Cabot has entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials. Under certain of these agreements, the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price paid changes as market prices change. Raw materials purchased under these agreements by segment for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

	Years Ended September 30
	2020		2019		2018
	(In millions)
Reinforcement Materials	$	198	$	393	$	375
Performance Chemicals		58		65		55
Purification Solutions		2		8		11
Total	$	258	$	466	$	441

Included in the table above are raw materials purchases from noncontrolling shareholders of consolidated subsidiaries. These purchases were $81 million during fiscal 2020 and $156 million during both fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities owed to noncontrolling shareholders as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, were $12 million and $20 million, respectively.

For these purchase commitments, the amounts included in the table below are based on market prices as of September 30, 2020 which may differ from actual market prices at the time of purchase.

	Payments Due by Fiscal Year
	2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		Thereafter		Total
	(In millions)
Reinforcement Materials	$	115	$	101	$	87	$	86	$	86	$	911	$	1,386
Performance Chemicals		54		53		34		34		35		332	$	542
Total	$	169	$	154	$	121	$	120	$	121	$	1,243	$	1,928

The Company has also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $14 million as of September 30, 2020, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years.

Cabot has provided certain indemnities pursuant to which it may be required to make payments to an indemnified party in connection with certain transactions and agreements. In connection with certain acquisitions and divestitures, Cabot has provided routine indemnities with respect to such matters as environmental, tax, insurance, product and employee liabilities. In connection with various other agreements, including service and supply agreements with customers, Cabot has provided indemnities for certain contingencies and routine warranties. Cabot is unable to estimate the maximum potential liability for these types of indemnities as a maximum obligation is not explicitly stated in most cases and the amounts, if any, are dependent upon the outcome of future contingent events, the nature and likelihood of which cannot be reasonably estimated. The duration of the indemnities vary, and in many cases are indefinite. Cabot has not recorded any liability for these indemnities in the consolidated financial statements, except as otherwise disclosed.

The Company is partially self-insured for certain third-party liabilities globally, as well as workers’ compensation and employee medical benefits in the United States. The third-party and workers’ compensation liabilities are managed through a wholly-owned insurance captive and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. The employee medical obligations are managed by a third-party provider and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. To limit Cabot’s potential liabilities for these risks, however, the Company purchases insurance from third-parties that provides stop-loss protection. The self-insured liability in fiscal 2020 for third-party liabilities was $500,000 per accident for auto, $2 million per occurrence for all other, $1 million per accident for U.S. workers’ compensation, and the retention for medical costs in the United States is at most $250,000 per person per annum.

Cabot is a defendant, or potentially responsible party, in various lawsuits and environmental proceedings wherein substantial amounts are claimed or at issue.

As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, Cabot had $7 million and $13 million, respectively, reserved for environmental matters. These environmental matters mainly relate to former operations. The Company’s reserves for environmental matters represent Cabot’s best estimates of the probable costs to be incurred at those sites where costs are reasonably estimable based on the Company’s analysis of the extent of clean up required, alternative clean-up methods available, abilities of other responsible parties to contribute and its interpretation of laws and regulations applicable to each site. In fiscal 2020 and 2019, there was $3 million and $9 million, respectively, in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. In both fiscal 2020 and 2019, there was $4 million in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. Cabot reviews the adequacy of the reserves as circumstances change at individual sites and adjusts the reserves as appropriate. Almost all of Cabot’s environmental issues relate to sites that are mature and have been investigated and studied and, in many cases, are subject to agreed upon remediation plans. However, depending on the results of future testing, changes in risk assessment practices, remediation techniques and regulatory requirements, newly discovered conditions, and other factors, it is reasonably possible that the Company could incur additional costs in excess of environmental reserves currently recorded. Management estimates, based on the latest available information, that any such future environmental remediation costs that are reasonably possible to be in excess of amounts already recorded would be immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Charges for environmental expense were $1 million in both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019 and $6 million in fiscal 2018 and are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash payments related to these environmental matters were $7 million in fiscal 2020, $2 million in fiscal 2019 and $3 million in fiscal 2018. The Company anticipates that expenditures related to these environmental matters will be made over a number of years.

The operation and maintenance component of the $7 million reserve for environmental matters was $4 million at September 30, 2020.

In November 2013, Cabot entered into a Consent Decree with the EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”) regarding Cabot’s three carbon black manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This settlement is related to EPA’s national enforcement initiative focused on the U.S. carbon black manufacturing sector alleging non-compliance with certain regulatory and permitting requirements under The Clean Air Act, including the New Source Review (“NSR”) construction permitting requirements. Pursuant to this settlement, Cabot is in the process of installing technology controls for the reduction of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions at certain of its carbon black plants.

Cabot has exposure in connection with a safety respiratory products business that a subsidiary acquired from American Optical Corporation (“AO”) in an April 1990 asset purchase transaction. The subsidiary manufactured respirators under the AO brand and disposed of that business in July 1995. In connection with its acquisition of the business, the subsidiary agreed, in certain circumstances, to assume a portion of AO’s liabilities, including costs of legal fees together with amounts paid in settlements and judgments, allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to the 1990 purchase by the Cabot subsidiary. In exchange for the subsidiary’s assumption of certain of AO’s respirator liabilities, AO agreed to provide to the subsidiary the benefits of: (i) AO’s insurance coverage for the period prior to the 1990 acquisition and (ii) a former owner’s indemnity of AO holding it harmless from any liability allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to May 1982.

Generally, these respirator liabilities involve claims for personal injury, including asbestosis, silicosis and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, allegedly resulting from the use of respirators that are alleged to have been negligently designed and/or labeled. At no time did this respiratory product line represent a significant portion of the respirator market.

The subsidiary transferred the business to Aearo Corporation (“Aearo”) in July 1995. Cabot agreed to have the subsidiary retain certain liabilities associated with exposure to asbestos and silica while using respirators prior to the 1995 transaction so long as Aearo paid, and continues to pay, Cabot an annual fee of $400,000. Aearo can discontinue payment of the fee at any time, in which case it will assume the responsibility for and indemnify Cabot against those liabilities which Cabot’s subsidiary had agreed to retain. The Company anticipates that it will continue to receive payment of the $400,000 fee from Aearo and thereby retain these liabilities for the foreseeable future. Cabot has no liability in connection with any products manufactured by Aearo after 1995.

In addition to Cabot’s subsidiary and as described above, other parties are responsible for significant portions of the costs of respirator liabilities, leaving Cabot’s subsidiary with a portion of the liability in only some of the pending cases. These parties include Aearo, AO, AO’s insurers, another former owner and its insurers and a third-party manufacturer of respirators formerly sold under the AO brand and its insurers (collectively, with the Company’s subsidiary, the “Payor Group”).

Cabot has contributed to the Payor Group’s defense and settlement costs with respect to a percentage of pending claims depending on several factors, including the period of alleged product use. In order to quantify Cabot’s estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator liability claims, Cabot has engaged, through counsel, the assistance of Nathan Associates, Inc. (“Nathan”), a leading consulting firm in the field of tort liability valuation. The methodology used to estimate the liability addresses the complexities surrounding Cabot’s potential liability by making assumptions based on the Company’s experience with these claims about Cabot’s likely exposure related to claims pending for less than 10 years, the viability of pending claims, and the estimated number of future claimants with respect to periods of asbestos, silica and coal mine dust exposure and respirator use. Using those and other assumptions, the Company estimates the costs that would be incurred in defending and resolving both currently pending and future claims. During fiscal 2020, the Company updated this estimate with the assistance of Nathan. Based on the updated estimate, the Company updated its reserve as of September 30, 2020 for Cabot’s estimated share of the liability for pending and future respirator claims and recorded a charge of $3 million, which is included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This reserve reflects higher costs of defending and resolving these claims. Based on these estimates, as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company had $24 million and $35 million, respectively, reserved for its estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator claims, which is included in Other liabilities and Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects these liabilities to be incurred over a number of years.

In February 2020, Cabot, with certain members of the Payor Group, entered into a settlement agreement resolving a large group of claims, including claims alleging serious injury, brought by coal workers in Kentucky and West Virginia represented by common legal counsel. The Company’s share of this liability is $65.2 million, and during the second quarter of fiscal 2020, Cabot recorded a charge of $50 million for this settlement, which was included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company paid $32.6 million of this settlement in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. The remaining $32.6 million is included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and was paid by the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2021.

In fiscal 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded charges of $20 million and $10 million, respectively, related to the respirator liability which was included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In addition to the settlement noted above, the Company made payments related to its respirator liability of $4 million in fiscal 2020, $10 million in fiscal 2019 and $3 million in fiscal 2018.

The Company’s current estimate of the cost of its share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time, including the number and nature of the remaining claims. Developments that could affect the Company’s estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, including potential settlements of groups of claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received or changes in our assessment of the viability of these claims, (vi) trial and appellate outcomes, (vii) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (viii) the financial viability of the parties that contribute to the payment of respirator claims, (ix) exhaustion or changes in the recoverability of the insurance coverage maintained by certain members of the Payor Group, or a change in the availability of the indemnity provided by a former owner of AO, (x) changes in the allocation of costs among the various parties paying legal and settlement costs, and (xi) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate Cabot’s share of liability are no longer reasonable. The Company cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on its current estimate of its share of liability for existing and future claims. Because reserves are limited to amounts that are probable and estimable as of a relevant measurement date, and there is inherent difficulty in projecting the impact of potential developments on Cabot’s share of liability for these existing and future claims, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount.

The Company has received assessments from a non-U.S. taxing authority for VAT related to certain sales made and services provided by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries from 2014 through 2019. The Company believes these transactions are exempt from VAT and has filed legal actions challenging the taxing authority’s application of VAT to them. Hearings on these matters are ongoing and it will likely be a number of years before they are resolved. The Company believes its interpretation of these VAT rules is appropriate, and that it will be successful in its challenge against the taxing authority’s assessments. Accordingly, the Company does not believe it is probable that it will incur a loss related to these matters. However, the interpretation and application of these VAT rules is an unsettled issue, and the resolution of tax and regulatory matters is unpredictable. If it is determined in these proceedings that VAT applies to some or all of these various transactions, the Company could incur a charge that ranges between nil and $30 million for these matters, with the amount impacted by any interest and penalties associated with these matters and the amount, if any, of VAT the Company might subsequently recover from its customers.

The Company has various other lawsuits, claims and contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of its business and with respect to its divested businesses. The Company does not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on its financial position; however, litigation is inherently unpredictable. Cabot could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material impact on its results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued or its cash flows in the period in which the amounts are paid.