UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

 

(Exact Name of Company as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland (State of Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation) 001-36695 (Commission File No.) 38-3941859 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)  

214 West First Street, Oswego, NY 13126

(Address of Principal Executive Office) (Zip Code)

(315) 343-0057

(Issuer’s Telephone Number including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	PBHC	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒        NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒        NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of May 12, 2023, there were 4,673,665 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Voting common stock and 1,380,283 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Series A Non-Voting common stock.

Table of Contents

PATHFINDER BANCORP, INC.

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		PAGE NO.
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Condition	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited)	42
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	59
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	59
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	61
Item 1A.	Risk Factor	61
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	61
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	61
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	61
Item 5.	Other information	61
Item 6.	Exhibits	61
SIGNATURES		62

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Consolidated Financial Statements

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Condition

(Unaudited)

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2023			2022
ASSETS:
Cash and due from banks	$	15,178		$	13,939
Interest-earning deposits		17,143			21,343
Total cash and cash equivalents		32,321			35,282
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value		186,985			191,726
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost (fair value of $189,622 and $181,491, respectively)		201,216			194,402
Marketable equity securities, at fair value		2,126			1,862
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		5,226			5,982
Loans		910,154			897,735
Loans held-for-sale		-			19
Less: Allowance for credit losses		17,869			15,319
Loans receivable, net		892,285			882,435
Premises and equipment, net		17,685			17,872
Assets held-for-sale		3,042			3,042
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,062			2,098
Finance lease right-of-use assets		4,178			4,213
Accrued interest receivable		5,625			6,168
Foreclosed real estate		221			221
Intangible assets, net		96			101
Goodwill		4,536			4,536
Bank owned life insurance		24,170			24,012
Other assets		22,495			25,969
Total assets	$	1,404,269		$	1,399,921
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing	$	962,621		$	941,719
Noninterest-bearing		181,641			183,711
Total deposits		1,144,262			1,125,430
Short-term borrowings		43,536			60,333
Long-term borrowings		55,669			55,664
Subordinated debt		29,777			29,733
Accrued interest payable		1,520			975
Operating lease liabilities		2,385			2,417
Finance lease liabilities		4,411			4,422
Other liabilities		10,348			9,365
Total liabilities		1,291,908			1,288,339
Shareholders' equity:
Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 25,000,000 authorized shares; 4,651,829 shares    issued and outstanding, respectively		47			47
Non-Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 1,505,283 authorized shares; 1,380,283 shares    issued and outstanding, respectively		14			14
Additional paid in capital		52,207			52,101
Retained earnings		71,236			71,322
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(11,534	)		(12,172	)
Unearned ESOP		(270	)		(315	)
Total Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. shareholders' equity		111,700			110,997
Noncontrolling interest		661			585
Total equity		112,361			111,582
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,404,269		$	1,399,921

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 3 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
(In thousands, except per share data)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Interest and dividend income:
Loans, including fees	$	10,658	$	8,692
Debt securities:
Taxable		3,747		2,120
Tax-exempt		455		118
Dividends		78		48
Federal funds sold and interest earning deposits		105		4
Total interest and dividend income		15,043		10,982
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		4,037		965
Interest on short-term borrowings		372		5
Interest on long-term borrowings		194		133
Interest on subordinated debt		472		412
Total interest expense		5,075		1,515
Net interest income		9,968		9,467
Provision for credit losses		692		102
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		9,276		9,365
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts		267		259
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance		158		162
Loan servicing fees		72		117
Net gains (losses) on sales and redemptions of investment securities		73		(6	)
Gains on marketable equity securities		-		68
Net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate		25		63
Debit card interchange fees		321		228
Insurance agency revenue		420		299
Other charges, commissions & fees		256		413
Total noninterest income		1,592		1,603
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		4,183		4,049
Building and occupancy		852		826
Data processing		553		550
Professional and other services		536		393
Advertising		206		187
FDIC assessments		219		222
Audits and exams		159		141
Insurance agency expense		261		204
Community service activities		30		62
Foreclosed real estate expenses		14		13
Other expenses		511		605
Total noninterest expense		7,524		7,252
Income before income taxes		3,344		3,716
Provision for income taxes		669		721
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest and    Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.		2,675		2,995
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		76		45
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp Inc.	$	2,599	$	2,950
Voting Earnings per common share - basic and diluted	$	0.43	$	0.49
Series A Non-Voting Earnings per common share- basic and diluted	$	0.43	$	0.49
Dividends per common share (Voting and Series A Non-Voting)	$	0.09	$	0.09

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 4 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net Income	$	2,675		$	2,995
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Retirement Plans:
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses		55			1
Net unrealized gain on retirement plans		55			1
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized holding losses arising during the period		(509	)		(5,782	)
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net    income		1,933			-
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities		1,424			(5,782	)
Derivatives and hedging activities:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during the period		(616	)		650
Net unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives and hedging activities		(616	)		650
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		863			(5,131	)
Tax effect		(225	)		1,341
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		638			(3,790	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	3,313		$	(795	)
Comprehensive income, attributable to noncontrolling interest	$	76		$	45
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	3,237		$	(840	)
Tax Effect Allocated to Each Component of Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss)
Retirement plan net losses recognized in plan expenses	$	(14	)	$	-
Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities    arising during the period		133			1,511
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net    income		(505	)		-
Unrealized losses (gains) on derivatives and hedging arising during    the period		161			(170	)
Income tax effect related to other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(225	)	$	1,341

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 5 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	Common Stock		Non-Voting Common Stock		Additional Paid in Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Unearned ESOP			Non-controlling Interest		Total
Balance, January 1, 2023	$	47	$	14	$	52,101	$	71,322		$	(12,172	)	$	(315	)	$	585	$	111,582
Net income		-		-		-		2,599			-			-			76		2,675
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		-		-			638			-			-		638
ESOP shares earned (6,111 shares)		-		-		70		-			-			45			-		115
Stock based compensation		-		-		36		-			-			-			-		36
Common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(416	)		-			-			-		(416	)
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(124	)		-			-			-		(124	)
Warrant dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(11	)		-			-			-		(11	)
Adoption of ASU 2016-13 Current Expected Credit Losses		-		-		-		(2,134	)		-			-			-		(2,134	)
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	47	$	14	$	52,207	$	71,236		$	(11,534	)	$	(270	)	$	661	$	112,361
Balance, January 1, 2022	$	46	$	14	$	51,044	$	60,946		$	(1,268	)	$	(495	)	$	346	$	110,633
Net income		-		-		-		2,950			-			-			45		2,995
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		-		-			(3,790	)		-			-		(3,790	)
ESOP shares earned (6,111 shares)		-		-		63		-			-			45			-		108
Stock based compensation		-		-		44		-			-			-			-		44
Common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(409	)		-			-			-		(409	)
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(124	)		-			-			-		(124	)
Warrant dividends declared ($0.09 per share)		-		-		-		(11	)		-			-			-		(11	)
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	46	$	14	$	51,151	$	63,352		$	(5,058	)	$	(450	)	$	391	$	109,446

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 6 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2023			2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,599		$	2,950
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		692			102
Proceeds from sales of loans		962			2,782
Originations of loans held-for-sale		(918	)		(2,885	)
Realized (gains) losses on sales, redemptions and calls of:
Loans		(25	)		(63	)
Available-for-sale investment securities		370			6
Held-to-maturity investment securities		6			-
Marketable securities		-			(68	)
Depreciation		355			384
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights		(13	)		(5	)
Amortization of deferred loan fees		(74	)		188
Amortization of operating leases		28			3
Amortization of deferred financing from subordinated debt		44			41
Earnings on bank owned life insurance		(158	)		(162	)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities		769			702
Amortization of intangible assets		5			5
Stock based compensation and ESOP expense		151			152
Net change in accrued interest receivable		543			(220	)
Net change in other assets and liabilities		708			189
Net cash flows from operating activities		6,045			4,101
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of investment securities available-for-sale		(12,882	)		(21,026	)
Purchase of investment securities held-to-maturity		(8,999	)		(13,957	)
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock		(2,637	)		(29	)
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock		3,393			685
Purchase of marketable securities		(264	)		(504	)
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of investment securities    available-for-sale		2,341			4,174
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of investment securities    held-to-maturity		1,682			6,736
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and calls of:
Available-for-sale investment securities		17,396			-
Held-to-maturity investment securities		39			50
Marketable securities		-			19
Net change in loans		(10,468	)		(23,350	)
Purchase of premises and equipment		(168	)		(635	)
Net cash outflows from investing activities		(10,567	)		(47,837	)

- 7 -

FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net change in demand deposits, NOW accounts, savings accounts, money management    deposit accounts, MMDA accounts and escrow deposits		(16,091	)		54,191
Net change in time deposits		37,991			4,616
Net change in brokered deposits		(3,068	)		(76	)
Net change in short-term borrowings		(16,797	)		(10,000	)
Payments on long-term borrowings		(2,700	)		(5,227	)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		2,705			650
Cash dividends paid to common voting shareholders		(419	)		(322	)
Cash dividends paid to common non-voting shareholders		(124	)		(97	)
Cash dividends paid on warrants		(11	)		(9	)
Change in noncontrolling interest, net		76			45
Net cash flows from financing activities		1,562			43,771
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(2,961	)		35
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		35,282			37,149
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	32,321		$	37,184
CASH PAID DURING THE PERIOD FOR:
Interest	$	493		$	1,499
Income taxes		-			-
RESTRICTED CASH
Collateral deposits for hedge position included in cash and due from banks		1,600			1,600

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 8 -

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1: Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc., (the “Company”), Pathfinder Bank (the “Bank”) and its other wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. Certain amounts in the 2022 consolidated financial statements may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or comprehensive income as previously reported. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2023 or any other interim period.

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

Although the Company owns, through its subsidiary Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc., 51% of the membership interest in FitzGibbons Agency, LLC (“Agency”), the Company is required to consolidate 100% of the Agency within the consolidated financial statements. The 49% of which the Company does not own is accounted for separately as noncontrolling interests within the consolidated financial statements.

- 9 -

Note 2: New Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and, to a lesser extent, other authoritative rulemaking bodies promulgate generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) to regulate the standards of accounting in the United States. From time to time, the FASB issues new GAAP standards, known as Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) some of which, upon adoption, may have the potential to change the way in which the Company recognizes or reports within its consolidated financial statements. The following table provides a description of the accounting standards that are not currently effective, but could have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Standards Adopted as of March 31, 2023
Standard	Description	Required Date of Implementation	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13: Financial Instruments—Credit Losses [Topic 326]: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments)	The amended guidance replaced the previously-required (through December 31, 2022) incurred loss model for determining the allowance for credit losses with the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model. The new guidance requires financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses now represents a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. The income statement will now reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the reporting period. When determining the allowance, expected credit losses over the contractual term of the financial asset(s) (taking into account prepayments) will be estimated considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The amended guidance also requires recording an allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination. The initial allowance for these assets will be added to the purchase price at acquisition rather than being reported as an expense. Subsequent changes in the allowance will be recorded through the income statement as an expense adjustment. In addition, the amended guidance requires credit losses relating to financial assets, such as debt securities categorized as held-to-maturity and noncancelable unfunded commitments to be recorded through the allowance for credit losses.	January 1, 2023	The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2023. On that date, the Company recorded one-time CECL transition adjustments, thereby increasing the Company's allowance for credit losses on loans by $1.9 million, decreasing the recorded book value of held-to-maturity securities by $450,000 and increasing other liabilities by $552,000 for credit losses associated with unfunded contractual commitments on financial assets. As a component of these transition adjustments, the Company's deferred tax asset balance (a component of other assets on the Statement of Financial Conditions) increased by $754,000. These entries resulted in a one-time reduction in the Company's retained earnings (a component of Shareholders' Equity) of $2.1 million on the adoption date. In accordance with the new guidance these one-time transitional adjustments were not recorded as a component of the provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2023 and, therefore, had no effect on reported net income in that quarterly reporting period.

- 10 -

Standard	Description	Required Date of Implementation	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method (ASU 2022-01)	The amendments allow multiple hedged layers to be designated for a single closed portfolio of financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of financial instruments. If multiple hedged layers are designated, the amendments require an analysis to be performed to support the expectation that the aggregate amount of the hedged layers is anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge periods. Only closed portfolios may be hedged under the portfolio layer method (that is, no assets can be added to the closed portfolio once established), however, designating new hedging relationships and dedesignating existing hedging relationships associated with the closed portfolio any time after the closed portfolio is established is permitted.	January 1, 2023	At January 1, 2023 the Company did not have any designated hedging relationships under the portfolio layer method and, therefore, the adoption had no impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Standard	Description	Required Date of Implementation	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Reference Rate Reform (ASU 2020-04: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting [Topic 848]: Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848)	The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments (1) apply to contract modifications that replace a reference rate affected by reference rate reform, (2) provide exceptions to existing guidance related to changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship due to reference rate reform (3) provide optional expedients for fair value hedging relationships, cash flow hedging relationships, and net investment hedging relationships, and (4) provide a onetime election to sell, transfer, or both sell and transfer debt securities classified as held-to-maturity that reference a rate affected by reference rate reform and that are classified as held-to-maturity before January 1, 2020. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope. ASU 2021-01 clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. ASU 2021-01 also amends the expedients and exceptions in ASC 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition.	Upon issuance, January 7, 2021, through December 31, 2024, as amended by ASU 2022-06.	The amendments for contract modifications can be elected to be applied as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020. The amendments for existing hedging relationships can be elected to be applied as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 and to new eligible hedging relationships entered into after the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's consolidated statements of condition or income.

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Note 3: Earnings per Common Share

Following shareholder approval received on June 4, 2021, the Company converted 1,380,283 shares of its Series B Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock") to an equal number of shares of its newly-created Series A Non-Voting Common Stock. The conversion, which was effective on June 28, 2021, represented 100% of the Company's Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock outstanding at the time of the conversion and retired the Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock in perpetuity.

The Company has voting common stock, non-voting common stock and a warrant that are all eligible to participate in dividends equal to the voting common stock dividends on a per share basis. Securities that participate in dividends, such as the Company’s non-voting common stock and warrant, are considered “participating securities”. The Company calculates net income available to voting common shareholders using the two-class method required for capital structures that include participating securities.

In applying the two-class method, basic net income per share was calculated by dividing net income (less any dividends on participating securities) by the weighted average number of shares of voting common stock and participating securities outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share may include the additional effect of other securities, if dilutive, in which case the dilutive effect of such securities is calculated by applying either the two-class method or the Treasury Stock method to the assumed exercise or vesting of potentially dilutive common shares. The method yielding the more dilutive result is ultimately reported for the applicable period. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents primarily consist of employee stock options and restricted stock units. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per common share until they are committed to be released to plan participants.

Anti-dilutive shares are common stock equivalents with average exercise prices in excess of the weighted average market price for the period presented. Anti-dilutive stock options, not included in the computation below, were -0- for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and March 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data)	2023		2022
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,599	$	2,950
Series A Non-Voting Common Stock dividends		124		124
Warrant dividends		11		11
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		504		600
Net income available to common shareholders-Voting	$	1,960	$	2,215
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.	$	2,599	$	2,950
Voting Common Stock dividends		416		409
Warrant dividends		11		11
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		1,586		1,857
Net income available to common shareholders-Series A Non-Voting	$	586	$	673
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding-Voting		4,609		4,536
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding-Series A Non-Voting		1,380		1,380
Basic and diluted earnings per common share-Voting	$	0.43	$	0.49
Basic and diluted earnings per common share-Series A Non-Voting	$	0.43	$	0.49

- 12 -

Note 4: Investment Securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities are summarized as follows:

	March 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	44,212	$	353	$	(3,003	)	$	41,562
State and political subdivisions		35,264		23		(2,303	)		32,984
Corporate		11,542		581		(595	)		11,528
Asset backed securities		15,423		-		(585	)		14,838
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		17,439		-		(1,267	)		16,172
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		10,275		-		(1,015	)		9,260
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		64,910		-		(4,475	)		60,435
Total		199,065		957		(13,243	)		186,779
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-			206
Total		206		-		-			206
Total available-for-sale	$	199,271	$	957	$	(13,243	)	$	186,985
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	3,842	$	-	$	(265	)	$	3,577
State and political subdivisions		15,859		12		(1,865	)		14,006
Corporate		45,577		5		(2,703	)		42,879
Asset backed securities		18,667		-		(1,073	)		17,594
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		7,416		3		(636	)		6,783
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		14,843		-		(1,192	)		13,651
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		95,462		7		(4,337	)		91,132
Total		201,666		27		(12,071	)		189,622
Less: Allowance for credit losses		450		-		-			-
Total held-to-maturity	$	201,216	$	27	$	(12,071	)	$	189,622

- 13 -

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	32,533	$	37	$	(3,206	)	$	29,364
State and political subdivisions		48,002		384		(3,001	)		45,385
Corporate		11,803		676		(650	)		11,829
Asset backed securities		16,059		-		(659	)		15,400
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		17,982		-		(1,582	)		16,400
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		13,070		-		(1,362	)		11,708
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		65,781		8		(4,355	)		61,434
Total		205,230		1,105		(14,815	)		191,520
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-			206
Total		206		-		-			206
Total available-for-sale	$	205,436	$	1,105	$	(14,815	)	$	191,726
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	3,852	$	-	$	(280	)	$	3,572
State and political subdivisions		15,211		-		(2,340	)		12,871
Corporate		45,086		2		(2,586	)		42,502
Asset backed securities		19,158		-		(1,291	)		17,867
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		7,489		-		(739	)		6,750
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		15,109		-		(1,251	)		13,858
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		88,497		4		(4,430	)		84,071
Total held-to-maturity	$	194,402	$	6	$	(12,917	)	$	181,491

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt investments at March 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
(In thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	7,059	$	7,636	$	1,131	$	1,114
Due after one year through five years		9,760		9,528		17,335		16,898
Due after five years through ten years		39,087		36,222		41,600		38,624
Due after ten years		50,535		47,526		23,879		21,420
Sub-total		106,441		100,912		83,945		78,056
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		17,439		16,172		7,416		6,783
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		10,275		9,260		14,843		13,651
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		64,910		60,435		95,462		91,132
Totals	$	199,065	$	186,779	$	201,666	$	189,622

- 14 -

The Company’s investment securities’ gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, are as follows:

	March 31, 2023
	Less than Twelve Months							Twelve Months or More							Total
	Number of							Number of							Number of
	Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair
(Dollars in thousands)	Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		1	$	(1	)	$	1,998		3	$	(3,002	)	$	26,380		4	$	(3,003	)	$	28,378
State and political subdivisions		1		(9	)		512		23		(2,294	)		29,064		24		(2,303	)		29,576
Corporate		2		(3	)		1,697		6		(592	)		5,140		8		(595	)		6,837
Asset backed securities		2		(116	)		4,384		8		(469	)		10,454		10		(585	)		14,838
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		4		(8	)		628		11		(1,259	)		15,544		15		(1,267	)		16,172
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		2		(214	)		3,374		9		(801	)		5,886		11		(1,015	)		9,260
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		6		(424	)		8,021		29		(4,051	)		48,666		35		(4,475	)		56,687
Totals		18	$	(775	)	$	20,614		89	$	(12,468	)	$	141,134		107	$	(13,243	)	$	161,748
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		2	$	(265	)	$	3,576		-	$	-		$	-		2	$	(265	)	$	3,576
State and political subdivisions		5		(131	)		2,557		12		(1,734	)		10,620		17		(1,865	)		13,177
Corporate		16		(696	)		13,045		25		(2,007	)		22,886		41		(2,703	)		35,931
Asset backed securities		4		(353	)		7,571		5		(720	)		5,651		9		(1,073	)		13,222
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		5		(54	)		2,267		5		(582	)		3,606		10		(636	)		5,873
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		4		(152	)		4,766		7		(1,040	)		8,885		11		(1,192	)		13,651
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		22		(1,328	)		36,162		28		(3,009	)		39,587		50		(4,337	)		75,749
Totals		58	$	(2,979	)	$	69,944		82	$	(9,092	)	$	91,235		140	$	(12,071	)	$	161,179

	December 31, 2022
	Less than Twelve Months							Twelve Months or More							Total
	Number of							Number of							Number of
	Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair		Individual		Unrealized			Fair
(Dollars in thousands)	Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value		Securities		Losses			Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs		-	$	-		$	-		3	$	(3,206	)	$	26,167		3	$	(3,206	)	$	26,167
State and political subdivisions		10		(830	)		12,601		17		(2,171	)		20,128		27		(3,001	)		32,729
Corporate		7		(269	)		5,720		2		(381	)		1,319		9		(650	)		7,039
Asset backed securities		5		(148	)		5,473		5		(511	)		9,926		10		(659	)		15,399
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		10		(131	)		2,747		5		(1,451	)		13,653		15		(1,582	)		16,400
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		6		(238	)		4,009		6		(1,124	)		7,700		12		(1,362	)		11,709
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		15		(1,684	)		20,429		19		(2,671	)		33,707		34		(4,355	)		54,136
Totals		53	$	(3,300	)	$	50,979		57	$	(11,515	)	$	112,600		110	$	(14,815	)	$	163,579
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
US Treasury, agencies and GSE's		2	$	(280	)	$	3,573		-		-		$	-		2	$	(280	)	$	3,573
State and political subdivisions		7	$	(871	)	$	7,277		7	$	(1,469	)	$	5,077		14	$	(2,340	)	$	12,354
Corporate		31		(1,786	)		29,213		9		(800	)		6,803		40		(2,586	)		36,016
Asset backed securities		6		(625	)		9,742		3		(666	)		3,674		9		(1,291	)		13,416
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		10		(736	)		6,577		1		(3	)		107		11		(739	)		6,684
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		10		(1,236	)		12,965		1		(15	)		892		11		(1,251	)		13,857
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		38		(2,719	)		58,061		8		(1,711	)		12,532		46		(4,430	)		70,593
Totals		104	$	(8,253	)	$	127,408		29	$	(4,664	)	$	29,085		133	$	(12,917	)	$	156,493

Excluding the effects of changes in the characteristics of individual debt securities that potentially give rise to credit losses, as described below, the fair market value of a debt security as of a particular measurement date is highly dependent upon prevailing market and economic environmental factors at the measurement date relative to the prevailing market and economic environmental factors present at the time the debt security was acquired. The most significant market and environmental factors include, but are not limited to (1) the general level of interest rates, (2) the relationship between shorter-term interest rates and longer-term interest rates (referred to as the “slope” or "shape" of the interest rate yield curve),

- 15 -

(3) general bond market liquidity, (4) the recent and expected near-term volume of new issuances of similar debt securities, and (5) changes in the market values of individual loan collateral underlying mortgage-backed an asset-backed debt securities. Changes in interest rates affect the fair market values of debt securities by influencing the discount rate applied to the securities’ future expected cash flows. The higher the discount rate, the lower the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. Conversely, the lower the discount rate, the higher the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. In addition, the cumulative amount and timing of undiscounted cash flows of debt securities may also be affected by changes in interest rates. For any given level of movement in the general market and economic environmental factors described above, the magnitude of any particular debt security’s price changes will also depend heavily upon security-specific factors such as (1) the duration of the security, (2) imbedded optionality contractually granted to the issuer of the security with respect to principal prepayments, and (3) changes in the level of market premiums demanded by investors for securities with imbedded credit risk (where applicable).

When the fair value of any individual security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not a charge to current earnings for credit loss is required. In assessing potential credit losses, management also makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of income tax effects, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ impairment losses, if any, which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio (both AFS and HTM) for credit losses, management considers (1) if we intend to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as AFS, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $199.3 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $13.2 million, or -6.7%, at March 31, 2023. The AFS securities portfolio, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $205.4 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $14.8 million, or -7.2%, at December 31, 2022. The resultant $1.6 million total improvement in the fair value of the AFS investment portfolio's aggregate fair value relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, in the three months ended March 31, 2023, was primarily due to the modest decline in general interest rates that occurred in that period and did not represent any changes in credit loss estimations within the portfolio occurring during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Management evaluated the individual securities within the AFS securities portfolio and determined that there was no material credit loss in that portfolio at the adoption date of the CECL methodology on January 1, 2023 or at the reporting date of March 31, 2023. Accordingly, no transition adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 was recorded on January 1, 2023 and no provision for credit losses was recorded for the AFS investment securities portfolio in the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as HTM, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $201.7 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $12.1 million, or -4.5%, at March 31, 2023. The resultant $846,000 total improvement in the aggregate fair value of the HTM investment portfolio, relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, was primarily due to the modest decline in general interest rates that occurred in that period. The Company does not intend to sell these securities, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities prior to the recovery of the amortized cost. The Company does not intend to sell these securities, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities prior to the recovery of the amortized cost.

- 16 -

As a result of the Company's adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company established a reserve against the recorded aggregate value of the HTM investment securities portfolio in the amount of $450,000 at January 1, 2023. The reserve was determined using a discounted probability of default ("PD") - loss given default ("LGD") model consistent with the methodologies used to calculate the Company's ACL. Given that the securities classified as HTM that were subject to potential credit losses were substantially unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2023, no provision for credit losses was recorded for the HTM investment securities portfolio in the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

The following table depicts a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on investment securities classified as held-to-maturity for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands)	Government Issued and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities		Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities		Securities Issued By State and Political Subdivisions		Corporate Securities
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2016-13		-		40		1		409
Provision for credit losses		-		-		-		-
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration		-		-		-		-
Charge-offs of securities		-		-		-		-
Recoveries		-		-		-		-
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	-	$	40	$	1	$	409

The Company monitors the credit quality of the debt securities categorized as HTM primarily through the use of NRSRO credit ratings. These assessments are made on a quarterly basis. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of debt securities categorized as HTM at March 31, 2023, aggregated by credit quality indicators:

(dollars in thousands)
AAA or equivalent	$	38,247
AA or equivalent, including securities issued by the United States Government or Government Sponsored Enterprises		44,013
A or equivalent		23,823
BBB or equivalent		19,268
Unrated		76,315
Total	$	201,666

Gross realized gains (losses) on sales and redemptions of securities for the indicated periods are detailed below:

	For the three months
	ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2023			2022
Realized gains on investments	$	2,021		$	-
Realized losses on investments		(1,948	)		(6	)
	$	73		$	(6	)

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, securities with a fair value of $134.6 million and $86.0 million, respectively, were pledged to collateralize certain municipal deposit relationships. As of the same dates, securities with a fair value of $75.5 million and $39.9 million, respectively, were pledged against certain borrowing arrangements.

Management has reviewed its loan and mortgage-backed securities portfolios and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, only minimal exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. With limited exceptions in the Company’s investment portfolio involving the most senior tranches of securitized bonds, the Company is not in the practice of investing in, or originating, these types of investments or loans.

- 17 -

Note 5: Pension and Postretirement Benefits

The Company has a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, the Company informed its employees of its decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. The plan was frozen on June 30, 2012. Compensation earned by employees up to June 30, 2012 is used for purposes of calculating benefits under the plan but there are no future benefit accruals after this date. Participants as of June 30, 2012 will continue to earn vesting credit with respect to their frozen accrued benefits as they continue to work. In addition, the Company provides certain health and life insurance benefits for a limited number of eligible retired employees. The healthcare plan is contributory with participants’ contributions adjusted annually; the life insurance plan is noncontributory. Employees with less than 14 years of service as of January 1, 1995, are not eligible for the health and life insurance retirement benefits.

The composition of net periodic pension plan and postretirement plan costs for the indicated periods is as follows:

	Pension Benefits						Postretirement Benefits
	For the three months ended March 31,
(In thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Service cost	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-
Interest cost		140			116			2			3
Expected return on plan assets		(241	)		(267	)		-			-
Amortization of prior service credits		-			-			(1	)		(1	)
Amortization of net losses		57			-			(1	)		1
Net periodic benefit plan (benefit) cost	$	(44	)	$	(151	)	$	-		$	3

The Company will evaluate the need for further contributions to the defined benefit pension plan during 2023. The prepaid pension asset is recorded in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

- 18 -

Note 6: Loans

Major classifications of loans at the indicated dates are as follows:

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands)	2023			2022
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	260,199		$	257,656
Construction		2,933			5,085
Loans held-for-sale		-			19
Total residential mortgage loans		263,132			262,760
Commercial loans:
Real estate		350,175			345,330
Lines of credit		81,704			82,050
Other commercial and industrial		84,553			77,273
Paycheck Protection Program loans		192			203
Tax exempt loans		4,200			4,280
Total commercial loans		520,824			509,136
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		34,096			34,007
Other consumer		93,197			92,851
Total consumer loans		127,293			126,858
Total loans		911,249			898,754
Net deferred loan fees		(1,095	)		(1,000	)
Less allowance for credit losses		17,869			15,319
Loans receivable, net	$	892,285		$	882,435

Although the Bank may sometimes purchase or fund loan participation interests outside of its primary market areas, the Bank generally originates residential mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans largely to customers throughout Oswego and Onondaga counties. Although the Bank has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its borrowers’ abilities to honor their loan contracts is dependent upon the counties’ employment and economic conditions.

- 19 -

From time to time, the Bank acquires diversified pools of loans, originated by unrelated third parties, as part of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies. These acquisitions took place with nine separate transactions that occurred between 2017 and 2019 with an additional six transactions occurring in 2021. The following tables detail the purchased loan pool positions held by the Bank at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (the month/year of the earliest acquisition date is depicted in parentheses):

(In thousands, except number of loans)	March 31, 2023
	Original Balance		Current Balance		Unamortized Premium/ (Discount)			Number of Loans		Maturity Range	Cumulative net charge-offs
Automobile loans (1/2017)	$	50,400	$	3,400	$	11			467	0-4 years	$	266
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019)		6,800		2,000		-			21	3-7 years		-
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019)		21,900		5,700		178			144	1-27 years		-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019)		26,600		1,200		8			229	0-2 years		-
Residential real estate loans (12/2019)		4,300		3,700		236			49	16-22 years		-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019)		5,400		1,400		-			48	1-4 years		-
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)		10,300		770		32			329	0-9 years		63
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020)		14,500		11,200		(1,418	)		516	23-24 years		-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)		24,400		17,100		(463	)		675	8-23 years		-
Commercial Line of Credit 1 (3/2021)		11,600		11,300		11			1	0-1 year		-
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021)		21,300		19,200		(3,159	)		839	18-25 years		50
Commercial Line of Credit 2 (11/2021)		10,500		15,000		20			1	0-1 year		-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)		22,200		19,700		(2,364	)		537	8-24 years		-
Total	$	230,200	$	111,670	$	(6,908	)		3,856		$	379
(In thousands, except number of loans)	December 31, 2022
	Original Balance		Current Balance		Unamortized Premium/ (Discount)			Number of Loans		Maturity Range	Cumulative net charge-offs
Automobile loans (1/2017)	$	50,400	$	4,200	$	128			537	0-4 years	$	247
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019)		6,800		2,100		-			22	3-7 years		-
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019)		21,900		6,000		189			143	1-27 years		-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019)		26,600		1,500		11			320	0-2 years		-
Residential real estate loans (12/2019)		4,300		3,900		240			49	16-22 years		-
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019)		5,400		1,600		-			50	1-4 years		-
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)		10,300		1,000		38			354	0-9 years		63
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020)		14,500		11,300		(1,484	)		518	23-24 years		-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)		24,400		17,300		(485	)		678	8-24 years		-
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (3/2021)		11,600		11,400		14			1	0-1 year		-
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021)		21,300		19,700		(3,237	)		850	18-25 years		-
Revolving commercial line of credit 2 (11/2021)		10,500		15,000		23			1	0-1 year		-
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)		22,200		20,200		(2,441	)		540	8-24 years		-
Total	$	230,200	$	115,200	$	(7,004	)		4,063		$	310

At March 31, 2023 the ACL related to these pools was $2.1 million. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of $130.0 million and $110.3 million, respectively, have been pledged by the Company to the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) under a blanket collateral agreement to secure the Company’s line of credit and term borrowings.

- 20 -

Loan Origination / Risk Management

The Company’s lending policies and procedures are presented in Note 5 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2023 and have not changed. As part of the execution of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies, the Bank will acquire participating interests in loans originated by unrelated third parties on an occasional basis. The purchase of participations in loans that are originated by third parties only occurs after the completion of thorough pre-acquisition due diligence. Loans in which the Company acquires a participating interest are determined to meet, in all material respects, the Company’s internal underwriting policies, including credit and collateral suitability thresholds, prior to acquisition. In addition, the financial condition of the originating financial institutions, which are generally retained as the ongoing loan servicing provider for participations acquired by the Bank, are analyzed prior to the acquisition of the participating interests and monitored on a regular basis thereafter for the life of those interests.

To develop and document a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company has divided the loan portfolio into three portfolio segments, each with different risk characteristics but with similar methodologies for assessing risk. Each portfolio segment is broken down into loan classes where appropriate. Loan classes contain unique measurement attributes, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing risk that are necessary to develop the allowance for credit losses. Unique characteristics such as borrower type, loan type, collateral type, and risk characteristics define each class.

The following table illustrates the portfolio segments and classes for the Company’s loan portfolio:

Portfolio Segment	Class
Residential Mortgage Loans	1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages
	Construction
Commercial Loans	Real estate
	Lines of credit
	Other commercial and industrial
	Tax exempt loans
Consumer Loans	Home equity and junior liens
	Other consumer

- 21 -

The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio, summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company's internal risk rating system as of the dates indicated:

	Term Loans By Origination Year														Loans converted
(In thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Loans		to term loans		Total
Commercial Real Estate:
Pass	$	11,883	$	85,601	$	59,801	$	30,138	$	52,830	$	92,276	$	-	$	-	$	332,529
Special Mention		-		6,852		454		-		-		1,019		-		-		8,325
Substandard		-		500		1,682		739		396		5,646		-		-		8,963
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		358		-		-		358
Total Commercial Real Estate		11,883		92,953		61,937		30,877		53,226		99,299		-		-		350,175
Commercial Lines of Credit:
Pass		-		-		-		-		-		-		42,726		34,475		77,201
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		1,328		555		1,883
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		1,235		1,355		2,590
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		30		30
Total Commercial Lines of Credit		-		-		-		-		-		-		45,289		36,415		81,704
Other Commercial and Industrial:
Pass		10,190		21,029		9,163		6,714		9,845		14,291		2,513		-		73,745
Special Mention		973		135		1,651		212		1,243		76		-		-		4,290
Substandard		746		1,701		513		644		304		2,347		-		-		6,255
Doubtful								263						-		-		263
Total Other Commercial and Industrial		11,909		22,865		11,327		7,833		11,392		16,714		2,513		-		84,553
Paycheck Protection Program Loans
Pass		-		-		-		192		-		-		-		-		192
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Paycheck Protection Program Loans		-		-		-		192		-		-		-		-		192
Tax Exempt Loans
Pass		-		-		-		196		6		3,998		-		-		4,200
Special Mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Tax Exempt Loans		-		-		-		196		6		3,998		-		-		4,200

- 22 -

	Term Loans By Origination Year															Loans converted
(In thousands)	2023			2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Loans		to term loans		Total
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages:
Pass	$	2,838		$	33,954	$	54,992	$	43,171	$	19,320	$	102,825	$	-	$	-	$	257,100
Special Mention							74		281		61		621		-		-		1,037
Substandard									172		223		993		-		-		1,388
Doubtful		-			-		-		154		-		520		-		-		674
Total 1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages		2,838			33,954		55,066		43,778		19,604		104,959		-		-		260,199
Construction:
Pass		938			1,995		-		-		-		-		-		-		2,933
Special Mention		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Doubtful		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Construction		938			1,995		-		-		-		-		-		-		2,933
Home Equity and Junior Liens:
Pass	$	6,607		$	2,247	$	1,643	$	1,034	$	714	$	2,585	$	17,598	$	827	$	33,255
Special Mention		-			-		-		-		-		102		5		-		107
Substandard		-			-		71		-		-		32		624		7		734
Doubtful		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Home Equity and Junior Liens		6,607			2,247		1,714		1,034		714		2,719		18,227		834		34,096
Other Consumer:
Pass		78,540			4,975		3,645		1,767		2,294		1,509		335		-		93,065
Special Mention		-			6		-		-		-		4		-		-		10
Substandard		-			48		34		-		5		35		-		-		122
Doubtful		-			-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total Other Consumer		78,540			5,029		3,679		1,767		2,299		1,548		335		-		93,197
Net Deferred Loan Fees		(2,758	)		256		317		182		160		748						(1,095	)
Total loans	$	109,957		$	159,299	$	134,040	$	85,859	$	87,401	$	229,985	$	66,364	$	37,249	$	910,154

Management has reviewed its loan portfolio and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, no material exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. The Company is not in the practice of originating these types of loans.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Loans are placed on nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal and interest has become 90 days past due or

management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan may be currently performing.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received within thirty days of the payment due date.

- 23 -

An aging analysis of past due loans, not including net deferred loan costs, segregated by portfolio segment and class of loans, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, are detailed in the following tables:

	As of March 31, 2023
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans
(In thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		and Over		Past Due		Current		Receivable
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,522	$	790	$	1,196	$	3,508	$	256,691	$	260,199
Construction		-		-		-		-	$	2,933		2,933
Loans held-for-sale		-		-		-		-	$	-		-
Total residential mortgage loans		1,522		790		1,196		3,508		259,624		263,132
Commercial loans:
Real estate		916		839		6,946		8,701		341,474		350,175
Lines of credit		462		354		2,663		3,479		78,225		81,704
Other commercial and industrial		982		159		6,062		7,203		77,350		84,553
Paycheck Protection Program loans		-		-		-		-		192		192
Tax exempt loans		-		-		-		-		4,200		4,200
Total commercial loans		2,360		1,352		15,671		19,383		501,441		520,824
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		105		23		161		289		33,807		34,096
Other consumer		508		373		1,861		2,742		90,455		93,197
Total consumer loans		613		396		2,022		3,031		124,262		127,293
Total loans	$	4,495	$	2,538	$	18,889	$	25,922	$	885,327	$	911,249
	As of December 31, 2022
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans
(In thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		and Over		Past Due		Current		Receivable
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,627	$	620	$	932	$	3,179	$	254,477	$	257,656
Construction		-		-		-		-		5,085		5,085
Loans held-for-sale		-		-		-		-		19		19
Total residential mortgage loans		1,627		620		932		3,179		259,581		262,760
Commercial loans:
Real estate		4,974		854		3,499		9,327		336,003		345,330
Lines of credit		1,280		1,584		298		3,162		78,888		82,050
Other commercial and industrial		4,721		999		1,738		7,458		69,815		77,273
Paycheck Protection Program loans		-		-		-		-		203		203
Tax exempt loans		-		-		-		-		4,280		4,280
Total commercial loans		10,975		3,437		5,535		19,947		489,189		509,136
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		23		17		279		319		33,688		34,007
Other consumer		391		239		1,904		2,534		90,317		92,851
Total consumer loans		414		256		2,183		2,853		124,005		126,858
Total loans	$	13,016	$	4,313	$	8,650	$	25,979	$	872,775	$	898,754

- 24 -

Nonaccrual loans, segregated by class of loan, were as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
(In thousands)	2023		2022
Residential mortgage loans:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,372	$	1,112
		1,372		1,112
Commercial loans:
Real estate		6,946		3,504
Lines of credit		6,062		332
Other commercial and industrial		2,693		1,884
		15,701		5,720
Consumer loans:
Home equity and junior liens		161		279
Other consumer		1,868		1,904
Total consumer loans		2,029		2,183
Total nonaccrual loans	$	19,102	$	9,015

At March 31, 2023, the Bank's 65 nonperforming loans represented 2.1% of total loans, with an aggregate outstanding balance of $19.1 million, as compared to 56 loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $9.0 million at December 31, 2022. This increase of $10.1 million was the result of the downgrade of two significant loan relationships. The balance of nonaccrual loans related to these two relationships increased to 24 loans, with an aggregate outstanding balance of $13.0 million at March 31, 2023, as compared to five loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $1.7 million at December 31, 2022. Management is closely monitoring all nonaccrual loans and has incorporated its current estimate of the ultimate collectability of these loans into the reported allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023.

When the Company modifies a loan within a portfolio segment that is individually evaluated for impairment, a potential impairment is analyzed either based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the interest rate of the original loan terms or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. If it is determined that the value of the loan is less than its recorded investment, then impairment is recognized as a component of the provision for credit losses, an associated increase to the allowance for credit losses or as a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses in the current period.

- 25 -

Impaired Loans

The following table summarizes impaired loan information by portfolio class at December 31, 2022:

	December 31, 2022
			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Related
(In thousands)	Investment		Balance		Allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,048	$	1,048	$	-
Commercial real estate		5,283		5,386		-
Commercial lines of credit		2,218		2,218		-
Other commercial and industrial		2,780		2,829		-
Home equity and junior liens		182		182		-
With an allowance recorded:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages		450		450		91
Commercial real estate		2,625		2,625		346
Commercial lines of credit		3,059		3,066		2,957
Other commercial and industrial		1,998		1,998		1,285
Home equity and junior liens		536		536		114
Total:
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages		1,498		1,498		91
Commercial real estate		7,908		8,011		346
Commercial lines of credit		5,277		5,284		2,957
Other commercial and industrial		4,778		4,827		1,285
Home equity and junior liens		718		718		114
Totals	$	20,179	$	20,338	$	4,793

The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans for the periods indicated:

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
(In thousands)	2023		2022
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	1,494	$	1,197
Commercial real estate		9,192		7,135
Commercial lines of credit		3,886		151
Other commercial and industrial		6,516		2,198
Home equity and junior liens		717		631
Total	$	21,805	$	11,312

The following table presents the cash basis interest income recognized on impaired loans for the periods indicated:

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
(In thousands)	2023		2022
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages	$	15	$	16
Commercial real estate		59		63
Commercial lines of credit		3		2
Other commercial and industrial		31		20
Home equity and junior liens		13		6
Total	$	121	$	107

- 26 -

Note 7: Allowance for Credit Losses

Management extensively reviews recent trends in historical losses, qualitative factors, including concentrations of loans to related borrowers and concentrations of loans by collateral type, and specific reserve needs on loans individually evaluated for impairment in its determination of the adequacy of the credit losses. We recorded $692,000 in provision for credit losses for the three month period ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $102,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2022. The increase in provision for credit losses in the third quarter of 2023, as compared to the same three month period in 2022, primarily reflected required reserves related to year-over-year loan growth. Certain credit sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios. Please refer to the asset quality section below for a further discussion of asset quality as it relates to the credit losses.

Summarized in the tables below are changes in the allowance for credit losses for the indicated periods and information pertaining to the allocation of the balances of the credit losses, loans receivable based on individual, and collective impairment evaluation by loan portfolio class. An allocation of a portion of the allowance to a given portfolio class does not limit the Company’s ability to absorb losses in another portfolio class.

	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
	1-4 family
	first-lien			Residential										Other
	residential			construction			Commercial				Commercial			commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage			mortgage			real estate				lines of credit			and industrial
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	714		$	-		$	5,881			$	3,990		$	2,944
Adoption of New Accounting Standard		1,396			969			(1,744	)			95			10
Charge-offs		-			-			-				-			(36	)
Recoveries		-			-			-				1			62
Provisions		(173	)		(269	)		1,045				(1,991	)		2,101
Ending balance	$	1,937		$	700		$	5,182			$	2,095		$	5,081
	Tax exempt			Home equity and junior liens			Other consumer				Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	3		$	741		$	1,046				15,319
Adoption of New Accounting Standards		14			(97	)		1,242				1,886
Charge-offs		-			-			(83	)			(119	)
Recoveries		-			-			28				91
Provisions		(2	)		79			(98	)	-		692
Ending balance	$	15		$	723		$	2,135			$	17,869

- 27 -

	For the three months ended March 31, 2022
	1-4 family
	first-lien			Residential									Other
	residential			construction			Commercial			Commercial			commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage			mortgage			real estate			lines of credit			and industrial
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	872		$	-		$	5,308		$	935		$	2,762
Charge-offs		-			-			-			(17	)		-
Recoveries		-			-			-			-			-
Provisions		(42	)		-			(10	)		143			(25	)
Ending balance	$	830		$	-		$	5,298		$	1,061		$	2,737
Ending balance: related to loans
	Tax exempt			Home equity and junior liens			Other consumer			Unfunded Commitments			Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning Balance	$	3		$	774		$	1,297		$	984		$	12,935
Charge-offs		-			-			(29	)		-			(46	)
Recoveries		-			-			26			-			26
Provisions		1			(98	)		128			5			102
Ending balance	$	4		$	676		$	1,422		$	989		$	13,017

The Company’s methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of qualitative factors that are added to the historical loss rates in arriving at the total allowance for credit losses needed for this general pool of loans. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Changes in national and local economic trends;

•The rate of growth in the portfolio;

•Trends of delinquencies and nonaccrual balances;

•Changes in loan policy; and

•Changes in lending management experience and related staffing.

Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. These qualitative factors, applied to each product class, make the evaluation inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions in a narrative accompanying the allowance for credit losses analysis and calculation.

- 28 -

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses summarized on the basis of the Company’s calculation methodology was as follows:

	March 31, 2023
	1-4 family
	first-lien		Residential						Other
	residential		construction		Commercial		Commercial		commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage		mortgage		real estate		lines of credit		and industrial
Specifically reserved	$	63	$	-	$	627	$	1,301	$	3,478
Historical loss rate		1,579		537		2,802		193		963
Qualitative factors		295		163		1,754		601		640
Total	$	1,937	$	700	$	5,183	$	2,095	$	5,081
			Home equity		Other
	Tax exempt		and junior liens		consumer		Total
Specifically reserved	$	-	$	157	$	-	$	5,626
Historical loss rate		4		502		2,095		8,675
Qualitative factors		11		64		40		3,568
Total	$	15	$	723	$	2,135	$	17,869

	March 31, 2022
	1-4 family
	first-lien		Residential						Other
	residential		construction		Commercial		Commercial		commercial
(In thousands)	mortgage		mortgage		real estate		lines of credit		and industrial
Specifically reserved	$	97	$	-	$	352	$	48	$	1,353
Historical loss rate		85		-		2		26		96
Qualitative factors		648		-		4,944		987		1,288
Total	$	830	$	-	$	5,298	$	1,061	$	2,737
			Home equity		Other
	Tax exempt		and junior liens		consumer		Unallocated		Total
Specifically reserved	$	-	$	114	$	-	$	-	$	1,964
Historical loss rate		-		324		1,147		-		1,680
Qualitative factors		4		238		275		-		8,384
Other		-		-		-		989		989
Total	$	4	$	676	$	1,422	$	989	$	13,017

Note 8: Foreclosed Real Estate

The Company is required to disclose the carrying amount of foreclosed real estate properties held as a result of obtaining physical possession of the property at each reporting period.

(Dollars in thousands)	Number of properties		March 31, 2023		Number of properties		December 31, 2022
Foreclosed real estate		2	$	221		2	$	221

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company reported $547,000 and $542,000, respectively, in real estate loans in the process of foreclosure.

- 29 -

Note 9: Guarantees

The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Generally, all letters of credit, when issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risks involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as those that are involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company generally holds collateral and/or personal guarantees supporting these commitments. The Company had $2.9 million of standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2023. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of collateral and the enforcement of guarantees would be sufficient to cover the potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees. The fair value of standby letters of credit was not significant to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 10: Fair Value Measurements

Accounting guidance related to fair value measurements and disclosures specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs, minimize the use of unobservable inputs, to the extent possible, and considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment securities: The fair values of available-for-sale and marketable equity securities are obtained from an independent third party and are based on quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges where available (Level 1). If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured by utilizing matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2). Management made no adjustment to the fair value quotes that were received from the independent third party pricing service. Level 3 securities are assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures, such as market prices or pricing models. Level 3 assets are typically very illiquid, and fair values can only be calculated using estimates or risk-adjusted value ranges. Management applies known factors, such as currently applicable discount rates, to the valuation of those investments in order to determine fair value at the reporting date.

The Company holds two corporate investment securities with an amortized historical cost of $4.1 million and an aggregate fair market value of $4.7 million as of March 31, 2023. These securities have an aggregate valuation that is determined using published net asset values (NAV) derived by an analysis of the securities’ underlying assets. These securities are comprised primarily of broadly-diversified real estate holdings and are traded in secondary markets on an infrequent basis. While these securities are redeemable at least annually through tender offers made by respective issuers, the liquidation value of these securities may be below stated NAVs and also subject to restrictions as to the amount that can be redeemed at any single scheduled redemption. The Company anticipates that these securities will be redeemed by respective issuers on indeterminate future dates as a consequence of the ultimate liquidation strategies employed by the managers of these portfolios.

- 30 -

The Company held two private equity security investments, acquired in 2022, with an aggregate value of $2.1 million at March 31, 2023, valued utilizing the unit of account (Level 2) which includes; financial metrics for the company, specific operating key performance indicators, and market-related inputs. No income or expense has been recorded related to this investment as the investment is still in early stage funding and, therefore, the investment is carried at historical cost at March 31, 2023.

Interest rate derivatives: The fair value of the interest rate derivatives, characterized as either fair value or cash flow hedges, are calculated based on a discounted cash flow model. All future floating rate cash flows are projected and both floating rate and fixed rate cash flows are discounted to the valuation date. The benchmark interest rate curve utilized for projecting cash flows and applying appropriate discount rates is built by obtaining publicly available third party market quotes for various swap maturity terms.

Impaired loans: Impaired loans are those loans in which the Company has measured impairment based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral or the discounted value of expected future cash flows. Fair value is generally determined based upon market value evaluations by third parties of the properties and/or estimates by management of working capital collateral or discounted cash flows based upon expected proceeds. These appraisals may include up to three approaches to value: the sales comparison approach, the income approach (for income-producing property), and the cost approach. Management modifies the appraised values, if needed, to take into account recent developments in the market or other factors, such as, changes in absorption rates or market conditions from the time of valuation and anticipated sales values considering management’s plans for disposition. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Estimated costs to sell are based on current amounts of disposal costs for similar assets. These measurements are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Impaired loans are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustment upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance.

- 31 -

The following tables summarize assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the indicated dates, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

	March 31, 2023
								Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	-	$	41,562		$	-	$	41,562
State and political subdivisions		-		32,984			-		32,984
Corporate		-		6,863			-		6,863
Asset backed securities		-		14,838			-		14,838
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		16,172			-		16,172
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		9,260			-		9,260
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		-		60,435			-		60,435
Total				182,114					182,114
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-			-		206
Other Securities:
Corporate measured at NAV		-		-			-		4,665
Total available-for-sale securities	$	206	$	182,114		$	-	$	186,985
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV	$	-	$	-		$	-	$	2,126
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	6,415		$	-	$	6,415
Interest rate swap derivative cash flow hedges (unrealized loss carried as payable to derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	(99	)	$	-	$	(99	)

- 32 -

	December 31, 2022
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
Debt investment securities:
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs	$	-	$	29,364	$	-	$	29,364
State and political subdivisions		-		45,385		-		45,385
Corporate		-		7,066		-		7,066
Asset backed securities		-		15,400		-		15,400
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency		-		16,400		-		16,400
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency		-		11,708		-		11,708
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label		-		61,434		-		61,434
Total		-		186,757		-		186,757
Equity investment securities:
Common stock - financial services industry		206		-		-		206
Other Securities:
Corporate measured at NAV		-		-		-		4,763
Total available-for-sale securities	$	206	$	186,757	$	-	$	191,726
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,862
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	9,717	$	-	$	9,717
Interest rate swap derivative cash flow hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties)	$	-	$	519	$	-	$	519

Pathfinder Bank had the following assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

			March 31, 2023
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Impaired loans	$	-	$	-	$	7,434	$	7,434
Foreclosed real estate	$	-	$	-	$	221	$	221

			December 31, 2022
							Total Fair
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Impaired loans	$	-	$	-	$	2,328	$	2,328
Foreclosed real estate	$	-	$	-	$	221	$	221

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which Level 3 inputs were used to determine fair value at the indicated dates.

		Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Techniques	Input	(Weighted Avg.)
At March 31, 2023
Impaired loans	Appraisal of collateral	Appraisal Adjustments	5% - 30% (15%)
	(Sales Approach)	Costs to Sell	7% - 14% (12%)
	Discounted Cash Flow
Foreclosed real estate	Appraisal of collateral	Appraisal Adjustments	15% - 15% (15%)
	(Sales Approach)	Costs to Sell	6% - 9% (8%)

- 33 -

		Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Techniques	Input	(Weighted Avg.)
At December 31, 2022
Impaired loans	Appraisal of collateral	Appraisal Adjustments	5% - 35% (17%)
	(Sales Approach)	Costs to Sell	7% - 14% (12%)
	Discounted Cash Flow
Foreclosed real estate	Appraisal of collateral	Appraisal Adjustments	15% - 15% (15%)
	(Sales Approach)	Costs to Sell	6% - 9% (8%)

There have been no transfers of assets into or out of any fair value measurement level during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Required disclosures include fair value information of financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statement of condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument.

The Company has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. The Company performs due diligence procedures over third-party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process.

While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-ends, and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

Under FASB ASC Topic 820 for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the financial assets and liabilities were valued at a price that represents the Company’s exit price or the price at which these instruments would be sold or transferred.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful. The Company, in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments, used the following methods and assumptions:

Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying amounts of these assets approximate their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 2.

Net loans – For variable-rate loans that re-price frequently, fair value is based on carrying amounts. The fair value of other loans (for example, fixed-rate commercial real estate loans, mortgage loans, and commercial and industrial loans) is

- 34 -

estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on interest rates currently being offered in the market for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Loan value estimates include judgments based on expected prepayment rates. The measurement of the fair value of loans, including impaired loans, is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued interest receivable and payable – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Deposits – The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing checking, passbook savings and certain types of money management accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts) and are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered in the market on certificates of deposits to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. Measurements of the fair value of time deposits are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Borrowings – Fixed/variable term “bullet” structures are valued using a replacement cost of funds approach. These borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve. Option structured borrowings’ fair values are determined by the FHLB for borrowings that include a call or conversion option. If market pricing is not available from this source, current market indications from the FHLBNY are obtained and the borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve less an appropriate spread to adjust for the option. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Subordinated debt – The Company secures quotes from its pricing service based on a discounted cash flow methodology or utilizes observations of recent highly-similar transactions which result in a Level 2 classification.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

1

		March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Fair Value	Carrying			Estimated			Carrying		Estimated
(In thousands)	Hierarchy	Amounts			Fair Values			Amounts		Fair Values
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	1	$	32,321		$	32,321		$	35,282	$	35,282
Investment securities - available-for-sale	2		182,114			182,114			186,757		186,757
Investment securities - available-for-sale	NAV		4,665			4,665			4,763		4,763
Investment securities - marketable equity	NAV		2,126			2,126			1,862		1,862
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	2		201,666			189,622			194,402		181,491
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	2		5,226			5,226			5,982		5,982
Net loans	3		891,283			850,245			882,435		844,892
Accrued interest receivable	1		5,625			5,625			6,168		6,168
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - AFS investments	2		5,237			5,237			8,240		8,240
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - loans	2		1,178			1,178			1,477		1,477
Financial liabilities:
Demand Deposits, Savings, NOW and MMDA	1	$	683,533		$	683,533		$	699,624	$	699,624
Time Deposits	2		460,729			452,342			425,806		393,676
Borrowings	2		99,205			96,607			115,997		112,877
Subordinated debt	2		29,777			22,000			29,733		27,378
Interest rate swap derivative cash flow hedge (payable) receivable	2		(99	)		(99	)		519		519
Accrued interest payable	1		1,520			1,520			975		975

- 35 -

Note 11: Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks from both its business operations and changes in economic conditions. As part of managing interest rate risk, the Company enters into standardized interest rate derivative contracts (designated as hedging agreements) to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The Company designates interest rate hedging agreements utilized in the management of interest rate risk as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Interest rate hedging agreements are entered into with counterparties that meet the Company's established credit standards and the agreements contain master netting, collateral and/or settlement provisions protecting the at-risk party. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting, collateral or settlement provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not material at March 31, 2023. Interest rate hedging agreements are recorded at fair value as other assets or liabilities. The Company had no material derivative contracts not designated as hedging agreements at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

As a result of interest rate fluctuations, fixed-rate assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in fair value. When effectively hedged, this appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. This strategy is referred to as a fair value hedge. In a fair value hedge, the fair value of the derivative (the interest rate hedging agreement) and changes in the fair value of the hedged item are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized in current earnings. The difference between changes in the fair value of the interest rate hedging agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and is recorded as an adjustment to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged item.

Cash flows related to floating rate assets and liabilities will fluctuate with changes in underlying rate indices. When effectively hedged, the increases or decreases in cash flows related to the floating-rate asset or liability will generally be offset by changes in cash flows of the derivative instruments designated as a hedge. This strategy is referred to as a cash flow hedge. In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss on cash flow hedges is accounted for similar to that associated with fair value hedges.

Among the array of interest rate hedging contracts, potentially available to the Company, are interest rate swap and interest rate cap (or floor) contracts. The Company uses interest rate swaps, cap or floor contracts as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. An interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each contractual period in which the index interest rate exceeds the contractually agreed upon strike price rate. The purchaser of a cap contract will continue to benefit from any rise in interest rates above the strike price. Similarly, an interest rate floor is a derivative contract in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate is below the agreed strike price. The purchaser of a floor contract will continue to benefit from any decrease in interest rates below the strike price.

- 36 -

The Company records various hedges in the consolidated statements of condition at fair value. The Company’s accounting treatment for these derivative instruments is based on the instruments hedge designation determined at the inception of each derivative instrument's contractual term. The following tables show the Company’s outstanding fair value hedges at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In thousands)	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2023		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Gains Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2023		Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2022		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Gains Included in The Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2022
Line item on the balance sheet in which the hedged item is included:
Available-for-sale securities (1)	$	56,017	$	5,237	$	68,741	$	8,240
Loans receivable (2)	$	36,701	$	1,178	$	37,196	$	1,477

(1)These amounts represent the amortized cost basis of specifically identified municipal securities designated as the underlying assets for the hedging relationship. The notional amount of the designated hedged item was $56.0 million and $68.7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The fair value of the derivative resulted in a net asset position of $5.2 million and $8.2 million recorded by the Company in other assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 

(2)These amounts include the amortized cost of a specific loan pool designated as the underlying asset for the hedging relationship in which the hedged item is the underlying asset's amortized cost (last layer) projected to be remaining at the end of the contractual term of the hedging instrument. The amount of the designated hedged item was $36.7 million and $37.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At March 31, 2023, the fair value of the derivative resulted in a net asset position of $1.2 million recorded by the Company in other assets.

The hedging contracts noted above, accounted for as fair value hedges, increased the yield on investment securities and loans by 0.18% and 0.09%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The hedging contracts noted above, accounted for as fair value hedges, decreased the yield on investment securities and loans by 0.02% and 0.02%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The hedge transactions increased the net income effects of the Bank's fair value and cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively, along with the net fair value position of the hedges at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively.

Fair Value Hedges
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Period Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income			Fair Value Receivable (Payable) at Quarter End
Investments	$	57,028	$	52,120	$	340		$	5,237
Loans		20,700		20,700		205			1,178
Total	$	77,728	$	72,820	$	545		$	6,415
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income			Fair Value Receivable (Payable) at Quarter End
Investments	$	55,793	$	58,865	$	(33	)	$	4,229
Loans		20,700		20,700		(31	)		892
Total	$	76,493	$	79,565	$	(64	)	$	5,121

- 37 -

Cash Flow Hedges
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income			Fair Value Receivable (Payable) at Quarter End
Borrowed Funds	$	53,333	$	70,000	$	336		$	(99	)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Hedge Category	Average Notional Balance		Ending Notional Balance		Net Cash Received (Paid) Recorded In Net Income			Fair Value Receivable (Payable) at Quarter End
Borrowed Funds	$	80,000	$	80,000	$	(128	)	$	778

The following table shows the pre-tax gains and losses of the Company’s derivatives designated as cash flow hedges in OCI at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In thousands)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Cash flow hedges:
Fair market value adjustment interest rate swap	$	(99	)	$	519
Total (loss) gain in comprehensive income	$	(99	)	$	519

The hedging contracts noted above, accounted for as cash flow hedges, decreased the interest expense associated with MMDA accounts by 0.51% in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and increased the interest expense associated with MMDA accounts by 0.20% in the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The amounts of hedge ineffectiveness, recognized at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for cash flow hedges were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. A portion of, or the entire amount included in accumulated other comprehensive loss would be reclassified into current earnings should a portion of, or the entire hedge, no longer be considered effective. Management believes that the hedges will remain fully effective during the remaining term of the respective hedging contracts. The changes in the fair values of the interest rate hedging agreements primarily result from the effects of changing index interest rates and the reduction of the time each quarter between the measurement date and the contractual maturity date of the hedging instrument.

The Company manages its potential credit exposure on interest rate swap transactions by entering into bilateral credit support agreements with each contractual counterparty. These agreements require collateralization of credit exposures beyond specified minimum threshold amounts.

Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

Changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”), net of tax, for the periods indicated are summarized in the tables below.

	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
(In thousands)	Retirement Plans			Unrealized Loss on Available-for- Sale Securities			Unrealized Loss on Derivatives and Hedging Activities			Unrealized Gain on Securities Transferred to Held-to-Maturity		Total
Beginning balance	$	(2,427	)	$	(10,127	)	$	382		$	-	$	(12,172	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		-			(376	)		(455	)		-		(831	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		41			1,428			-			-		1,469
Ending balance	$	(2,386	)	$	(9,075	)	$	(73	)	$	-	$	(11,534	)

- 38 -

	For the three months ended March 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Retirement Plans			Unrealized Loss on Available-for- Sale Securities			Unrealized Gain on Derivatives and Hedging Activities			Unrealized Loss on Securities Transferred to Held-to-Maturity		Total
Beginning balance	$	(1,412	)	$	428		$	(286	)	$	2	$	(1,268	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		-			(4,271	)		480			-		(3,791	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		1			-			-			-		1
Ending balance	$	(1,411	)	$	(3,843	)	$	194		$	2	$	(5,058	)

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the indicated period:

		Amount Reclassified
		from AOCI (1)
		(Unaudited)
(In thousands)		For the three months ended
Details about AOCI (1) components	Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Retirement plan items
Retirement plan net losses    recognized in plan expenses  (2)	Salaries and employee benefits	$	(55	)	$	(1	)
Tax effect	Provision for income taxes		14			-
	Net (losses) income	$	(41	)	$	(1	)
Available-for-sale securities
Realized (loss) gain on sale of securities	Net gains on sales and redemptions    of investment securities	$	(1,933	)	$	-
Tax effect	Provision for income taxes		505			-
	Net (losses) income	$	(1,428	)	$	-

(1)Amounts in parentheses indicates debits in net income.

(2)These items are included in net periodic pension cost.

See Note 5 for additional information.

- 39 -

Note 13: Noninterest Income

The Company has included the following table regarding the Company’s noninterest income for the periods presented.

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Service charges on deposit accounts
Insufficient funds fees	$	144	$	118
Deposit related fees		97		102
ATM fees		26		39
Total service charges on deposit accounts		267		259
Fee Income
Insurance agency revenue		420		299
Investment services revenue		135		97
ATM fees surcharge		48		48
Banking house rents collected		48		55
Total fee income		651		499
Card income
Debit card interchange fees		321		228
Merchant card fees		11		16
Total card income		332		244
Mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans   and foreclosed real estate
Loan servicing fees		72		117
Net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate		25		63
Total mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of    loans and foreclosed real estate		97		180
Total		1,347		1,182
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance		158		162
Net gains (losses) on sale and redemption of investment    securities		73		(6	)
Gains on marketable equity securities		-		68
Other miscellaneous income		14		197
Total noninterest income	$	1,592	$	1,603

The following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of ASC 606 guidance:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – Revenue is earned through insufficient funds fees, customer initiated activities or passage of time for deposit related fees, and ATM service fees. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, which is the same time the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied. Account maintenance fees are earned over the course of the month as the monthly maintenance performance obligation to the customer is satisfied.

•Fee income – Revenue is earned through commissions on insurance and securities sales, ATM surcharge fees, and banking house rents collected. The Company earns investment advisory fee income by providing investment management services to customers under investment management contracts. As the direction of investment management accounts is provided over time, the performance obligation to investment management customers is satisfied over time, and therefore, revenue is recognized over time.

•Card income – Card income consists of interchange fees from consumer debit card networks and other related services. Interchange rates are set by the card networks. Interchange fees are based on purchase volumes and other factors and are recognized as transactions occur.

•Mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate – Revenue from mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate is earned through the origination of residential and commercial mortgage loans, sales of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, sales of government guarantees portions of Small Business Administration loans (“SBA loans”), and sales of foreclosed real estate, and is earned as the transaction occurs.

- 40 -

Note 14: Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for certain banking offices and land under noncancelable agreements. Our leases have remaining lease terms that vary from less than two years up to 28 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for various renewal periods. All options to renew are included in the current lease term when we believe it is reasonably certain that the renewal options will be exercised.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Operating lease cost	$	59	$	57
Finance lease cost		55		21

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	For the three months ended
(In thousands)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cash paid for amount included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	54	$	52
Operating cash flows from finance leases		55		21
Financing cash flows from finance leases		32		18

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(In thousands, except lease term and discount rate)	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Operating Leases:
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,062		$	2,102
Operating lease liabilities		2,385			2,409
Finance Leases:
Finance lease right-of-use assets	$	4,178		$	-
Finance lease liability		4,411			599
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term:
Operating Leases	18.17 years			18.16 years
Finance Leases	28.10 years			27.17 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate:
Operating Leases		3.86	%		3.73	%
Finance Leases		9.41	%		13.75	%

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

Twelve Months Ending March 31,
(In thousands)
2024	$	117
2025		164
2026		175
2027		186
2028		198
Thereafter		5,956
Total minimum lease payments	$	6,796

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The Company owns certain properties that it leases to unaffiliated third parties at market rates. Lease rental income was $48,000 and $55,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. All lease agreements, in which the Company is the lessor, are accounted for as operating leases.

Note 15: Related Party Transactions:

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has granted loans to certain directors, executive officers and their affiliates (collectively referred to as “related parties”). None of the related party loans were classified as nonaccrual, past due, restructured, or potential problem loans at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

The following represents the activity associated with loans to related parties during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	March 31,			December 31,
(In thousands)		2023			2022
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	32,531		$	22,427
Originations and related party additions		75			15,278
Principal payments and related party removals		(611	)		(5,174	)
Balance at the end of the period	$	31,995		$	32,531

Item 2 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited)

General

The Company is a Maryland corporation headquartered in Oswego, New York. The Company is 100% owned by public shareholders. The primary business of the Company is its investment in Pathfinder Bank (the "Bank"), a New York State chartered commercial bank, which is 100% owned by the Company. The Bank has two wholly owned operating subsidiaries, Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc. (“PRMC”) and Whispering Oaks Development Corp. All significant inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated in consolidation. Although the Company owns, through its subsidiary PRMC, 51% of the membership interest in FitzGibbons Agency, LLC (“Fitzgibbons” or “Agency”), the Company is required to consolidate 100% of FitzGibbons within the consolidated financial statements. The 49% of which the Company does not own, is accounted for separately as a noncontrolling interest within the consolidated financial statements. At March 31, 2023, the Company and subsidiaries had total consolidated assets of $1.40 billion, total consolidated liabilities of $1.29 billion and shareholders' equity of $111.7 million, plus noncontrolling interest of $661,000, which represents the 49% of FitzGibbons not owned by the Company.

The following discussion reviews the Company's financial condition at March 31, 2023 and the results of operations for the three month period ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or any other period.

The following material under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" is written with the presumption that the users of the interim financial statements have read, or have access to, the Company's latest audited financial statements and notes thereto, together with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2023 (“the consolidated annual financial statements”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the two years then ended. Therefore, only material changes in financial condition and results of operations are discussed in the remainder of Item 2.

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements contained herein are “forward looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements are generally identified by use of the words "believe," "expect," "intend," "anticipate," "estimate," "project" or similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” or “may.” These forward-looking statements are

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based on current beliefs and expectations of the Company’s and the Bank’s management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s and the Bank’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements as a result of numerous factors. Factors that could cause such differences to exist include, but are not limited to: risks related to the real estate and economic environment, particularly in the market areas in which the Company and the Bank operate; fiscal and monetary policies of the U.S. Government; inflation; changes in government regulations affecting financial institutions, including regulatory compliance costs and capital requirements; fluctuations in the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses; decreases in deposit levels necessitating increased borrowing to fund loans and investments; the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; operational risks including, but not limited to, cybersecurity, fraud and natural disasters; the risk that the Company may not be successful in the implementation of its business strategy; changes in prevailing interest rates; credit risk management; asset-liability management; recent events involving the failure of financial institutions and the impact on the Company's business and the market price of its common stock; any future increase in FDIC insurance assessments or special assessments; and other risks described in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which are available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov.

The Company and the Bank caution prospective investors not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. The Company disclaims any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q to reflect future events or developments.

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company's consolidated quarterly financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note 1 to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes and in this discussion, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the allowance for credit losses, deferred income taxes, pension obligations, the evaluation of investment securities for credit losses, the estimation of fair values for accounting and disclosure purposes, and the evaluation of goodwill for impairment to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective and complex judgments. These areas could be the most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The standard’s stated main goal is to improve financial reporting by requiring earlier recognition of credit losses on financing receivables (such as loans) and other financial assets in scope. The ASU requires entities to measure credit losses on most financial assets carried at amortized costs and certain other instruments using an expected credit loss model. Banks in the United States above $5.0 billion in assets generally adopted this new way of measuring loan losses called the “Current Expected Credit Loss” (“CECL”) model in 2020, with smaller public and private banks, such as Pathfinder, required to convert to this method in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company computed its Allowance for Loan Losses at December 31, 2022 using a methodology called the "Incurred Loss Model" ("ILM"), which

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remained applicable GAAP at that date. ILM (previous GAAP) assumes that all loans will be repaid until evidence to the contrary (known as a loss or trigger event) is identified. Only at that point is the impaired loan (or portfolio of loans) written down to a lower value. CECL requires that an estimate of loss for the entire life cycle of each asset with credit loss exposure be recorded at the funding date of that asset as a component of the reported Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL").

Beginning on January 1, 2023, the Bank will have to account for all credit loss exposures using this CECL methodology. In determining the beginning ACL balance for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, a nonrecurring adjustment from ILM to CECL was made on January 1, 2023, increasing the ALLL at December 31, 2022 by $1.9 million. The adoption of CECL also resulted in a decrease in the recorded book value of HTM securities by $450,000 and an increase in other liabilities by $552,000 for credit losses associated with unfunded contractual commitments on financial assets. This one-time transition adjustment was booked to retained earnings in the first quarter of 2023 and therefore was a subtraction from shareholders' equity, after tax effects of approximately $2.1 million.

The ACL represents management's estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment on the use of estimates related to the amount and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, estimated losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and environmental factors, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The Company establishes a specific allowance for all commercial loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $100,000 and single borrower residential mortgage loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $300,000 identified as being impaired which are on nonaccrual and have been risk rated under the Company’s risk rating system as substandard, doubtful, or loss. In addition, an accruing substandard loan could be identified as being impaired.

Loan impairment is measured by determining the present value of expected future cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral adjusted for market conditions and selling expenses as compared to the loan carrying value. For all other loans and leases, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the probable incurred loss for each risk-rating category. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. At March 31, 2023, the Bank’s position in impaired loans consisted of 74 loans totaling $23.4 million. Of these loans, 17 loans, totaling $3.5 million, were valued using the present value of future cash flows method; and 57 loans, totaling $19.9 million, were valued based on a collateral analysis. For all other loans, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the probable incurred loss for each risk-rating category.

In estimating the ACL on loans, management considers the sensitivity of the model and significant judgments and assumptions that could result in an amount that is materially different from management’s estimate. At March 31, 2023, the Bank held $520.8 million in commercial real estate and commercial & industrial loans (collectively, commercial loans) representing 57.2% of the Bank’s entire loan portfolio. The Bank allocated $12.4 million to the ACL for these loans, including $3.0 million derived from the use of qualitative factors in the calculation. Given the concentration of ACL allocation to the total commercial loan portfolio and the significant judgments made by management in deriving the qualitative loss factors, management considers the impact that changes in judgments could have on the ACL. The ACL could increase (or decrease) by approximately $852,000, assuming a 25% negative (or positive) change within the group of qualitative factors used to determine the ACL for commercial loans. The sensitivity and related range of impacts for various judgments on the ACL is a hypothetical analysis and is used to determine management’s judgments or assumptions of qualitative loss factors that were utilized at March 31, 2023 in the final recorded estimation of the ACL on loans recognized on the Statements of Financial Condition.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for the future tax consequences. This is attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as net operating and capital loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. If current available evidence about the future raises doubt about the likelihood of a deferred tax asset being realized, a valuation allowance is established. The judgment about the level of future taxable income, including that which is considered capital, is inherently subjective and is reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change.

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The Company’s effective tax rate typically differs from the 21% federal statutory tax rate due primarily to New York State income taxes, partially offset by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

We maintain a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, we informed our employees of our decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. Pension and post-retirement benefit plan liabilities and expenses are based upon actuarial assumptions of future events; including fair value of plan assets, interest rates, and the length of time the Company will have to provide those benefits. The assumptions used by management are discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated annual financial statements.

When the fair value of a security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not credit loss is present. Management makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of tax, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ impairment losses securities which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio, for both AFS and HTM securities for credit losses, management considers (1) if we intend to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

The estimation of fair value is significant to several of our assets; including AFS and marketable equity investment securities, intangible assets, foreclosed real estate, and the value of loan collateral when valuing loans. These are all recorded at either fair value, or the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values are determined based on third party sources, when available. Furthermore, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments as a part of the notes to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. Fair values on our AFS securities may be influenced by a number of factors including market interest rates, prepayment speeds, discount rates, and the shape of yield curves.

Fair values for securities AFS are obtained from unaffiliated third party pricing services. Where available, fair values are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using quoted market prices for similar benchmark securities. Management made no adjustments to the fair value quotes that were provided by the pricing sources. Fair values for marketable equity securities are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange for similar benchmark securities. The fair values of foreclosed real estate and the underlying collateral value of impaired loans are typically determined based on evaluations by third parties, less estimated costs to sell. When necessary, appraisals are updated to reflect changes in market conditions.

Management performs an annual evaluation of our goodwill for possible impairment at each of our reporting units. Based on the results of the December 31, 2022 evaluation, management has determined that the carrying value of goodwill was not impaired as of that date. Management will continuously evaluate all relevant economic and operational factors potentially affecting the Bank or the fair value of its assets, including goodwill. Should the pandemic or recent banking crisis, or the future economic consequences thereof, require a significant and sustained change in the operations of the Bank, re-evaluations of the Bank’s goodwill valuation will be conducted on a more frequent basis.

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Recent Events

On March 31, 2023, the Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.09 per share on the Company's voting common and non-voting common stock, and a cash dividend of $0.09 per notional share for the issued warrant relating to the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023. The dividends are payable to all shareholders of record on April 24, 2023 and will be paid on May 19, 2023.

Overview and Results of Operations

The following represents the significant highlights of the Company’s operating results between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2022.

•Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. decreased $351,000 or 11.9% to $2.6 million.

•Basic and diluted earnings per voting common share were both $0.43 per share and decreased $0.06 per share from $0.49 per share.

•Return on average assets decreased 15 basis points to 0.75% as the decrease in income outpaced the increase in average asset balances.

•Net interest income, after provision for credit losses, decreased $89,000, or 0.95% to $9.3 million. Excluding the provision, net interest income increased $501,000, or 5.29%, to $10.0 million. The increase in net interest income, before provision for credit losses, was primarily due to the increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets of $79.0 million, coupled with an increase in the average yield earned on those assets of 102 basis points, from 3.54% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 4.56% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in net interest income was partially offset by an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities of $85.2 million, combined with a 127 basis points increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

•The increase in the provision for credit losses of $590,000 was primarily due to management's decision to downgrade certain loans with two large credit relationships.

•The net interest margin for the first quarter of 2023 was 3.02%, a four basis point decrease compared to 3.06% for the same quarter in 2022.

•The effective income tax rate increased 0.6% to 20.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to 19.4% for the same three month period in 2022. The nominal increase in the tax rate in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, was primarily related to a decrease in tax exempt income derived from investments in securities issued by state and political subdivisions.

The following reflects the significant changes in financial condition between December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. In addition, the following reflects significant changes in asset quality metrics between March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022.

•Total assets increased $4.3 million, or 0.3% to $1.40 billion at March 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022, primarily driven by higher investment securities balances and loan balances.

•Asset quality metrics, as measured by net loan charge-offs, declined in comparison to linked reporting periods. The annualized net loan charge-offs to average loans ratio was 0.01% for the first quarter of 2023, compared to 0.01% for the first quarter of 2022, and 0.04% for the fourth quarter of 2022.

•Nonperforming loans to total loans were 2.10% at March 31, 2023, compared to 0.93% at March 31, 2022 and 1.00% at December 31, 2022. Correspondingly, the ratio of the allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans was 93.55% at March 31, 2023, as compared to 163.78% at March 31, 2022, and 169.93% at December 31, 2022.

The Company had net income of $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net income of $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The $351,000 decrease in net income was due primarily to a $3.6 million increase in total interest expense, a $590,000 increase in provision for credit losses, a $272,000 increase in total noninterest expenses and an $11,000 decrease in total noninterest income. These were partially offset by a $4.1 million increase in total interest and dividend income and a $52,000 decrease in provision for income taxes.

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Net interest income before the provision for credit losses increased $501,000, or 5.29%, to $10.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to $9.5 million for the same three month period in 2022. The increase was primarily the result of increases in the average yields of loans and taxable and tax-exempt investment securities portfolios, combined with increases in the average balances of the loan portfolio of $53.8 million and $42.9 million in the investment portfolios. These increases resulted in a 102 basis points increase to 4.56% in total average interest-earning asset yield for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to 3.54% for the same three month period of the previous year. The increase in the average yield received on interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, reflects generally increased rates of interest for newly funded loans and investments securities, as compared to the average yields within these portfolios, as well as increases in coupon rates for certain adjustable-rate loans and securities in the rising interest rate environment that has occurred in 2022 and 2023. These increases in the average yield on loans during 2023, were partially offset by reduced fee recognition related to PPP loans. PPP fee recognition revenues were $900,000 in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to $278,000 in the first quarter of the previous year.

These increases in interest income were partially offset by a 127 basis points increase in the average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, combined with an $85.2 million increase in the average balance of total interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, reflects the generally increased rates of interest for all financial instruments that has occurred in 2023 due to the rising interest rate environment and increased competition for deposits.

The $11,000, or 0.7%, decrease in noninterest income in the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same quarterly period in 2022, was primarily the result of a decrease of $157,000 in other charges, commissions and fees, a $68,000 decrease in gains on marketable equity securities, a $45,000 decrease in loan servicing fees and a $38,000 decrease in net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate. Insurance agency revenue, debit card interchange fees and net gains on the sales of investment securities increased $121,000, $93,000 and $79,000, respectively. The $157,000 decrease in other charges, commissions and fees, as compared to the same quarter of the previous year, was primarily due to a non-recurring $176,000 gain recorded in the first quarter of 2022, related to the early termination of a free-standing derivative contract.

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $7.5 million, an increase of $272,000, or 3.8%, compared to $7.3 million for the same three month period in 2022. The increase was primarily a result of higher salaries and employee benefits expense of $134,000, or 3.3%. Professional and other expenses and insurance agency expenses increased $143,000 and $57,000, respectively. The increase in professional fees is due to legal fees incurred at March 31, 2023 as compared to March 31, 2022. Partially offsetting these increases was a $94,000, or 15.5%, reduction in other expenses and a $32,000, or 51.6%, reduction in community service activities. All other noninterest expense categories netted to a $64,000 increase in the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Management extensively reviews recent trends in changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, qualitative factors, and specific reserve needs on loans individually evaluated for impairment, in its determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded $692,000 in provision for credit losses as compared to $102,000 in the same prior year three month period. The primary driver of the increased provision expense in the first quarter of 2023, was management's decision to downgrade certain commercial real estate loans and commercial loans within two borrower relationships. These relationships are under active resolution management by the Company. Additionally, the provision in the quarter ended March 31, 2023 is reflective of (1) the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, (2) the increase in the size of the loan portfolio, and (3) changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. The first quarter provision for credit losses reflects an addition to reserves considering loan growth and asset quality metrics. The credit-sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, requiring financial institutions, such as the Bank, to adopt the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) methodology according to a specified implementation timeline. In order to meet this requirement, the Bank adopted the CECL methodology for

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calculating its Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) on January 1, 2023. The amended guidance replaces the previously-required Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (“ALLL”) calculated under what was known as the Incurred Loss Model. The ACL represents a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of includable financial assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected over the entire life of those assets. The income statement now reflects the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as expected increases, or decreases, of expected credit losses that have taken place during the reporting period. When determining the ACL, expected credit losses over the expected term of the financial asset will be estimated considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the future collectability of the reported amount. In addition, the amended guidance requires credit losses relating to assets such as held-to-maturity debt securities and open contractual funding commitments to be recorded through the ACL. Because the CECL methodology requires that reserves be established within the ACL for a broad range of financial assets, including all loans, through the entirety of their expected lives and also considers new items, such as open funding commitments, the initial ACL upon adoption would, in most cases, be expected to be greater than the ALLL that it replaced.

The transition adjustment that was recognized upon the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, was accounted for as a one-time increase in the ACL with a corresponding one-time adjustment to retained earnings, adjusted for income tax effects. This transition adjustment did not impact earnings or earnings per share at adoption. In determining the beginning ACL balance for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, a nonrecurring adjustment from ILM to CECL was made on January 1, 2023, increasing the ALLL at December 31, 2022 by $1.9 million. In addition, the adoption of CECL decreased the recorded book value of HTM securities by $450,000 and increased other liabilities by $552,000 for credit losses associated with unfunded contractual commitments on financial assets. Retained earnings at March 31, 2023 therefore reflects the effects of the one-time transition adjustment of $2.1 million, recorded on January 1, 2023, after income tax effects.

In comparing the year-over-year first quarter periods, the Company’s return on average assets decreased 15 basis points to 0.75% due to the combined effects of the decrease in net income (the numerator in the ratio), and an increase in average assets (the denominator in the ratio). Average assets increased due to increases in the balances of average investment securities and average loans of $53.8 million and $42.9 million, respectively, in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the same quarter of 2022. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $61.8 million in the first quarter of 2023, as compared with the same quarter in 2022. The increase in deposits was primarily due to increased time deposits, including brokered deposits, of $77.1 million. All other deposits accounts in aggregate decreased $33.5 million when compared with the same quarter in 2022.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the Company's primary source of operating income for payment of operating expenses and providing for credit losses. It is the amount by which interest earned on loans, interest-earning deposits, and investment securities, exceeds the interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in net interest income and net interest margin result from the interaction between the volume and composition of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities, related yields, and associated funding costs.

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The following tables set forth information concerning average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average yields and rates thereon for the periods indicated. Interest income and resultant yield information in the tables have not been adjusted for tax equivalency. Averages are computed on the daily average balance for each month in the period divided by the number of days in the period. Nonaccrual loans have been included in interest-earning assets for purposes of these calculations.

	(Unaudited)
	For the three months ended March 31,
	2023								2022
						Average								Average
Unaudited	Average					Yield /			Average					Yield /
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance			Interest		Cost			Balance			Interest		Cost
Interest-earning assets:
Loans	$	899,258		$	10,658		4.74	%	$	845,461		$	8,692		4.11	%
Taxable investment securities		368,437			3,825		4.15	%		329,291			2,168		2.63	%
Tax-exempt investment securities		36,480			455		4.99	%		32,721			118		1.44	%
Fed funds sold and interest-earning deposits		14,163			105		2.97	%		31,830			4		0.05	%
Total interest-earning assets		1,318,338			15,043		4.56	%		1,239,303			10,982		3.54	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Other assets		101,194								91,622
Allowance for credit losses		(17,061	)							(13,031	)
Net unrealized losses    on available-for-sale securities		(12,529	)							(1,334	)
Total assets	$	1,389,942							$	1,316,560
Interest-bearing liabilities:
NOW accounts	$	97,796		$	91		0.37	%	$	106,894		$	71		0.27	%
Money management accounts		15,300			4		0.10	%		16,072			4		0.10	%
MMDA accounts		261,594			1,275		1.95	%		261,898			246		0.38	%
Savings and club accounts		133,532			64		0.19	%		138,585			48		0.14	%
Time deposits		454,980			2,603		2.29	%		377,907			596		0.63	%
Subordinated debt		29,748			472		6.35	%		29,578			412		5.57	%
Borrowings		86,761			566		2.61	%		63,528			138		0.87	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		1,079,711			5,075		1.88	%		994,462			1,515		0.61	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits		180,845								199,164
Other liabilities		16,403								11,904
Total liabilities		1,276,959								1,205,530
Shareholders' equity		112,983								111,030
Total liabilities & shareholders' equity	$	1,389,942							$	1,316,560
Net interest income				$	9,968							$	9,467
Net interest rate spread							2.68	%							2.93	%
Net interest margin							3.02	%							3.06	%
Ratio of average interest-earning assets    to average interest-bearing liabilities							122.10	%							124.62	%

In the first quarter of 2023, net interest income, before provision for credit losses, for the Company increased by $501,000, or 5.3%, compared to the same quarter in 2022, reaching a total of $10.0 million. Interest and dividend income in the first quarter of 2023 was $15.0 million, compared to $11.0 million in the same quarter in 2022. The increase in interest and dividend income between comparable quarters was a result of a $2.0 million increase in loan interest income and a $2.0 million increase in interest income derived from investments in taxable and tax-exempt investment securities. The increases in interest income was the result of a 63 basis point increase in the average loan yield, accompanied by a $53.8 million increase in the average outstanding balance of loans and a 170 basis point increase in the average yield on investment securities, accompanied by a $42.9 million increase in the average outstanding balance of investment securities. The increase in the average yield received on interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, reflects generally increased rates of interest for newly funded loans and investment securities, as compared to the average yields within these portfolios, as well as increases in coupon rates for certain adjustable-rate loans and securities in

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the rising interest rate environment that has occurred in 2022 and 2023. These increases in the average yield on loans during 2023 were partially offset by reduced fee recognition related to PPP loans. PPP fee recognition revenues were less than $1,000 in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to $278,000 in the first quarter of the previous year. Partially offsetting those increases was an increase in total interest expense for the first quarter of 2023 to $5.1 million, an increase of $3.6 million, or 235.0%, from $1.5 million for the prior year quarter. Interest expense increased due to a 127 basis point increase in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, accompanied by an increase in the average outstanding balance of those liabilities of $85.2 million. The increase in the quarterly interest expense was primarily a result of the increase in cost of deposits resulting from the rapidly rising interest rate environment and increased competition. The deposit mix included a $77.1 million increase in average time deposit balances, including brokered deposits, combined with a 168 basis point increase in the average interest rate paid on those deposits.

The resultant net interest margin for the first quarter of 2023 was 3.02%, a four basis point decrease compared to a net interest margin of 3.06% in the first quarter of 2022. Over the past year, the Company’s management has been able to effectively manage net interest margin by active management of the Bank’s assets and liabilities in the current challenging interest rate environment.

Rate/Volume Analysis

Net interest income can also be analyzed in terms of the impact of changing interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in the volume or amount of these assets and liabilities. The following table represents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate); (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and (iii) total increase or decrease. Changes attributable to both rate and volume have been allocated ratably. Tax-exempt securities have not been adjusted for tax equivalency.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023 vs. 2022
	Increase/(Decrease) Due to
							Total
Unaudited							Increase
(In thousands)	Volume			Rate			(Decrease)
Interest Income:
Loans	$	576		$	1,390		$	1,966
Taxable investment securities		282			1,375			1,657
Tax-exempt investment securities		15			322			337
Interest-earning deposits		(17	)		118			101
Total interest income		856			3,205			4,061
Interest Expense:
NOW accounts		(36	)		56			20
Money management accounts		(1	)		1			-
MMDA accounts		(2	)		1,031			1,029
Savings and club accounts		(11	)		27			16
Time deposits		145			1,862			2,007
Subordinated debt		2			58			60
Borrowings		66			362			428
Total interest expense		163			3,397			3,560
Net change in net interest income	$	693		$	(192	)	$	501

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Provision for Credit Losses

We establish a provision for credit losses, which is charged to operations, at a level management believes is appropriate to absorb expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. In evaluating the level of the allowance for credit losses, management considers historical loss experience, the types of loans and the amount of loans in the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available or as future events change. The provision for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an adequate level.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, requiring financial institutions, such as the Bank, to adopt the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) methodology according to a specified implementation timeline. In order to meet this requirement, the Bank adopted the CECL methodology for calculating its Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) on January 1, 2023. The amended guidance replaces the previously-required Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (“ALLL”) calculated under what was known as the Incurred Loss Model. The ACL represents a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of includable financial assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected over the entire life of those assets. The income statement now reflects the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets as well as expected increases, or decreases, of expected credit losses that have taken place during the reporting period. When determining the ACL, expected credit losses over the expected term of the financial asset will be estimated considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the future collectability of the reported amount. In addition, the amended guidance requires credit losses relating to assets such as held-to-maturity debt securities and open contractual funding commitments to be recorded through the ACL. Because the CECL methodology requires that reserves be established within the ACL for a broad range of financial assets, including all loans, through the entirety of their expected lives and also considers new items, such as open funding commitments, the initial ACL upon adoption would, in most cases, be expected to be greater than the ALLL that it replaced.

The transition adjustment that was recognized upon the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2023, was accounted for as a one-time increase in the ACL with a corresponding one-time charge to retained earnings, adjusted for income tax effects. In determining the beginning ACL balance for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, a nonrecurring adjustment from ILM to CECL was made on January 1, 2023, increasing the ALLL at December 31, 2022 by $1.9 million. In addition, the adoption of CECL decreased the recorded book value of HTM securities by $450,000 and increased other liabilities by $552,000 for credit losses associated with unfunded contractual commitments on financial assets. Retained earnings at March 31, 2023 therefore reflects the effects of the one-time transition adjustment of $2.1 million, recorded on January 1, 2023, after income tax effects.

The Company recorded $692,000 in provision for credit losses for the three month period ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $102,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2022. The provisioning in the first quarter of 2023 and 2022 reflects management’s determination of the appropriate level of additions to reserves the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in quantifiable econometric data statistically correlated to historical charge-off rates, subjective qualitative assessments of changes in a broad array of factors including both changes to underwriting criteria, loan staffing and local market conditions. The $590,000 increase in provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily reflecting management's decision to downgrade certain loans within two specifically-identified commercial real estate and commercial loan credit relationships with an aggregate outstanding balance of $13.0 million. The Bank's credit sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios. Please refer to the asset quality section below for a further discussion of asset quality as it relates to the allowance for credit losses.

The Company measures delinquency based on the amount of past due loans as a percentage of total loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans decreased to 2.84% at March 31, 2023 as compared to 2.89% at December 31, 2022. Delinquent loans (numerator) decreased $57,000 while total loan balances (denominator) increased $12.5 million at March 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease in past due loans was driven by a decrease of $8.5 million in loans delinquent 30-59 days, and a decrease of $1.8 million in loans delinquent 60-89 days, offset by a $10.2 million increase in loans delinquent 90 days and over past due at March 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022.

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At March 31, 2022, there were $25.9 million in loans past due including $4.5 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $2.5 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $18.9 million in loans 90 or more days past due. At December 31, 2022, there were $26.0 million in loans past due including $13.0 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $4.3 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $8.7 million in loans 90 or more days past due.

Noninterest Income

The Company's noninterest income is primarily comprised of fees on deposit account balances and transactions, loan servicing, commissions, including insurance agency commissions, and net gains on sales of securities, loans, and foreclosed real estate.

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest income for the periods indicated:

Unaudited	For the three months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022		Change
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	267	$	259	$	8		3.1	%
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance		158		162		(4	)	-2.5	%
Loan servicing fees		72		117		(45	)	-38.5	%
Debit card interchange fees		321		228		93		40.8	%
Insurance agency revenue		420		299		121		40.5	%
Other charges, commissions and fees		256		413		(157	)	-38.0	%
Noninterest income before gains		1,494		1,478		16		1.1	%
Net gains on sales of securities, fixed assets, loans and foreclosed    real estate		98		57		41		71.9	%
Gains on marketable equity securities		-		68		(68	)	-100.0	%
Total noninterest income	$	1,592	$	1,603	$	(11	)	-0.7	%

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company’s noninterest income was essentially unchanged at $1.6 million, with a recorded decrease of $11,000, or 0.7%, compared to the same period in 2022. Recurring noninterest income that excludes certain items that can cause volatility in noninterest income, such as unrealized gains or losses on equity securities, and nonrecurring gains on sales of loans, investment securities, foreclosed real estate, premises and equipment, was also essentially unchanged in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the first quarter of the previous year.

The $11,000, or 0.7%, decrease in noninterest income in the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same quarterly period in 2022, was primarily the result of a decrease of $157,000 in other charges, commissions and fees, a $68,000 decrease in gains on marketable equity securities, a $45,000 decrease in loan servicing fees and a $38,000 decrease in net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate. Insurance agency revenue, debit card interchange fees and net gains on the sales of investment securities increased $121,000, $93,000 and $79,000, respectively. The $157,000 decrease in other charges, commissions and fees, as compared to the same quarter of the previous year, was primarily due to a non-recurring $176,000 gain recorded in the first quarter of 2022, related to the early termination of a free-standing derivative contract.

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Noninterest Expense

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

Unaudited	For the three months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022		Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	4,183	$	4,049	$	134		3.3	%
Building and occupancy		852		826		26		3.1	%
Data processing		553		550		3		0.5	%
Professional and other services		536		393		143		36.4	%
Advertising		206		187		19		10.2	%
FDIC assessments		219		222		(3	)	-1.4	%
Audits and exams		159		141		18		12.8	%
Insurance agency expense		261		204		57		27.9	%
Community service activities		30		62		(32	)	-51.6	%
Foreclosed real estate expenses		14		13		1		7.7	%
Other expenses		511		605		(94	)	-15.5	%
Total noninterest expenses	$	7,524	$	7,252	$	272		3.8	%

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $7.5 million, an increase of $272,000, or 3.8%, from the same three-month period in 2022. Noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023, in comparison to the same quarter in the previous year, was driven by increases in salaries and benefits expense of $134,000, or 3.3%, and aggregate increases in all other expense categories of $138,000, or 4.3%. The $134,000 increase in salaries and benefits expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same three month period in 2022, was primarily due to increases in individual staff salaries and certain commissions paid related to insurance and investment services activities. Staffing increases in the Bank's branch system were made as a result of the opening of the Bank's eleventh branch in November 2022. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company increased its salary structure where it was deemed appropriate in order to effectively respond to inflationary and competitive pressures within our marketplace to recruit and retain talent. Further increases within the Company’s personnel expenses are anticipated throughout the remainder of 2023 as certain position vacancies are filled and further compensation adjustments, in a limited number of areas are realized. The Bank's decision to invest in its workforce demonstrates its dedication to building a strong, skilled, and satisfied team of professionals, which is viewed by management as vital for maintaining a competitive edge in the ever-evolving banking sector.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased $52,000 to $669,000, with an effective tax rate of 20.0%, for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $721,000 with an effective tax rate of 19.4% for the same three month period in 2022. The reduction in income tax expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, was primarily driven by the aforementioned decrease in the effective tax rate, combined with a decrease of $372,000 in income before taxes. The effective income tax rate slightly increased 0.6% to 20.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to 19.4% for the same three month period in 2022. The nominal increase in the tax rate in the first quarter of 2023, as compared to the same quarter in 2022, was primarily related to a decrease in tax exempt income derived from investments in securities issued by state and political subdivisions.

The Company’s tax liability is a function of the 21% statutory federal tax rate, the level of pretax income, the varying effects of New York State income taxes, and is partially reduced by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and, to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per Voting share were $0.43 per share for the first quarter of 2023, as compared to $0.49 per basic and diluted Voting share for the same quarter of 2022. Basic and diluted earnings per Series A Non-Voting share were $0.43 per share for the first quarter of 2023, as compared to $0.49 per basic and diluted Series A Non-Voting share for the same quarter of 2022.

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The decrease in earnings per share between these two periods was due to the decrease in net income between these two time periods. Further information on earnings per share can be found in Note 3 of this Form 10-Q.

Changes in Financial Condition

Assets

Total assets increased $4.3 million, or 0.3%, staying at $1.40 billion at March 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. This increase was due primarily to increases in loans and investment securities.

Loans totaled $910.2 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $12.4 million compared to $897.8 million at December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases of $7.3 million in commercial business loans, and $4.8 million in commercial real estate loans. Investment securities, including investment in FHLB-NY stock, increased $2.0 million, or 0.5%, to $396.0 million at March 31, 2023, as compared to $394.0 million at December 31, 2022, due principally to purchases of securities during the first three months of 2023 totaling $24.5 million, that were partially offset by sales and redemptions of securities totaling $24.8 million and a decrease in recorded unrealized losses of $2.8 million in the portion of the investment portfolio characterized as AFS primarily as a result of the increase in market interest rates through the first quarter of 2023.

Liabilities

Total liabilities increased $3.6 million, or 0.3%, staying at $1.29 billion at March 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. Deposits increased $18.8 million, or 1.7%, to $1.14 billion at March 31, 2023, compared to $1.13 billion at December 31, 2022. Interest-bearing deposits, primarily time deposits acquired through various broker channels, were the primary driver of growth between the comparable dates and interest-bearing deposits totaled $962.6 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $21.0 million, or 2.2% from the 2022 year end.

Borrowed funds balances from the FHLB-NY decreased $16.8 million, or 27.8%, to $99.2 million at March 31, 2023 from $116.0 million at December 31, 2022 as the Bank primarily used net incoming deposit cash flows to repay borrowings at their scheduled maturity dates.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders' equity increased modestly by $703,000, or 0.6%, from $111.0 million at December 31, 2022, to $111.7 million on March 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the Company’s recorded net income of $2.6 million in the quarter, partially reduced by declared dividends to shareholders of $551,000. Additionally, on January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL methodology for computing its ACL and related provision for credit losses. This adoption resulted in the recognition of a one-time transitional adjustment that reduced the Company’s retained earnings by $2.1 million on that date. In total therefore, retained earnings decreased by $86,000 in the quarter ended March 31, 2023. The effects of this net reduction in retained earnings was offset by a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $638,000 and an increase in all other components of shareholders’ equity of $151,000.

Capital

Capital adequacy is evaluated primarily by the use of ratios which measure capital against total assets, as well as against total assets that are weighted based on defined risk characteristics. The Company’s goal is to maintain a strong capital position, consistent with the risk profile of its banking operations. This strong capital position serves to support growth and expansion activities while at the same time exceeding regulatory standards. At March 31, 2023, the Bank met the regulatory definition of a “well-capitalized” institution, i.e. a leverage capital ratio exceeding 5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio exceeding 8%, Tier 1 common equity exceeding 6.5%, and a total risk-based capital ratio exceeding 10%.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The buffer is separate from the capital ratios required under the Prompt Corrective Actions (“PCA”) standards. In order to avoid these restrictions, the capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum

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levels of the following capital to risk-weighted assets ratios: (1) Core Capital, (2) Total Capital and (3) Common Equity. At March 31, 2023, the Bank exceeded all regulatory required minimum capital ratios, including the capital buffer requirements.

Pathfinder Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

	Actual					Minimum For Capital Adequacy Purposes					Minimum To Be "Well-Capitalized" Under Prompt Corrective Provisions					Minimum For Capital Adequacy with Buffer
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
As of March 31, 2023:
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	146,922		15.11	%	$	77,774		8.00	%	$	97,217		10.00	%	$	102,078		10.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	134,687		13.85	%	$	58,330		6.00	%	$	77,774		8.00	%	$	82,635		8.50	%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	134,687		13.85	%	$	43,748		4.50	%	$	63,191		6.50	%	$	68,052		7.00	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets)	$	134,687		9.68	%	$	55,668		4.00	%	$	69,585		5.00	%	$	69,585		5.00	%
As of December 31, 2022
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	145,760		15.14	%	$	77,029		8.00	%	$	96,286		10.00	%	$	101,100		10.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	133,683		13.88	%	$	57,772		6.00	%	$	77,029		8.00	%	$	81,843		8.50	%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	133,683		13.88	%	$	43,329		4.50	%	$	62,586		6.50	%	$	67,400		7.00	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets)	$	133,683		9.67	%	$	55,314		4.00	%	$	69,142		5.00	%	$	69,142		5.00	%

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary bank are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for its subsidiary bank, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC. The Company provides, below, an explanation of the calculations, as supplemental information, for non-GAAP measures included in the consolidated annual financial statements. In addition, the Company provides a reconciliation of its subsidiary bank’s disclosed regulatory capital measures, below.

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	March 31,				December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023				2022
Regulatory Capital Ratios (Bank only)
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Total equity (GAAP)	$	127,785			$	126,148
Goodwill		(4,536	)			(4,536	)
Intangible assets		(96	)			(101	)
Addback: Accumulated other comprehensive income		11,534				12,172
Total Tier 1 Capital	$	134,687			$	133,683
Allowance for credit losses (subject to regulatory limits)		12,235				12,076
Total Tier 2 Capital	$	12,235			$	12,076
Total Tier 1 plus Tier 2 Capital (numerator)	$	146,922			$	145,759
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		972,174				962,861
Total core capital to risk-weighted assets		15.11		%		15.14		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	134,687			$	133,683
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		972,174				962,861
Total capital to risk-weighted assets		13.85		%		13.88		%
Tier 1 capital (to adjusted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	134,687			$	133,683
Total average assets		1,396,341				1,387,480
Goodwill		(4,536	)			(4,536	)
Intangible assets		(96	)			(101	)
Adjusted assets (denominator)	$	1,391,709			$	1,382,843
Total capital to adjusted assets		9.68		%		9.67		%
Tier 1 Common Equity (to risk-weighted assets)
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator)	$	134,687			$	133,683
Risk-weighted assets (denominator)		972,174				962,861
Total Tier 1 Common Equity to risk-weighted assets		13.85		%		13.88		%

Loan and Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table represents information concerning the aggregate amount of non-accrual loans at the indicated dates:

	March 31,			December 31,			March 31,
(Dollars In thousands)	2023			2022			2022
Nonaccrual loans:
Commercial and commercial real estate loans	$	15,701		$	5,720		$	5,567
Consumer		2,029			2,183			1,283
Residential mortgage loans		1,372			1,112			1,098
Total nonaccrual loans		19,102			9,015			7,948
Total nonperforming loans		19,102			9,015			7,948
Foreclosed real estate		221			221			-
Total nonperforming assets	$	19,323		$	9,236		$	7,948
Nonperforming loans to total loans		2.10	%		1.00	%		0.93	%
Nonperforming assets to total assets		1.38	%		0.66	%		0.60	%

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, including nonaccrual loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) prior to January 1, 2023, and foreclosed real estate (‘‘FRE”). The Company generally places a loan on nonaccrual status and ceases accruing interest when loan payment performance is deemed unsatisfactory and the loan is past due 90 days or more. There are no loans that are past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest at March 31, 2023.

As indicated in the table above, nonperforming assets at March 31, 2023 were $19.3 million, and were $10.1 million higher than the $9.2 million reported at December 31, 2022 and $11.4 million higher than the reported $7.9 million at March 31, 2022. The increase in the nonperforming loan portfolio on March 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022, was primarily the result of the placement of $13.0 million into nonaccrual status of certain loans with two large commercial real

- 56 -

estate loan and commercial loan relationships. These relationships are under active resolution management at March 31, 2023.

Fair values for commercial FRE are initially recorded based on market value evaluations by third parties, less costs to sell (“initial cost basis”). On a prospective basis, residential FRE assets will be initially recorded at the lower of the net amount of loan receivable or the real estate’s fair value less costs to sell. Any write-downs required when the related loan receivable is exchanged for the underlying real estate collateral at the time of transfer to FRE are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Values are derived from appraisals, similar to impaired loans, of underlying collateral or discounted cash flow analysis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are updated periodically and assets are marked to current fair value, not to exceed the initial cost basis for the FRE property.

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the date of the statement of condition. The allowance for credit losses was $18.0 million and $15.3 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.96% as of March 31, 2023, as compared to 1.71% at December 31, 2022 and 1.52% at March 31, 2022. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the allowance for credit losses based on quantitative and qualitative factors and has determined that the current level of the allowance for credit losses is adequate to absorb the losses in the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023.

The Company considers a loan impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based upon the fair value of the collateral, with a portion of the impaired loans measured based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate. A specific reserve is established for an impaired loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The estimated fair values of the majority of the Company’s impaired loans are measured based on the estimated fair value of the loan’s collateral. For loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals or broker price opinions. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the Bank will reevaluate the collateral which secures the loan. For real estate, the Company will obtain a new appraisal or broker’s opinion whichever is considered to provide the most accurate value in the event of sale. An evaluation of equipment held as collateral will be obtained from a firm able to provide such an evaluation. Collateral will be inspected not less than annually for all impaired loans and will be reevaluated not less than every two years. Appraised values and broker opinion values are discounted due to the market’s perception of a reduced price of Bank-owned property and the Bank’s desire to sell the property more quickly to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $23.4 million and $20.2 million in loans, respectively, which were deemed to be impaired, having established specific reserves of $5.6 million and $4.8 million, respectively, on these loans. The $3.2 million increase in impaired loans between these two dates was primarily the result of the placement into nonaccrual status of loans within two large commercial loan and commercial real estate borrower relationships.

Management has identified potential credit problems which may result in the borrowers not being able to comply with the current loan repayment terms and which may result in those loans being included in future impaired loan reporting. Potential problem loans totaled $38.9 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $300,000, or 0.8%, as compared to $38.6 million at December 31, 2022. These loans have been internally classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful, yet are not currently considered impaired.

Appraisals are obtained at the time a real estate secured loan is originated. For commercial real estate held as collateral, the property is inspected every two years.

In the normal course of business, the Bank sells residential mortgage loans and has infrequently sold participation interests in commercial loans. As is typical in the industry, the Bank makes certain representations and warranties to the buyers of these loans or loan participations. The Bank maintains a quality control program for closed loans and considers the risks and uncertainties associated with potential repurchase requirements to be minimal.

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The future performance of the Company’s loan portfolios with respect to credit losses will be highly dependent upon the course and duration, both nationally and within the Company’s market area, of the public health and economic factors related to the pandemic, as well as the concentrations in the Company’s loan portfolio. Concentrations of loans within a portfolio that are made to a single borrower, to a related group of borrowers, or to a limited number of industries, are generally considered to be additional risk factors in estimating future credit losses. Therefore, the Company monitors all of its credit relationships to ensure that the total loan amounts extended to one borrower, or to a related group of borrowers, does not exceed the maximum permissible levels defined by applicable regulation or the Company’s generally more restrictive internal policy limits.

Liquidity

Liquidity management involves the Company’s ability to generate cash or otherwise obtain funds at reasonable rates to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, maintain reserve requirements, and otherwise operate the Company on an ongoing basis. The Company's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowed funds, amortization and prepayment of loans and maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments, and earnings and funds provided from operations. While scheduled principal repayments on loans are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. The Company manages the pricing of deposits to maintain a desired deposit composition and balance. In addition, the Company invests excess funds in short-term interest-earning and other assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements.

The Company's liquidity has been enhanced by its ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), whose competitive advance programs and lines of credit provide the Company with a safe, reliable, and convenient source of funds. A significant decrease in deposits in the future could result in the Company having to seek other sources of funds for liquidity purposes. Such sources could include, but are not limited to, additional borrowings, brokered deposits, negotiated time deposits, the sale of "available-for-sale" investment securities, the sale of securitized loans, or the sale of whole loans. Such actions could result in higher interest expense and/or losses on the sale of securities or loans.

Through the first three months of 2023, as indicated in the consolidated statement of cash flows, the Company reported net cash flow from operating activities of $6.0 million and net cash outflow of $10.6 million related to investing activities. The net cash outflow from investing activities primarily was due to a $100,000 increase in net investment activity, and a $10.5 million increase in net loan activity. The Company reported net cash flows from financing activities of $1.6 million, generated principally by increased deposits of $18.8 million, partially offset by a $16.8 million decrease in net borrowings, and an aggregate decrease in net cash of $478,000 from all other financing sources, including dividends paid to common voting and non-voting shareholders and warrants of $554,000.

The Bank’s management monitors liquidity on a continuous basis through a broad range of internal programs and considers effective liquidity management to be one of its primary objectives. At March 31, 2023 the Bank had deposits of $1.1 billion, of which $382.7 million were nominally uninsured, as they were above the insurance limits established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) on that date. Of the $382.7 million in nominally uninsured deposits at March 31, 2023, $72.6 million were insured through a long-standing reciprocal deposit program managed by a third-party entity. In addition, $121.0 million in municipal deposits are fully protected against principal loss by a collateral program whereby the Bank places high-quality securities with an independent custodian as collateral. Therefore, the Bank had $189.1 million in deposits, representing 16.5% of all deposits, that were considered to be uninsured at March 31, 2023.

The Company has a number of existing credit facilities available to it. At March 31, 2023, total credit available under the existing lines of credit was approximately $176.3 million at FHLBNY, the Federal Reserve Bank, and two other correspondent banks. At March 31, 2023, the Company had $99.2 million of the available lines of credit utilized on its existing lines of credit with the remainder of $77.1 million available.

In an effort to increase depositor confidence across the United States' banking system, the Federal Reserve Board, pursuant to section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act, authorized all 12 Reserve Banks to establish the Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") to make available additional funding to eligible depository institutions, such as the Bank, in order to help assure those institutions have the ability to meet the liquidity needs of all their depositors. The BTFP is an additional potential source of liquidity for the Bank until the date of the Program's termination. The BTFP may be accessed by the Bank if

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management determines that there is a potential or realized short-term liquidity requirement for which this facility should be used to support the Bank's operations. Management could also electively choose to use the facility in certain other circumstances to create other financial or operational benefits at the time that the BTFP line is accessed. As of the date of this filing, the BTFP has not been accessed by the Bank.

The Asset Liability Management Committee of the Company is responsible for implementing the policies and guidelines for the maintenance of prudent levels of liquidity. As of March 31, 2023, management reported to the Board of Directors that the Company is in compliance with its liquidity policy guidelines.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is also a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. At March 31, 2023, the Company had $183.0 million in outstanding commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.

The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance related to off-balance sheet arrangements is proportional to the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless such commitments are unconditionally cancelable, through the provision for credit losses expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of March 31, 2023 was $552,000 and is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated Statements of Condition.

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.

As disclosed elsewhere within this document, during the first quarter of 2023 the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and consequently, the CECL model for accounting for credit losses related to financial assets. The adoption of the model and the ongoing calculations under CECL involve significant complexity and management has engaged expert independent third parties to complete significant portions of the transition to CECL and to manage the ongoing processes involved in in CECL calculations, documentation and reporting. In many cases, our disclosure controls and procedures have been modified significantly to accommodate the requirements of the CECL model and those controls require increased reliance on the

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services and expertise provided by the engaged independent parties. Management believes that these new disclosure controls are currently effective, and will be effective in the future, with respect to the calculation of the Company's allowance for credit losses. Other than the adoption of the CECL model, there were no changes made in our internal controls during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings

At March 31, 2023, the Company is not currently a named party in a legal proceeding, the outcome of which would have a material and adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Item 1A – Risk Factors

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1, 2023 through January 31, 2023		-	$	-		-		74,292
February 1, 2023 through February 28, 2023		-	$	-		-		74,292
March 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023		-	$	-		-		74,292

(1)On August 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 217,692 shares of our common stock, or 5% of the Company’s shares outstanding as of that date.

Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

Item 5 – Other Information

None

Item 6 – Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32	Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101	Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

PATHFINDER BANCORP, INC.

(registrant)

May 15, 2023	/s/ James A. Dowd
	James A. Dowd
	President and Chief Executive Officer
May 15, 2023	/s/ Walter F. Rusnak
	Walter F. Rusnak
	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

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