,470		-		19,470
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		31,742		-		31,742
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		13,009		-		13,009
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		-		85,639		-		85,639
Total				274,514				274,514
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-		206
Other Securities:
Corporate issuances measured at NAV		-		-		-		4,292
Total available-for-sale securities	$	206	$	274,514	$	-	$	279,012
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	3,342
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	6,544	$	-	$	6,544
Interest rate swap derivative cash flow hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	556	$	-	$	556

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	December 31, 2023
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	-	$	80,083	$	-	$	80,083
State and political subdivisions		-		32,924		-		32,924
Corporate		-		6,576		-		6,576
Asset backed securities		-		19,892		-		19,892
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		24,418		-		24,418
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		12,179		-		12,179
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		-		78,095		-		78,095
Total		-		254,167		-		254,167
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-		206
Other Securities:
Corporate issuances measured at NAV		-		-		-		4,343
Total available-for-sale securities	$	206	$	254,167	$	-	$	258,716
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	3,206
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	5,160	$	-	$	5,160
Interest rate swap derivative cash flow hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	45	$	-	$	45

Pathfinder Bank had the following assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

			March 31, 2024
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Individually evaluated loans	$	-	$	-	$	6,669	$	6,669
Foreclosed real estate	$	-	$	-	$	82	$	82

			December 31, 2023
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Individually evaluated loans	$	-	$	-	$	9,722	$	9,722
Foreclosed real estate	$	-	$	-	$	151	$	151

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which Level 3 inputs were used to determine fair value at the indicated dates.

		Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Techniques	Input	(Weighted Avg.)
At March 31, 2024
Individually evaluated loans	Appraisal of collateral	Discounted Cash Flow	10% - 75% (24%)
Foreclosed real estate	Appraisal of collateral	Costs to Sell	21% - 24% (22%)

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		Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Techniques	Input	(Weighted Avg.)
At December 31, 2023
Individually evaluated loans	Appraisal of collateral	Discounted Cash Flow	10% - 75% (21%)
Foreclosed real estate	Appraisal of collateral	Costs to Sell	21% - 24% (22%)

There have been no transfers of assets into or out of any fair value measurement level during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

Required disclosures include fair value information of financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument.

The Company has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. The Company performs due diligence procedures over third-party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process.

While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-ends, and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

Under FASB ASC Topic 820 for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the financial assets and liabilities were valued at a price that represents the Company’s exit price or the price at which these instruments would be sold or transferred.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful. The Company, in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments, used the following methods and assumptions:

Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying amounts of these assets approximate their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 2.

Net loans – For variable-rate loans that re-price frequently, fair value is based on carrying amounts. The fair value of other loans (for example, fixed-rate commercial real estate loans, mortgage loans, and commercial and industrial loans) is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on interest rates currently being offered in the market for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Loan value estimates include judgments based on expected prepayment rates. The measurement of the fair value of loans, including individually evaluated loans, is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

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Accrued interest receivable and payable – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Deposits – The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing checking, passbook savings and certain types of money management accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts) and are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered in the market on certificates of deposits to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. Measurements of the fair value of time deposits are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Borrowings – Fixed/variable term “bullet” structures are valued using a replacement cost of funds approach. These borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve. Option structured borrowings’ fair values are determined by the FHLB for borrowings that include a call or conversion option. If market pricing is not available from this source, current market indications from the FHLBNY are obtained and the borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve less an appropriate spread to adjust for the option. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Subordinated debt – The Company secures quotes from its pricing service based on a discounted cash flow methodology or utilizes observations of recent highly-similar transactions which result in a Level 2 classification.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

		March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Fair Value	Carrying		Estimated		Carrying		Estimated
(In thousands)	Hierarchy	Amounts		Fair Values		Amounts		Fair Values
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	1	$	29,223	$	29,223	$	48,732	$	48,732
Investment securities - available-for-sale	2		274,514		274,514		254,167		254,167
Investment securities - available-for-sale	NAV		4,292		4,292		4,343		4,343
Investment securities - marketable equity	NAV		3,342		3,342		3,206		3,206
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	2		172,648		162,368		179,286		168,034
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	2		7,031		7,031		8,748		8,748
Net loans	3		874,876		819,350		881,232		823,052
Accrued interest receivable	1		7,170		7,170		7,286		7,286
Interest rate derivative cash flow hedge receivable/(payable)	2		556		556		45		45
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - AFS investments	2		3,509		3,509		3,113		3,113
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - loans	2		3,035		3,035		2,047		1,477
Financial liabilities:
Demand Deposits, Savings, NOW and MMDA	1	$	613,495	$	613,495	$	607,301	$	607,301
Time Deposits	2		532,618		536,928		512,766		517,514
Borrowings	2		137,446		136,062		175,599		174,071
Subordinated debt	2		29,961		28,171		29,914		28,026
Accrued interest payable	1		1,963		1,963		2,245		2,245

Note 11: Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks relate to both its business operations and changes in economic conditions. As part of managing interest rate risk, the Company periodically enters into standardized interest rate derivative contracts (designated as hedging agreements) to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities portfolios. The Company designates interest rate hedging agreements utilized in the management of interest rate risk as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Interest rate hedging agreements are recorded at fair value as other assets or liabilities. The Company had no material derivative contracts not designated as hedging agreements at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

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As a result of interest rate fluctuations, fixed-rate interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in fair value. When effectively hedged, this fair value appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by substantially identical changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. This strategy is referred to as fair value hedging and the derivative instruments employed in this strategy are therefore designated as fair value hedges. In a fair value hedge, the fair value of the derivative (the interest rate hedging agreement) is recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized as an adjustment to the carrying balance of the hedged asset or liability. Changes in the correlation between the hedging instrument and the hedged asset or liability that give rise to differences between the changes in the fair value of the interest rate hedging agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and are recorded as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged instrument. In the case of pay-fixed or receive-fixed interest rate swap agreements, designated as fair value hedges, the periodic difference in the net cash flows due to (due from) the Company from (to) a counterparty are recorded in current period earnings as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged asset or liability.

Cash flows related to floating rate assets and liabilities will fluctuate with changes in underlying rate indices. When effectively hedged, the increases or decreases in cash flows related to the floating-rate asset or liability will generally be offset by changes in cash flows of the derivative instruments designated as a hedge. This strategy is referred to as cash flow hedging and the derivative instruments employed in these strategies are therefore designated as cash flow hedges. In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. In the case of pay-fixed or receive-fixed interest rate swap agreements, designated as cash flow hedges, the periodic difference in the net cash flows due to (due from) the Company from (to) a counterparty are recorded in current period earnings as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged asset or liability.

Among the array of interest rate hedging contracts, potentially available to the Company, are interest rate swap and interest rate cap (or floor) contracts. The Company uses interest rate swaps, cap or floor contracts as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. An interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each contractual period in which the index interest rate exceeds the contractually agreed upon strike price rate. The purchaser of a cap contract will continue to benefit from any rise in interest rates above the strike price. Similarly, an interest rate floor is a derivative contract in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate is below the agreed strike price. The purchaser of a floor contract will continue to benefit from any decrease in interest rates below the strike price. The Company had no interest rate cap or floor contracts in place at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

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The Company records various hedges in the consolidated statements of condition at fair value. The Company’s accounting treatment for these derivative instruments is based on the instrument's hedge designation determined at the inception of each derivative instrument's contractual term. The following tables show the Company’s outstanding fair value hedges at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands)	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2024		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Subtracted from Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2024		Hedge-Adjusted Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2023		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Subtracted from Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2023
Line item on the balance sheet in which the hedged item is included:
Available-for-sale securities (1)	$	88,352	$	3,509	$	95,887	$	3,113
Loans receivable (2)	$	149,725	$	3,035	$	156,836	$	620

(1)The $88.4 million carrying amount of hedged assets represents the hedge-adjusted amortized cost basis of specifically-identified municipal and GSE-backed securities designated as the underlying assets for the hedging relationships. The notional amount of the designated hedges were $83.5 million and $89.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The fair value of the derivatives (an unrealized gain, receivable from derivative counterparties) recorded in other assets resulted in a net asset position of $3.5 million and $3.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company's participation in fair value hedging transactions increased investment security interest income by $632,000 and $340,000 at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)The $149.7 million carrying amount of hedged assets represents the hedge-adjusted amortized cost of a designated pool of residential
mortgages and the aggregate hedge-adjusted amortized cost of four specified purchased consumer loan pools. These pools of loans were
designated as the underlying assets for the hedging relationships in which the hedged underlying asset's notional amounts were the amortized cost projected to be remaining at the end of the contractual term of the hedging instruments. The amount of the designated hedged items were $137.8 million and $141.0 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At March 31, 2024, the fair value of the derivatives recorded in other assets (an unrealized gain, receivable from derivative counterparties) resulted in a net asset position of $3.0 million, recorded by the Company in other assets. The Company’s participation in fair value hedging transactions increased interest income by $628,000 and $205,000, for the periods ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Details of the two hedging strategies, in place at March 31, 2024 are presented below:

a.On April 7, 2023 the Bank entered into an amortizing swap transaction with an initial notional amount of $100.0 million whereby
the Bank will receive 3-month SOFR monthly based on the notional amount of the swap contract at the beginning of each month
until the swap transaction expires in 2035. The notional amount of the swap declines monthly according to a predetermined amortization schedule and was $87.8 million at March 31, 2024. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of 3.208% to the contract's counterparty throughout the life of the contract based on each month's beginning notional balance. The fair value of this swap contract was $2.8 million at March 31, 2024.

b.On December 7, 2023, the Bank entered into five fixed-pay interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $50.0
million, whereby the Bank will receive 3-month SOFR monthly until the respective maturity dates of the contracts. The contracts
expire in annual increments on December 1 of 2025 ($5.0 million, fixed rate of 4.463%), 2026 ($5.0 million, fixed rate of 4.136%), 2027 ($10.0 million, fixed rate of 3.973%), 2028 ($15.0 million, fixed rate of 3.887%), and 2029 ($15.0 million, fixed rate of 3.845%). The fair value of these swap contracts in aggregate were $234,000 at March 31, 2024.

The Company's hedging contracts accounted for as fair value hedges, increased the yield on investment securities and loans by 0.29% and 0.28%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The hedging contracts noted above, accounted for as fair value hedges, increased the yield on investment securities and loans by 0.18% and 0.09%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The following tables summarize the net effects of the Company's fair value and cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively:

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Fair Value Hedges
(In thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Period Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income		Fair Value Receivable at Period End
Investments	$	87,500	$	83,519	$	632	$	3,509
Loans		138,903		137,850		628		3,035
Total	$	226,403	$	221,369	$	1,260	$	6,544
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income		Fair Value Receivable at Period End
Investments	$	57,028	$	52,120	$	340	$	5,237
Loans		20,700		20,700		205		1,178
Total	$	77,728	$	72,820	$	545	$	6,415

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income		Fair Value Receivable at Period End
Borrowed Funds	$	40,000	$	40,000	$	157	$	556
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income		Fair Value Payable at Period End
Borrowed Funds	$	53,333	$	70,000	$	336	$	(99	)

The following table shows the pre-tax gains of the Company’s derivatives designated as cash flow hedges in AOCI at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash flow hedges:
Fair market value adjustment interest rate swap	$	556	$	45
Total gain in comprehensive income	$	556	$	45

The amounts of hedge ineffectiveness, recognized at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for cash flow hedges were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. A portion of, or the entire amount included in accumulated other comprehensive loss would be reclassified into current earnings should a portion of, or the entire hedge, no longer be considered effective. Management believes that the hedges will remain fully effective during the remaining term of the respective hedging contracts. The changes in the fair values of the interest rate hedging agreements primarily result from the effects of changing index interest rates and the reduction of the time each quarter between the measurement date and the contractual maturity date of the hedging instrument.

The Company manages its potential credit exposure on interest rate swap transactions by entering into bilateral credit support agreements with each contractual counterparty. These agreements require collateralization of credit exposures beyond specified minimum threshold amounts. Interest rate hedging agreements are entered into with counterparties that meet the Company's established credit standards and the agreements contain master netting, collateral and/or settlement provisions protecting the at-risk party. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting,

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collateral or settlement provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not material at March 31, 2024.

Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

Changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”), net of tax, for the periods indicated are summarized in the tables below.

	For the three months ended March 31, 2024
(In thousands)	Net Unrealized Loss on Retirement Plans			Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities			Unrealized Gain on Derivatives and Hedging Activities		Total
Beginning balance	$	(2,073	)	$	(7,564	)	$	32	$	(9,605	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		-			223			379		602
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		27			114			-		141
Ending balance	$	(2,046	)	$	(7,227	)	$	411	$	(8,862	)

	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Net Unrealized Loss on Retirement Plans			Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities			Unrealized Gain on Derivatives and Hedging Activities			Total
Beginning balance	$	(2,427	)	$	(10,127	)	$	382		$	(12,172	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		-			(376	)		(455	)		(831	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		41			1,428			-			1,469
Ending balance	$	(2,386	)	$	(9,075	)	$	(73	)	$	(11,534	)

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the indicated period:

		Amount Reclassified
		from AOCI (1)
		(Unaudited)
(In thousands)		For the three months ended
Details about AOCI (1) components	Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Retirement plan items
Retirement plan net losses    recognized in plan expenses (2)	Salaries and employee benefits	$	(37	)	$	(55	)
Tax effect	Provision for income taxes		10			14
	Net Income	$	(27	)	$	(41	)
Available-for-sale securities
Realized losses on sale of securities	Net gains on sales and redemptions    of investment securities	$	(154	)	$	(1,933	)
Tax effect	Provision for income taxes		40			505
	Net Income	$	(114	)	$	(1,428	)

(1)Amounts in parentheses indicates debits in net income.

(2)These items are included in net periodic pension cost.

See Note 5 for additional information.

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Note 13: Noninterest Income

The Company has included the following table regarding the Company’s noninterest income for the periods presented.

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Service charges on deposit accounts
Insufficient funds fees	$	179		$	144
Deposit related fees		109			97
ATM fees		21			26
Total service charges on deposit accounts		309			267
Fee Income
Insurance agency revenue		397			420
Investment services revenue		142			135
ATM fees surcharge		50			48
Banking house rents collected		55			48
Total fee income		644			651
Card income
Debit card interchange fees		119			321
Merchant card fees		12			11
Total card income		131			332
Mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans   and foreclosed real estate
Loan servicing fees		88			72
Net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate		18			25
Total mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of    loans and foreclosed real estate		106			97
Total		1,190			1,347
Earnings and gains on bank owned life insurance		157			158
Net (losses) gains on sale and redemption of available-for-sale    and held-to-maturity securities		(148	)		73
Net realized gains on marketable equity securities		108			-
Non-recurring gain on lease renegotiations		245			-
Other miscellaneous income		185			14
Total noninterest income	$	1,737		$	1,592

The following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of ASC 606 guidance:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – Revenue is earned through insufficient funds fees, customer initiated activities or passage of time for deposit related fees, and ATM service fees. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, which is the same time the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied. Account maintenance fees are earned over the course of the month as the monthly maintenance performance obligation to the customer is satisfied.

•Fee income – Revenue is earned through commissions on insurance and securities sales, ATM surcharge fees, and banking house rents collected. The Company earns investment advisory fee income by providing investment management services to customers under investment management contracts. As the direction of investment management accounts is provided over time, the performance obligation to investment management customers is satisfied over time, and therefore, revenue is recognized over time.

•Card income – Card income consists of interchange fees from consumer debit card networks and other related services. Interchange rates are set by the card networks. Interchange fees are based on purchase volumes and other factors and are recognized as transactions occur.

•Mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate – Revenue from mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate is earned through the origination of residential and commercial mortgage loans, sales of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, sales of government

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guarantees portions of Small Business Administration loans (“SBA loans”), and sales of foreclosed real estate, and is earned as the transaction occurs.

In addition to the revenue items discussed above, the Company recognized a non-recurring gain of $245,000 related to refunds received from cumulative lessor related pass-through operating expense charges for a single leased branch location.

Note 14: Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for certain banking offices and land under noncancelable agreements. Our leases have remaining lease terms that vary from 2 years up to 29 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for various renewal periods. All options to renew are included in the current lease term when we believe it is reasonably certain that the renewal options will be exercised.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Operating lease cost	$	49	$	59
Finance lease cost		108		55

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Cash paid for amount included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	45	$	54
Operating cash flows for finance leases		108		55
Financing cash flows for finance leases		32		32

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(In thousands, except lease term and discount rate)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Operating Leases:
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	1,493		$	1,526
Operating lease liabilities		1,682			1,711
Finance Leases:
Finance lease right-of-use assets	$	4,038		$	4,073
Finance lease liability		4,370			4,381
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term:
Operating Leases	17.17 years			17.22 years
Finance Leases	27.09 years			27.35 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate:
Operating Leases		3.89	%		3.88	%
Finance Leases		9.40	%		9.40	%

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Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

Twelve Months Ending March 31,
(In thousands)
2025	$	122
2026		166
2027		168
2028		177
2029		161
Thereafter		5,258
Total minimum lease payments	$	6,052

The Company owns certain properties that it leases to unaffiliated third parties at market rates. Lease rental income was $55,000 and $48,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The lease agreements in which the Company is the lessor are a mix of operating and finance leases.

Note 15: Related Party Transactions:

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has granted loans to certain directors, executive officers and their affiliates (collectively referred to as “related parties”). None of the related party loans were classified as nonaccrual, past due, restructured, or potential problem loans at March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

The following represents the activity associated with loans to related parties during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands)		2024			2023
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	32,742		$	32,531
Originations and related party additions		600			4,360
Principal payments and related party removals		(1,598	)		(4,149	)
Balance at the end of the period	$	31,744		$	32,742

Item 2 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited)

General

The Company is a Maryland corporation headquartered in Oswego, New York. The Company is 100% owned by public shareholders. The primary business of the Company is its investment in Pathfinder Bank (the "Bank"), a New York State chartered commercial bank, which is 100% owned by the Company. The Bank has two wholly owned operating subsidiaries, Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc. (“PRMC”) and Whispering Oaks Development Corp. All significant inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated in consolidation. Although the Company owns, through its subsidiary PRMC, 51% of the membership interest in FitzGibbons Agency, LLC (“FitzGibbons” or “Agency”), the Company is required to consolidate 100% of FitzGibbons within the consolidated financial statements. The 49% of which the Company does not own, is accounted for separately as a noncontrolling interest within the consolidated financial statements. At March 31, 2024, the Company and subsidiaries had total consolidated assets of $1.45 billion, total consolidated liabilities of $1.33 billion and shareholders' equity of $121.8 million, plus noncontrolling interest of $814,000, which represents the 49% of FitzGibbons not owned by the Company.

The following discussion reviews the Company's financial condition at March 31, 2024 and the results of operations for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or any other period.

The following material under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" is written with the presumption that the users of the interim financial statements have read, or have access to, the Company's latest audited financial statements and notes thereto, together with Management's Discussion and Analysis

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of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2023 (“the consolidated annual financial statements”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the two years then ended. Therefore, only material changes in financial condition and results of operations are discussed in the remainder of Item 2.

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Sections 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements concern the financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business of Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiary, including statements preceded by, followed by or that include words or phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continue,” “remain,” “pattern” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “may” or similar expressions. There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to: (1) general economic conditions may be less favorable than expected; (2) competitive pressures among depository institutions may increase significantly; (3) changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins; (4) loan origination and sale volumes, charge-offs and credit loss provisions may vary substantially from period to period; (5) the impact of a pandemic or other health crises and the government's response to such pandemic or crises on our operations as well as those of our customers and on the economy generally and in our market area specifically; (6) political developments, wars or other hostilities may disrupt or increase volatility in securities markets or other economic conditions; (7) legislative or regulatory changes or actions may adversely affect the businesses in which Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. is engaged; (8) changes and trends in the securities markets may adversely impact Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.; (9) a delayed or incomplete resolution of regulatory issues could adversely impact our planning; (10) difficulties in integrating any businesses that we may acquire, including our proposed acquisition of the East Syracuse branch of Berkshire Bank, which may increase our expenses and delay the achievement of any benefits that we may expect from such acquisitions; (11) the impact of reputation risk created by the developments discussed above on such matters as business generation and retention, funding and liquidity could be significant; (12) our ability to prevent or mitigate fraudulent activity and cybersecurity threats; and (13) the outcome of any future regulatory and legal investigations and proceedings may not be anticipated.

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect future events or developments.

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company's consolidated quarterly financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note 1 to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes and in this discussion, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has

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identified the allowance for credit losses, deferred income taxes, pension obligations, the evaluation of investment securities for credit losses, the estimation of fair values for accounting and disclosure purposes, and the evaluation of goodwill for impairment to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective and complex judgments. These areas could be the most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

The ACL represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment on the use of estimates related to the amount and timing of expected future cash flows on individually evaluated loans, estimated losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and environmental factors, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The Company establishes a specific allowance for all commercial loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $100,000 and single borrower residential mortgage loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $300,000 identified as being individually evaluated which are on nonaccrual and have been risk rated under the Company’s risk rating system as substandard, doubtful, or loss. In addition, an accruing substandard loan could be identified as being individually evaluated.

The measurement of individually evaluated loans is measured by determining the present value of expected future cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral adjusted for market conditions and selling expenses as compared to the loan carrying value. For all other loans and leases, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the lifetime incurred loss for each risk-rating category. The measurement of individually evaluated loans is generally based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. At March 31, 2024, the Bank’s position in individually evaluated loans consisted of 72 loans totaling $23.2 million. Of these loans, 17 loans, totaling $1.6 million, were valued using the present value of future cash flows method; and 55 loans, totaling $21.6 million, were valued based on a collateral analysis. For all other loans, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the lifetime incurred loss for each risk-rating category.

In estimating the ACL on loans, management considers the sensitivity of the model and significant judgments and assumptions that could result in an amount that is materially different from management’s estimate. At March 31, 2024, the Bank held $438.6 million in commercial real estate and commercial & industrial loans (collectively, commercial loans) representing 56.0% of the Bank’s entire loan portfolio. The Bank allocated $7.8 million to the ACL for these loans, including $4.0 million derived from the use of qualitative factors in the calculation. Given the concentration of ACL allocation to the total commercial loan portfolio and the significant judgments made by management in deriving the qualitative loss factors, management considers the impact that changes in judgments could have on the ACL. The ACL could increase (or decrease) by approximately $1.0 million, assuming a 25% negative (or positive) change within the group of qualitative factors used to determine the ACL for commercial loans. The sensitivity and related range of impacts for various judgments on the ACL is a hypothetical analysis and is used to determine management’s judgments or assumptions of qualitative loss factors that were utilized at March 31, 2024 in the final recorded estimation of the ACL on loans recognized on the Statements of Financial Condition.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for the future tax consequences. This is attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as net operating and capital loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. If current available evidence about the future raises doubt about the likelihood of a deferred tax asset being realized, a valuation allowance is established. The judgment about the level of future taxable income, including that which is considered capital, is inherently subjective and is reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change.

The Company’s effective tax rate typically differs from the 21% federal statutory tax rate due primarily to New York State income taxes, partially offset by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

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We maintain a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, we informed our employees of our decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. Pension and post-retirement benefit plan liabilities and expenses are based upon actuarial assumptions of future events; including fair value of plan assets, interest rates, and the length of time the Company will have to provide those benefits. The assumptions used by management are discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated annual financial statements.

When the fair value of a security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not credit loss is present. Management makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of tax, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ credit losses securities which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio, for both AFS and HTM securities for credit losses, management considers (1) if we intend to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

The estimation of fair value is significant to several of our assets; including AFS and marketable equity investment securities, intangible assets, foreclosed real estate, and the value of loan collateral when valuing loans. These are all recorded at either fair value, or the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values are determined based on third party sources, when available. Furthermore, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments as a part of the notes to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. Fair values on our AFS securities may be influenced by a number of factors including market interest rates, prepayment speeds, discount rates, and the shape of yield curves.

Fair values for AFS securities are obtained from unaffiliated third party pricing services. Where available, fair values are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using quoted market prices for similar benchmark securities. Management made no adjustments to the fair value quotes that were provided by the pricing sources. Fair values for marketable equity securities are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange for similar benchmark securities. The fair values of foreclosed real estate and the underlying collateral value of individually evaluated loans are typically determined based on evaluations by third parties, less estimated costs to sell. When necessary, appraisals are updated to reflect changes in market conditions.

Management performs an annual evaluation of our goodwill for possible impairment at each of our reporting units. Based on the results of the December 31, 2023 evaluation, management has determined that the carrying value of goodwill was not impaired as of that date. Management will continuously evaluate all relevant economic and operational factors potentially affecting the Bank or the fair value of its assets, including goodwill. Should the pandemic or recent banking crisis, or the future economic consequences thereof, require a significant and sustained change in the operations of the Bank, re-evaluations of the Bank’s goodwill valuation will be conducted on a more frequent basis.

Recent Events

On March 4, 2024, the Bank entered into a purchase and assumption agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Berkshire Bank, the banking subsidiary of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. Under the Purchase Agreement, the Bank will acquire approximately $32 million in loans and one branch location (along with associated personal property and fixtures) and will

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assume approximately $198 million in deposits. With respect to loans, the Bank will pay an amount equal to the sum of 95% of the aggregate unpaid principal balances, measured as of the closing date, plus any accrued interest through closing on the loans. The Bank will pay a 5.8% premium on the aggregate amount of non-time deposits associated with the branch, measured as of the closing date (the “Core Deposits”), and will assume all non-Core Deposits associated with the branch, measured as of the closing date, at par value. The total deposit premium to be paid by the Bank equates to approximately 4.0% when applied to the aggregated Core Deposits and non-Core Deposits. The Bank will assume Berkshire Bank’s existing commercial lease for the real property associated with the branch (including anticipated annual lease payment costs of approximately $946,000). The transaction is expected to close by the end of the third quarter of 2024 and is subject to receipt of regulatory approvals and certain other customary closing conditions.

On April 1, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.10 per share on the Company's voting common and non-voting common stock, and a cash dividend of $0.10 per notional share for the issued warrant relating to the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024. The dividends were payable to all shareholders of record on April 19, 2024 and were paid on May 10, 2024.

Overview and Results of Operations

The following represents the significant highlights of the Company’s operating results between the first quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2023.

•Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. decreased $479,000, or 18.4%, to $2.1 million.

•Basic and diluted earnings per voting common share were both $0.34 per share and decreased $0.09 per share from $0.43 per share.

•Return on average assets decreased 16 basis points to 0.59% due to a decrease in income and increase in average asset balances.

•Net interest income, after provision for credit losses, decreased $602,000, or 6.5% to $8.7 million. Excluding the provision, net interest income decreased $568,000, or 5.7%, to $9.4 million. The decrease in net interest income, before provision for credit losses, was primarily due to an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities of $50.4 million, combined with a 138 basis points increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. These increases in interest expense were partially offset by the increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets of $51.2 million, coupled with an increase in the average yield earned on those assets of 88 basis points, from 4.56% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 5.44% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

•The net interest margin for the first quarter of 2024 was 2.75%, a 27 basis points decrease compared to 3.02% for the same quarter in 2023. This reflects a 138 basis points increase in the average cost paid on interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by an 88 basis points increase in the average yield earned on interest-earning assets.

•The effective income tax rate decreased 0.3% to 19.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 20.0% for the same three month period in 2023. The decrease in the tax rate in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, was primarily related to fluctuations in permanent tax differences.

The following reflects the significant changes in financial condition between March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. In addition, the following reflects significant changes in asset quality metrics between March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

•Total assets decreased $12.1 million, or 0.8% to $1.45 billion at March 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023, primarily driven by lower interest-earning deposits balances and loans.

•Asset quality metrics, as measured by net loan charge-offs, decreased in the first quarter of 2024 in comparison to the fourth quarter of 2023. The annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans ratio was 0.01% at March 31, 2024, compared to 0.47% at December 31, 2023, and 0.01% at March 31, 2023.

•Nonperforming loans to total loans were 2.2% at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.9% at December 31, 2023 and 2.1% at March 31, 2023. Correspondingly, the ratio of the allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans was 84.8% at March 31, 2024, as compared to 92.7% at December 31, 2023, and 93.6% at March 31, 2023.

The Company recorded net income of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net income of $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $479,000 decrease in net income was due primarily to a $4.1

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million increase in total interest expense, a $182,000 increase in noninterest expense, and a $34,000 increase in provision for credit losses. These quarter-over-quarter changes were partially offset by a $3.6 million increase in interest and dividend income, a $145,000 increase in total noninterest income, and a $137,000 decrease in provision for income taxes.

Net interest income before the provision for credit losses decreased $568,000, or 5.7%, to $9.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $10.0 million for the same three month period in 2023. The decrease in net interest income was due to a 138 basis points increase in the average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, combined with a $50.4 million increase in the average balance of total interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, reflects the generally increased rates of interest for all financial instruments that has occurred due to the rising interest rate environment and increased competition for deposits.

These decreases in net interest income were partially offset by the result of increases in the average yields of loans and taxable and tax-exempt investment securities portfolios. These increases resulted in an 88 basis points increase to 5.44% in total average interest-earning asset yield for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 4.56% for the same three month period of the previous year. The increase in the average yield received on interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, reflects generally increased rates of interest for newly funded loans and investment securities, as compared to the average yields within these portfolios, as well as increases in rates for certain adjustable-rate loans and securities in the rising interest rate environment that has occurred in 2023 and 2024.

The Company's noninterest income for the first quarter of 2024 amounted to $1.7 million, reflecting an increase of $145,000, compared to the same quarter of 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to a $20,000, or 1.3% net increase in recurring noninterest income, supplemented by a $125,000 aggregate increase in all other categories of noninterest income. Within the category of recurring noninterest income, quarter-over-quarter revenues increased $222,000, or 18.9%, excluding debit interchange fees. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in net debit card interchange fees of $202,000, or 62.9%. Debit card interchange income declined in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, as a result of reduced gross interchange revenues related to declining levels of consumer activity and increased rewards program expenses in the higher interest rate environment. Other charges, commissions and fees increased by $188,000, or 73.4%, in the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same three month period in 2023, primarily as a result of New York State cumulative mortgage recording tax refunds in the amount of $141,000 and other miscellaneous fees.

The $125,000, or 127.6%, quarter-over-quarter increase in all other (nonrecurring) categories of noninterest income was primarily due to the recognition of a $245,000 refund received from cumulative lessor related pass-through operating expense charges for a leased branch location. This nonrecurring gain was partially offset by a $221,000 decline in gains recognized on the sale or early redemption of investment securities, which were a loss of $148,000 in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to a gain of $73,000 in the same quarter of the previous year. This reduction in the gains recorded related to the sale or early redemption of investment securities was partially offset by a $108,000 quarter-over-quarter increase in realized gains on marketable equity securities.

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2024 was $7.7 million, an increase of $182,000, or 2.4%, compared to the same three month period in 2023. The increase was primarily a result of an increase of $146,000, or 3.5%, in salaries and employee benefits. The adjustments to salary structures and commissions, particularly tied to insurance and investment services, reflect the Bank's strategic efforts to enhance its competitive edge in the market and address the demands of an inflationary environment with respect to attracting and retaining employees. The remainder of the increase in noninterest expenses during the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the first quarter of 2023, totaling $36,000, or 1.0%, was distributed across various categories, reflecting the Bank's ongoing investments in operational efficiency and technology enhancements. These investments are critical to sustaining the Bank's agility and responsiveness to market conditions and customer needs.

Management extensively reviews recent trends in changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, qualitative factors, and specific reserve requirements on loans individually evaluated, in its determination of the adequacy of the ACL. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, $726,000 was recorded in PCL as compared to $692,000 in the same prior year three month period. The provision in the quarter ended March 31, 2024 was reflective of the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the ACL and changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. The first quarter PCL reflects an addition to reserves considering loan growth and asset quality metrics. The

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credit-sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios.

The total PCL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $726,000, of which $710,000 related to the Company's loan portfolio for the same three month period. In addition, during the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded modest provisions of $15,000 and $1,000 for reserves related to held-to-maturity securities and unfunded commitments, respectively. The ACL related to loans was therefore $16.7 million at March 31, 2024.

In comparing the year-over-year first quarter periods, the Company’s return on average assets decreased 16 basis points to 0.59% due to the combined effects of the decrease in net income (the numerator in the ratio), and an increase in average assets (the denominator in the ratio). Average assets increased mostly due to an increase of $62.7 million in the average balances of taxable investment securities in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter of 2023.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the Company's primary source of operating income for payment of operating expenses and providing for credit losses. It is the amount by which interest earned on loans, interest-earning deposits, and investment securities, exceeds the interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in net interest income and net interest margin result from the interaction between the volume and composition of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities, related yields, and associated funding costs.

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The following table sets forth information concerning average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average yields and rates thereon for the periods indicated. Interest income and resultant yield information in the tables have not been adjusted for tax equivalency. Averages are computed on the daily average balance for each month in the period divided by the number of days in the period. Nonaccrual loans have been included in interest-earning assets for purposes of these calculations.

	(Unaudited)
	For the three months ended March 31,
	2024								2023
						Average								Average
Unaudited	Average					Yield /			Average					Yield /
(In thousands)	Balance			Interest		Cost			Balance			Interest		Cost
Interest-earning assets:
Loans	$	895,335		$	12,268		5.48	%	$	899,258		$	10,658		4.74	%
Taxable investment securities		431,114			5,736		5.32	%		368,437			3,825		4.15	%
Tax-exempt investment securities		29,171			508		6.97	%		36,480			455		4.99	%
Fed funds sold and interest-earning deposits		13,873			98		2.83	%		14,163			105		2.97	%
Total interest-earning assets		1,369,493			18,610		5.44	%		1,318,338			15,043		4.56	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Other assets		94,677								101,194
Allowance for credit losses		(16,081	)							(17,061	)
Net unrealized losses    on available-for-sale securities		(11,187	)							(12,529	)
Total assets	$	1,436,902							$	1,389,942
Interest-bearing liabilities:
NOW accounts	$	99,688		$	263		1.06	%	$	97,796		$	91		0.37	%
Money management accounts		11,653			3		0.10	%		15,300			4		0.10	%
MMDA accounts		213,897			1,933		3.61	%		261,594			1,275		1.95	%
Savings and club accounts		112,719			73		0.26	%		133,532			64		0.19	%
Time deposits		524,368			5,139		3.92	%		454,980			2,603		2.29	%
Subordinated debt		29,930			491		6.56	%		29,748			472		6.35	%
Borrowings		137,882			1,308		3.79	%		86,761			566		2.61	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		1,130,137			9,210		3.26	%		1,079,711			5,075		1.88	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits		169,748								180,845
Other liabilities		15,986								16,403
Total liabilities		1,315,871								1,276,959
Shareholders' equity		121,031								112,983
Total liabilities & shareholders' equity	$	1,436,902							$	1,389,942
Net interest income				$	9,400							$	9,968
Net interest rate spread							2.18	%							2.68	%
Net interest margin							2.75	%							3.02	%
Ratio of average interest-earning assets    to average interest-bearing liabilities							121.18	%							122.10	%

In the first quarter of 2024, net interest income, before provision for credit losses, for the Company decreased by $568,000 or 5.7%, to $9.4 million compared to $10.0 million for the same quarter in 2023. This decrease was due principally to a 138 basis points increase on the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by an increase of 88 basis points in the average yield of interest-earning assets. Net interest income was positively impacted by an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets of $51.2 million, or 3.9%. The positive effect of this increase on the average balance of interest-earning assets was offset by an increase of $50.4 million, or 4.7%, in average interest-bearing liabilities. In total, net interest margin decreased 27 basis points to 2.75% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the same prior year period.

Interest and dividend income increased by $3.6 million, or 23.7%, to $18.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $15.0 million for the same three month period in 2023. The increase in interest and dividend income between comparable quarters was a result of a $1.6 million increase in loan interest income, and a $1.9 million increase in interest income derived from investment securities. The positive effect on interest income was the result of a 74 basis points increase in the average loan yield, and a 120 basis points increase in the average yield on investment securities, and a $55.4 million increase in the average outstanding balance of investment securities, partially offset by a $3.9 million decrease in the average outstanding balance of loans. The increase in the average yield received on interest-earning assets in the first

- 48 -

quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, reflects generally increased rates of interest for newly funded loans and investment securities, as compared to the average yields within these portfolios, as well as increases in rates for certain adjustable-rate loans and securities in the rising interest rate environment that has occurred in 2023 and 2024.

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $4.1 million to $9.2 million when compared to the same prior year period due primarily to an increase in interest expense on time deposits and the Company's borrowings. Interest expense increased due to a 138 basis points increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities between the two periods, accompanied by an increase in the average outstanding balance of those liabilities of $50.4 million. The increase in the quarterly interest expense was primarily a result of the increase in the average cost of deposits resulting from the rapidly rising interest rate environment and increased competition. The deposit mix continued to shift towards higher rate deposits resulting in a $69.4 million increase in average time deposit balances, partially offset by a decrease of $877,000 in the average balance of all other types of interest-bearing deposits. In addition, the Company increased its average borrowings by $50.4 million to increase balance sheet liquidity to fund loans and the purchase of investment securities.

Rate/Volume Analysis

Net interest income can also be analyzed in terms of the impact of changing interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in the volume or amount of these assets and liabilities. The following table represents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate); (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and (iii) total increase or decrease. Changes attributable to both rate and volume have been allocated ratably. Tax-exempt securities have not been adjusted for tax equivalency.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024 vs. 2023
	Increase/(Decrease) Due to
							Total
Unaudited							Increase
(In thousands)	Volume			Rate			(Decrease)
Interest Income:
Loans	$	(318	)	$	1,928		$	1,610
Taxable investment securities		720			1,191			1,911
Tax-exempt investment securities		(467	)		520			53
Interest-earning deposits		(2	)		(5	)		(7	)
Total interest income		(67	)		3,634			3,567
Interest Expense:
NOW accounts		2			170			172
Money management accounts		(1	)		-			(1	)
MMDA accounts		(1,417	)		2,075			658
Savings and club accounts		(53	)		62			9
Time deposits		447			2,089			2,536
Subordinated debt		3			16			19
Borrowings		419			323			742
Total interest expense		(600	)		4,735			4,135
Net change in net interest income	$	533		$	(1,101	)	$	(568	)

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Deposits

The Company’s deposit base is drawn from eleven full-service offices in its market area. The deposit base consists of demand deposits, money management and money market deposit accounts, savings, and time deposits. Total deposits increased by $20.7 million, or 1.8% from December 31, 2023. The increase in consumer and business deposits during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, reflected the Bank’s increased market penetration among both non-business and business customers. For the quarter ended March 31, 2024, 57.0% of the Company's deposit base of $1.1 billion consisted of core deposits. Core deposits, which exclude time deposits, are considered to be more stable and generally provide the Company with a lower cost of funds than time deposits. The Company will continue to emphasize retail and business core deposits in the future by providing depositors with a full range of deposit product offerings and will maintain its recent focus on deposit gathering within the Syracuse market.

A summary of deposits by category at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is as follows:

(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Savings accounts	$	111,465	$	134,880
Time accounts		179,279		314,109
Time accounts in excess of $250,000		313,338		71,696
Money management accounts		11,676		16,107
MMDA accounts		215,101		270,326
Demand deposit interest-bearing		134,196		127,395
Demand deposit noninterest-bearing		176,434		183,711
Mortgage escrow funds		4,624		7,206
Total Deposits	$	1,146,113	$	1,125,430

In addition to deposits obtained from its business operations within its target market areas, the Bank also obtains brokered deposits through various programs administered by IntraFi Network and through other unaffiliated third-party financial institutions.

The following table sets forth our nonbrokered and brokered deposit activities in the periods indicated:

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Nonbrokered		Brokered		Total		Nonbrokered		Brokered		Total
Savings accounts	$	111,465			$	111,465	$	113,543	$	-	$	113,543
Time accounts		179,279				179,279		174,864		202,706		377,570
Time accounts of $250,000 or more		114,514		198,824		313,338		95,272		-		95,272
Money management accounts		11,676				11,676		12,364		-		12,364
MMDA accounts		215,101				215,101		224,707		-		224,707
Demand deposit interest-bearing		94,196		40,000		134,196		79,321		40,000		119,321
Demand deposit noninterest-bearing		176,434				176,434		170,169		-		170,169
Mortgage escrow funds		4,624				4,624		7,121		-		7,121
Total Deposits	$	907,289	$	238,824	$	1,146,113	$	877,361	$	242,706	$	1,120,067

Provision for Credit Losses

We establish a provision for credit losses, which is charged to operations, at a level management believes is appropriate to absorb lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio. In evaluating the level of the allowance for credit losses, management considers historical loss experience, the types of loans and the amount of loans in the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available or as future events change. The provision for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an adequate level.

The Company recorded $726,000 in provision for credit losses for the three month period ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $692,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2023. The provisioning in the first quarter of 2024 and 2023 reflects management’s determination of the appropriate level of additions to reserves, the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in quantifiable econometric data statistically correlated to historical charge-off rates, subjective

- 50 -

qualitative assessments of changes in a broad array of factors including changes to underwriting criteria, loan staffing and local market conditions. This represents a $34,000 increase in provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The Bank's credit sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios. Please refer to the asset quality section below for a further discussion of asset quality as it relates to the allowance for credit losses.

The Company measures delinquency based on the amount of past due loans as a percentage of total loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans increased to 5.5% at March 31, 2024 as compared to 3.7% at December 31, 2023. Delinquent loans (numerator) increased $15.3 million while total loan balances (denominator) decreased $5.7 million at March 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023. The increase in past due loans was driven by a $13.9 million increase in loans delinquent 30-59 days and over past due, and an increase of $2.4 million in loans delinquent 90 days and over at March 31, 2024, offset by a decrease of $890,000 in loans delinquent 60-89 days, as compared to December 31, 2023. The increase of $2.7 million primarily consisted of increases in commercial real estate, commercial lines of credit and commercial loans.

At March 31, 2023, there were $25.9 million in loans past due including $4.5 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $2.5 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $18.9 million in loans 90 or more days past due. At December 31, 2023, there were $34.3 million in loans past due including $13.6 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $3.2 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $17.2 million in loans 90 or more days past due.

Noninterest Income

The Company's noninterest income is primarily comprised of fees on deposit account balances and transactions, loan servicing, commissions, including insurance agency commissions, and net gains on sales of securities, loans, and foreclosed real estate.

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest income for the periods indicated:

	For the three months ended,
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023		Change
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	309		$	267	$	42		15.7	%
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance		157			158		(1	)	-0.6	%
Loan servicing fees		88			72		16		22.2	%
Debit card interchange fees		119			321		(202	)	-62.9	%
Insurance agency revenue		397			420		(23	)	-5.5	%
Other charges, commissions and fees		444			256		188		73.4	%
Noninterest income before gains		1,514			1,494		20		1.3	%
(Losses) gains on sales and redemptions of investment securities		(148	)		73		(221	)	-302.7	%
Gain on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate		18			25		(7	)	-28.0	%
Non-recurring gain on lease renegotiations		245			-		245		100.0	%
Gains on marketable equity securities		108			-		108		100.0	%
Total noninterest income	$	1,737		$	1,592	$	145		9.1	%

First quarter noninterest income was $1.7 million, an increase of $145,000, or 9.1% compared to the same three month period in 2023.

This modest increase for the first quarter of 2024 was the result of a $20,000, or 1.3%, net increase in recurring noninterest income, supplemented by a $125,000 aggregate increase in all other categories of noninterest income. Within the category of recurring noninterest income, quarter-over-quarter revenues increased $222,000, or 18.9%, excluding debit interchange fees. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in net debit card interchange fees of $202,000, or 62.9%. Debit card interchange income declined in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, as a result of reduced gross interchange revenues related to declining levels of consumer activity and increased rewards program expenses in the higher interest rate environment.

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Other charges, commissions and fees increased by $188,000, or 73.4%, in the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same three month period in 2023, primarily as a result of New York State cumulative mortgage recording tax refunds in the amount of $141,000 and other miscellaneous fees.

The $125,000, or 127.6%, quarter-over-quarter increase in all other (nonrecurring) categories of noninterest income was primarily due to the recognition of a $245,000 refund received from cumulative lessor related pass-through operating expense charges for a leased branch location. This nonrecurring gain was partially offset by a $221,000 decline in gains recognized on the sale or early redemption of investment securities, which were a loss of $148,000 in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to a gain of $73,000 in the same quarter of the previous year. This reduction in the gains recorded related to the sale or early redemption of investment securities was partially offset by a $108,000 quarter-over-quarter increase in realized gains on marketable equity securities.

Noninterest Expense

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

	For the three months ended,
(In thousands)	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023		Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	4,329	$	4,183	$	146		3.5	%
Building and occupancy		816		852		(36	)	-4.2	%
Data processing		528		553		(25	)	-4.5	%
Professional and other services		562		536		26		4.9	%
Advertising		105		206		(101	)	-49.0	%
FDIC assessments		229		219		10		4.6	%
Audits and exams		170		159		11		6.9	%
Insurance agency expense		285		261		24		9.2	%
Community service activities		52		30		22		73.3	%
Foreclosed real estate expenses		25		14		11		78.6	%
Other expenses		605		511		94		18.4	%
Total noninterest expenses	$	7,706	$	7,524	$	182		2.4	%

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2024 was $7.7 million, an increase of $182,000, or 2.4%, compared to the same three month period in 2023. This rise was driven primarily by a $146,000, or 3.5%, increase in salaries and employee benefits. The adjustments to salary structures and commissions, particularly tied to insurance and investment services, reflect the Bank's strategic efforts to enhance its competitive edge in the market and address the demands of an inflationary environment with respect to attracting and retaining employees.

The remainder of the increase in noninterest expenses during the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the first quarter of 2023, totaling $36,000, or 1.0%, was distributed across various categories, reflecting the Bank's ongoing investments in operational efficiency and technology enhancements. These investments are critical to sustaining the Bank's agility and responsiveness to market conditions and customer needs.

We anticipate further increases in personnel expenses as we continue to fill vacancies and make targeted compensation adjustments. These planned investments in our workforce are key to retaining top talent and ensuring the Bank's personnel are well-equipped to deliver exceptional service. Such strategic staffing enhancements are integral to maintaining our competitive position and achieving long-term success in the dynamic banking landscape.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased $137,000 to $532,000, with an effective tax rate of 19.7%, for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $669,000 with an effective tax rate of 20.0% for the same three month period in 2023. The decrease in income tax expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, was primarily driven by a decrease of $479,000 in income before taxes. The effective income tax rate decreased .03% to 19.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 20.0% for the same three month period in 2023. The decrease in the tax rate

- 52 -

in the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same quarter in 2023, was primarily related to fluctuations in permanent tax differences.

The Company’s tax liability is a function of the 21% statutory federal tax rate, the level of pretax income, the varying effects of New York State income taxes, and is partially reduced by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and, to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per Voting and Series A Non-Voting share were $0.34 per share for the first quarter of 2024, as compared to $0.43 per basic and diluted Voting and Series A Non-Voting share for the same quarter of 2023. The decrease in earnings per share between these two periods was due to the decrease in net income between these two time periods. Further information on earnings per share can be found in Note 3 of the unaudited consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-Q.

Changes in Financial Condition

Assets

Total assets decreased $12.1 million, or 0.83%, to $1.45 billion at March 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023. This decrease was due primarily to decreases in loans and total cash and cash equivalents.

Loans totaled $891.5 million at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $5.7 million, or 0.63%, compared to $897.2 million at December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to decreases of $5.3 million in total residential mortgage loans and $1.8 million in total consumer loans, partially offset by increases of $1.4 million in commercial loans. Total cash and cash equivalents totaled $29.2 million at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $19.5 million, or 40.0%, compared to $48.7 million at December 31, 2023. This was due to decreases of $20.7 million in interest-earning deposits, slightly offset by increases in cash and due from banks of $1.2 million.

Total decreases in assets were partially offset by an increase in investment securities, including investment in FHLB-NY stock, of $12.1 million, or 2.7%, to $462.0 million at March 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023. This was due to increases of $20.3 million in available-for-sale securities and $136,000 in marketable equity securities, partially offset by decreases of $6.6 million in held-to-maturity securities and $1.7 million in FHLB-NY stock.

Liabilities

Total liabilities decreased $14.5 million, or 1.1%, to $1.33 billion at March 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023. This decrease was due primarily to a decrease in borrowed funds balances from the FHLB-NY of $34.1 million, or 27.1%, to $91.6 million at March 31, 2024, from $125.7 million at December 31, 2023.

Total decreases in liabilities were slightly offset by a $26.0 million, or 2.3% increase in total deposits to $1.15 billion at March 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023. This increase in deposits includes an increase of $19.8 million in interest-bearing deposits, and $6.3 million in noninterest-bearing deposits.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders' equity increased by $2.3 million, or 1.9%, from $119.5 million at December 31, 2023, to $121.8 million on March 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to the Company’s recorded net income of $2.1 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $743,000, partially reduced by declared dividends to shareholders of $622,000.

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Capital

Capital adequacy is evaluated primarily by the use of ratios which measure capital against total assets, as well as against total assets that are weighted based on defined risk characteristics. The Company’s goal is to maintain a strong capital position, consistent with the risk profile of its banking operations. This strong capital position serves to support growth and expansion activities while at the same time exceeding regulatory standards. At March 31, 2024, the Bank met the regulatory definition of a “well-capitalized” institution, i.e. a leverage capital ratio exceeding 5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio exceeding 8%, Tier 1 common equity exceeding 6.5%, and a total risk-based capital ratio exceeding 10%.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The buffer is separate from the capital ratios required under the Prompt Corrective Actions (“PCA”) standards. In order to avoid these restrictions, the capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum levels of the following capital to risk-weighted assets ratios: (1) Core Capital, (2) Total Capital and (3) Common Equity. At March 31, 2024, the Bank exceeded all regulatory required minimum capital ratios, including the capital buffer requirements.

Pathfinder Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

	Actual					Minimum For Capital Adequacy Purposes					Minimum To Be "Well-Capitalized" Under Prompt Corrective Provisions					Minimum For Capital Adequacy with Buffer
(In thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
As of March 31, 2024:
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	158,149		15.65	%	$	80,856		8.00	%	$	101,070		10.00	%	$	106,123		10.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	145,454		14.39	%	$	60,642		6.00	%	$	80,856		8.00	%	$	85,909		8.50	%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	145,454		14.39	%	$	45,481		4.50	%	$	65,695		6.50	%	$	70,749		7.00	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets)	$	145,454		10.13	%	$	57,460		4.00	%	$	71,824		5.00	%	$	71,824		5.00	%
As of December 31, 2023
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	155,922		15.05	%	$	82,860		8.00	%	$	103,575		10.00	%	$	108,753		10.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	142,927		13.80	%	$	62,145		6.00	%	$	82,860		8.00	%	$	88,038		8.50	%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	142,927		13.80	%	$	46,609		4.50	%	$	67,324		6.50	%	$	72,502		7.00	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets)	$	142,927		10.11	%	$	56,548		4.00	%	$	70,685		5.00	%	$	70,685		5.00	%

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary bank are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for its subsidiary bank, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC. The Company provides, below, an explanation of the calculations, as supplemental information, for non-GAAP measures included in the consolidated annual financial statements. In addition, the Company provides a reconciliation of its subsidiary bank’s disclosed regulatory capital measures, below.

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	March 31,				December 31,
(In thousands)	2024				2023
Regulatory Capital Ratios (Bank only)
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Total equity (GAAP)	$	141,208			$	137,943
Goodwill		(4,536	)			(4,536	)
Intangible assets		(80	)			(85	)
Addback: Accumulated other comprehensive income		8,862				9,605
Total Tier 1 Capital	$	145,454			$	142,927
Allowance for credit losses (subject to regulatory limits)		12,695				12,995
Total Tier 2 Capital	$	12,695			$	12,995
Total Tier 1 plus Tier 2 Capital (numerator)	$	158,149			$	155,922
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		1,010,695				1,035,747
Total core capital to risk-weighted assets		15.65		%		15.05		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	145,454			$	142,927
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		1,010,695				1,035,747
Total capital to risk-weighted assets		14.39		%		13.80		%
Tier 1 capital (to adjusted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	145,454			$	142,927
Total average assets		1,441,105				1,418,313
Goodwill		(4,536	)			(4,536	)
Intangible assets		(80	)			(85	)
Adjusted assets (denominator)	$	1,436,489			$	1,413,692
Total capital to adjusted assets		10.13		%		10.11		%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to risk-weighted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	145,454			$	142,927
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		1,010,695				1,035,747
Total Tier 1 Common Equity to risk-weighted assets		14.39		%		13.80		%

Loan and Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table represents information concerning the aggregate amount of non-accrual loans at the indicated dates:

	March 31,			December 31,			March 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023			2023
Nonaccrual loans:
Commercial and commercial real estate loans	$	14,305		$	12,317		$	15,701
Consumer		3,572			3,140			2,029
Residential mortgage loans		1,775			1,770			1,372
Total nonaccrual loans		19,652			17,227			19,102
Total nonperforming loans		19,652			17,227			19,102
Foreclosed real estate		82			151			221
Total nonperforming assets	$	19,734		$	17,378		$	19,323
Nonperforming loans to total loans		2.20	%		1.92	%		2.10	%
Nonperforming assets to total assets		1.36	%		1.19	%		1.38	%

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, and foreclosed real estate (‘‘FRE”).

As indicated in the table above, nonperforming assets at March 31, 2024 were $19.7 million, and were $2.4 million higher than the $17.4 million reported at December 31, 2023 and $411,000 higher than the $19.3 million reported at March 31, 2023. The increase in the nonperforming loans on March 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023, was primarily the result of the downgrade of one commercial real estate loan with a balance of $1.4 million, $900,000 in commercial and consumer loan relationships, and $200,000 in other loans in the aggregate.

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Fair values for commercial FRE are initially recorded based on market value evaluations by third parties, less costs to sell (“initial cost basis”). On a prospective basis, residential FRE assets will be initially recorded at the lower of the net amount of loan receivable or the real estate’s fair value less costs to sell. Any write-downs required when the related loan receivable is exchanged for the underlying real estate collateral at the time of transfer to FRE are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Values are derived from appraisals of underlying collateral or discounted cash flow analysis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are updated periodically and assets are marked to current fair value, not to exceed the initial cost basis for the FRE property.

The allowance for credit losses on loans represents management’s estimate of the lifetime losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the date of the statement of condition. The allowance for credit losses was $16.7 million and $16.0 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.87% as of March 31, 2024, as compared to 1.78% at December 31, 2023 and 1.96% at March 31, 2023. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the allowance for credit losses based on quantitative and qualitative factors and has determined that the current level of the allowance for credit losses is adequate to absorb the losses in the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024.

Loans purchased outside of the Bank’s general market area are subject to substantial pre-purchase due diligence. Homogenous pools of purchased loans are subject to pre-purchase analyses led by a team of the Bank’s senior executives and credit analysts. In each case, the Bank’s analytical processes consider the types of loans being evaluated, the underwriting criteria employed by the originating entity, the historical performance of such loans, especially in the most recent deeply recessionary period, the offered collateral enhancements and other credit loss mitigation factors offered by the seller and the capabilities and financial stability of the servicing entities involved. From a credit risk perspective, these loan pools also benefit from broad diversification, including wide geographic dispersion, the readily-verifiable historical performance of similar loans issued by the originators, as well as the overall experience and skill of the underwriters and servicing entities involved as counterparties to the Bank in these transactions. The performance of all purchased loan pools are monitored regularly from detailed reports and remittance reconciliations provided at least monthly by the external servicing entities.

The projected credit losses related to purchased loan pools are evaluated prior to purchase and the performance of those loans against expectations are analyzed at least monthly. Over the life of the purchased loan pools, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted, through the provision for credit losses, for expected loss experience, over the projected life of the loans. The expected credit loss experience is determined at the time of purchase and is modified, to the extent necessary, during the life of the purchased loan pools. The Bank does not initially increase the allowance for credit losses on the purchase date of the loan pools.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $23.2 million and $22.6 million in loans, respectively, which were individually analyzed, having established specific reserves of $3.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, on these loans. The $100,000 increase in specifically-identified loans between these two dates was the result of a small number of general loans placed into nonaccrual status.

Appraisals are obtained at the time a real estate secured loan is originated. For commercial real estate held as collateral, the property is inspected every two years.

Management has identified certain loans with potential credit profiles that may result in the borrowers not being able to comply with the current loan repayment terms and which may result in possible future identified loan reporting. Potential problem loans totaled $42.7 million at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $400,000, as compared to $43.1 million at December 31, 2023. These loans have been internally classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful, yet are not currently considered specifically-identified.

In the normal course of business, the Bank has, from time to time, sold residential mortgage loans and participation interests in commercial loans. As is typical in the industry, the Bank makes certain representations and warranties to the buyer. Pathfinder Bank maintains a quality control program for closed loans and considers the risks and uncertainties associated with potential repurchase requirements to be minimal.

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The future performance of the Company’s loan portfolios with respect to credit losses will be highly dependent upon the course and duration, both nationally and within the Company’s market area, of the concentrations in the Company’s loan portfolio. Concentrations of loans within a portfolio that are made to a single borrower, to a related group of borrowers, or to a limited number of industries, are generally considered to be additional risk factors in estimating future credit losses. Therefore, the Company monitors all of its credit relationships to ensure that the total loan amounts extended to one borrower, or to a related group of borrowers, does not exceed the maximum permissible levels defined by applicable regulation or the Company’s generally more restrictive internal policy limits.

Liquidity

Liquidity management involves the Company’s ability to generate cash or otherwise obtain funds at reasonable rates to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, maintain reserve requirements, and otherwise operate the Company on an ongoing basis. The Company's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowed funds, amortization and prepayment of loans and maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments, and earnings and funds provided from operations. While scheduled principal repayments on loans are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. The Company manages the pricing of deposits to maintain a desired deposit composition and balance. In addition, the Company invests excess funds in short-term interest-earning and other assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements.

The Company's liquidity has been enhanced by its ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), whose competitive advance programs and lines of credit provide the Company with a safe, reliable, and convenient source of funds. A significant decrease in deposits in the future could result in the Company having to seek other sources of funds for liquidity purposes. Such sources could include, but are not limited to, additional borrowings, brokered deposits, negotiated time deposits, the sale of "available-for-sale" investment securities, the sale of securitized loans, or the sale of whole loans. Such actions could result in higher interest expense and/or losses on the sale of securities or loans.

Through the first three months of 2024, as indicated in the consolidated statement of cash flows, the Company reported net cash flow from operating activities of $504,000 and net cash outflow of $7.4 million related to investing activities. The net cash outflow from investing activities was generated principally by a $13.0 million increase in net investment activity, a $230,000 increase in premises and equipment and a decrease of $5.7 million in net loan activity. The Company reported net cash outflows from financing activities of $12.6 million, primarily due to a $38.2 million decrease in net borrowings, a $26.0 million decrease in deposits, and an aggregate decrease of $502,000 in net cash from all other financing sources, including dividends paid to common voting and non-voting shareholders and warrants of $560,000.

The Bank’s management monitors liquidity on a continuous basis through a broad range of internal programs and considers effective liquidity management to be one of its primary objectives. At March 31, 2024 the Bank had deposits of $1.15 billion, of which a portion were nominally uninsured, as they were above the insurance limits established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) on that date. Of the nominally uninsured deposits at March 31, 2024, $72.7 million were insured through a long-standing reciprocal deposit program managed by a third-party entity. In addition, $140.5 million in municipal deposits are fully protected against principal loss by a collateral program whereby the Bank places high-quality securities with an independent custodian as collateral. The Bank had $126.9 million in deposits, representing 11.1% of all deposits, that were considered to be uninsured at March 31, 2024.

The Company has a number of existing credit facilities available to it. At March 31, 2024, total credit available under the existing lines of credit was approximately $225.5 million at FHLBNY, the Federal Reserve Bank, and two other correspondent banks. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $137.4 million of the available lines of credit utilized on its existing lines of credit with the remainder of $88.1 million available.

The Asset Liability Management Committee of the Company is responsible for implementing the policies and guidelines for the maintenance of prudent levels of liquidity. As of March 31, 2024, management reported to the Board of Directors that the Company is in compliance with its liquidity policy guidelines.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is also a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $215.0 million in outstanding commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.

The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance related to off-balance sheet arrangements is proportional to the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless such commitments are unconditionally cancelable, through the provision for credit losses expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of March 31, 2024 was $600,000 and is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated Statements of Condition.

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2024. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.

We did not make any changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings

At March 31, 2024, the Company is not currently a named party in a legal proceeding, the outcome of which would have a material and adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Item 1A – Risk Factors

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, and Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1, 2024 through January 31, 2024		-	$	-		-		74,292
February 1, 2024 through February 29, 2024		-	$	-		-		74,292
March 1, 2024 through March 30, 2024		-	$	-		-		74,292

(1)On August 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 217,692 shares of our common stock, or 5% of the Company’s shares outstanding as of that date.

Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

Item 5 – Other Information

During the first quarter of 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

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Item 6 – Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32	Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

PATHFINDER BANCORP, INC.

(registrant)

May 15, 2024	/s/ James A. Dowd
	James A. Dowd
	President and Chief Executive Officer
May 15, 2024	/s/ Walter F. Rusnak
	Walter F. Rusnak
	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

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