hrtg-10k_20181231.htm

Reconciliation of Reserve Balances to Liability for Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Unpaid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expense, Net of Reinsurance

Ceded Unpaid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expense

Unpaid Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expense

Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $370,254,852 on June 30, 2018, computed on the basis on the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.

As of March 7, 2019, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock was 30,360,758.

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, provided that if such Proxy Statement is not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed no later than the end of such 120-day period.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: our core strategy and ability to fully execute our business plan; our growth, competitive strengths, proprietary capabilities, processes and technology, results of operations and liquidity; statements concerning projections, predictions, expectations, estimates or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results and future economic performance; statements of management’s goals and objectives, including intentions to pursue certain business and handling of certain claims; projections of revenue, earnings, capital structure, reserves and other financial items; assumptions underlying our critical accounting policies and estimates; assumptions underlying statements regarding us and our business; and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ. A detailed discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included throughout this filing and particularly in Item 1A: "Risk Factors" and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or publicly release any revision to any such forward-looking statement, except as may otherwise be required by law.

These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management’s beliefs and assumptions. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrences of anticipated events. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Consequently, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., (“we”, “our”, “us” and “Heritage Insurance”), established in 2012 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2014, is a property and casualty insurance holding company that provides personal and commercial residential property insurance. We are headquartered in Clearwater, Florida and, through our insurance company subsidiaries, Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”) and Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), we write personal residential property insurance for single-family homeowners and condominium owners, and rental property insurance in the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. We also provide commercial residential insurance for Florida properties and are also licensed in the states of Maryland, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. We are vertically integrated and control or manage substantially all aspects of insurance underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting. We are led by an experienced senior management team with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience.

Our financial strength ratings are important to the Company in establishing our competitive position and can impact our ability to write policies. We are rated by both Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”) and Kroll Bond Rating Agency (“KBRA”). Demotech, a rating agency specializing in evaluating the financial stability of insurers, maintains a letter-scale financial stability rating system (“FSR”) from A’’ (A double prime) to L (licensed by insurance regulatory authorities). KBRA assigned an investment grade issuer rating to the Company and assigned insurance financial strength rating (“IFSR”) to our insurance company subsidiaries. The rating assigned to insurance companies ranges from AAA (extremely strong operations to no risk) to R (operating under regulatory supervision).

Demotech and KBRA have assigned the following IFSR to our key operating subsidiaries. Additionally, KBRA has assigned an investment grade issuer rating to us. The outlook for all ratings is stable.

Our operating subsidiaries include: Heritage P&C, which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance; NBIC, which provides personal residential property insurance; Zephyr, which provides residential wind-only property insurance within the State of Hawaii; Osprey Re Ltd. (“Osprey”), our reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Heritage MGA, LLC, our managing general agent; NBIC Service Company, which provides services to NBIC; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC (“CAN”), our vendor network manager for claims which includes BRC Restoration Specialists, Inc. (“BRC”), our provider of restoration, emergency and recovery services; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; and First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency.

Our primary products are personal and commercial residential property insurance, which at December 31, 2018 were offered in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. Our Florida domiciled insurance company, Heritage P&C, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. Our Hawaii domiciled insurance company, Zephyr, writes business only in Hawaii and is authorized by the Hawaii Insurance Division. Our Rhode Island domiciled insurance company, NBIC, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia. We conduct our operations under one business segment.

As of December 31, 2018, we had 512,793 personal residential policies in force, representing $840.9 million of annualized premium and approximately 3,000 commercial residential policies in force, representing $82.7 million of annualized premium for a total number of policies and annualized premium of 515,686 and $923.7 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we had gross premiums written of $923.3 million, $625.5 million, and $626.7 million, respectively and operating income of $69.5 million, $49.5 million, and $56.8 million respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had total assets of $1.8 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, and total stockholders’ equity of $425.3 million and $379.8 million, respectively.

Our strategy is to grow and geographically diversify our property insurance operations to achieve consistent positive results for our shareholders while mitigating the risk from a single or series of catastrophic weather events. This diversification also serves to enhance our supply of risk transfer partners and optimize reinsurance pricing. We began insurance operations in Florida through selective assumptions of business from Citizens, expanded our Florida business to include commercial and voluntary business, expanded our Florida insurance company to multiple new states, and through mergers and acquisitions we have expanded operations to Hawaii and the northeastern United States. We intend to continue to grow profitably by undertaking the following:

Our Florida book of business has evolved to include commercial residential business and expansion of the voluntary personal lines business. While we have significantly expanded our Florida marketing efforts, our goal is also to improve the profitability of our Florida personal lines business by enhancing product offerings while carefully underwriting the risk and ensuring product rate adequacy. The claims environment in South Florida has resulted in an escalation of water claims for which the severity has increased due to Assignment of Benefits (“AOB”). We have taken underwriting and rate actions to improve the profitability of our South Florida business. Our total insured value for personal lines business in Dade and Broward counties decreased year over year by 16.7%. Our Florida market share expanded through strategic opportunities to acquire profitable business from private insurers such as Sunshine State Insurance Company in 2014 and Sawgrass Mutual Insurance Company in 2017.

We continue to strategically evaluate our reinsurance program to obtain what we believe to be the most appropriate levels and sources of reinsurance. Our reinsurance program includes excess loss, quota share, per risk and facultative reinsurance. We believe there is sufficient capital to support our reinsurance program and that we have an opportunity to obtain favorable pricing and contract terms and conditions, including multi-year commitments on our catastrophe bond program. With the exclusion of 2018, we entered into fully collateralized multi-year catastrophe reinsurance agreements funded through the issuance of catastrophe bonds by Citrus Re, since 2014 and we will continue to evaluate cost-efficient alternatives to traditional reinsurance. Each year we evaluate whether to meet a portion of our reinsurance needs through the use of our reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey, which helps to manage our reinsurance expense and reduces our reliance on third-party reinsurance. Osprey Re did not absorb any losses from Hurricane Irma because we used third party reinsurers to cover catastrophe losses beyond the insurance companies’ retentions for the 2017 hurricane season. During 2018, Osprey Re absorbed approximately $20 million of combined losses from non-cat weather related events, Hurricane Florence, and Hurricane Michael.

We are committed to proactively managing our loss costs through prudent underwriting, performing critical aspects of claims adjusting through our employees, and the use of internal claims adjustment and repair services. In March 2014, we acquired the largest vendor in the CAN network, which we believe has allowed us to expand our in-house mitigation and restoration services. Additionally, the 2015 acquisition of assets of BRC provides us with additional resources and capabilities to perform restoration services in-house, as well as provide construction resources after a catastrophic event. To date, CAN and BRC have been extensively deployed in Florida only. We expanded the CAN network to North Carolina, Hawaii, and New York during 2018. We have additional contracted resources to adjust claims and mitigate losses in all states in which we conduct business and have deployed those additional resources as needed after catastrophic events. We believe the multitude of internal and external resources allowed us to deliver timely service to our policyholders and better manage claims costs.

In addition to our proactive efforts to managing loss costs, we will continue to be proactive with respect to use of technology to better serve our agents and policyholders, streamline our processes, manage system implementation costs, and focus on efficiency.

We believe that our growth to date and our ability to capitalize on our future growth prospects are a result of the following competitive strengths of our business:

Experienced Management Team With a Long History in the Residential Property Insurance Market

We have an experienced executive management team led by Bruce Lucas, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Richard Widdicombe, President, Kirk Lusk, Chief Financial Officer and Ernesto Garateix, Chief Operating Officer. Our senior management team includes twelve insurance professionals, with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience, extensive experience in the personal and commercial residential insurance market, longstanding relationships with key participants in the insurance industry and is supported by a group of highly qualified individuals with industry expertise, including an actuarial staff with significant property insurance experience.

As of December 31, 2018, we had stockholders’ equity of $425.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, Heritage P&C, Zephyr, PIC and NBIC had policyholder surplus, as defined by statutory accounting principles, of $173.8 million, $84.3 million, $4.1 million and $113.0 million, respectively. The surplus for each of our insurance subsidiaries is in excess of the minimum capital levels required by our insurance regulators and Demotech for similarly rated insurance companies.

We believe our proprietary data analytics capabilities and underwriting processes allowed us to make better selections of the insurance policies we assumed from the Citizens depopulation program, leading to profitability and high levels of retention of business. These analytics and underwriting processes also contribute to successful underwriting of our voluntary personal and commercial lines business. Our data analytics are embedded in the underwriting process and are used for strategic expansion into new product lines and states.

We believe that the vertical integration of our claims adjustment, water mitigation, and repair services provides us with a competitive advantage. Through our management of both claims adjusting and repair services, we are generally able to begin the adjustment and mitigation process timely which serves to better manage loss costs. We also believe our unique model provides a superior level of customer service for our policyholders, enhancing our reputation and increasing the likelihood that our policyholders will renew their policies with us. We anticipate expansion of this model in other states will improve customer service levels and operating results.

We manage our exposure to catastrophic events through, among other things, the purchase of reinsurance. Our relationships with highly rated reinsurers have been developed as a result of our management team’s industry experience, and our reputation for selective underwriting and effective claims management. Our financial strength, underwriting results and the long-term relationships between our management team and our reinsurance partners help improve the cost-effectiveness of our reinsurance program.

We have developed relationships with a substantial network of independent insurance agents. We have partnerships with certain large retail agencies which amplify our production. We believe we have been able to build this network due to our reputation for financial stability, commitment to our markets and integrity in the underwriting and claims process. We have entered strategic relationships with national insurers and agencies that no longer write substantial personal residential insurance in some of the states in which we do business, which provides us access to their network of agents.

The market for residential property insurance is highly competitive in most of the states in which we do business. We compete to varying degrees with insurers including large national carriers, state-sponsored homeowners’ insurance entities, and single state or regional carriers. We believe Heritage differentiates itself from many competitors with our service levels, financial resources, streamlined processes, and vertical integration which provides loss mitigation and repair services.

Our growth strategy centers on expansion of product offerings in our existing markets and expansion to new coastal areas of the United States which could include opportunistic acquisitions.

Heritage P&C writes voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents in each of the states in which it is licensed. We have more than 2,300 actively writing independent agents in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Approximately 35% of our new voluntary premium is written by agents that are affiliated with eight large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements.

Zephyr writes voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of approximately 70 independent agents in Hawaii. Approximately 52% of our voluntary premium is written by agents that are affiliated with three large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements.

NBIC writes voluntary personal lines policies through a network of retail independent agents, wholesale agents and a partnership with a large direct agency. We maintain master agency agreements with approximately 175 retail independent agents, representing over 500 agency locations, including several large agency networks. We also distribute indirectly to over 1,500 retail locations through 8 wholesale agency relationships. Our three largest relationships represent approximately $150.0 million, or 44% annualized premiums.

We historically wrote commercial residential policies only in the state of Florida. We market and write commercial residential policies through a network of approximately 400 independent agents in Florida. We intend to pursue additional voluntary business from these agents in our existing independent agent network, expand our independent agent network and seek additional opportunities to increase our commercial residential policies in Florida. Additionally, we have expanded our commercial residential product to New Jersey and we intend to expand to other strategically targeted states. At December 31, 2018, we had 2,973 commercial residential policies with in force premium of $82.7 million.

In order to limit our potential exposure to individual risks and catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers. Purchasing reinsurance is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums paid (or ceded) to reinsurers is one of our largest costs. We have strong relationships with reinsurers which we believe are a result of our management’s industry experience and reputation for selective underwriting and effective claim management. For each of the twelve months beginning June 1, 2017 and 2018, we purchased catastrophe reinsurance from the following sources: (i) the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, a state-mandated catastrophe fund (“FHCF”) for Florida policies only, (ii) private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) or were fully collateralized, (iii) sponsorship of multiple catastrophe bonds that provide principal limit, which does not include reinstatements, that can be drawn upon over a three year period, and (iv) our wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey. In addition to purchasing catastrophe reinsurance, we also purchased quota share and property per risk and facultative reinsurance. Our net quota share program limits our exposure on non-catastrophe losses and provides ceding commission income. Our gross quota share program limits our exposure on both non-catastrophe and catastrophe losses and provides ceding commission income. Our per risk program limits our net exposure in the event of a severe non-catastrophe loss impacting a single location or risk. We also utilize facultative reinsurance to supplement our per risk reinsurance program where our capacity needs dictate. See “-Reinsurance – 2018 – 2019 Reinsurance Program” of this report for additional information.

Our insurance regulators and ratings agency require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital reserves and reinsurance coverage to cover losses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our reinsurance programs provide reinsurance in excess of regulatory requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year.

We closely manage all aspects of our claim’s adjustment process. Claims are initially reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who determine the extent of the loss and the resources needed to adjust each claim. In the case of a catastrophic event, we have contracted with multiple large national claims adjusting firms to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. In March 2014, we completed the acquisition of the assets and personnel of our main water mitigation services vendor and created our wholly-owned subsidiary, CAN. This acquisition has allowed us to better service our Florida based customers and expand our mitigation and restoration services. CAN primarily handles water damage-related claims, which comprised a significant component of our non-catastrophe Florida losses and loss adjustment expenses through December 31, 2018. We also leverage our 2015 acquisition, BRC, to manage and provide restoration services to CAN customers for all types of claims. We deployed our extensive resources at CAN and BRC to perform emergency claim services and repairs in the aftermath of Hurricanes Irma, Florence and Michael. Our CAN network was expanded to Hawaii, North Carolina, and New York in 2018 and we expect to continue the expansion to other states. We believe our approach to claims handling results in a higher level of customer service and reduces our losses and loss adjustment expense.

Our insurance business is seasonal; hurricanes typically occur during the period from June 1 through November 30 and winter storms generally impact the first and fourth quarters each year. With our catastrophe reinsurance program effective on June 1 each year, any variation in the cost of our reinsurance, whether due to changes to reinsurance rates or changes in the total insured value of our policy base will occur and be reflected in our financial results beginning June 1 of each year, subject to certain adjustments.

All of our premium in force is generated from properties located in coastal states. The following charts depicts the distribution by percentages of our in-force premium as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Our underwriters evaluate and accept only those risks that they believe will enable us to achieve an underwriting profit. To achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis, we focus on (1) the suitability of the risk to be assumed or written, (2) the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written and (3) the geographic distribution of existing policies for our business.

All of our underwriting is performed internally with our experienced staff. The underwriting team includes an actuarial staff, underwriters, and product development personnel. Our underwriting team uses our proprietary data analytics, which include a number of automated processes, to analyze a number of risk evaluation factors, including the age, construction, location and value of the residence as well as premiums to be received from insuring the residence. New technological advances in computer generated geographical mapping afford us an enhanced perspective as to geographic concentrations of policyholders. When considering the geographic distribution of existing policies, our underwriters may consider the number of other properties we insure within the same region, county, city and zip code. We also consider the cost of reinsurance when assessing the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written. The underwriting criteria that we consider will continue to evolve as our business grows and expands.

We also review our expiring policies to determine whether those risks continue to meet our underwriting guidelines. If a given policy no longer meets our underwriting guidelines, we will take appropriate action regarding that policy, including raising premium rates or, to the extent permitted by applicable law not offering to renew the policy.

We have engaged providers of web-based software solutions and insurance personnel, to provide us with policy administration services for our business, including processing, billing and policy maintenance. The software is able to adapt to a variety of forms and rates, handle the administration of an increasing number of policies as our Company grows and expands, and provide detailed information about our book of business to our internal underwriters so that they can adjust our underwriting criteria as necessary. The software provides us with daily updates regarding the insurance policies that we have issued. The systems also allow us to provide renewal notices, late payment notices, cancellation notices, endorsements and policies to our policyholders in a timely fashion.

We closely manage all aspects of the claims process, from processing the initial filing to providing remediation services for claims through our wholly-owned subsidiary, CAN, or preferred vendors. When a policyholder contacts us to report a claim, members of our claims department create a claim file and aggregate the appropriate supporting documentation. Claims are then reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who assess the extent of the loss, including through on-site investigations, and determine the resources needed to adjust each claim. Our claims are generally adjusted by our staff claims professionals, except in the case of a catastrophic event for which we have contracted with several large national claims adjusting firms and experienced independent contractors to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. We currently leverage our CAN vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to our policyholders.

We perform or supervise the services rendered to our policyholders at all stages of the claims process, which we believe allows us to reduce cost and provide a high level of customer service to our policyholders. We have in-house resources as well as outsourced vendor relationships for water mitigation and rebuilding after a loss. We engage our affiliates CAN and BRC as well as preferred service providers. To encourage our Florida policyholders to allow us to manage their claims from beginning to end, we developed our Platinum Program. Under the Platinum Program, participating customers receive a 10% discount on their claim deductible, and we obtain control over inspection, claims adjusting and repair services.

Our liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses represents our preliminary estimated liability of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid (case reserves), (ii) claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to us (“IBNR”), and (iii) loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) which are intended to cover the ultimate cost of settling claims, including investigation and defense of lawsuits resulting from such claims.

Considerable time can pass between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss and the payment of that loss. Our liability for losses and LAE, which we believe represents the best estimate at a given point in time based on facts, circumstances and historical trends then known, may necessarily be adjusted to reflect additional facts that become available during the loss settlement period. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, evolving claims experience and new information obtained.

For a discussion and summary of the activity in the liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, see Note 11 — “Reserve for Unpaid Losses” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our business depends upon the use, development and implementation of integrated technology systems. These systems enable us to provide a high level of service to agents and policyholders by processing business efficiently, communicating and sharing data with agents, providing a variety of methods for the payment of premiums and allowing for the accumulation and analysis of information for our management. We believe the availability and use of these technology systems has resulted in improved service to agents and customers, increased efficiencies in processing our multi-state insurance business and lower operating costs.

We license policy and claims administration and catastrophe modeling software from third parties. We also own, or license other technology systems used by our insurance company affiliates. These technology systems consist primarily of an integrated central processing computer, a series of server-based computer networks, a back-up server and various Internet-based communications systems.

In order to limit our potential exposure to catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers and sponsor catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re. The catastrophe reinsurance may be on an excess of loss or quota share basis. We also purchase reinsurance for non-catastrophe losses on a quota share, per risk or facultative basis. Purchasing a sufficient amount of reinsurance to consider catastrophic losses from single or multiple events or significant non-catastrophe losses is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums paid (or ceded) to reinsurers is one of our largest cost components. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss.

Our reinsurance agreements are prospective contracts. We record an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of our new reinsurance agreements. We generally amortize our catastrophe reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period on a straight-line basis, which is June 1 through May 31. Our quota share reinsurance is amortized over the 12-month contract period and may be purchased on a calendar or fiscal year basis.

In the event that we incur losses and loss adjustment expenses recoverable under our reinsurance program, we record amounts recoverable from our reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of our liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to our estimate of unpaid losses. As a result, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly in the near term from the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements.

Our insurance regulators require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital and reinsurance coverage in order to cover losses and loss adjustment expenses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our 2018-2019 reinsurance program provides reinsurance in excess of our state regulator requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once in every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. The nature, severity and location of the event giving rise to such a probable maximum loss differs for each insurer depending on the insurer’s portfolio of insured risks, including, among other things, the geographic concentration of insured value within such portfolio. As a result, a particular catastrophic event could be a one-in-100-year loss event for one insurance company while having a greater or lesser probability of occurrence for another insurance company. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year. We share portions of our reinsurance program coverage among our insurance company affiliates.

Effective June 1, 2018, we entered into catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance agreements covering Heritage P&C, Zephyr and NBIC. The catastrophe reinsurance programs are allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”) and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). The FHCF covers Florida risks only and we participate at 45%. Citrus Re, which provides fully collateralized multi-year coverage, covers catastrophe losses incurred by Heritage P&C only through the 2016 Class D and 2017-1 Notes, and covers catastrophe losses incurred by Heritage P&C, Zephyr and NBIC through the 2016 Class E Note. Our third-party reinsurers are either rated “A- “or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or are fully collateralized, to reduce credit risk.

The reinsurance program, which is segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The 2018-2019 reinsurance program provides first event coverage up to $1.6 billion for Heritage P&C, first event coverage up to $801 million for Zephyr, and first event coverage up to $1.0 billion for NBIC. Our first event retention for each insurance company subsidiary follows: Heritage P&C - $20.0 million; Zephyr - $20.0 million; NBIC – $12.8 million. Our second and third event retentions for each insurance company subsidiary follows: Heritage P&C - $16.0 million; Zephyr - $16 million; NBIC – $8.8 million.

Our program was placed on a cascading basis which provides greater horizontal protection in a multiple small events scenario and features additional coverage enhancements. This coverage exceeds the requirements established by the Companies’ rating agency, Demotech, Inc., the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, the Hawaii Insurance Division, and the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2019, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage.

We are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our reinsurance program. For second or subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $3.4 billion of limit purchased in 2018 includes reinstatement through the purchase of reinsurance reinstatement premium. In total, we have purchased $3.5 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events.

The Company's estimated net cost for the 2018-2019 catastrophe reinsurance programs is approximately $252.0 million.

NBIC purchased an 8% gross quota share reinsurance treaty effective June 1, 2018 which provides ground up loss recoveries of up to $1.0 billion. Prior to this treaty, NBIC’s gross quota share treaty was 18.75%.

NBIC’s Net Quota Share coverage is proportional reinsurance for which certain of our other reinsurance inures to the quota share (property catastrophe excess of loss and reinstatement premium protection and the second layer of the general excess of loss.) An occurrence limit of $20.0 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of reinsurance commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. NBIC ceded 49.5% of net premiums and losses during 2018 to the Net Quota Share and 8% of the 2017 Net Quota Share was runoff. The Net Quota Share program was renewed on December 31, 2018 ceding 52.0% of the net premiums and losses and 10% of the prior year quota share will runoff.

$1.1 billion of limit is structured on an aggregate basis (Top and Aggregate, Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4, Stub layers, Multi-Zonal, 2017-1 Notes and 2016 Class E Notes). To the extent that this coverage is not fully exhausted in the first catastrophic event, it provides coverage commencing at its reduced retention for second and subsequent events where underlying coverage has been previously exhausted. The Company paid a reinsurance reinstatement premium for $669.0 million of this coverage, which can be reinstated one time. Layers (with exception to FHCF and 2016 Class D Notes) are “net” of a $40.0 million attachment point. Layers inure to the subsequent layers if the aggregate limit of the preceding layer(s) is exhausted, and the subsequent layer cascades down in its place.

NBIC placed 42.50% of an aggregate contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on May 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2018. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million, retention of $3.0 million and franchise deductible of $1.5 million.

NBIC placed 92.00% of an occurrence contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on May 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2018. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million with a retention of $20.0 million.

NBIC placed 40.00% of an aggregate contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2018, expiring May 31, 2019. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million, retention of $20.0 million and franchise deductible of $1.0 million.

NBIC placed 100.00% of an occurrence contract, which covers all catastrophe losses excluding named storms, on December 31, 2018, expiring December 31, 2019. The limit on the contract is $20.0 million with a retention of $20.0 million and has 1 reinstatement available.

The Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1.0 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9.0 million and total limit for all losses is $27.0 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance in excess of $10.0 million for any commercial properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10.0 million.

NBIC’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, both property and casualty. The casualty coverage provided by this contract also responds on a “Clash” basis, meaning that multiple policies involved in a single loss occurrence can be aggregated into one loss and applied to the reinsurance contract. The coverage is in two layers in excess of NBIC’s retention of the first $300,000 of loss. The first layer is $450,000 excess $300,000 and the second layer is $2.75 million excess $750,000 (Casualty second layer is $1.25 million excess $750,000). Both layers are 92% placed with the gross quota share providing the additional 8% coverage.

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $3.75 million.

The following graphics depict our reinsurance program structure for the 2018 - 2019 hurricane season:

The Multi-Zonal cover responds in a first event for NBIC when there is at least a $200m loss to HPCIC for the same event.

For the twelve months ending May 31, 2019, we purchased reinsurance from the following sources: (i) FHCF (i.e. Florida risks only), (ii) Citrus Re Ltd, and (iii) over 50 third-party private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or which were fully collateralized. There is no single reinsurer representing more than 10% of the limit purchased for our program, excluding Citrus Re catastrophe bonds and FHCF. The chart below lists our third-party reinsurers with A.M. Best and S&P ratings for all Heritage insurance company subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018.

Reinsurer	AM Best Rating	S&P Rating
Allied World Reinsurance Management Company/Allied World Insurance Company	A	A-
American Agricultural Insurance Company	A	NR
American Standard Insurance Company of Wisconsin	A	NR
Arch Reinsurance Company	A+	A+
Axis Reinsurance Company	A+	A+
Chubb Tempest Re USA LLC/ACE Property and Casualty Insurance Company	A++	AA
The Cincinnati Insurance Company	A+	A+
Employers Mutual Casualty Company	A	NR
Endurance Assurance Corporation	A+	A+
Everest Reinsurance Company	A+	A+
Munich Reinsurance America, Inc.	A+	AA-
Odyssey Reinsurance Company	A	A-
Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S.	A	A+
QBE Reinsurance Corporation	A	A+
Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc.	A+	A+
SCOR Reinsurance Company	A+	AA-
Swiss Re Underwriters' Agency/Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation	A+	AA-
The Toa Reinsurance Company of America	A	A+
Tokio Millennium Re AG (U.S. Branch)	A+	A+
Transatlantic Reinsurance Company	A+	A+
TransRe/General Reinsurance Corporation	A++	AA+
Validus Americas/Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd	A	A
XL Reinsurance America Inc.	A+	AA-
Ark Underwriting Inc/Lloyds Syndicate 4020	A	A+
Ascot Underwriting (Bermuda) Limited/AIG per AIRCO agreement	A	A+
Ascot Underwriting Inc./Lloyd's Syndicate 1414 (ASC)	A	A+
Aspen Re America/Aspen Insurance UK Limited	A	A
Brit Insurance Services USA, Inc/BRT Syndicate 2987 at Lloyd`s	A	A+
Brit Insurance Services USA, Inc/BRT Syndicate 2988 at Lloyd`s	A	A+
Hannover Rueck SE (obo Katarsis Capital Advisors SA)	A+	AA-
Hannover Rueck SE (obo Pillar Capital Management)	A+	AA-
Hannover Rueck SE	A+	AA-
Kelvin Re Limited	A-	NR
Mapfre Re, Compania de Reaseguros, S.A.	A	A
MS Amlin AG, Switzerland, Bermuda Branch	A	A
Satec Srl/New Reinsurance Company Ltd.	A+	AA-
SCOR Global P&C SE, Paris, Zurich Branch	A+	AA-
Tokio Millennium Re AG (Bermuda Branch) (obo Quantedge)	A+	A+
Tokio Millennium Re AG, Bermuda Branch	A+	A+
Tokio Millennium Re AG, Bermuda Branch (obo Aquilo)	A+	A+
Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland), Ltd	A	A
Lloyd's Syndicate 0033 (HIS)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 0382 (HDU)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 0435 (FDY)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 0623 (AFB)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 0727 (SAM)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1084 (CSL)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1183 (TAL)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1414 (ASC)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1729 (DUW)	A	A+

Lloyd's Syndicate 1856 (ACS)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1955 (BAR)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 1969 (APL)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2001 (AML)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2003 (XLC)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2007 (NVA)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2014 (ACA)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2468 (NEO)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2623 (AFB)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2791 (MAP)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2987 (BRT)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 2988 (BRT)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 3000 (MKL)	A	A+
Lloyd's Syndicate 4000 (PEM)	A	A+
Fidelis Underwriting Limited	A-	NR
Nautical Management Ltd on behalf of Syndicate 2357	A	A+
Neon Underwriting Bermuda Limited/Lloyd's Syndicate 2468	A	A+
Pioneer Underwriting Ltd (Pioneer CAT USDF) / Peak Reinsurance Company Ltd	A-	NR
Aeolus Re Ltd./Keystone PF Segregated Account	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Allianz Risk Transfer AG (Bermuda Branch)	A+	AA-
Allied World Assurance Company, Limited	A	A-
Aon Insurance Managers (Bermuda) Ltd/Securis Re I Ltd. SRB157 Seg Acct	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Aon Insurance Managers (Bermuda) Ltd/Securis Re IV Ltd. SRB457 Seg Acct	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Aon Insurance Managers (Bermuda) Ltd/Securis Re VI Ltd. SRB657 Seg Acct	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Aon Insurance Managers (Bermuda) Ltd/Securis Re VIII Ltd. SRB857 Seg Acct	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Arch Reinsurance Limited	A+	A+
Aspen Bermuda Limited	A	A
AXIS Specialty Limited	A+	A+
Chubb Tempest Reinsurance Ltd.	A++	AA
Eclipse Re Ltd/Segregated Account EC0017	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Eclipse Re Ltd/Segregated Account EC0018	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Endurance Specialty Insurance Ltd.	A+	A+
Fidelis Insurance Bermuda Limited	A-	NR
Hamilton Re, Ltd.	A-	NR
Hannover Re (Bermuda), Ltd.	A+	AA-
Hiscox Insurance Company (Bermuda) Limited	A	A
Horseshoe Re Limited/Segregated Account CC0070	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Horseshoe Re Limited/Segregated Account CC0071	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
IAT Reinsurance Company Limited	A-	NR
Lancashire Insurance Company Limited	A	A-
Markel Bermuda Limited	A	A
Partner Reinsurance Company Limited	A	A+
Prospero Re Ltd.	Fully Collateralized	Fully Collateralized
Qatar Reinsurance Company Limited	A	A
Third Point Reinsurance (USA) Ltd.	A-
Validus Reinsurance, Ltd.	A	A
XL Bermuda Ltd	A+	AA-
Asia Capital Reinsurance Group Pte Ltd	A-	A-
China Property & Casualty Reinsurance Company Ltd.	A	A
General Insurance Corporation of India	A-	NR
Korean Reinsurance Company	A	A
New India Assurance Company Limited	A-	NR
Taiping Reinsurance Company Limited	A	A
Lloyd's Syndicate 2001 (AML) (obo Leadenhall Capital Partners LLP)	A	A+

Our investments are managed by three third-party asset managers. We have designed our investment policy to provide a balance between current yield, conservation of capital and the liquidity requirements of our operations. As such, our investable assets are primarily held in cash and bonds of high credit quality with relatively short durations. Our investment policy sets guidelines that provide for a well-diversified investment portfolio that is compliant with insurance regulations applicable to the states in which we operate. Our investment objectives include liquidity, safety and security of principal, and returns. The investment policy limits investments in common and preferred stocks and requires a minimum weighted average portfolio quality of A for our bond portfolio with an overall duration of 2-5 years. No more than 2% of admitted assets can be invested in any one issuer, with slightly higher limits for highly rated securities, excluding government-related securities. Investments in commercial mortgages cannot exceed 10% of admitted assets. Prohibited investments include short sales and margin purchases, oil, gas, mineral or other types of leases, speculative uses of futures and options, unrated corporate securities, non-US denominated securities, convertible securities high risk CMO instruments, repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions and speculative foreign currency valuation transactions. Our investment policy, which may change from time to time, is approved by our Investment Committee and is reviewed on a regular basis in order to ensure that our investment policy evolves in response to changes in the financial markets. See Note 3 “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2018, we held $250.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $526.1 million in securities, which were comprised of $509.6 million in fixed maturities, $12.8 million in nonredeemable preferred stocks and $3.7 million in common stock. From the $509.6 million of fixed maturities, $31.0 million of U.S. government agency securities were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) in connection with a FHLB loan to Heritage P&C. See Note 12. Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The insurance industry is extensively regulated. Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to the laws and regulations of the states in which they do business. The insurance regulatory statutes and rules provide for regulation of virtually all aspects of the business of insurance companies. The states in which we conduct business, like many states, have adopted several model laws and regulations as promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). State statutes and administrative rules generally require each insurance company that is part of a holding company group to register with the department of insurance in its state of domicile and to furnish information concerning the operations of the companies within the holding company system which may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the group. As part of its registration, each insurance company must identify material agreements, relationships and transactions with affiliates, including without limitation loans, investments, asset transfers, transactions outside of the ordinary course of business, certain management, service, and cost sharing agreements, reinsurance transactions, dividends and consolidated tax allocation agreements. In some instances, individual state insurance laws and regulations are even more stringent that those promulgated by the NAIC or other states.

We are subject to regulations administered by a department of insurance in each state in which we do business. These regulations relate to, among other things:

The State of Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (“FLOIR”) imposed certain additional solvency related requirements as a condition of receiving a certificate of authority for our Florida insurance company subsidiary. Finally, our insurance company affiliates are subject to state regulations or consent orders setting conditions related to various transactions, including intercompany transactions. We are in full compliance with all consent orders.

State regulators where we are and may become licensed and offer insurance products conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to financial condition, holding company issues and other matters. These regulatory authorities also conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. Additionally, we are subject to assessments levied by governmental and quasi-governmental entities from the states in which we conduct business.

As of December 31, 2018, we had 447 employees, 438 of whom are full-time. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreement and have not experienced any work stoppages or strikes as a result of labor disputes. We consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.

We make available free of charge on our website, www.heritagepci.com, all materials that we file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such materials with, or furnishing them to, the SEC. During the period covered by this Form 10-K, we made all such materials available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such materials with the SEC.

The SEC maintains an Internet website, www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC.

Our principal executive offices are located at 2600 McCormick Drive, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33759.

For financial information by operating segment and geographic area, see Part II, Item 8, Note 23, "Segment Data".

Set forth below are certain risk factors that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. You should carefully read the following risk factors, together with the financial statements, related notes and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer if any of the following risks are realized. If any of these risks or uncertainties occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that contain risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the discussion of “Forward-Looking Statements” of this Annual Report in connection with your consideration of the risk factors and other important factors that may affect future results described herein.

Our loss reserves are estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual liability for losses, causing our results of operations to be adversely affected.

We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves. Our current loss reserves are based primarily on our historical data and statistical projections of what we believe the resolution and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances then known to us. As a company with limited operating history, our claims experience and our experience with the risks related to certain claims is inherently limited. We use company historical data to the extent it is available and rely on industry historical data which may not be indicative of future periods. As a result, our projections and our estimates may be inaccurate, which in turn may cause our actual losses to exceed our loss reserves. If our actual losses exceed our loss reserves, our financial results, our ability to expand our business and to compete in the property and casualty insurance industry may be negatively affected.

Factors that affect unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include the estimates made on a claim-by-claim basis known as “case reserves” coupled with bulk estimates known as “incurred but not yet reported” (or “IBNR”). Periodic estimates by management of the ultimate costs required to resolve all claims are based on our analysis of historical data and estimations of the impact of numerous factors such as (i) per claim information, (ii) industry and company historical loss experience and development patterns, (iii) legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in the awarding of damages and changes in political attitudes, and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Management revises its estimates based on the results of its analysis. This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for estimating the ultimate resolution of all claims. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of the reserves because the eventual redundancy or deficiency is affected by multiple factors.

Because of the inherent uncertainties in the reserving process, we cannot be certain that our reserves will be adequate to cover our actual losses and loss adjustment expenses. If our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are less than actual losses and loss adjustment expenses, we will be required to increase our reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Future loss experience substantially in excess of our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses could substantially harm our results of operations and financial condition.

Because a large portion of our insurance business is conducted in coastal states, any single catastrophic event, or a series of such events, or other condition affecting losses could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2018, all of our premium in force related to business in coastal states. The distribution of our policies is generally consistent with that of the populations in those states and is therefore more concentrated in densely-populated coastal areas. A single catastrophic event, or a series of such events, destructive weather pattern, general economic trend, regulatory development or other condition specifically affecting the states in which we conduct business, particularly the more densely populated areas of those states, could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we actively manage our exposure to catastrophic events through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance on an excess of loss and quota share basis, the fact that our business is concentrated in coastal states subjects us to increased exposure to certain catastrophic events and destructive weather patterns such as hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, and winter storms in the northeastern United States. Changes in the prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, political, demographic and competitive environment, and other conditions in the states in which we conduct business could also make it less attractive for us to do business and would have a more pronounced effect on our business than it would on other insurance companies that are more geographically diversified than we are. Since our business is concentrated in this manner, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events or other conditions affecting insured losses in the states in which we do business could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have exposure to unpredictable catastrophes, which can materially and adversely affect our financial results.

We write insurance policies that cover homeowners, condominium owners and commercial residential buildings for losses that result from, among other things, catastrophes. We are therefore subject to losses, including claims under policies we have assumed or written, arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. A significant catastrophe, or a series of catastrophes, could also have an adverse effect on our reinsurers. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, snow storms, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, power outages, fires and by man-made events, such as terrorist attacks. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected and the severity of the event. Our policyholders are currently concentrated in coastal states, which are especially subject to adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and winter storms. Therefore, although we attempt to manage our exposure to catastrophes through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance protection, an especially severe catastrophe or series of catastrophes could exceed our reinsurance protection and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In total, for the period from June 1, 2018 through May 31, 2019, we have purchased up approximately $3.5 billion of catastrophe reinsurance coverage for Heritage P&C, Zephyr, and NBIC, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, is subject to the severity and frequency of such events. We may experience significant losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our retention.

Our results of operations may fluctuate significantly based on industry factors.

The insurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted an increase in pricing. As premium levels increase, there may be new entrants to the market, which could then lead to increased competition, a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms and fewer opportunities to underwrite insurance risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers, including changes resulting from multiple and/or catastrophic weather events, may affect the cycles of the insurance business significantly. We cannot predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Negative market conditions may impair our ability to write insurance at rates that we consider appropriate relative to the risk assumed. If we cannot write insurance at appropriate rates, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, the uncertainties inherent in the reserving process, together with the potential for unforeseen developments, including changes in laws and the prevailing interpretation of policy terms, may result in losses and loss adjustment expenses materially different from the reserves initially established. Changes to prior year reserves will affect current underwriting results by increasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be redundant or by decreasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be insufficient. We are not allowed to record contingency reserves to account for expected future losses. As a result, we expect volatility in operating results in periods in which significant loss events occur because generally accepted accounting principles do not permit insurers or reinsurers to reserve for loss events until they have occurred and are expected to give rise to a claim. We anticipate that claims arising from future events may require the establishment of substantial reserves from time to time.

We may not be able to collect reinsurance amounts due to us from the reinsurers with which we have contracted.

Reinsurance is a method of transferring part of an insurance company’s risk under an insurance policy to another insurance company. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss. We use reinsurance arrangements to limit and manage the amount of risk we retain, to stabilize our underwriting results and to increase our underwriting capacity. Our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers under the reinsurance treaties we currently have in effect is subject to the reinsurance company’s ability and willingness to pay and to meet its obligations to us. We attempt to select financially strong reinsurers with an A.M. Best or S&P rating of “A-” or better or we require the reinsurer to fully collateralize its exposure. While we monitor from time to time their financial condition, we also rely on our reinsurance broker and rating agencies in evaluating our reinsurers’ ability to meet their obligations to us.

Our reinsurance coverage in any given year may be concentrated with one or a limited group of reinsurers. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2018, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage. Any failure on the part of any one reinsurance company to meet its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

All residential insurance companies that write business in Florida, including Heritage P&C, are required to obtain reinsurance through the FHCF, and this coverage comprises a substantial portion of the Heritage P&C reinsurance program for our Florida insured properties. The limit and retention of the FHCF coverage is subject to upward or downward adjustment based on, among other things, submitted exposures to FHCF by all participants. We have purchased private reinsurance alongside our FHCF layer to fill in gaps in coverage that may result from the adjustment of the limit or retention of our FHCF coverage; however, such reinsurance would not cover any losses we may incur as a result of FHCF’s inability to pay the full amount of our claims. If a catastrophic event occurs in Florida, the FHCF may not have sufficient funds to pay all of its claims from insurance companies in full or in a timely manner. This could result in significant financial, legal and operational challenges to our Company. In the event of a catastrophic loss, FHCF’s ability to pay may be dependent upon its ability to issue bonds in amounts that would be required to meet its reinsurance obligations. There can be no assurance that FHCF will be able to do this. While we believe FHCF currently has adequate capital and financing capacity to meet its reinsurance obligations, there can be no assurance that it will be able to meet its obligations in the future, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Reinsurance coverage may not be available to us in the future at commercially reasonable rates or at all.

The cost of reinsurance is subject to prevailing market conditions beyond our control such as the amount of capital in the reinsurance market, as well as the frequency and magnitude of natural and man-made catastrophes. We cannot be assured that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us in the amounts we consider sufficient and at prices acceptable to us. As a result, we may determine to increase the amount of risk we retain or look for other alternatives to reinsurance, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates, effectively integrate newly acquired businesses or achieve expected profitability from acquisitions.

Part of our growth strategy is to expand through the acquisition of complementary businesses. There can be no assurance that suitable candidates for acquisitions can be identified or, if suitable candidates are identified, that acquisitions can be completed on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if suitable candidates are identified, any future acquisitions may entail a number of risks that could adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock, including the integration of the acquired operations, diversion of management's attention, risks of entering new market regions in which we have limited experience, adverse short-term effects on our reported operating results, the potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses and risks associated with unanticipated liabilities.

We may use our common stock to pay for acquisitions. If the owners of potential acquisition candidates are not willing to receive our common stock in exchange for their businesses, our acquisition prospects could be limited. Future acquisitions could also result in accounting charges, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and increased debt and contingent liabilities, including liabilities related to unknown or undisclosed circumstances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our common stock

Increased competition, competitive pressures, industry developments and market conditions could affect the growth of our business and adversely impact our financial results.

The property and casualty insurance industry in the states in which we do business is cyclical and, during times of increased capacity, highly competitive. We compete not only with other stock companies, but also with state governmental insurance entities, mutual companies, other underwriting organizations and alternative risk sharing mechanisms. Our principal lines of business are written by numerous other insurance companies. Competition for any one account may come from very large, well-established national companies, smaller regional companies, other specialty insurers in our field and other companies that write insurance. Some of these competitors have greater financial resources, larger agency networks and greater name recognition than we do. We compete for business not only on the basis of price, but also on the basis of financial strength, types of coverages offered, and availability of coverage desired by customers, commission structure and quality of service. We may have difficulty continuing to compete successfully on any of these bases in the future. Competitive pressures coupled with market conditions may affect our rate of premium growth and financial results.

In addition, industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments could include:

These developments and others could make the property and casualty insurance marketplace more competitive by increasing the supply of insurance available. If competition limits our ability to write new business at adequate rates, our future results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance costs and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. In order to price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to successfully perform these tasks, and as a result price our products accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

In addition, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our profit margins. We could also overprice risks, which could reduce the number of policies we write and our competitiveness. In either event, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

The inherent uncertainty of models and our reliance on such models as a tool to evaluate risk may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

We license analytic and modeling software from third parties to facilitate our pricing, assess our risk exposure and determine our reinsurance needs. Given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might impact our exposure to losses. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming, and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.

We rely on independent agents to write voluntary insurance policies for us, and if we are not able to attract and retain independent agents, our revenues would be negatively affected.

We write voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents. Of our network of approximately 2,300 Florida independent agents, approximately 35% of new business is affiliated with eight large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements, which are generally terminable with notice. Of our network of approximately 73 Hawaii independent agents, approximately 50% are affiliated with three large multi-producer agencies. Of our network of approximately 175 retail independent agents for business in the northeastern United States, our three largest relationships represent approximately $150.0 million in annualized premiums.

As of December 31, 2018, voluntary policies written through independent agents, constituted approximately 77.6% of our total policies in force and represented approximately $644.7 million in annualized premiums. Our strategic focus is to grow the number of voluntary policies throughout the states in which we are licensed, which will further increase our reliance on our network of independent agents. If any of our independent agents cease writing policies for us, or if any of our master agency agreements are terminated, we may suffer a reduction in the amount of products we are able to sell, which would negatively impact our results.

Many of our competitors also rely on independent agents. As a result, we must compete with other insurers for independent agents’ business. Our competitors may offer a greater variety of insurance products, lower premiums for insurance coverage, or higher commissions to their agents. If our products, pricing and commissions do not remain competitive, we may find it more difficult to attract business from independent agents to sell our products.

The failure of our claims department to effectively manage or remediate claims could adversely affect our insurance business, financial results and capital requirements.

We rely on our claims department and any outsourced claims resources to facilitate and oversee the claims adjustment process for our policyholders. Many factors could affect the ability of our claims department to effectively manage claims by our policyholders, including:

Any failure to effectively manage the claims adjustment process, including failure to pay claims accurately, could lead to material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace, impair our corporate image and negatively affect our financial results.

Additionally, in the final stage of the claims process, we leverage CAN’s vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to the policyholder. If such services are not performed properly, we may face liability. Although we maintain professional liability insurance to cover losses arising from our repair and remediation services, there can be no assurances that such coverage is adequate. In addition, our failure to timely and properly remediate claims, or the perception of such failure, may damage our reputation and adversely affect our ability to renew existing policies or write new policies.

Our business is subject to operational risks, including systems or human failures.

We are subject to operational risks including fraud, employee errors, failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements or obligations under our agreements, failure of our providers, such as investment custodians, actuaries, information technology providers, etc., to comply with our service agreements, or information technology failures. Losses from these risks may occur from time to time and may be significant.

If actual renewals of our existing contracts do not meet expectations, our premiums written in future years and our future results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our insurance policies are written for a one-year term. We make assumptions about the renewal of our prior year’s contracts, including for purposes of determining the amount of reinsurance we purchase. If actual renewals do not meet expectations or if we choose not to write on a renewal basis because of pricing conditions, our premiums written in future years and our future operations would be materially adversely affected, and we may purchase reinsurance beyond what we believe is the most appropriate level.

We may not be able to effectively execute our growth and diversification strategy.

We have and intend to continue to invest significant time and resources to develop and market geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or products and services and we may not achieve the return on our investment that we expect. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting customer preferences may also impact the successful implementation of our business plan. Such external factors and requirements may increase our costs and potentially affect the speed with which we will be able to pursue new market opportunities. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in bringing new insurance products or geographic expansion to our marketplace. Additionally, any geographic expansion, new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our growth and diversification strategy involves expansion of our business to states outside of our existing markets. Geographic diversification may be hindered by the fact that we have a limited operating history, and we may be unable to satisfy requirements imposed by state regulators and other third parties.

Our inability to maintain our financial stability rating may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings, and our liquidity, operating results and financial condition.

Financial stability ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and can have a significant effect on an insurance company’s business. Many insurance buyers, agents, brokers and secured lenders use the ratings assigned by rating agencies to assist them in assessing the financial stability and overall quality of the companies from which they are considering purchasing insurance or in determining the financial stability of the company that provides insurance. Each of our insurance company affiliates currently maintain a Demotech rating of “A” (“Exceptional”) or higher. Our insurance company subsidiaries and our parent company are also rated BBB- or better by KBRA. These financial stability ratings provide an objective baseline for assessing solvency and should not be interpreted as (and are not intended to serve as) an assessment of, a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold, any securities of an insurance company or its parent holding company, including shares of our common stock.

On an ongoing basis, rating agencies review the financial performance and condition of insurers and can downgrade or change the outlook on an insurer’s ratings due to, for example, a change in an insurer’s statutory capital, a reduced confidence in management or a host of other considerations that may or may not be under the insurer’s control. All ratings are subject to continuous review; therefore, the retention of these ratings cannot be assured. A downgrade in any of these ratings could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings and our ability to grow in the marketplace.

If we are unable to expand our business because our capital must be used to pay greater than anticipated claims, our financial results may suffer. Further, we may require additional capital in the future which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

Our future growth and future capital requirements will depend on our ability to expand the number of insurance policies we write, to expand the kinds of insurance products we offer and to expand the geographic markets in which we do business, all balanced by the business risks we choose to assume and cede. These growth initiatives require capital. Our existing sources of funds include possible sales of common or preferred stock, incurring debt and our earnings from operations and investments. Unexpected catastrophic events in our coverage areas, such as the hurricanes, may result in greater claims losses than anticipated, which could require us to limit or halt our growth while we redeploy our capital to pay these unanticipated claims unless we are able to raise additional capital.

To the extent that our present capital is insufficient to meet future operating requirements or to cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through financing or curtail our growth. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current capital together with our anticipated retained income will support our operations. However, we cannot provide any assurance in that regard, since many factors will affect the amount and timing of our capital needs, including our growth and profitability, the availability and cost of reinsurance, as well as possible acquisition opportunities, market disruptions and other unforeseeable developments. If we require additional capital, it is possible that equity or debt financing may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our stockholders could result, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of existing stockholders. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Heritage Insurance depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate and transfer funds to meet its debt obligations.

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. does not have significant revenue generating operations of its own. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations depends on the financial condition and operating performance of our subsidiaries. If the funds we receive from our subsidiaries, some of which are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions, are insufficient to meet our debt obligations, we may be required to raise funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, reduce or suspend dividend payments, or sell assets.

Our information technology systems, or those of our key service providers, may fail or suffer a loss of security which could adversely affect our business.

Our insurance business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our computer and data processing systems. We rely on these systems to perform actuarial and other modeling functions necessary for writing business, as well as to handle our policy administration process (i.e., handling and adjusting claims, the billing, printing and mailing of our policies, endorsements, renewal notices, etc.). The successful operation of our systems depends on a continuous supply of electricity. The failure of these systems or disruption in the supply of electricity could interrupt our operations and result in a material adverse effect on our business.

The development and expansion of our insurance business is dependent upon the successful development and implementation of advanced technology, including modeling, underwriting and information technology systems. Because we intend to expand our business by writing additional voluntary policies, expanding to new geographic areas and entering into new lines of business, we are enhancing our information technology systems to handle and process an increased volume of policies. Additionally, we have engaged service providers to provide us with policy and other administration services for certain policies and we intend to continue to utilize third party systems as our policy count grows. The failure of any of these systems to function as planned could slow our growth and adversely affect our future business volume and results of operations. In addition, we have licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable systems, or that our technology or applications will continue to operate as intended. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace these systems without slowing our underwriting response time. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology systems could result in management distraction, harm to our reputation, a loss or delay of revenues or increased expense.

We may be subject to information technology failures, including data protection breaches and cyber-attacks, that could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

We rely on our information technology systems for the effective operation of our business and for the secure maintenance and storage of confidential data relating to our business and for our policyholders. Although we have implemented security controls to protect our information technology systems, experienced programmers or hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls, and develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that compromise our confidential information or that of third parties and cause a disruption or failure of our information technology systems. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future be subject to "phishing" attacks in which third parties send emails purporting to be from reputable companies in order to obtain personal information and infiltrate our systems to initiate wire transfers or otherwise obtain proprietary or confidential information. A number of large, public companies have recently experienced losses based on phishing attacks and other cyber-attacks. Any compromise of our information technology systems could result in the unauthorized publication of our confidential business or proprietary information, result in the unauthorized release of customer, supplier or employee data, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, expose us to a risk of litigation, cause us to incur direct losses if attackers access our bank or investment accounts, or damage our reputation. The cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures either as a response to specific breaches or as a result of evolving risks, could be significant. In addition, our inability to use or access our information systems at critical points in time could adversely affect the timely and efficient operation of our business. Any delayed in our business growth, significant costs or lost policyholders resulting from these technology failures could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results.

Security breaches, cyber-attacks or fraudulent activity could result in damage to the Company’s operations or lead to reputational damage and expose the Company to significant liabilities.

A security breach of the Company’s computer systems, or those of the Company’s third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber attacks, could interrupt or damage its operations or harm its reputation. In addition, the Company could be subject to liability if confidential customer or employee information is misappropriated from its computer systems. Any compromise of security, including security breaches perpetrated on persons with whom the Company has commercial relationships, that results in the unauthorized access to or use of personal information or the unauthorized access to or use of confidential employee, customer, supplier or Company information, could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to the Company’s reputation, and a loss of confidence of the Company’s customers, vendors and others, which could harm its business and operations. Any compromise of security could deter people from entering into transactions that involve transmitting confidential information to the Company’s systems and could harm relationships with the Company’s suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Actual or anticipated cyber attacks may cause the Company to incur substantial costs, including costs to investigate, deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants. Despite the implementation of significant security measures, these systems may still be vulnerable to physical break-ins, computer viruses, programming errors, attacks by third parties or similar disruptive problems. The Company may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber attacks.

The Company’s customers provide personal information that we store and maintain in our Datawarehouse. While the Company has implemented systems and processes to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such personal information, there is no guarantee that these procedures are adequate to safeguard against all security breaches or misuse of the information. Furthermore, the Company relies on encryption and authentication technology to provide security and authentication to effectively secure transmission of confidential information, including customer bank account, credit card information and other personal information. However, there is no guarantee that these systems or processes will address all of the cyber threats that continue to evolve in addition, many of the third parties who provide products, services, or support to the Company could also experience any of the above cyber risks or security breaches, which could impact the Company’s policyholders and its business and could result in a loss of customers, suppliers or revenue.

Our disaster recovery and business continuity plans involve arrangements with our off-site, secure data centers. We cannot assure you that we will be able to access our systems from these facilities in the event that our primary systems are unavailable due to various scenarios, such as natural disasters or that we have prepared for every disaster or every scenario which might arise in respect of a disaster for which we have prepared, and cannot assure you our efforts in respect of disaster recovery will succeed, or will be sufficiently rapid to avoid harm to our business.

Lastly, the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to the Company’s business, and compliance with those requirements could result in additional costs. These costs associated with information security, such as increased investment in technology or investigative expenses, the costs of compliance with privacy laws, and fines, penalties and costs incurred to prevent or remediate information security or cyber breaches, could be substantial and adversely impact the Company’s business.

The development and implementation of new technologies will require an additional investment of our capital resources in the future.

Frequent technological changes, new products and services and evolving industry standards are all influencing the insurance business. We believe that the development and implementation of new technologies will require additional investment of our capital resources in the future. We have not determined, however, the amount of resources and the time that this development and implementation may require, which may result in short-term, unexpected interruptions to our business, or may result in a competitive disadvantage in price and/or efficiency, as we endeavor to develop or implement new technologies.

We conduct our business primarily from offices located in Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island where catastrophic weather events could damage our facilities or interrupt our power supply. The loss or significant impairment of functionality in these facilities for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, as we do not have significant redundancies to replace our facilities if functionality is impaired. We contract with a third-party vendor to maintain complete daily backups of our systems; however, we have not fully tested our plan to recover data in the event of a disaster.

We depend on our ability to attract and retain experienced underwriting talent and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. If the quality of our underwriters and other personnel decreases, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the specialized markets in which we operate and be unable to expand our operations, which could adversely affect our results.

The loss of, or failure to attract, key personnel could have a more significant impact on our business as compared to some of our competitors that are larger or have longer operating histories. We believe that our ability to grow and fully execute our business plan will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain additional skilled and qualified personnel and to expand, train and manage our employees. We may not be successful in doing so, because the competition for experienced personnel in the insurance industry is intense.

We are dependent on key executives, the loss of whom could adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends to a significant extent on the efforts of our senior management. We believe there are only a limited number of available and qualified executives with substantial experience in our industry. Accordingly, the loss of the services of one or more of the members of our senior management could delay or prevent us from fully implementing our business strategy and, consequently, significantly and negatively affect our business.

Currently, we only maintain key man life insurance with respect to Bruce Lucas, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. If any other member of senior management dies or becomes incapacitated, or leaves the company to pursue employment opportunities elsewhere, we would be solely responsible for locating an adequate replacement for such senior management and for bearing any related cost. To the extent that we are unable to locate an adequate replacement or are unable to do so within a reasonable period of time, our business may be significantly and negatively affected.

Our financial results may be negatively affected by the fact that a portion of our income is generated by the investment of our company’s capital, premiums and loss reserves.

A portion of our income is, and likely will continue to be, generated by the investment of our capital, premiums and loss reserves. The amount of income so generated is a function of our investment policy, available investment opportunities and the amount of available cash invested. We are also constrained by investment limitations required by our state insurance regulators. At December 31, 2018, approximately 68% of our total investments, cash and cash equivalents was invested in fixed-maturity and equity securities. We may, under certain circumstances, be required to liquidate our investments in securities at prices below book value, which may adversely affect our financial results. We currently hold all of our cash in accounts with four financial institutions and, as a result of this concentration, a portion of the balances in such accounts exceeds the FDIC insurance limits. While we monitor and adjust the balances in our accounts as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if any of these financial institutions fail and could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets.

We may alter our investment policy to accept higher levels of risk with the expectation of higher returns. Fluctuating interest rates and other economic factors make it impossible to estimate accurately the amount of investment income that will be realized. In fact, we may realize losses on our investments.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.

Loss frequency and severity in the property and casualty insurance industry in general and for our multi-peril personal lines business has continued to increase in recent years, principally driven by litigation and AOB in the State of Florida. Winter storms in the northeastern United States and hurricane activity have also affected losses incurred. In addition, many legal actions and proceedings have been brought on behalf of classes of complainants, which can increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third-party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards may render the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries inadequate for current and future losses. In addition, as industry practices and social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not be known at the time such policies are issued or renewed, and our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The failure of the risk mitigation strategies we utilize could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

However, there are inherent limitations in these tactics. No assurance can be given that an event or series of unanticipated events will not result in loss levels which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Lack of effectiveness of exclusions and other loss limitation methods in the insurance policies we assume or write could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations.

Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage which are designed to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. In addition, the policies we issue contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims to us and our right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While our insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the loss exposure to us and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect our loss experience, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our annual debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our 2019 Senior Credit Facility are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If the rates on which our borrowings are based were to increase from current levels, our debt service obligations on our variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash available to service our other obligations would decrease.

LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, is the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the London interbank market and is widely used as a reference for setting the interest rate on loans globally. We use LIBOR as a reference rate in our revolving credit facility to calculate interest due to our lender. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. It is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist at that time or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established such that it continues to exist after 2021. If LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to renegotiate our credit agreement with our lender. This could have an adverse effect on our financing costs.

Changing climate conditions may adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

Climate change, to the extent it produces extreme changes in temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could affect the frequency or severity of weather events. Further, it could reduce the affordability and availability of personal residential insurance, which could have an effect on pricing. Changes in weather patterns could also affect the frequency and severity of other natural catastrophe events to which we may be exposed.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and, provide a management report on the internal controls over financial reporting.

We have designed and implemented the internal controls over financial reporting in compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements. In the future, we may discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remediated, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. We may not be able to effectively and timely implement necessary control changes and employee training to ensure continued compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulatory and reporting requirements. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions and investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure and other requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we currently and may in the future take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to our internal control over financial reporting, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years from our initial public offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We would cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the year in which we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenues; (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700 million of equity securities; (iii) the issuance, in any three-year period, by our company of more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities held by non-affiliates; and (iv) the last day of the year ending after the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, which is December 31, 2019. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced reporting and other burdens. To the extent we take advantage of any of the reduced reporting burdens in this annual report or in future filings, the information that we provide our security holders may be different than you might get from other public companies in which you hold equity interests. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have chosen to “opt-out” of such extended transition period, however, and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt-out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

We are subject to extensive regulation which may reduce our profitability or limit our growth. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to extensive state regulation. Our insurance company affiliates are subject to supervision and regulation that is primarily designed to protect our policyholders rather than our stockholders, and such regulation is imposed by the states in which we are domiciled and the states in which our insurance subsidiaries do business. These regulations relate to, among other things, the approval of policy forms and premium rates, our conduct in the marketplace, our compliance with solvency and financial reporting requirements, transactions with our affiliates, and limitations on the amount of business we can write, the amount of dividends we can pay to stockholders, and the types of investments we can make. Insurance holding company regulations generally provide that transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates must be fair and reasonable and must be clearly and accurately disclosed in the records of the respective parties, with expenses and payments allocated between the parties in accordance with customary accounting practices. Many types of transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates, such as transfers of assets, loans, reinsurance agreements, service agreements, certain dividend payments by the insurance company and certain other material transactions, may be subject to prior approval by, or prior notice to, state regulatory authorities. If we are unable to obtain the requisite prior approval for a specific transaction, we would be precluded from taking the action, which could adversely affect our operations. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. In addition, regulatory authorities also may conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. These reviews may reveal deficiencies in our insurance operations or differences between our interpretations of regulatory requirements and those of the regulators.

State insurance regulations also frequently impose notice or approval requirements for the acquisition of specified levels of ownership in the insurance company or insurance holding company. For example, Florida law requires that a person may not, individually or in conjunction with any affiliated person of such person, acquire directly or indirectly, conclude a tender offer or exchange offer for, enter into any agreement to exchange securities for, or otherwise finally acquire 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a Florida domiciled stock insurer or of a controlling company, unless it is in compliance with certain notice and approval requirements. Such restriction may inhibit our ability to grow our business or achieve our business objectives.

Further, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Our insurance company affiliates may become subject to additional regulation imposed by our insurance regulators

In addition to compliance with statutes and regulations of the states in which we conduct business, especially the states in which our insurance company affiliates are domiciled, additional restrictions can be imposed by our insurance regulators. These restrictions are typically memorialized in a consent order entered into between the state regulator and the insurance company. We have, in certain cases, agreed to higher or more stringent restrictions than are otherwise required under the laws in the states in which we conduct business. Further, we are subject to consent orders setting conditions related to various transactions, including intercompany transactions.

In the event we are unable to comply with the additional regulation imposed by these consent orders, it may adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

We are subject to extensive regulation in the states in which we conduct business. The NAIC and state insurance regulators are constantly reexamining existing laws and regulations, generally focusing on modifications to holding company regulations, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws.

From time to time, states consider and/or enact laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. States also consider and/or enact laws that impact the competitive environment and marketplace for property and casualty insurance. Our insurance company subsidiaries currently transact insurance multiple states. The political environment in some states has sometimes led to aggressive regulation of property and casualty insurance companies. For example, in 2007, Florida enacted legislation that led to rate levels in the private insurance market that we believe, in many instances in the past, were inadequate to cover the related underwriting risk. This same legislation required Citizens to reduce its premium rates and begin competing against private insurers in the Florida residential property insurance market. Florida lawmakers may continue to enact or retain legislation that suppresses the rates of Citizens, further adversely impacting the private insurance market and increasing the likelihood that it must levy assessments on private insurance companies and ultimately on Florida consumers. These and other aspects of the political environment in jurisdictions where we operate may reduce our profitability, limit our growth, or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

During the past several years, various regulatory and legislative bodies have adopted or proposed new laws or regulations to address the cyclical nature of the insurance industry, catastrophic events and insurance capacity and pricing. These regulations include (i) the creation of “market assistance plans” under which insurers are induced to provide certain coverages, (ii) restrictions on the ability of insurers to rescind or otherwise cancel certain policies in mid-term or to nonrenew policies at their scheduled expirations, (iii) advance notice requirements or limitations imposed for certain policy non-renewals, (iv) limitations upon or decreases in rates permitted to be charged, (v) expansion of governmental involvement in the insurance market and (vi) increased regulation of insurers’ policy administration and claims handling practices.

Currently, the federal government does not directly regulate the insurance business. However, in recent years the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. Congress and some federal agencies from time to time investigate the current condition of insurance regulation in the United States to determine whether to impose federal regulation or to allow an optional federal charter, similar to banks. In addition, changes in federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including changes in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, financial services regulation and federal taxation, can significantly impact the insurance industry and us.

We cannot predict with certainty the effect any enacted, proposed or future state or federal legislation or NAIC initiatives may have on the conduct of our business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the regulatory requirements applicable to our business will not become more stringent in the future or result in materially higher costs than current requirements, or that creation of a federal insurance regulatory system will not adversely affect our business or disproportionately benefit our competitors. Changes in the regulation of our business may reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under applicable state laws. The risk-based capital standards, based upon the Risk-Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance subsidiaries to report the results of risk-based capital calculations to state regulators and the NAIC. These risk-based capital standards provide for different levels of regulatory attention depending upon the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital, as calculated in accordance with NAIC guidelines, to its authorized control level risk-based capital. Authorized control level risk-based capital is determined using the NAIC’s risk-based capital formula, which measures the minimum amount of capital that an insurance company needs to support its overall business operations.

An insurance company with total adjusted capital that is less than 200% of its authorized control level risk-based capital is at a company action level, which would require the insurance company to file a risk-based capital plan that, among other things, contains proposals of corrective actions the company intends to take that are reasonably expected to result in the elimination of the company action level event. Additional action level events occur when the insurer’s total adjusted capital falls below 150%, 100%, and 70% of its authorized control level risk-based capital. The lower the percentage, the more severe the regulatory response, including, in the event of a mandatory control level event (total adjusted capital falls below 70% of the insurer’s authorized control level risk-based capital), placing the insurance company into receivership. As of December 31, 2018, our insurance subsidiaries each maintained a risk-based capital ratio of over 300%. Our Florida subsidiary, HPCI, has agreed to maintain a risk-based capital ratio of at least 300%. In connection with our acquisition of NBIC, we agreed to maintain a risk-based capital ratio of 375%.

In addition, our insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus and to limit its written premiums to specified multiples of its capital and surplus. Our insurance subsidiaries could exceed these ratios if their volume increases faster than anticipated or if their surplus declines due to catastrophe or non-catastrophe losses or excessive underwriting and operational expenses.

Any failure by our insurance subsidiaries to meet the applicable risk-based capital or minimum statutory capital requirements or the writings ratio limitations imposed by state law could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on our writing of additional business, state supervision or liquidation.

Any changes in existing risk-based capital requirements, minimum statutory capital requirements, or applicable writings ratios may require us to increase our statutory capital levels, which we may be unable to do.

From time to time, we are subject to civil or administrative actions and litigation. Civil litigation frequently results when we do not pay insurance claims in the amounts or at the times demanded by policyholders or their representatives. We also may be subject to litigation or administrative actions arising from the conduct of our business and the regulatory authority of state insurance departments. Further, we are subject to other types of litigation inherent in operating our businesses, employing personnel, contracting with vendors and otherwise carrying out our affairs. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may arise, including judicial expansion of policy coverage and the impact of new theories of liability, plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers in purported class-action litigation relating to claims-handling and other practices, and adverse changes in loss cost trends, including inflationary pressures in home repair costs. Multiparty or class action claims may present additional exposure to substantial economic, non-economic or punitive damage awards. Current and future litigation or regulatory matters may negatively affect us by resulting in the payment of substantial awards or settlements, increasing legal and compliance costs, requiring us to change certain aspects of our business operations, diverting management attention from other business issues, harming our reputation with agents and customers or making it more difficult to retain current customers and to recruit and retain employees or agents.

Regulation limiting rate increases and requiring us to participate in loss sharing may decrease our profitability.

From time to time, political dispositions affect the insurance market, including efforts to effectively suppress rates at a level that may not allow us to reach targeted levels of profitability. Despite efforts to remove politics from insurance regulation, facts and history demonstrate that public policymakers, when faced with untoward events and adverse public sentiment, can act in ways that impede a satisfactory correlation between rates and risk. Such acts may affect our ability to obtain approval for rate changes that may be required to attain rate adequacy along with targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. Our ability to afford reinsurance required to reduce our catastrophe risk may be dependent upon the ability to adjust rates for our cost.

Additionally, we are required to participate in guaranty funds for insolvent insurance companies. The funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. Our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.

Our revenues and operating performance will fluctuate due to statutorily approved assessments that support property and casualty insurance pools and associations

We operate in a regulatory environment where certain entities and organizations have the authority to require us to participate in assessments. Currently these entities and organizations include, but are not limited to, the Florida Joint Underwriters Association (“JUA”), the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (“FIGA”), Citizens and the FHCF.

Insurance companies currently pass these assessments on to holders of insurance policies in the form of a policy surcharge, and reflect the collection of these assessments as fully earned credits to operations in the period collected. The collection of these fees, however, may adversely affect our overall marketing strategy due to the competitive landscape in Florida. As a result, the impact of possible future assessments on our balance sheet, results of operations or cash flow are indeterminable at this time.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for them. The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, including:

In addition, in recent years, the stock market has regularly experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including companies in our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Hence, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with us and these fluctuations could materially reduce our share price. Therefore, investors who purchase our common stock may only realize a return on their investment if the value of our common stock appreciates.

In the fourth quarter of 2015 and for each quarter thereafter, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock; however, we can provide no assurance or guarantee that we will continue to pay dividends in the future. Therefore, investors who purchase our common stock may only realize a return on their investment if the value of our common stock appreciates. The declaration and payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our profits, financial requirements and other factors including regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends from our subsidiaries, general business conditions and such other factors as our Board of Directors considers relevant.

On September 14, 2015, the Company announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $20 million share repurchase program under which purchases may be made from time to time in the open market, or through privately negotiated transactions, block transactions or other techniques, as determined by the Company’s management. In May 2016, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase of up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock. The repurchase plan expired on June 30, 2018. On August 1, 2018, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $50 million of its common stock through December 31, 2020 under our current Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, which allows the Company to repurchase shares below a predetermined price per share. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined based on market conditions and other factors and the program may be discontinued or suspended at any time.

Although our Board of Directors has authorized the stock repurchase program, the stock repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. In addition, repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our stock repurchase program could affect the market price of our common stock or increase its volatility. Additionally, our stock repurchase program could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we determine to repurchase our stock. Although our stock repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors determines that such changes in control are not in the best interests of us and our stockholders. The provisions in such certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following:

We have elected in our certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with a person or group owning 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, we will not be subject to any anti-takeover effects of Section 203.

While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests, including an acquisition that would result in a price per share at a premium over the market price, and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company.

State insurance holding company laws require prior approval by the state insurance department of any change of control of an insurer that is domiciled in that respective state. “Control” is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Control is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of us, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

Any issuance of preferred stock could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

Our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred stock and to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium over the market price, and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

Our business and stock price may suffer as a result of our limited public company operating experience. In addition, if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

We completed our initial public offering in May 2014. Our limited public company operating experience may make it difficult to forecast and evaluate our future prospects. If we are unable to execute our business strategy, either as a result of our inability to effectively manage our business in a public company environment or for any other reason, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. In addition, if no or very few securities or industry analysts cover of our company, the trading price for our stock would be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Approximately 74% of the properties in Clearwater are occupied by unaffiliated tenants. The Pawtucket properties are each 25% occupied by unaffiliated tenants.

We are subject to routine legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRTG” since May 2014.

As of March 8, 2019, we had 30,360,758 shares of common stock outstanding, including 605,801 shares of restricted stock for which restrictions have not lapsed, and by a total of approximately 32 stockholders of record.

The declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on profits, financial requirements and other factors, such as legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends, overall business condition and other elements the Board of Directors considers relevant. See Note 20. Equity to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, refer to “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters” included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report.

The following graph and table compare the cumulative total stockholder return of our common stock from May 23, 2014 (the date of the HRTG initial public offering) through December 31, 2018, assuming an initial investment of $100 and reinvestment of dividends with the performance among Heritage Insurance Holdings Inc of, NASDAQ Insurance Index and Russell 2000 Index. We are a component of the Russell 2000 index and it provides small and mi-cap benchmark index. The NASDAQ Insurance Index consists of all publicly traded insurance underwriters in the property and casualty sector in the United States.

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.

Statements of Operations Data:
	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Revenue:
Gross premiums written	$	923,349		$	625,565		$	626,704		$	586,098		$	436,407
Gross premiums earned		926,326			643,304			640,518			524,740			311,514
Ceded premiums		(472,144	)		(263,740	)		(228,797	)		(148,472	)		(87,902	)
Net premiums earned		454,182			379,564			411,721			376,268			223,612
Net investment income and realized gains/losses		10,803			11,896			10,914			8,929			4,153
Other revenue		15,186			15,163			16,323			9,595			6,055
Total revenue		480,171			406,623			438,958			394,792			233,820
Expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses		237,425			201,482			238,862			141,191			89,560
Other operating expenses		173,210			155,606			143,331			103,311			70,008
Total expenses		410,635			357,088			382,193			244,502			159,568
Operating income		69,536			49,535			56,765			150,290			74,252
Other non-operating expenses		30,542			55,427			362			—			—
Income (loss) before income taxes		38,994			(5,892	)		56,403			150,290			74,252
Provision for income taxes		11,839			(4,773	)		22,538			57,778			27,155
Net income (loss)	$	27,155		$	(1,119	)	$	33,865		$	92,512		$	47,097
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	1.05		$	(0.04	)	$	1.14		$	3.08		$	1.92
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	1.04		$	(0.04	)	$	1.14		$	3.05		$	1.82
Ratios to net premiums earned:
Net loss ratio		52.3	%		53.1	%		58.0	%		37.5	%		40.1	%
Operating expense ratio		38.1	%		41.0	%		34.8	%		27.5	%		31.3	%
Combined ratio		90.4	%		94.1	%		92.8	%		65.0	%		71.4	%

Ratios to gross premiums earned:
Ceded premium ratio		51.0	%		41.0	%		35.7	%		28.3	%		28.2	%
Gross loss ratio		25.6	%		31.3	%		37.3	%		26.9	%		28.7	%
Operating expense ratio		18.7	%		24.2	%		22.4	%		19.7	%		22.5	%
Combined ratio		95.3	%		96.5	%		95.4	%		74.9	%		79.4	%

Balance Sheet Data
	As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(In thousands)
Cash and invested assets	$	776,222	$	720,710	$	708,799	$	636,373	$	491,640
Reinsurance recoverable	$	317,930	$	357,357	$	—	$	—	$	—
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	$	233,071	$	227,764	$	106,609	$	78,517	$	43,148
Deferred policy acquisition costs	$	73,055	$	41,678	$	42,779	$	34,800	$	24,370
Intangibles	$	76,850	$	101,626	$	26,542	$	2,120	$	—
Goodwill	$	152,459	$	152,459	$	46,454	$	8,028	$	2,350
Total Assets	$	1,768,713	$	1,771,210	$	1,033,244	$	837,398	$	615,031
Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense	$	432,359	$	470,083	$	140,137	$	83,722	$	51,469
Unearned premiums	$	472,357	$	475,334	$	318,024	$	302,493	$	241,136
Long-term debt, net of issuance costs	$	148,794	$	184,405	$	72,905	$	—	$	—
Reinsurance premium payable	$	166,975	$	17,577	$	96,667	$	60,210	$	17,113
Deferred ceding commission	$	44,996	$	51,109	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commission payable	$	11,654	$	12,609	$	6,179	$	—	$	—
Outstanding checks	$	15,360	$	79,665	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Liabilities	$	1,343,380	$	1,391,394	$	675,285	$	480,845	$	359,942
Total Stockholders' Equity	$	425,333	$	379,816	$	357,959	$	356,553	$	255,089

Please read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are a property and casualty insurance holding company headquartered in Florida with offices in Hawaii and Rhode Island. We provide personal residential property insurance in the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina through our insurance subsidiaries. We provide commercial residential insurance in Florida and New Jersey and are also licensed in the states of Maryland, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. We are vertically integrated and control or manage substantially all aspects of insurance underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting.

Demotech and KBRA have assigned the following IFSR to our key operating subsidiaries. Additionally, KBRA has assigned an investment grade issuer rating to the parent company, Heritage Insurance Holdings. The outlook for all ratings is stable.

The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations that follows provides information that will assist the reader in understanding our consolidated financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting principles, policies and estimates affect our consolidated financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this document.

Our primary products are personal and commercial residential property insurance, which at December 31, 2018 was offered in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. Our Florida domiciled insurance company, Heritage P&C, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. Our Hawaii domiciled insurance company, Zephyr, writes business only in Hawaii and is authorized by the Hawaii Insurance Division. Our Rhode Island domiciled insurance company, NBIC, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia.

On March 21, 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Zephyr Acquisition Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Zephyr Insurance Company, a specialty property insurance company that offers property and casualty insurance to residential customers in Hawaii, in exchange for approximately $110.3 million, net of cash acquired. This acquisition furthered our strategic push to diversify business operations and achieve potential reinsurance synergies while expanding growth opportunities outside of Florida.

On December 16, 2016, we closed a private placement of $79.5 million principal amount of our Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (“Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes incurred interest at a rate per annum equal to the three-month LIBOR rate (but not less than 0.50 percent) plus 8.75 percent, with interest payable quarterly in arrears in cash, quarterly, beginning March 15, 2017. The Senior Notes were scheduled to mature on December 15, 2023.

On November 30, 2017, we acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of NBIC Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Narragansett Bay Insurance Company in exchange for approximately $250 million, consisting of $210 million in cash and $40 million in shares of our common stock. NBIC Holdings includes two property insurance companies, NBIC and PIC. This acquisition will furthered our strategic goal of continued geographic diversification of our property insurance business operations.

On August 16, 2017, in connection with the NBIC acquisition, we closed a private placement of $125.0 million principal amount of our 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2037 (the “Convertible Notes”). We issued the notes under an indenture, where the notes bear interest at a rate of 5.875% per year.

On December 14, 2018, we entered into a five-year, $125 million credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with certain the lenders from time to time party thereto, Regions Bank, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as Syndication Agent, Hancock Whitney Bank and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, as Co-Documentation Agents, and Regions Capital Markets and BMO Capital Markets Corp., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the participating Lenders agreed to provide (1) a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $75 million (and (2) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a $5 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $10 million sublimit for swingline loans) (the “Credit Facilities”).

We used the net proceeds of the Credit Facilities (1) to redeem all $79.5 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes due 2023, (2) to purchase $72.7 million of our outstanding 5.875% Convertible Notes due 2037, and (3) for general corporate purposes.

In the fourth quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019, we exchanged Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $81.6 million for a combination of cash and the issuance of an aggregate of 3,880,653 shares of our common stock.

In September of 2018, Hurricane Florence, a category 4 storm, made landfall in North Carolina affecting policyholders of Heritage P&C. The ultimate gross loss is currently estimated at approximately $22.7 million, of which our consolidated retention is estimated at $16.5 million.

In October of 2018, Hurricane Michael, a category 4 storm, made landfall in Florida affecting policyholders of Heritage P&C. The ultimate gross loss is currently estimated at approximately $43.5 million, of which our consolidated retention is estimated at $16 million.

In December of 2018, several enhancements to our capital structure were made. The Company entered into new five-year, $125.0 million secured credit facilities with Regions Bank as Administrative Agent, consisting of a $75.0 million term loan and a $50.0 million revolving credit facility. Proceeds of its new credit facilities, along with other funds, were used to redeem all $79.5 million principal amount of its outstanding senior secured notes and to repurchase $72.7 million principal amount of the Company's outstanding convertible senior notes. The convertible note repurchases were made pursuant to privately-negotiated exchange agreements. At closing, the convertible note holders received a combination of cash and an aggregate of 3,595,452 shares of the Company's common stock. See Note 12. Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Gross premiums written. Gross premiums written represent, with respect to a period, the sum of direct premiums written (premiums from voluntary policies written during the period, net of any midterm cancellations and renewals of voluntary policies and policies assumed from Citizens’) and assumed premiums written (premiums from state fair plan polices and policies that we assumed from Citizens, net of opt-outs), in each case prior to ceding premiums to reinsurers.

Gross premiums earned. Gross premiums earned represent the total premiums earned during a period from policies written. Premiums associated with voluntary and renewed policies are earned ratably over the twelve-month term of the policy and premiums associated with assumed policies are earned ratably over the remaining term of the policy.

Ceded premiums. Ceded premiums represent the cost of our reinsurance during a period. We recognize the cost, excluding premiums ceded to Osprey, of our reinsurance program ratably over the twelve-month term of the arrangement. With the exception of our net quota share treaty associated with the NBIC acquisition, our reinsurance contracts are generally effective June 1 and run through May 31 of the following year.

Net premiums earned. Net premiums earned reflect gross premiums earned less ceded premiums during the period.

Net investment income. Net investment income represents interest earned from fixed maturity securities, short term securities and other investments, dividends on equity securities, and the gains or losses from the sale of investments.

Other revenue. Other revenue includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property in Clearwater, Florida that we acquired in April 2013, and all policy and pay-plan fees. Our regulators have approved a policy fee on each policy written for certain states; these fees are not subject to refund, and the Company recognizes the income immediately when collected. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay premiums in more than one installment and record the fees as income when collected. In addition, the Company records revenue earned from its restoration subsidiary for non-insurance construction as services performed using the percentage of completion method. The revenue generated from non-insurance contracts is not material in nature. Non-insurance construction revenue was minimal in 2018.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses. Losses and loss adjustment expenses reflect losses paid, expenses paid to resolve claims, such as fees paid to adjusters, attorneys and investigators, and changes in our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period, in each case net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of resolving all reported claims plus all losses we incurred related to insured events that we assume have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to us (which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”). We estimate our reserves for unpaid losses using individual case-based estimates for reported claims and actuarial estimates for IBNR losses. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, our evolving claims experience and new information obtained. If our unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are considered deficient or redundant, we increase or decrease the liability in the period in which we identify the difference and reflect the change in our current period results of operations.

Policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We recognize policy acquisition costs ratably over the term of the underlying policy. We recognize these costs ratably over the term of the unearned premium acquired in the transaction. We also earn ceding commission on our quota share reinsurance contracts, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. See Note 9 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10K. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commission earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses include compensation and related benefits, professional fees, office lease and related expenses, information system expenses, corporate insurance, and other general and administrative costs. As noted above, a certain portion of our ceding commissions are allocated to general and administrative expenses

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state corporate level income taxes, which have historically resulted in a statutory blended tax rate of approximately 38.575%. Due to the enactment of the Tax Act, the effective tax rate can vary substantially from our statutory blended tax rate depending upon the amount of pretax income in proportion to permanent tax differences.

Ceded premium ratio. Our ceded premium ratio represents ceded premiums as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Gross loss ratio. Our gross loss ratio represents losses and loss adjustment expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net loss ratio. Our net loss ratio represents losses and loss adjustment expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Gross expense ratio. Our gross expense ratio represents policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net expense ratio. Our net expense ratio represents policy acquisition costs plus general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Combined ratios. Our combined ratio on a gross basis represents the sum of ceded premiums, losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned. Our combined ratio on a net basis represents the sum of losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

The gross and net combined ratios are key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty industry. A combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
	(in thousands)
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	923,349		$	625,565		$	297,784			0.48
Change in gross unearned premiums		2,977			17,739			(14,762	)		(0.83	)
Gross premiums earned		926,326			643,304			283,022			0.44
Ceded premiums		(472,144	)		(263,740	)		(208,404	)		0.79
Net premiums earned		454,182			379,564			74,618			0.20
Net investment income		13,280			11,332			1,948			0.17
Net realized gains		(2,477	)		564			(3,041	)		(5.39	)
Other revenue		15,186			15,163			23			0.00
Total revenue	$	480,171		$	406,623		$	73,549			0.18

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		237,425			201,482			35,943			0.18
Policy acquisition costs		84,666			83,892			774			0.01
General and administrative expenses		88,544			71,714			16,830			0.23
Total operating expenses		410,635			357,088			53,548			0.15
Operating income		69,536			49,535			20,001			0.40
Interest expense, net		20,015			13,210			6,805			0.52
Other non-operating expense, net		10,527			42,217			(31,690	)		(0.75	)
Income (loss) before income taxes		38,994			(5,892	)		44,886			(7.62	)
Provision for income taxes		11,839			(4,773	)		16,612			(3.48	)
Net income (loss)	$	27,155		$	(1,119	)	$	28,274			(25.27	)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	1.05		$	(0.04	)	$	1.09			(26.07	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	1.04		$	(0.04	)	$	1.08			(25.92	)

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Gross premiums written increased to $923.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $625.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase relates to inclusion of a full year of operations of (NBIC which was acquired on November 30, 2017.

Gross premiums earned increased to $926.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $643.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. A reduction of gross earned premium by Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance (“Heritage P&C”) and Zephyr was offset by increases for a full year of premium earned by NBIC and a full year of earned premium on the Sawgrass polices transitioned to Heritage P&C on September 1, 2017.

Ceded premiums increased to $472.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $263.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is due to inclusion of a full year of reinsurance for NBIC, reduced somewhat by a decrease in the cost of reinsurance for Heritage P&C, as described in Note 10 – Reinsurance to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. NBIC’s reinsurance program includes extensive quota share reinsurance designed to mitigate the adverse impact of winter storms, in addition to its catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program. Inclusion of the quota share program serves to increase the cost of reinsurance while mitigating non-catastrophe losses. The cost reduction for Heritage P&C was due to a combination of a shift in exposure management, including a change in the product mix between personal and commercial lines, as well as synergies associated with improved diversification associated with the NBIC acquisition. The

decrease in the cost for catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program also relates to timing of the catastrophe reinsurance program. Reinsurance costs are amortized over a twelve-month period, reflecting the term of the coverage. The excess of loss reinsurance coverage and gross quota share treaties incept June 1. The NBIC net quota share treaty incepts December 31. As such, for a significant amount of our program we incur the cost of the previous year’s catastrophe program from January through May of each year and the current year program from June through December. We also have reinsurance costs associated with our larger risks, which could vary monthly depending upon the business written.

Net premiums earned increased to $454.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $379.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in net premiums earned is primarily attributable to the additional net premium earned associated with the NBIC acquisition as described above.

Net investment income, inclusive of realized investment gains, decreased to $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is caused by unrealized losses in 2018 compared to realized gains in 2017 partially offset by a full year of investment income for NBIC. The unrealized losses relate primarily to new accounting for equity securities in which unrealized losses are no longer classified as Other Comprehensive Income but instead are classified in Operating Income.

Other revenue remained relatively flat year over year as the consolidated NBIC operations do not generate significant other revenue.

Total revenue increased to $480.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $406.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in total revenue was due to the NBIC acquisition.

Losses and LAE increased to $237.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $201.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is due largely to inclusion of a full year of NBIC losses, reduced by a decline in consolidated losses for the legacy Heritage entities.

The Company’s retained hurricane losses for Hurricanes Lane, Florence and Michael were $32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and additional retention was recorded in 2018 for Hurricane Irma in the amount of $1.7 million. The Company’s vertical integration of the claims handling process benefitted 2018 results, with hurricane mitigation revenue stemming both from 2017 and 2018 hurricanes.

The Company’s losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2018 includes of $13.3 million of prior year development reflecting management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. The development was primarily due to losses associated with Florida litigated claims, one-way attorney fees and AOB abuse in its Florida personal residential book of business. Loss reserves for personal lines business in Florida were strengthened during the year.

The Company’s losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2017 reflects a prior year development of $12.6 million, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience.

Policy acquisition costs increased slightly to $84.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $83.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase relates to costs associated with a full year of NBIC, reduced by allocable ceding commission income and a reduction in policy acquisition costs for the legacy Heritage companies. Our accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes. Ceding commission is allocated between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. For the year ended December 31, 2018, NBIC earned ceding commission income of $72.5 million of which $55.0 million was allocable to policy acquisition costs compared to ceding commission income earned of $8.6 million for the month and year ended December 31, 2017 after the NBIC transaction.

General and administrative expenses increased to $88.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $71.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase relates primarily to non-recurring business acquisition related costs, the inclusion of a full year of NBIC expenses, and an increase in costs associated with infrastructure growth. The increase in expenses was reduced by $18.1 million of NBIC ceding commission income allocable to general and administrative expenses. Our accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes. Ceding commission is allocated between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business.

As described in Note 12 – Long-Term Debt to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K, Heritage issued $79.5 million in Secured Notes due 2023 on December 15, 2016 and issued $136.8 million in Convertible Notes in the third quarter of 2017, resulting in interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs of $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $13.2 million for year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest and debt issuance amortization related to inclusion of a full year of interest on the convertible notes in 2018 coupled with a higher interest rate on the senior notes. The impact of a full year of interest expense on the convertible notes was diluted somewhat by the repurchase of $90.1 million in convertible notes as described in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred non-operating costs of $10.5 million, of which $9.8 million was associated with the refinancing of its debt, which is described in Note 12 – Long-Term Debt to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. These non-recurring costs include a pre-payment penalty and a write off of unamortized costs associated with the senior notes, fees associated with the debt refinancing, and a loss on early debt extinguishment. Additionally, we recorded a permanent decline in the value of real estate during the year. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the fair value of the conversion option liability coupled with the net loss on debt extinguishment on the purchase of convertible notes amounted to approximately $42.2 million and is presented on the statement of operations as a charge to non-operating expense.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we reported a provision for income taxes of $11.8 million and an income tax benefit of $4.8 million, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 30.4% and 81.0%, respectively. The 2018 effective tax rate was affected by various permanent tax differences, predominately disallowed executive compensation deductions which were further limited in 2018 and future years upon the enactment of H.R.1, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”). The 2017 effective tax rate was affected by the valuation change for the conversion option liability, which is permanently non-deductible, creating a significant adverse impact to the rate. This item was offset by a favorable impact on the effective tax rate associated with enactment of the Tax Act. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the tax provision for each quarter are updated as more information becomes available throughout the year.

Our results for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflect net income of $27.2 million compared to a net loss of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Operating income was relatively flat as discussed above. The increase in net income is primarily due to 2017 non-operating items discussed above, such as the valuation of the convertible option.

Ratios – Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Our ceded premium ratio increased to 51.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase relates to a higher ceded premium ratio for NBIC due to the gross and net quota share reinsurance programs, slightly reduced by a decrease in the ceded premium ratio for Heritage P&C. The reduction in the ceded premium ratio for Heritage P&C relates to exposure management as well as synergies associated with the NBIC transaction.

Our gross loss ratio decreased to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 31.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease relates primarily to a lower loss ratio for NBIC resultant from its quota share reinsurance programs. The decrease was amplified by a decline in the loss ratio of the consolidated legacy Heritage entities. Our affiliates CAN and BRC were deployed extensively to repair properties and provide claim related services for 2017 and 2018 hurricane claims. This vertical integration had a significant favorable impact on our loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Our net loss ratio decreased to 52.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 53.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the net loss ratio was caused by the factors described in the gross loss ratio section above but the variance is smaller for the net loss ratio due to the impact of the increase in ceded premiums.

Our gross operating expense ratio decreased to 18.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is largely associated with a full year of ceding commission income from NBIC which is reported as an offset to operating expenses. Our accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes. Ceding commission is allocated between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. The decrease associated with ceding commission income was partially offset by an increase in the gross operating expense ratio for the legacy consolidated Heritage entities related primarily to non-recurring business acquisition related costs and an increase in costs associated with infrastructure growth.

Our net operating expense ratio decreased to 38.1% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in the net operating expense ratio was caused by the factors described in the gross operating expense ratio section above but the variance is smaller due to the impact of the increase in ceded premiums.

Our combined ratio on a gross basis decreased to 95.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 96.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our combined ratio on a net basis decreased to 90.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 94.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Gross premiums written decreased to $625.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $626.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The slight decrease in gross premiums written was caused by a reduction in Heritage P&C written premium, largely offset by additional written premium from the Zephyr and NBIC acquisitions. Gross premium written by Heritage P&C declined due to a reduction of in-force premium year over year, which was partially offset by an increase of $24.0 million related to the addition of Sawgrass business, additionally there was an increase in Zephyr premium written due to the inclusion of a full year of Zephyr written premium for 2017, compared to approximately nine months of Zephyr premium in 2016. Gross premium written for the year ended December 31, 2017 also includes one month of NBIC written premium of approximately $26 million. Heritage P&C’s premium in force decreased from December 31, 2016 as we continue to manage exposure in geographic locations which have produced a disproportionate share of attritional losses as well as for geographic risks for which the price to manage catastrophe risk is not cost efficient. There was no business assumed from Citizens during 2017 compared to approximately $8 million of business assumed from Citizens during the year ended December 31, 2016. Personal residential business accounted for $533.2 million and commercial residential accounted for $92.4 million of the total gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Gross premiums earned increased slightly to $643.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $640.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. A reduction of gross earned premium by Heritage P&C was offset by increases for a full year of Zephyr premium earned, additional earned premium on the Sawgrass polices and the additional earned premium for one month associated with the NBIC acquisition.

Ceded premiums increased to $263.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $228.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Approximately $24 million of the increase related to ceded premium associated with NBIC and approximately $11 million of the increase related to catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance for Heritage P&C and Zephyr. As described in Note 10, Reinsurance, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, NBIC’s reinsurance program includes extensive quota share reinsurance designed to mitigate the adverse impact of winter storms, in addition to its catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program. The quota share reinsurance program for NBIC includes one month of ceding commission income of $8.6 million, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs in our audited financial statements.

Our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance programs renews each year on June 1. The cost for catastrophe reinsurance for the 2017 hurricane season for Heritage P&C and Zephyr is approximately $223.0 million compared to $247.0 million for the 2016 season. The reduction in premium in force described previously resulted in a reduction in the amount of catastrophe reinsurance purchased from approximately $3.1 billion in the 2016 season to approximately $2.6 billion for the 2017 season. As described in Note 10 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, the Company’s retention for the 2017 hurricane season is $20.0 million compared to $40.0 million for the 2016 season for a first event.

Reinsurance costs are amortized over a twelve-month period, reflecting the term of the coverage. The excess of loss reinsurance coverage and gross quota share treaty for NBIC begin June 1. The NBIC net quota share treaty incepts January 1. As such, for a significant amount of our program we incur the cost of the previous year’s catastrophe program from January through May of each year. The cost of the 2015 catastrophe reinsurance program was significantly lower than the 2016 reinsurance program due to a smaller amount of premium in force coupled with the mix of business. In 2016, the increased reinsurance cost was reflected in the months June 2016 through May 2017. The cost of the 2017 catastrophe reinsurance program is approximately $20 million less than the 2016 program. As such, the 2017 catastrophe reinsurance cost is higher for the first five months of the year than 2016 before we recognize the benefit of the lower cost of the 2017 program starting in June 2017. We also have reinsurance costs associated with our larger risks, which could vary monthly depending upon the business written.

Net premiums earned decreased to $379.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $411.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in net premiums earned is primarily attributable to the decrease in the amount of premium in force at December 31, 2017 as compared to 2016, coupled with the increased ceded premiums earned and partially offset by the additional net premium earned associated with the NBIC acquisition.

Net investment income, inclusive of realized investment gains, increased to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net investment income is primarily due to the increase in cash and invested assets during 2017 over the prior year. The increase resulted primarily from invested proceeds associated with the Secured Notes and Convertible Notes, coupled with the additional investment income from Zephyr in 2017 due to the timing of the acquisition in 2016. A portion of the proceeds from the Secured Notes and Convertible Notes were expended during the fourth quarter of 2017 for the acquisition of NBIC Holdings.

Other revenue decreased to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in other revenue is primarily due to a miscellaneous income recorded in 2016 related to the true up of a policy assumption contract upon conclusion, which was not recurring in 2017.

Total revenue decreased to $406.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $439.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in total revenue was due primarily to the reduction in premium in force by Heritage P&C throughout the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by additional revenue as previously described associated with the Zephyr and NBIC acquisitions and Sawgrass business assumed.

Losses and LAE decreased to $201.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $238.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is due largely to a reduction in the number of policies in force in Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties (“tri-county”) and an 18% reduction in the number of tri-county claims reported year over year.

Gross catastrophe losses related to Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew were $21.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and increased to $28.3 million as of December 31, 2017. Catastrophe losses related to Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew were fully retained by the Company. Gross catastrophe losses related to Hurricane Irma for the year ended December 31, 2017 are estimated at approximately $560.0 million. Retained losses were $20 million pursuant to Heritage P&C’s reinsurance agreements with third parties. The Company’s vertical integration of the claims handling process mitigated a significant portion of the $20 million retention.

The Company’s losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2017 reflects a prior year development of $12.6 million, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. The Company recorded approximately $6.5 million of adverse development in 2017 for Hurricane Hermine and Matthew. The remaining $6.1 million of prior year development was primarily due to management strengthening of personal lines losses associated with Florida litigated claims, one-way attorney fees and AOB abuse in the Florida market.

The Company’s losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2016 reflects a prior year deficiency of $18.8 million, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. Substantially all of the unfavorable development in 2016 was from personal lines. Also, a majority of the unfavorable development in 2016 has been isolated to the tri-county region of Florida (the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach).

Policy acquisition costs decreased slightly to $83.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $84.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company recorded ceding commission income of $8.6 million related to NBIC as a reduction in policy acquisition expense offset by an increase attributable to having a full twelve months of policy acquisition costs related to Zephyr in 2017 compared to nine months in 2016 due to timing of that acquisition, as well as the favorable impact of assumed premiums from Citizens for the year ended December 31, 2016 which did not recur in 2017.

General and administrative expenses increased to $71.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $58.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. A significant portion of the increase relates to general and administrative costs associated with mergers and acquisitions. The year ended December 31, 2017 includes expenses incurred by NBIC and Zephyr for one and twelve months, respectively, whereas the year ended December 31, 2016 included no general and administrative expenses incurred by NBIC and only nine months of general and administrative expenses incurred by Zephyr. Additionally, we incurred legal, transactional, and accounting costs associated with the NBIC acquisition as well as amortization of intangible assets associated with the NBIC and Zephyr acquisitions. A smaller portion of the increase relates to costs, including systems associated with infrastructure and expansion.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the fair value of the conversion option liability coupled with the net loss on debt extinguishment amounted to approximately $42.2 million and is presented on the statement of operations as a charge to non-operating expense. For tax purposes, any financial gain or loss associated with the change in the value of the conversion option liability is neither includible or deductible when computing taxable income.

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had an income tax benefit of $4.8 million and a provision for income taxes of $22.5 million, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was 81.0% and 40.0%, respectively. The valuation change for the conversion option liability associated with the Convertible Notes for the year ended December 31, 2017 is permanently non-deductible for income tax purposes, creating a significant adverse impact on the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017. This item was offset by a favorable impact on the effective tax rate associated with the enactment of H.R. 1, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) which decreased the enacted federal statutory tax rate from 35% to 21%, resulting in a reduction of the Company’s net deferred tax liability. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the tax provision for each quarter are updated as more information becomes available throughout the year.

Our results for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflect a net loss of $1.1 million compared to net income of $33.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Operating related items discussed above caused a portion of the decrease. Non-operating items, particularly non-cash change in valuation of the convertible option feature and interest expense caused $54.2 million of the decrease. These decreases were offset by a favorable effective tax rate related to the impact of re-measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities and recognition of other current benefits due to the Tax Act which decreased the enacted tax rate on corporations from 35% to 21%.

Ratios – Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Our ceded premium ratio increased to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 35.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Approximately 3.3 percentage points of the variance relates to higher reinsurance costs for the first six months of 2017 compared to 2016 due to timing of the reinsurance placement as previously discussed. The 2016 ratio also benefitted from approximately $32.1 million of Citizens assumption activity that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2015 and approximately $9.1 million in the first quarter of 2016 compared to no assumptions in the last quarter of 2016 or the throughout 2017. Citizens assumptions provided a benefit for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the favorable timing of reinsurance costs associated with assumed premium. Additionally, the reinsurance ratio in the first half of 2017 was adversely impacted by reinstatements for the per risk treaty which were triggered by large losses.

Approximately 2 percentage points of the variance relates to the impact of the NBIC reinsurance program, which includes both gross and net quota share treaties. The quota share programs yield a larger ceded premium ratio; however, ceding commission earned on those programs serves to offset a portion of that cost.

Our gross loss ratio decreased to 31.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the previously discussed decrease in losses and LAE incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 while maintaining a relatively flat amount of gross earned premium.

Our net loss ratio decreased to 53.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 58.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016, due to the previously discussed decrease in losses and LAE incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016.

Our gross expense ratio increased to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 22.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase relates to a combination of the favorable effect of Citizens take-out activity on the 2016 ratio, transaction costs associated with the NBIC acquisition in 2017 and fixed personnel and other costs which were diluted in 2016 due to higher gross earned premium. Assumptions from Citizens had a favorable impact on the 2016 expense ratio because assumed policies have no acquisition costs until the policies renew onto Heritage policy forms.

Our net expense ratio increased to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 34.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016, due to an increase in expenses associated as described above combined with a decrease in net earned premium.

Our combined ratio on a gross basis increased to 96.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 95.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our combined ratio on a net basis increased to 94.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 92.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The gross combined ratio increased due to the increases in the ceded premiums ratio and gross expense ratio, partially offset by a lower gross loss ratio. The increase in the net combined ratio is attributable to a higher net expense ratio as described above.

Our principal sources of liquidity include cash flows generated from operations, our cash, cash equivalents, our marketable securities balances and borrowings available under our credit facilities. As of December 31, 2018, we held $250.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $526.1 million in investments, compared to $153.7 million and $567.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and $105.8 million and $603.0 million as of December 31, 2016. The increase in cash and cash equivalents in 2018 was due primarily to accelerated payment of reinsurance premiums in 2017 for tax planning purposes, which reduced cash in 2017. The decrease in cash

and cash equivalents in 2017 was due to payment of catastrophe claims related to Hurricanes Matthew and Irma and advance payment of reinsurance premiums.

As of December 31, 2018, we had $12.3 million in restricted cash, compared to $20.8 as of December 31, 2017. The decrease in restricted cash was due to the release of restricted cash as the 2015 catastrophe bonds matured. Our capital expenditures typically consist of leasehold improvement for facility expansions, vehicles for our restoration operations and software development. Proceeds from new debt entered into during the fourth quarter of 2018 were used to pay off the senior notes of $79.5 million and repurchase convertible notes of $52.0 million. Our financing activities increased in 2017 related to the Company entering in debt arrangements providing net proceeds in the amount $106.0 million and partially offset by payments of dividends to shareholders for $8.2 million and purchase of treasury stock for $61.6 million.

We believe that our sources of cash are adequate to meet our cash requirements for at least the next twelve months and into the foreseeable future prior to the maturity date of amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility.

We may continue to pursue the acquisition of complementary businesses and make strategic investments. We may increase capital expenditures consistent with our investment plans and anticipated growth strategy. Cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund such expenditures. As such, in addition to the use of our existing Credit Facility, we may need to utilize additional debt to secure funds for such purposes.

The net increases (decreases) in cash and cash equivalents are summarized in the following table:

Net cash provided by operating activities for December 31, 2018 was $95.4 million as compared to net cash provided of $7.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the impact of accelerated payment of reinsurance premiums in 2017, which reduced the amount of reinsurance payments made in 2018.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $24.4 million as compared to net cash used of $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The variance relates primarily the acquisition of NBIC and investments sold in 2017 to pay for the acquisition of NBIC as well as fund catastrophe claims in 2018.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $32.0 million, as compared net cash provided to $47.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The cash outflows in 2018 resulted from repayments of long-term debt and the cash portion of the repurchase of convertible notes of $79.5 million and $52 million respectively which were in excess of proceeds from the new long-term debt. The cash inflows in 2017 relate to net proceeds from issuance of convertible notes net of purchase of treasury stock.

On December 14, 2018, Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), as borrower, entered into a five-year, $125 million credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company from time to time party thereto as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”), Regions Bank, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as Syndication Agent, Hancock Whitney Bank and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce,

as Co-Documentation Agents, and Regions Capital Markets and BMO Capital Markets Corp., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the participating Lenders agreed to provide (1) a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $75 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (2) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a $5 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $10 million sublimit for swingline loans) (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”).

At our option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to LIBOR (based on one, two, three or six-month interest periods), adjusted for statutory reserve requirements, plus an applicable margin (equal to 3.25% as of the Closing Date) or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the greatest of (a) the “prime rate” of Regions Bank, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the LIBOR index rate applicable for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin (equal to 2.25%).

The applicable margin for loans under the Credit Facilities varies from 3.25% per annum to 3.75% per annum (for LIBOR loans) and 2.25% to 2.75% per annum (for base rate loans) based on our consolidated leverage ratio. Interest payments with respect to the Credit Facilities are required either on a quarterly basis (for base rate loans) or at the end of each interest period (for LIBOR loans) or, if the duration of the applicable interest period exceeds three months, then every three months.

In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, which is determined by our consolidated leverage ratio.

Each of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility mature on December 14, 2023. The principal amount of the Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments, beginning with the close of the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2019, in an amount equal to $1,875,000 per quarter, payable monthly or quarterly, with the balance payable at maturity.

The Company may prepay the loans under the Credit Facilities, in whole or in part, at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain conditions including minimum amounts and reimbursement of certain costs in the case of prepayments of LIBOR loans. In addition, the Company is required to prepay the loan under the Term Loan Facility with the proceeds from certain financing transactions, involuntary dispositions or asset sales (subject, in the case of asset sales, to reinvestment rights).

All obligations under the Credit Facilities are or will be guaranteed by each existing and future direct and indirect wholly-owned domestic subsidiary of the Company, other than all of the Company’s current and future regulated insurance subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”).

The Company and the Guarantors entered into a Pledge and Security Agreement, on December 14, 2018 (the “Security Agreement”), in favor of Regions Bank, as collateral agent. Pursuant to the Security Agreement, amounts borrowed under the Credit Facilities are secured on a first priority basis by a perfected security interest in substantially all of the present and future assets of the Company and each Guarantor (subject to certain exceptions), including all of the capital stock of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries, other than its regulated insurance subsidiaries.

The Credit Agreement contains, among other things, covenants, representations and warranties and events of default customary for facilities of this type. The Company is required to maintain, as of each fiscal quarter (1) a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.25 to 1.00 for each fiscal quarter ending on or before December 31, 2019, stepping down on each of the three anniversaries thereafter; (2) a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1.00 and (3) a minimum consolidated net worth for the Company and its subsidiaries. Events of default include, among other events, (i) nonpayment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts; (ii) failure to perform or observe certain covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement; (iii) breach of any representation or warranty; (iv) cross-default to other indebtedness; (v) bankruptcy and insolvency defaults; (vi) monetary judgment defaults and material nonmonetary judgment defaults; (vii) customary ERISA defaults; (viii) a change of control of the Company; and (ix) failure to maintain specified catastrophe retentions in each of the Company’s regulated insurance subsidiaries.

On August 10, 2017, the Company and Heritage MGA, LLC (the “Guarantor”) entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as the initial purchaser (the “Initial Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, and the Initial Purchaser agreed to purchase, $125.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2037 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement transaction pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, as amended (the “Securities Act”) (the “Offering”). The Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties and agreements of the Company and the Guarantor and customary conditions to closing, indemnification rights and obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The net proceeds from the Offering, after deducting discounts and

commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, were approximately $120.5 million. The Offering was completed on August 16, 2017.

The Company issued the Convertible Notes under an Indenture (the “Convertible Note Indenture”), dated August 16, 2017, by and among the Company, as issuer, the Guarantor, as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”).

The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.875% per year. Interest began accruing on August 16, 2017 and is payable semi-annually in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year, starting on February 1, 2018. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; equal in right of payment to the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness or other liabilities incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries other than the Guarantor, which fully and unconditionally guarantee the Convertible Notes on a senior unsecured basis.

The Convertible Notes mature on August 1, 2037, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2037, other than during the period from, and including, February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2017, if the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter immediately preceding the calendar quarter in which the conversion occurs, is more than 130% of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes in effect on each applicable trading day; (2) during the ten consecutive business-day period following any five consecutive trading-day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes for each such trading day was less than 98% of the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on such date multiplied by the then-current conversion rate; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

During the period from and including February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, and on or after February 1, 2037 until the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 1, 2037, holders may surrender their Convertible Notes for conversion at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances.

The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes was initially 67.0264 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $14.92 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and is subject to increase for holders that elect to convert their Convertible Notes in connection with certain corporate transactions (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture)) that occur prior to August 5, 2022.

Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture) (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture)), holders of the Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or a portion of their Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

Except as described below, the Company may not redeem the Convertible Notes prior to August 5, 2022. On or after August 5, 2022 but prior to February 1, 2037, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes, at the Company’s option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the Convertible Notes periodically. Holders of the Convertible Notes are able to cause the Company to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash on any of August 1, 2022, August 1, 2027 and August 1, 2032, in each case at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date.

The Convertible Note Indenture contains customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an Event of Default (as defined in the Indenture) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, all the Convertible Notes to be immediately due and payable. In the case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization (as set forth in the Convertible Note Indenture) with respect to the Company, 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, the Notes automatically become immediately due and payable.

In the second quarter of 2018, the Company repurchased $10.6 million principal amount of Convertible Notes for cash. In the fourth quarter of 2018 and first quarter of 2019, the Company exchanged Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $81.6 million for a combination of cash and the issuance of an aggregate of 3,880,653 shares of the Company’s common stock, leaving $23.4 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding.

On December 16, 2016, the Company closed a private placement (the “Private Placement”) of the Company’s Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture (the “Senior Note Indenture”), dated December 15, 2016, among the Company, The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee and collateral agent, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, as paying agent, and The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A., as registrar. The Senior Notes were sold to a number of private investors (collectively, the “Investors”) pursuant to a purchase agreement, dated December 12, 2016. On December 16, 2016, the Company announced the closing (the “Closing”) of the Private Placement.

The Senior Notes bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the three-month LIBOR rate (but not less than 0.50 percent) plus 8.75 %, with interest payable quarterly in arrears in cash on the 15th day of each March, June, September and December of each year, which began on March 15, 2017. The Senior Notes were set to mature on December 15, 2023.

The Company, at its option, could have redeemed all, or a portion of, the Senior Notes (i) at any time after December 15, 2018 at a price in cash equal to 103%, of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, (ii) at any time after December 15, 2019 at a price in cash equal to 102% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, (iii) at any time after December 15, 2020 at a price in cash equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, and (iv) at any time after December 15, 2021 at a price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

If the Company were to experience certain change of control events, the holders of the Senior Notes would have the right to require the Company to purchase all or a portion of their Senior Notes at a price in cash equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

The Senior Notes were secured with a continuing perfected priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets, with certain exceptions including the capital stock of any of its insurance subsidiaries.

The Senior Note Indenture included customary events of default and covenants that, among other things, (i) restrict the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur indebtedness or make restricted payments under certain circumstances, (ii) limit the Company and its subsidiaries from creating, incurring or assuming liens other than permitted liens that secure any indebtedness on any asset or property of the Company or its subsidiaries, (iii) require the Company to maintain certain levels of reinsurance coverage during the life of the Notes, and (iv) maintain certain financial covenants.

On December 14, 2018, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds of the Credit Facilities to redeem all $79.5 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes.

In November 2018, a subsidiary of the Company pledged U.S. government and agency fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $31.0 million as collateral and received $19.2 million in a cash loan under an advance agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Atlanta. The loan originated on December 12, 2018 and bears a fixed interest rate of 3.094% with interest payments due quarterly commencing in March 2019. The principal balance on the loan has a maturity date of December 13, 2023. In connection with the agreement, the subsidiary became a member of FHLB. Membership in the FHLB required an investment in FHLB’s common stock which was purchased on December 31, 2018 and valued at $1.4 million. The subsidiary is permitted to withdraw any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum collateral requirement at any time, other than in the event of a default by the subsidiary. The proceeds from the loan was used to prepay the Senior Secured Debt.

On February 2, 2018, we filed with the SEC a shelf registration statement on amended Form S-3. This registration statement enables us to issue shares of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units as well as stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units that include any of these securities. Under the rules governing shelf registration statements, we will file a prospectus supplement and advise the SEC of the amount and type of securities each time we issue securities under this registration statement.

The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018:

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgments and estimates that may have a significant impact upon our financial results. Note 1, under Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, of this Annual Report contains a summary of our significant accounting policies, many of which require the use of estimates and assumptions. We believe that the following areas are particularly subject to management’s judgments and estimates and could materially affect our results of operations and financial position.

Premiums. We recognize direct and assumed premiums written as revenue, net of ceded amounts, on a daily pro rata basis over the contract period of the related policies that are in force. For any portion of premiums not earned at the end of the reporting period, we record an unearned premium liability.

Premiums receivable represents amounts due from our policyholders for billed premiums and related policy fees. We perform a policy-level evaluation to determine the extent to which the balance of the premium receivable exceeds the balance of the unearned premium. We then age any resulting exposure based on the last date the policy was billed to the policyholder, and we establish an allowance account for credit losses for any amounts outstanding for more than 90 days. When we receive payments on amounts previously charged off, we credit bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment. Balances in premiums receivable and the associated allowance account are removed upon cancellation of the policy due to non-payment. We recorded no allowance for uncollectible premiums in 2018, 2017 and 2016.

When we receive premium payments from policyholders prior to the effective date of the related policy, we record an advance premium liability. On the policy effective date, we reduce the advance premium liability and record the premiums as described above.

Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves, represent the most significant accounting estimate inherent in the preparation of our financial statements. These reserves represent management’s best estimate of the amount we will ultimately pay for losses and loss adjustment expenses and we base the amount upon the application of various actuarial reserve estimation techniques as well as considering other material facts and circumstances known at the balance sheet date.

Case reserves—When a claim is reported, we establish an initial estimate of the losses that will ultimately be paid on the reported claim. Our initial estimate for each claim is based upon the judgment of our claims professionals who are familiar with property and liability losses associated with the coverage offered by our policies. Then, our claims personnel perform an evaluation of the type of claim involved, the circumstances surrounding each claim and the policy provisions relating to the loss and adjust the reserve as necessary. As claims mature, we increase or decrease the reserve estimates as deemed necessary by our claims department based upon additional information we receive regarding the loss, the results of on-site reviews and any other information we gather while reviewing the claims.

When we establish our reserves, we analyze various factors such as the evolving historical loss experience of the insurance industry as well as our experience, claims frequency and severity, our business mix, our claims processing procedures, legislative enactments, judicial decisions and legal developments in imposition of damages, and general economic conditions, including inflation. A change in any of these factors from the assumptions implicit in our estimates will cause our ultimate loss experience to be better or worse than indicated by our reserves, and the difference could be material. Due to the interaction of the foregoing factors, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any one specific factor in isolation, and an element of judgment is ultimately required. Due to the uncertain nature of any future projections, the ultimate amount we will pay for losses will be different from the reserves we record.

We determine our ultimate loss reserves by selecting an estimate within a relevant range of indications that we calculate using generally accepted actuarial techniques. Our selection of the point estimate is influenced by the analysis of our paid losses and incurred losses since inception, as well as industry information relevant to the population of exposures drawn from Citizens.

Our external reserving actuaries evaluated the adequacy of our reserves as of December 31, 2018 and concluded that our reported loss reserves would meet the requirements of the insurance laws of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, be consistent with reserves computed in accordance with accepted loss reserving standards and principles, and make a reasonable provision for all unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense obligations under the terms of our contracts and agreements. In addition to $135.1 million of recorded case reserves, we recorded $297.2 million of IBNR reserves as of December 31, 2018 to achieve overall gross reserves of $432.4 million. Gross IBNR for catastrophe claims was $122.8 million at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, ceded IBNR and net IBNR were $166.3 million and $130.9 million, respectively.

The process of establishing our reserves is complex and inherently imprecise, as it involves using judgment that is affected by many variables. We believe a reasonably likely change in almost any of the factors we evaluate as part of our loss reserve analysis could have an impact on our reported results, financial position and liquidity.

Policy Acquisition Costs. We incur policy acquisition costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the production of new business. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following four items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We capitalize policy acquisition costs to the extent recoverable, then we amortize those costs over the contract period of the related policy. We also earn ceding commission on our quota share reinsurance contracts, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs with any excess unearned ceding commission recognized as a liability. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

At each reporting date, we determine whether we have a premium deficiency. A premium deficiency would result if the sum of our expected losses, deferred policy acquisition costs and policy maintenance costs (such as costs to store records and costs incurred to collect premiums and pay commissions) exceeded our related unearned premiums plus investment income. Should we determine that a premium deficiency exists, we would write off the unrecoverable portion of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Reinsurance. We follow industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss.

In the event that we incur losses recoverable under our reinsurance program, we record amounts recoverable from our reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of our liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to our estimate of unpaid losses. In the event that we incur losses recoverable under the reinsurance program, the estimate of amounts recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid losses may change at any point in the future because of its relation to our reserves for unpaid losses.

We estimate uncollectible amounts receivable from reinsurers based on an assessment of factors including the creditworthiness of the reinsurers and the adequacy of collateral obtained, where applicable. We recorded no uncollectible amounts under our reinsurance program or bad debt expense related to reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Investments. We currently classify all of our investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities as available-for-sale and report them at fair value. We classified our investment in a mortgage loan as held to maturity and report it at amortized cost. Subsequent to our acquisition of available-for-sale securities, we record changes in value through the date of disposition as unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax effects, and include them as a component of other comprehensive income. We include realized gains and losses, which we calculate using the specific-identification method for determining the cost of securities sold, in net income. We amortize any premium or discount on investments over the remaining maturity period of the related investments using the effective interest method, and we report the amortization in net investment income. We recognize dividends and interest income when earned.

Quarterly, we perform an assessment of our investments to determine if any are “other-than-temporarily” impaired. An investment is impaired when the fair value of the investment declines to an amount less than the cost or amortized cost of that investment. As part of our assessment process, we determine whether the impairment is temporary or “other-than-temporary”. We base our assessment on both quantitative criteria and qualitative information, considering a number of factors including, but not limited to: how long the security has been impaired; the amount of the impairment; whether, in the case of equity securities, we intend to hold, and have the ability to hold, the security for a period sufficient for us to recover our cost basis, or whether, in the case of debt securities, we intend to sell the investment or it is more likely than not that we will have to sell the investment before we recover the amortized cost; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer; whether the issuer is current on contractually-obligated interest and principal payments; key corporate events pertaining to the issuer and whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions.

If we were to determine that an equity security has incurred an “other-than-temporary” impairment, we would permanently reduce the cost of the security to fair value and recognize an impairment charge. If a debt security loan is impaired and we either intend to sell the security loan or it is more likely than not that we will have to sell the security loan before we are able to recover the amortized cost, then we would record the full amount of the impairment in our net income.

A large portion of our investment portfolio consists of fixed maturity securities, which may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates as a result of governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would decrease the net unrealized holding gains of our investment portfolio, offset by our ability to earn higher rates of return on funds reinvested. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase the net unrealized holding gains of our investment portfolio, offset by lower rates of return on funds reinvested.

Fair Value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants (an exit price). When reporting the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, the Company prioritizes those fair value measurements into one of three levels based on the nature of the inputs, as follows:

Level 1—Assets and liabilities with values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company is able to access;

Level 2—Asset and liabilities with values based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active; or valuation models with inputs that are observable, directly or indirectly for substantially the term of the asset or liability.

Level 3—Assets and liabilities with values that are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

We estimate the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, we use observable inputs such as quoted prices in inactive markets, quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs. We do not have any investments in our portfolio which require us to use unobservable inputs. Our estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Changes in interest rates subsequent to December 31, 2018 may affect the fair value of our investments.

The carrying amounts for the following financial instruments approximate their fair values at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance payable, and accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Our non-financial assets, such as goodwill, purchased intangible assets, and property and equipment are carried at cost until there are indicators of impairment, and are recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized.

Stock-Based Compensation. We recognize compensation expense under ASC 718 for stock-based payments based on the fair value of the awards. The Company grants stock options at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the dates the options are granted. The options have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant and vest primarily in equal annual installments over a range of one to five-year periods following the date of grant for employee options. If a participant’s employment relationship ends, the participant’s vested awards will remain exercisable for the shorter of a period of 30 days or the period ending on the latest date on which such award could have been exercisable. The fair value of each option grant is separately estimated for each grant date. The fair value of each option is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the award and each vesting date. The Company estimates the fair value of all stock option awards as of the date of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple-option pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense. The fair value of restricted stock awards is estimated by the market price at the date of grant and amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over the period of vesting. We recorded $5.3 million, $4.8 million and $4.8 million of stock-based compensation expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Long-term Debt and Debt issuance costs. Long-term debt is generally classified as a liability and carried at amortized cost, net of any discount and issuance costs. At issuance, a debt instrument with embedded features such as conversion and redemption options is evaluated to determine whether bifurcation and derivative accounting is applicable. If such instrument is not subject to derivative accounting, it is further evaluated to determine if the Company is required to separately account for the liability and equity components.

Transaction costs related to issuing a debt instrument that embodies both liability and equity components are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds and accounted for as debt issuance costs and equity issuance costs, respectively. Debt issuance costs are capitalized and presented as a deduction from the carrying value of the debt. Both debt discount and deferred debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense over the expected life of the debt instrument using the effective interest method. Equity issuance costs are a reduction to the proceeds allocated to the equity component.

To determine the carrying values of the liability and equity components at issuance, the Company measures the fair value of a similar liability, including any embedded features other than the conversion option, and assigns such value to the liability component. The liability component’s fair value is then subtracted from the initial proceeds to determine the carrying value of the debt instrument’s equity component, which is included in additional paid-in capital.

Any embedded feature other than the conversion option is evaluated at issuance to determine if it is probable that such embedded feature will be exercised. If the Company concludes that the exercisability of that embedded feature is not probable, the embedded feature is considered to be non-substantive and would not impact the initial measurement and expected life of the debt instrument’s liability component.

Interest. Costs associated with the refinancing or issuance of debt, as well as debt discounts or premiums, are recorded as interest over the term of its related debt. The Company may enter into interest rate exchange agreements; the amount to be paid or received under such agreements is accrued and recognized over the life of the agreements as an adjustment to interest expense.

Income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing

assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to recover or settle those temporary differences. The effect on deferred taxes and liabilities attributable to a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that there is sufficient positive evidence, as allowed under the Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 ("ASC 740"), Income Taxes, to support the recoverability of those deferred tax assets. The Company establishes a valuation allowance to the extent that there is insufficient evidence to support the recoverability of the deferred tax asset under ASC 740. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If it is later determined that the deferred tax assets would be realizable in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment would be made to any established deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant taxing authority.

We record any income tax penalties and income tax-related interest as income tax expense in the period incurred. We did not incur any material tax penalties or income tax-related interest during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act, which makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. Tax code. One of the provisions of the Tax Act reduced the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Pursuant to current accounting guidance, all deferred tax assets and liabilities were re-measured to recognize the tax rate that is expected to apply when the tax effects are ultimately recognized in future periods upon the date of enactment. The impact of re-measuring the deferred tax assets and liabilities from 35% to 21% along with the related effects of the tax rate change reflected in our income tax receivable created a tax benefit of approximately $21.3 million at December 31, 2017. Certain income tax effects of the Tax Act are reflected in the Company’s financial results in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides SEC staff guidance regarding the application of ASC 740.

The Company describes the recent pronouncements that have had or may have a significant effect on its financial statements or on its disclosures. The Company does not discuss recent pronouncements that a) are not anticipated to have an impact on, or b) are unrelated to its financial condition, results of operations, or related disclosures. For accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, refer to “Note 1. Basis of Presentation, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Practices” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K, that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, revenues, or expenses, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources that is material to investors.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

We are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if as an emerging growth company we choose to rely on such exemptions, we may not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our systems of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply until we no longer meet the requirements of being an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering which is December 31, 2019 (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second quarter, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

The consolidated financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Our primary assets are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the effects of the general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the cost of paying losses and LAE.

Insurance premiums are established before we know the amount of loss and LAE and the extent to which inflation may affect such expenses. Consequently, we attempt to anticipate the future impact of inflation when establishing rate levels. While we attempt to charge adequate rates, we may be limited in raising our premium levels for competitive and regulatory reasons. Inflation also affects the market value of our investment portfolio and the investment rate of return. Any future economic changes which result in prolonged and increasing levels of inflation could cause increases in the dollar amount of incurred loss and LAE and thereby materially adversely affect future liability requirements.

Our investment portfolios at December 31, 2018 included fixed-maturity and equity securities, the purposes of which are not for trading or speculation. Our main objective is to maximize after-tax investment income and maintain sufficient liquidity to meet policyholder obligations while minimizing market risk which is the potential economic loss from adverse fluctuations in securities’ prices. We consider many factors including credit ratings, investment concentrations, regulatory requirements, anticipated fluctuation of interest rates, durations and market conditions in developing investment strategies. Investment securities are managed by a group of nationally recognized asset managers and are overseen by the investment committee appointed by our board of directors. Our investment portfolios are primarily exposed to interest rate risk, credit risk and equity price risk. We classify our fixed-maturity and equity securities as available-for-sale and report any unrealized gains or losses, net of deferred income taxes, as a component of other comprehensive income within our stockholders’ equity. As such, any material temporary changes in their fair value can adversely impact the carrying value of our stockholders’ equity.

Our debt under the senior secured credit facility and notes payable bears interest at variable rates. As a result, we are exposed to changes in market interest rates that could impact the cost of servicing our debt and notes payable. Approximately 12% of our total debt outstanding at December 31, 2018 is at a fixed rate.

Our fixed-maturity securities are sensitive to potential losses resulting from unfavorable changes in interest rates. We manage the risk by analyzing anticipated movement in interest rates and considering our future capital needs.

The following table illustrates the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates to the fair value of our fixed-maturity securities at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

Credit risk can expose us to potential losses arising principally from adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer of our fixed maturities. We mitigate this risk by investing in fixed-maturities that are generally investment grade and by diversifying our investment portfolio to avoid concentrations in any single issuer or market sector.

The following table presents the composition of our fixed-maturity portfolio by rating at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

Comparable Rating	Amortized Cost		% of Total Amortized Cost			Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
AAA	$	120,764		23	%	$	118,612		23	%
AA+	$	132,482		26	%	$	130,335		26	%
AA	$	67,259		13	%	$	66,613		13	%
AA-	$	35,147		7	%	$	34,739		7	%
A+	$	43,793		9	%	$	43,121		9	%
A	$	28,870		6	%	$	28,495		6	%
A-	$	29,191		6	%	$	28,659		6	%
BBB+	$	31,445		6	%	$	30,780		6	%
BBB	$	17,121		3	%	$	16,500		3	%
BBB-	$	7,358		1	%	$	7,055		1	%
BB	$	693		0	%	$	657		0	%
BB+	$	2,185		0	%	$	2,055		0	%
B+	$	240		0	%	$	220		0	%
B	$	879		0	%	$	852		0	%
No rating available	$	964		0	%	$	956		0	%
Total	$	518,391		100	%	$	509,649		100	%

Our equity investment portfolio at December 31, 2018 consists of common stocks and redeemable and nonredeemable preferred stocks. We may incur potential losses due to adverse changes in equity security prices. We manage this risk primarily through industry and issuer diversification and asset allocation techniques.

The following table illustrates the composition of our equity portfolio at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

At December 31, 2018, we did not have any material exposure to foreign currency related risk.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

	December 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $518,391 and $552,458)	$	509,649		$	549,796
Equity securities, available for sale, at fair value (cost of $18,698 and $17,548)		16,456			17,217
Total investments		526,105			567,013
Cash and cash equivalents		250,117			153,697
Restricted cash		12,253			20,833
Accrued investment income		4,468			5,057
Premiums receivable, net		57,000			67,757
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid claims		317,930			357,357
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		233,071			227,764
Income taxes receivable		35,586			37,338
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		73,055			41,678
Property and equipment, net		17,998			18,748
Intangibles, net		76,850			101,626
Goodwill		152,459			152,459
Other assets		11,821			19,883
Total Assets	$	1,768,713		$	1,771,210
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	432,359		$	470,083
Unearned premiums		472,357			475,334
Reinsurance payable		166,975			17,577
Long-term debt, net		148,794			184,405
Deferred income tax		7,705			34,333
Advance premiums		20,000			23,648
Accrued compensation		9,226			16,477
Accounts payable and other liabilities		85,964			169,537
Total Liabilities	$	1,343,380		$	1,391,394

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 30,083,559 shares issued and 29,477,756 outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 26,560,004 shares issued and 25,885,004 outstanding at December 31, 2017		3			3
Additional paid-in capital		325,292			294,836
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,527	)		(3,064	)
Treasury stock, at cost, 7,214,797 shares and 7,099,597 shares		(89,185	)		(87,185	)
Retained earnings		195,750			175,226
Total Stockholders' Equity		425,333			379,816
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	1,768,713		$	1,771,210

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
REVENUES:
Gross premiums written	$	923,349		$	625,565		$	626,704
Change in gross unearned premiums		2,977			17,739			13,814
Gross premiums earned		926,326			643,304			640,518
Ceded premiums		(472,144	)		(263,740	)		(228,797	)
Net premiums earned		454,182			379,564			411,721
Net investment income		13,280			11,332			9,181
Net realized (losses) gains		(2,477	)		564			1,733
Other revenue		15,186			15,163			16,323
Total revenues		480,171			406,623			438,958
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		237,425			201,482			238,862
Policy acquisition costs, net of ceding commission income of $54,964, $8,600, and $0		84,666			83,892			84,421
General and administrative expenses, net of ceding commission income of $18,120, $0 and $0		88,544			71,714			58,910
Total expenses		410,635			357,088			382,193
Operating income		69,536			49,535			56,765
Interest expense, net		20,015			13,210			362
Other non-operating loss, net		10,527			42,217			—
Income (loss) before income taxes		38,994			(5,892	)		56,403
Provision for income taxes		11,839			(4,773	)		22,538
Net income (loss)	$	27,155		$	(1,119	)	$	33,865
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Change in net unrealized (losses) gains on investments		(5,700	)		5,688			(3,120	)
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment losses (gains), net of unrealized losses from equity securities		163			(564	)		(1,733	)
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income		2,232			(3,170	)		1,868
Total comprehensive income	$	23,850		$	835		$	30,880
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic		25,941,253			26,798,465			29,632,171
Diluted		26,095,874			26,798,465			29,634,349
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	1.05		$	(0.04	)	$	1.14
Diluted	$	1.04		$	(0.04	)	$	1.14

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

																						Accumulated
	Common shares									Retained Earnings											Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)						Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares			Amount		Additional Paid-in-Capital											Treasury Stock
Balance at December 31, 2015		30,441,410		$	3	$		202,628				$		155,955			$		—		$			(2,033		)			$		356,553
Net unrealized change in investments, net of tax		—			—			—					—					—					(2,985		)					(2,985		)
Stock buy-back		(1,759,330	)		—			—					—					(25,562		)			—							(25,562		)
Shares tendered for income tax withholding		(66,637	)		—			(977	)				—					—					—							(977		)
Stock-based compensation on vested restricted stock		225,000			—			4,815					—					—					—							4,815
Dividends declared on common stock		—			—			—					(7,011		)			—					—							(7,011		)
Excess tax expense on stock- based compensation		—			—			(739	)				—					—					—							(739		)
Net income		—			—			—					33,865					—					—							33,865
Balance at December 31, 2016		28,840,443			3			205,727					182,809					(25,562		)			(5,018		)					357,959
Net unrealized change in investments, net of tax		—			—			—					—					—					1,954							1,954
Stock buy-back		(5,340,267	)		—			—					—					(61,623		)			—							(61,623		)
Shares tendered for income tax withholding		(87,067	)		—			(1,599	)				—					—					—							(1,599		)
Stock-based compensation on vested restricted stock		225,000			—			4,815					—					—					—							4,815
Stock issued in connection with acquisition of business		2,222,215			—			40,000					—					—					—							40,000
Reclassification of derivative liability to equity		—			—			51,641					—					—					—							51,641
Deferred tax on convertible debt		—			—			(6,165	)				—					—					—							(6,165		)
Dividends declared on common stock		—			—			—					(6,464		)			—					—							(6,464		)
Exercise of stock options		24,680			—			417					—					—					—							417
Net loss		—			—			—					(1,119		)			—					—							(1,119		)
Balance at December 31, 2017		25,885,004			3			294,836					175,226					(87,185		)			(3,064		)					379,816
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (ASU 2016-01), net of tax		—			—			—					(267		)			—					267							—
Balance at December 31, 2017, as adjusted		25,885,004			3			294,836					174,959					(87,185		)			(2,797		)					379,816
Stock buy-back		(115,200	)		—			—					—					(2,000		)			—							(2,000		)
Tax withholding on share-based compensation awards		(112,500	)		—			(1,839	)				—					—					—							(1,839		)
Stock-based compensation on vested restricted stock		225,000			—			5,273					—					—					—							5,273
Convertible Option debt extinguishment, net of tax		—			—			(26,011	)				—					—					—							(26,011		)
Convertible notes converted into common stock		3,595,452			—			53,044					—					—					—							53,044
Reclassification of income taxes upon early adoption of ASU 2018-02		—			—			—					424					—					(424		)					—
Deferred tax change rate		—			—			(11	)				(408		)			—					—							(419		)
Dividends declared on common stock		—			—			—					(6,380		)			—					—							(6,380		)
Net unrealized change in investments, net of tax		—			—			—					—					—					(3,306		)					(3,306		)
Net income		—			—			—					27,155					—					—							27,155
Balance at December 31, 2018		29,477,756		$	3		$	325,292			$		195,750			$		(89,185		)		$	(6,527		)			$		425,333

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss)	$	27,155		$	(1,119	)	$	33,865
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		5,273			4,815			4,815
Bond amortization and accretion		6,247			8,810			8,016
Amortization of original issuance discount on debt		3,885			2,314			—
Depreciation and amortization		27,070			7,742			8,976
Net realized loss (gain)		399			(564	)		(1,733	)
Net change in unrealized losses of equity securities		2,078			—			—
Change in fair value of option feature		—			41,013			—
Net loss on property held for sale		737			—			—
Net loss (gain) on repurchase of debt		9,790			1,203			—
Deferred income taxes, net of acquired		(21,563	)		19,619			3,103
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income		589			303			(1,355	)
Premiums receivable, net		10,757			(910	)		(10,754	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(5,307	)		16,223			(23,300	)
Reinsurance premiums receivable and recoverable		39,427			(284,284	)		—
Income taxes receivable		1,752			(28,598	)		(10,713	)
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		(31,377	)		1,101			(7,979	)
Other assets		8,062			(4,907	)		177
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(37,724	)		236,142			56,415
Unearned premiums		(2,977	)		(17,740	)		(13,814	)
Reinsurance payable		149,398			(79,106	)		36,457
Accrued interest		(1,993	)		3,217			—
Income taxes payable		—			—			(2,092	)
Accrued compensation		(7,251	)		3,355			779
Advance premiums		(3,648	)		3,155			4,336
Other liabilities		(85,351	)		75,705			(2,244	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		95,428			7,489			82,955
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments available for sale		245,313			349,906			180,190
Purchases of investments available for sale		(218,667	)		(215,844	)		(317,666	)
Acquisition of a business, net of cash acquired		—			(140,919	)		(110,319	)
Cost of property and equipment acquired		(2,281	)		(385	)		(1,621	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		24,365			(7,242	)		(249,416	)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from convertible notes		—			136,750			77,910
Proceeds from long-term debt		114,200			—			—
Repurchase of convertible notes		(52,739	)		(25,189	)		—
Debt acquisition costs		(3,431	)		(5,609	)		—
Proceeds from mortgage loan		—			12,658			—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—			417			—
Excess tax expense on stock-based compensation		—			—			(739	)
Mortgage loan payments		(264	)		—			—
Repayments of long-term debt		(79,500	)		—			—
Tax withholding on share-based compensation awards		(1,839	)		(1,599	)		(977	)
Purchase of treasury stock		(2,000	)		(61,623	)		(25,562	)
Dividends		(6,380	)		(8,249	)		(6,806	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(31,953	)		47,556			43,826
Increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		87,840			47,803			(122,635	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		174,530			126,727			249,362
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	262,370		$	174,530		$	126,727
Supplemental Cash Flows Information:
Income taxes paid, net	$	31,289		$	4,500		$	31,912
Interest paid	$	17,573		$	4,054		$	—
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Original issue discount on convertible notes	$	—		$	16,838		$	—
Issuance of shares on conversion of convertible notes	$	53,044		$	—		$	—
Issuance of shares for consideration in the acquisition of a business	$	—		$	40,000		$	—

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “our”, “us”) was initially formed as a Florida limited liability company in 2012. On January 1, 2014, the Company formed a Delaware limited liability company, also named Heritage Insurance Holdings, LLC and merged with it in order to domicile the Company in Delaware. Effective May 22, 2014, Heritage Insurance Holdings, LLC converted into a Delaware corporation named Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. As used in these consolidated financial statements, the terms “the Company”, “we”, “our” and “us” also refer to Heritage Insurance Holdings, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to our conversion to a Delaware corporation.

Our insurance subsidiaries are Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”) and Pawtucket Insurance Company (“PIC”). PIC is currently inactive and has no policies in force or outstanding claims. Our other subsidiaries include: Heritage MGA, LLC (“MGA”), the managing general agent that manages substantially all aspects of our insurance subsidiaries’ business; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC, our vendor network manager, which includes BRC Restoration Specialists, Inc., our restoration service; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency; Osprey Re Ltd., our reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Heritage Insurance Claims, LLC, an inactive subsidiary reserved for future development; Zephyr Acquisition Company (“ZAC”); NBIC Holdings, Inc., NBIC Service Company which provides services to NBIC and Westwind Underwriters, Inc., an inactive subsidiary of NBIC Holdings, Inc.

Our primary products are personal and commercial residential insurance, which we currently offer in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. We conduct our operations under a single reporting segment.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all other entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest (none of which are variable interest entities). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As a result, the Company is eligible for certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company intends to continue to take advantage of some, but not all, of the exemptions available to emerging growth companies until such time that it is no longer an emerging growth company. The Company has, however, irrevocably elected not to take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards. As a result, the Company will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis when updated information related to such estimates becomes available. We base our estimates on historical experience and information available to us at the time these estimates are made. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term, highly-liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for interest bearing deposits approximate their fair value because of the short maturity of these financial instruments.

The Company excludes from cash and cash equivalents negative cash balances that the Company has with an individual financial institution. The liability presents outstanding checks not yet presented to the financial institution and is reported in accounts payable and other liabilities.

As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, restricted cash was $12.3 million and $20.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, Heritage P&C held approximately $9.0 million and $18.3 million relating to a reinsurance agreement with an entity that issued catastrophe (“CAT”) bonds, as Heritage P&C is contractually required to deposit certain installments of reinsurance premiums into a trust account and $3.2 million and $2.5 million in restricted cash relating to individual regulatory state deposits, respectively. The Company earned interest income of approximately $36,532 and $25,672 on its restricted cash deposits.

The Company classifies all of its investments in debt securities as available-for-sale and reports them at fair value. Subsequent to its acquisition of debt securities available-for-sale, the Company records changes in value through the date of disposition as unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax effects, and includes them as a component of other comprehensive income. Equity securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in net income and presented with realized holding gains and losses. The Company includes realized gains and losses, which it calculates using the specific-identification method for determining the cost of securities sold, in net income. The Company amortizes any premium or discount on fixed maturities over the remaining maturity period of the related securities using the effective interest method, and reports the amortization in net investment income. The Company recognizes dividends and interest income when earned.

Quarterly, the Company performs an assessment of its debt securities available-for-sale to determine if any are “other-than-temporarily” impaired. An investment is impaired when the fair value of the investment declines to an amount less than the cost or amortized cost of that investment. As part of the assessment process, the Company determines whether the impairment is temporary or “other-than-temporary”. The Company bases its assessment on both quantitative criteria and qualitative information, considering a number of factors including, but not limited to: how long the security has been impaired; the amount of the impairment; the Company intends to sell the investment or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the investment before it recovers the amortized cost or cost; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer; whether the issuer is current on contractually-obligated interest and principal payments; key corporate events pertaining to the issuer and whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions.

If the Company were to determine that a debt security or participation in a commercial mortgage loan was impaired and the Company either intends to sell the investment or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the investment before it is able to recover the amortized cost or cost, then the Company would record the full amount of the impairment in its consolidated statement of operations and other comprehensive income.

A large portion of the Company’s investment portfolio consists of debt securities available-for-sale, which may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates as a result of governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond its control. A rise in interest rates would decrease the net unrealized holding gains of our investment portfolio, offset by the Company’s ability to earn higher rates of return on funds reinvested. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase the net unrealized holding gains of our investment portfolio, offset by lower rates of return on funds reinvested.

Accumulated other comprehensive income consists solely of debt securities available-for-sale unrealized gains and loss investments and is presented net of income tax.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants (an exit price). When reporting the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, the Company prioritizes those fair value measurements into one of three levels based on the nature of the inputs, as follows:

The Company estimates the fair value of its investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE and NASDAQ. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, the Company uses observable inputs such as quoted prices in inactive markets, quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs. The Company does not have any investments in its portfolio which require the use of unobservable inputs. The Company’s estimate of fair value reflects the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on December 31, 2018. Changes in interest rates after December 31, 2018 may affect the fair value of the Company’s investments.

The Company believes the carrying amounts of its cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities approximate their fair values at December 31, 2018 and 2017, due to the immediate or short-term maturity of these instruments.

The Company’s non-financial assets, such as goodwill and property, plant and equipment are carried at cost until there are indicators of impairment and are recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized. Long term debt is recorded at carrying value, see Note 12 – Long-Term Debt for addition information.

The Company records direct and assumed premiums written as revenue net of ceded amounts on a daily pro rata basis over the contract period of the related in force policies or reinsurance contract. For any portion of premiums not earned at the end of the reporting period, the Company records an unearned premium liability.

In a one-time only transaction on September 1, 2017, the Company took over approximately 19,000 policies representing approximately $30.0 million in annualized premiums from Sawgrass Mutual Insurance Company.

Premiums receivable represents amounts due from our policyholders for billed premiums and related policy fees. We perform a policy-level evaluation to determine the extent to which the balance of premiums receivable exceeds the balance of unearned premiums. We then age any resulting exposure based on the last date the policy was billed to the policyholder, and we establish an allowance for credit losses for any amounts outstanding for more than 90 days. When we receive payments on amounts previously charged off, we reduce bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment. Balances in premiums receivable and the associated allowance account are removed upon cancellation of the policy due to non-payment. We recorded no allowance for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Bad debt expense related to uncollectible premiums was $0, $0 and $250,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

When the Company receives premium payments from policyholders prior to the effective date of the related policy, the Company records an advance premiums liability. On the policy effective date, the Company reduces the advance premium liability and records the premiums as described above.

The Company incurs policy acquisition costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the production of new business. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following four items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance; (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance; (iii) premium taxes; and (iv) inspection fees. The Company capitalizes policy acquisition costs to the extent recoverable, then the Company amortizes those costs over the contract period of the related policy.

At each reporting date, the Company determines whether it has a premium deficiency. A premium deficiency would result if the sum of the Company’s expected losses, deferred policy acquisition costs, and policy maintenance costs (such as costs to store records and costs incurred to collect premiums and pay commissions) exceeded the Company’s related unearned premiums plus investment income. Should the Company determine that a premium deficiency exists, the Company would write off the unrecoverable portion of deferred policy acquisition cost.

NBIC earns ceding commission on its gross and net quota share reinsurance contracts. Our accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes. Ceding commission is allocated between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. For the year ended December 31, 2018, NBIC earned ceding commission income of $72.5 million of which $55.0 million was allocable to policy acquisition costs compared to ceding commission income earned of $8.6 million for the month and year ended December 31, 2017 after the NBIC transaction that was allocated to policy acquisition costs.

Ceding commission income is deferred and recognized over the quota share contract period. The amount and rate of ceding reinsurance commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows: building—40 years; computer hardware and software 3—years; office and furniture equipment—3 to 7 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the asset’s useful life. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized to the property accounts. Replacements and maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred.

The application of the purchase method of accounting for business combinations requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in order to properly allocate the fair value of the acquired business. The estimates of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable using established valuation techniques that consider a number of factors and when appropriate, valuations performed by independent third-party appraisers. Assets acquired, and liabilities assumed in connection with business combinations are recorded based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition.

Goodwill represents the excess of costs over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is subject to evaluation for impairment using a fair value-based test. This evaluation is performed annually, during the fourth quarter or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant. The Company uses a qualitative approach to test goodwill for impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. The Company applies this qualitative approach as of October 1 annually to any and all reporting units. If required following the qualitative assessment, the first step in the goodwill impairment test involves comparing the fair value of each of a reporting unit to the carrying value of a reporting unit. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the Company is required to proceed to the second step. In the second step, the fair value of the reporting unit would be allocated to the assets (including unrecognized intangibles) and liabilities of the reporting unit, with any residual representing the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss would be recognized if, and to the extent that, the carrying value of goodwill exceeded the implied value. The Company reviews amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the Company concludes that impairment exists, the carrying amount is reduced to fair value. No impairment was recognized in any period presented.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Including Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

The Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or circumstances indicate that the assets might have become impaired. The Company determines whether the assets can be recovered from undiscounted future cash flows and, if not recoverable, the Company recognizes impairment to reduce the carrying value to fair value. Recoverability of long-lived assets is dependent upon, among other things, the Company’s ability to maintain profitability, so as to be able to meet its obligations when they become due. No impairment was recognized in any period presented.

The Company’s reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of settling all reported claims plus all claims we incurred related to insured events that have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to the Company (incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”).

The Company estimates its reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses using individual case-based estimates for reported claims and actuarial estimates for IBNR losses. The Company continually reviews and adjusts its estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, the Company’s evolving claims experience and new information obtained. If the Company’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are considered to be deficient or redundant, the Company increases or decreases the liability in the period in which it identifies the difference and reflects the change in its current period results of operations. Though the Company’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling all reported and unreported claims may change at any point in the future, a reasonable possibility exists that its estimate may vary significantly in the near term from the estimated amounts included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company reports its reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses gross of the amounts related to unpaid losses recoverable from reinsurers and reports loss and loss adjustment expenses net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. The Company does not discount its loss reserves for financial statement purposes.

The Company remains liable for claims payments if any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreements. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities or economics characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant loses from reinsurers insolvencies. The Company contracts with several reinsurers to secure its annual reinsurance coverage, which the excess of loss treaties generally becomes effective June 1st each year. The Company purchases reinsurance each year taking into consideration probable maximum losses and reinsurance market condition.

Our insurance affiliates may charge policyholders a policy fee on each policy written; these fees are not subject to refund, and the Company recognizes the income immediately when collected. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay its premiums in more than one installment and records the fees as income when collected. Other income includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property.

The Company follows industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies the Company writes to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that the Company’s reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under the Company’s reinsurance agreements, the Company remains liable for the entire insured loss.

The Company’s reinsurance agreements are generally short-term, prospective contracts. The Company records an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of new reinsurance agreements. The Company amortizes its prepaid reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period.

When the Company incurs losses recoverable under its reinsurance program, the Company records amounts recoverable from its reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of the Company’s liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to the estimate of unpaid losses. Given that an estimate of amounts recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid losses may change at any point in the future because of its relation to the Company’s reserves for unpaid losses, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly from initial estimates.

The Company estimates uncollectible amounts receivable from reinsurers based on an assessment of factors including the creditworthiness of the reinsurers and the adequacy of collateral obtained, where applicable. The Company recorded no uncollectible amounts under its reinsurance program or bad debt expense related to reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments imposed upon the Company’s insurance company affiliates are recorded as policy acquisition costs in the period the regulatory agency imposes the assessment. To recover guaranty or other insurance-related assessments, the Company in turn submits a plan for recoupment to the Insurance Commissioner for approval and upon approval, begins collecting a policy surcharge that will allow it to collect the prior year’s assessments. There were no assessments during the periods presented.

The Company collects other assessments imposed upon policyholders as a policy surcharge and records the amounts collected as a liability until the Company remits the amounts to the regulatory agency that imposed the assessment.

A long-term debt instrument with embedded features such as conversion and redemption options is evaluated to determine whether bifurcation and derivative accounting is applicable. If such instrument is not subject to derivative accounting, it is further evaluated to determine if the Company is required to separately account for the liability and equity components.

To determine the carrying values of the debt and derivative components at issuance, the Company measures the fair value of a similar liability, including any embedded features other than the conversion option, and assigns such value to the liability or equity component. The liability component’s fair value is then subtracted from the initial proceeds to determine the carrying value of the debt.

In August 2017 and September 2017, the Company issued collectively $136.8 million of 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) due August 1, 2037. The Convertible notes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20. At the time of issuance and until December 1, 2017, the Company recorded the fair value of the derivatives on its balance sheet at fair value with changes in the values of these derivatives reflected in the consolidated statement of operations.

Beginning December 1, 2017, the conversion option of the Convertibles Notes qualifies for the equity classification and will no longer be accounted for as a separate derivative instrument liability in accordance with applicable U.S. GAAP guidance. The Company separately accounts for the liability and equity components of Convertible Notes that can be settled in cash by allocating the proceeds from issuance between the liability component and the embedded conversion option, or equity component, in accordance with accounting for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash (including partial cash settlement) upon conversion. The value of the equity component is calculated by first measuring the fair value of the liability component, using the interest rate of a similar liability that does not have a conversion feature, as of the issuance date. The difference between the proceeds from the convertible debt issuance and the amount measured as the liability component is recorded as the equity component with a corresponding discount recorded on the debt. The Company recognizes the accretion of the resulting discount using the effective interest method as part of interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations.

The Company has reacquired convertible senior notes over a series of transactions. In accordance with ASC 470 “ Debt ”, the Company evaluated the accounting treatment to determine if the repurchase of the Convertible Notes constituted a debt extinguishment. ASC 405-20-40-1 provides implementation guidance in order to determine if the Company is legally released from being the primary obligor under the liability, either judicially or by the creditor. Based on the reacquisition of the Convertible Notes, the Company should derecognize the related debt and conversion option liability. Upon extinguishment, the Company performed a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis for each transaction based on its date and principal amount, leveraging market debt yield data as of each trade date to estimate the costs of the debt.

In connection with the issuance of debt, any debt issuance and discount costs are reflected on the balance sheet as an offset to long-term debt and amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the underlying debt instrument.

The Company measures stock-based compensation at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the requisite vesting period. Determining the fair value of stock option awards requires judgment, including estimating stock price volatility, forfeiture rates and expected option life. Restricted stock awards are valued based on the fair value of the stock on the grant date and the related compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period.

The Company reports both basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share. To calculate basic earnings per share, the Company divides net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the period, including vested restricted shares. The Company calculates diluted earnings per share by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares, and the effect of share equivalents, vested and unvested restricted shares and convertible notes outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method to calculate common stock equivalents.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to recover or settle those temporary differences. The effect on deferred taxes and liabilities attributable to a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that there is sufficient positive evidence, as allowed under the Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 ("ASC 740"), Income Taxes, to support the recoverability of those deferred tax assets. The Company establishes a valuation allowance to the extent that there is insufficient evidence to support the recoverability of the deferred tax asset under ASC 740. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If it is determined that the deferred tax assets would be realizable in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment would be made to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”), which makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. Tax code. One of the provisions of the Tax Act reduced the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Pursuant to current accounting guidance, all deferred tax assets and liabilities were re-measured at December 31, 2017 to recognize the tax rate that is expected to apply when the tax effects are ultimately recognized in future periods upon the date of enactment.

The Company’s current operations subject us to the following concentrations of risk:

The Company mitigates its geographic and group concentrations of risk by entering into reinsurance contracts with highly rated, financially-stable reinsurers, and by securing irrevocable letters of credit from reinsurers when necessary.

With regard to cash, the Company had $244.6 million and $138.4 million in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Deposits held in non- interest-bearing transaction accounts are combined with interest-bearing accounts and are insured up to $250,000.

We reclassified certain amounts in the 2017 and 2016 consolidated statement of cash flows to conform to the 2018 presentation, relating to the presentation of restricted cash and cash equivalents. This reclassification is a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, Restricted Cash effective January 1, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): The amendment allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”). In addition, under ASU 2018-02, an entity will be required to provide certain disclosures regarding stranded tax effects. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company early adopted the updated guidance effective January 1, 2018 and elected to reclassify the stranded income tax effects relating to the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings at the beginning of the period of adoption. The net impact of the accounting change resulted in a $0.4 million decrease in AOCI comprised of income taxes associated with net unrealized losses on investments and a corresponding increase in retained earnings.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, clarifying when a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. The new guidance requires modification accounting if the fair value, vesting condition or the classification of the award is not the same immediately before and after a change to the terms and conditions of the award. The new guidance was effective for the Company on a prospective basis beginning on January 1, 2018. This new guidance does not have an impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as it is not the Company’s practice to change either the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards once they are granted.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805). Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which provides additional guidance on evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or businesses. The guidance requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If this threshold is met, the new guidance would define this as an asset acquisition; otherwise, the entity then evaluates whether the asset meets the requirement that a business include, at a minimum, an input and substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The guidance was effective for the Company on a prospective basis beginning on January 1, 2018. The impact of this guidance will be determined by the terms of any future acquisitions.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 is a new accounting standard that will make eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This updated guidance became effective on January 1, 2018 and requires adoption on a retrospective basis. The Company has not experienced any transactions that are within the scope of this guidance and accordingly will evaluate the effect of this guidance further if and when any such transactions occur.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows, which requires entities to include in their cash and cash-equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. The ASU does not define the terms “restricted cash” and “restricted cash equivalents.” To conform to the new guidance, the Company reclassified $20.9 million and $13.0 million of restricted cash into cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, for a total balance of $174,530 and $126,727, which resulted in a $1,111 decrease in cash used by operating activities and a $7.8 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Restricted cash assets are primarily insurance related trust assets.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The ASU will significantly change the income statement impact of equity investments held by an entity and the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities when the fair value option is elected. The guidance requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10)” to clarify certain aspects of ASU No. 2016-01. The updated guidance was effective for the quarter ended March 31, 2018. The adoption of this guidance resulted in the recognition of $0.4 million of net pre-tax unrealized loss on equity investments as a cumulative effect adjustment that decreased retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 and increased AOCI by the same amount.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company reclassified the changes in the fair value of equities available-for-sale in net realized gains and losses whereas it was previously included in other revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. At December 31, 2018, the Company reported in aggregate $2.0 million of net unrealized equity securities losses of which for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $927,000 was reported in other revenue.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU Topic 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The ASU 2014-09 creates a new topic, Topic 606, to provide guidance on revenue recognition for entities that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enter into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue as performance obligations are met, in order to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity is entitled to receive for those goods or services. The standard became effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2018. The Company has determined that this pronouncement is not applicable to its insurance contracts and is not material to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company describes below recent pronouncements that may have a significant effect on its consolidated financial statements or on its disclosures upon future adoption. The Company does not discuss recent pronouncements that are not anticipated to have an impact on, or are unrelated to, its financial condition, results of operations, or related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944) Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which amends the accounting and disclosure model for certain long-duration insurance contracts under U.S. GAAP. The goal of the ASU amendments is to (1) improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows; (2) simplify and improve the accounting for certain market-based or guarantees associated with deposit (or account balances) contracts; (3) simplify the amortization of deferred acquisition costs; and (4) improve the effectiveness of the required disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2018-12 will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2021. The Company has determined that this pronouncement is not applicable to its insurance contracts and will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-04, Investments-Debt Securities (Topic 320) and Regulated Operations (Topic 980). Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 177 and SEC Release No 33-9273, the amendment of ASU 2018-04 adds, amends and supersedes various paragraphs that contain SEC guidance in ASC 320, Investments-Debt Securities and ASC 980, Regulated Operations. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of ASU 2018-04 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. The amendments in ASU 2017-04 intend to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The standard is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2020 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The estimate of expected credit losses should consider historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset in order to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset on the consolidated balance sheet. The guidance also amends the current accounting for other-than-temporary impairment model by requiring an estimate of the expected credit loss only when the fair value is below the amortized cost of the asset. The length of time the fair value of an available-for-sale debt security has been below the amortized cost will no longer impact the determination of whether a potential credit loss exists. The available-for-sale debt security model will also require the use of a valuation allowance as compared to the current practice of writing down the asset. The standard is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2020 with early adoption permitted in the first quarter of 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (as subsequently amended by ASU 2018-01, ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11), Lease Accounting, which requires that a lessee recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. As with previous guidance, there continues to be a differentiation between finance leases and operating leases, however this distinction now primarily relates to differences in the manner of expense recognition over time and in the classification of lease payments in the statement of cash flows. Lease assets and liabilities arising from both finance and operating leases will be recognized in the statement of financial position. ASU 2016-02 leaves the accounting for leases by lessors largely unchanged from previous GAAP. The transitional guidance for adopting the requirements of ASU 2016-02 calls for a modified retrospective approach that includes a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply. In addition, ASU 2018-11 provides for an additional (and optional) transition method by which entities may elect to initially apply the transition requirements in Topic 842 at that Topic’s effective date with the effects of initially applying Topic 842 recognized as a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption and without retrospective application to any comparative prior periods presented.

To date, we have taken an inventory of all our operating leases, which consist primarily of auto, equipment and real estate owned and unowned by the Company, started our review of key lease agreements, including contract review for embedded leases, and are currently evaluating lease terms, lease payments and appropriate discount rates to use in calculating the right-to-use asset and lease liability. At December 31, 2018, the Company estimated its lease obligations subject to the new accounting guidance to be in aggregate of $5.2 million with lease terms ranging from 5 to 10 years.

In addition, we are currently evaluating the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows us to use hindsight to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases, and allows for the adoption of the new standard at the effective date without adjusting the comparative prior periods presented. We will be continuously assessing the impact of the new standard and the impact on our systems, processes and controls through January 1, 2019, our planned adoption date.

No other new accounting pronouncement issued or effective during the fiscal year had or is expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

On November 30, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of all the outstanding capital stock of NBIC Holdings, Inc., the parent company of Narragansett Bay Insurance Company, a leading specialty underwriter of personal residential insurance products and services in several states in the northeastern United States for $250.0 million, including $210.0 million in cash, plus 2,222,215 shares of the Company’s common stock with an aggregate fair value of $40.0 million. The completion of the NBIC acquisition represents a significant advancement in executing the Company’s geographic diversification strategy by leveraging our combined platform to accelerate growth along the Eastern region. The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, assets acquired, and liability assumed be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The Company recognized goodwill of $106 million, attributable to expected growth and profitability, none of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The table below presents the Company’s fair value of NBIC’s tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The operations of NBIC are included in our audited consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income effective November 30, 2017.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price as of the balance sheet date:

The following unaudited pro forma results of operations assume that NBIC acquisition occurred at the beginning of the periods presented. The pro forma amounts include certain adjustments, including depreciation and amortization expense and income taxes. The pro forma amounts for the twelve-month period below excludes acquisition-related charges. Accordingly, these unaudited pro forma results are presented for information purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what have been if the acquisition have been if the acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2016, nor are the indicative of future results of operations.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of the Company’s debt securities available-for-sale are as follows:

The following table presents debt securities available-for-sale by contractual maturity for the periods presented:

The Company calculates the gain or loss realized on the sale of investments by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. The Company determines the cost or adjusted/amortized of the security sold using the specific identification method. The following table details the Company’s realized gains (losses) by major investments category as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively:

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted new accounting guidance that requires any changes in fair value of equity securities and other investments that are accounted for under the cost-method to be recognized immediately in realized gains and losses in net income. As a result, beginning on January 1, 2018, realized gains and losses from these investments include both sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses as follows:

At December 31, 2017, the cost, gross unrealized appreciation, gross unrealized depreciation, and fair value of equity securities was $17.5 million, $137,833, ($535,428) and $17.2 million, respectively. At December 31, 2017 the net unrealized depreciation of $397,595 was recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income on the balance sheet.

The following table summarizes the Company’s net investment income by major investment category for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively:

During the Company’s quarterly evaluations of its debt securities available-for-sale for impairment, the Company determined that none of its investments in debt securities that reflected an unrealized loss position were other-than-temporarily impaired. The issuers of the debt securities in which the Company invests continue to make interest payments on a timely basis and have not suffered any credit rating reductions. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it likely that it would be required to sell, the debt securities before the Company recovers its amortized cost basis.

The following tables present, for all debt securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position (including securities pledged), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

	Less Than Twelve Months						Twelve Months or More
December 31, 2018	Number of Securities		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Debt Securities Available-for-sale
U.S. government and agency securities		17	$	129	$	10,485		66	$	609	$	20,488
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		13		103		12,864		42		682		39,979
Industrial and miscellaneous		214		1,479		70,156		232		1,822		70,375
Special revenue		105		1,260		76,335		323		2,621		108,319
Redeemable preferred stocks		55		193		2,541		27		221		1,965
		404	$	3,164	$	172,381		690	$	5,955	$	241,126

	Less Than Twelve Months						Twelve Months or More
December 31, 2017	Number of Securities		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Debt Securities Available-for-sale
U.S. government and agency securities		53	$	284	$	20,053		24	$	289	$	9,294
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		51		359		49,803		8		210		10,503
Industrial and miscellaneous		284		376		87,898		38		256		11,788
Special revenue		295		777		133,580		183		1,347		69,359
Redeemable preferred stocks		41		66		3,987		17		5		61
		724	$	1,862	$	295,321		270	$	2,107	$	101,005

The Company is required to maintain assets on deposits with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations.

For both years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 goodwill was $152.5 million and intangible assets were $76.8 million and $101.6 million, respectively. The Company has recorded $1.3 million relating to insurance licenses classified as an indefinite lived intangible.

Our intangible assets resulted primarily from the acquisitions of Zephyr Acquisition Company and NBIC Holdings, Inc. and consist of brand, agent relationships, renewal rights, customer relations, trade names, non-competes and insurance licenses. Finite-lived intangibles assets are amortized over their useful lives from one to fifteen years.

The tables below detail the finite-lived intangible assets, net as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (amounts in thousands):

Estimated annual pretax amortization of intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense of intangible assets was $24.8 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods indicated:

Due to the net loss for 2017, dilutive loss per share is the same as basic due to the antidilutive impact of the convertible debt and restricted stock under the if-converted method. The Company had 2,563,777, 8,424,598 and 2,049,923 of antidilutive shares for the three years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

For the Company’s investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, the Company obtains the fair values from its third-party valuation service and we evaluate the relevant inputs, assumptions, methodologies and conclusions associated with such valuations. The valuation service calculates prices for the Company’s investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, then adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve as of quarter end. The inputs the valuation service uses in their calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, and therefore represent Level 2 inputs.

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company assesses the levels for the investments at each measurement date, and transfers between levels are recognized on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy regarding the recognitions of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no transfers in or out of Level 1, 2, and 3.

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include intangible assets and goodwill which are recognized at fair value during the period in which an acquisition is completed, from updated estimates and assumptions during the measurement period, or when they are considered to be impaired. These non-recurring fair value measurements, primarily for intangible assets acquired, were based on Level 3 unobservable inputs. During 2018 and 2017 these non-recurring fair values inputs consisted of brand, agent relationships, renewal rights, customer relations, trade names, value of business acquired, non-compete and goodwill. In the event of an impairment, we determine the fair value of the goodwill and intangible assets using a combination of a discounted cash flow approach and market approaches, which contain significant unobservable inputs and therefore is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs in the analysis generally include future cash flow projections and a discount rate.

There were no non-recurring fair value adjustments to intangible assets and goodwill during 2018, 2017 and 2016. The measurement period may be up to one year from the acquisition date. We record any measurement period adjustments to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill.

The following table is a summary of other comprehensive income (loss) and discloses the tax impact of each component of other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively:

Property and equipment, net consists of the following at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $2.3 million, $1.6 million, $1.6 million, respectively. The Company’s real estate consists of 15 acres of land, five buildings with a gross area of 229,000 square feet and a parking garage.

Expected annual rental income due under non-cancellable operating leases for our real estate properties is as follows (in thousands):

The Company defers certain income in connection with its quota share treaties, the ceded reinsurance commissions income, called deferred reinsurance ceding commissions (“DRCC”), which are deferred and earned over the terms of the reinsurance agreements. Ceding commission on quota share agreements call for provisional ceding rate, subject sliding scale adjustments based on the loss experience of the reinsurers. Adjustments are reflected in current operations. The Company allocates 75% of total ceding commission income to policy acquisition costs and 25% of total ceding commission income to general and administrative expense.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company allocated ceding commission income of $55.0 million and $8.6 million to policy acquisition costs and $18.1 million and $0 to general and administrative expense, respectively.

The Company defers certain costs in connection with written policies, called deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”), which are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies

The Company anticipates that its DPAC costs will be fully recoverable in the near term. The table below depicts the activity with regard to DPAC for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The Company’s reinsurance program is designed, utilizing the Company’s risk management methodology, to address its exposure to catastrophes or large non-catastrophic losses. The Company’s program provides reinsurance protection for catastrophes including hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes and winter storms. The Company’s reinsurance agreements are part of its catastrophe management strategy, which is intended to provide its stockholders an acceptable return on the risks assumed in its property business, and to reduce variability of earnings, while providing protection to the Company’s policyholders.

the purchase of reinsurance reinstatement premium. In total, we have purchased $3.5 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events.

The Company's estimated net cost for the 2018-2019 catastrophe reinsurance programs is approximately $252.0 million.

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $3.75 million.

The Company placed its reinsurance program for the period from June 1, 2017 through May 31, 2018 during the second quarter of 2017. This reinsurance program incorporates the catastrophe risk of our two insurance subsidiaries, Heritage P&C, a Florida based insurer writing property insurance in multiple states, and Zephyr, a Hawaii based insurer. The programs are allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”), and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). Coverage is specific to each insurer unless otherwise noted. The 2017-2018 reinsurance program provides, including retention, first event coverage up to $1.75 billion in Florida, first event coverage up to $731 million in Hawaii, and multiple event coverage up to $2.6 billion. This coverage exceeds the requirements established by the Company’s rating agency, Demotech, Inc., the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, and the Hawaii Insurance Division. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2018, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage.

The reinsurance program, which is segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The Company’s 2017-2018 reinsurance program incorporates the mandatory coverage required by law to be placed with FHCF, which is available only for Florida catastrophe risk. For the 2017 hurricane season, the Company maintained the prior year selected participation percentage in the FHCF at 45%. The Company also purchased private reinsurance below and alongside the FHCF layer, as well as aggregate reinsurance coverage. The Company is not utilizing its captive, Osprey, for any catastrophe risk for the 2017 hurricane season. The Company has a primary retention of the first $20 million of losses and loss adjustment expenses. Additionally, the December 1, 2016 treaty between Heritage P&C and Osprey was commuted effective June 1, 2017.

Heritage P&C provides property insurance coverage for states other than Hawaii. The following describes the various layers of its June 1, 2017 to May 31, 2018 reinsurance program:

Zephyr provides property insurance coverage for Hawaii. The various layers of its 2017-2018 reinsurance program area as follows:

For a first catastrophic event striking Florida, our reinsurance program provides coverage up to $1.75 billion of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For a first catastrophic event striking Hawaii, our reinsurance program provides coverage up to $731 million of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $632 million of limit purchased in 2017 includes reinstatement through the purchase of reinsurance reinstated premium. In total, we have purchased $2.6 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events. Hurricane losses in states other than Hawaii would be covered under the Heritage P&C program with the exception of the FHCF coverage and the series 2015, 2016 and 2017 catastrophe bonds. Management deemed this reinsurance protection to be sufficient given the level of catastrophe exposure in 2017 for Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In placing our 2017-2018 reinsurance program, we sought to capitalize on favorable reinsurance pricing and mitigate uncertainty surrounding the future cost of our reinsurance by negotiating multi-year arrangements. The $687.5 million of aggregate coverage we have purchased from Citrus Re Ltd, which includes the 2015 Class A, B, and C notes, the 2016 Class D & E notes, and the 2017 Series notes extends $277.5 million of coverage until May 2018, $250 million of coverage for two-year period and $160 million of coverage for a three-year period. To the extent coverage is all or partially exhausted before the end of three years, it cannot be reinstated. In the aggregate, multi-year coverage from Citrus Re Ltd accounts for approximately 26% of our purchases of private reinsurance for the 2017 hurricane season. The terms of each of the multi-year coverage arrangements described above are subject to adjustment depending on, among other things, the size and composition of our portfolio of insured risks in future periods.

Per Risk Coverage: The Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9 million and total limit for all losses is $27 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance in excess of $10 million for any commercial properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10 million.

NBIC, our insurance subsidiary located in Rhode Island, provides property insurance coverage in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island. NBIC’s catastrophe reinsurance program provides coverage for loss occurrences up to $1 billion (1:100-year event) on the first event and includes automatic reinstatement protection. The program includes coverage for catastrophic events such as severe winter storms, hurricanes and tornadoes. During 2017, NBIC’s net retention for a catastrophic event of up to $1.0 billion is $1.3 million. NBIC’s reinsurance program also covers non-catastrophic losses. A summary of NBIC’s combined reinsurance protection follows. The reinsurance program is placed with strong participation from leading reinsurers across global markets with no one reinsurer exceeding 10%. The reinsurance partners are all rated A- to A+ by Standard and Poor’s.

NBIC’s property catastrophe program protects NBIC from the aggregation of losses in a single occurrence. Reinstatement provisions (one reinstatement at 100% of premium) on the first three layers and a portion of the fourth layer provides protection for NBIC from a second catastrophic event. The program is 81.25% placed, with the remaining 18.75% of catastrophe protection coming from NBIC’s gross quota share contract. NBIC’s net retention of $20 million is further reduced with a net quota share reinsurance contract described below.

NBIC’s Reinstatement Premium Protection locks in the cost of a potential reinstatement premium charge that would occur should an event trigger catastrophe reinsurance. NBIC buys reinstatement premium protection for the first three layers and a portion of the fourth catastrophe excess of loss layers.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, NBIC had 25% of an Aggregate contract, in two sections:

NBIC placed 25% of an aggregate contract on December 31, 2017, expiring May 31, 2018. The limit on the contract is $13.5 million, retention of $18.5 million and franchise deductible of $1.0 million.

NBIC purchased an 18.75% gross account quota share reinsurance treaty which provides ground up loss recoveries of up to $1 billion.

NBIC’s net lines quota share is proportional reinsurance for which certain of our other reinsurance inures to the quota share (property catastrophe excess of loss and reinstatement premium protection and the second layer of the general excess of loss.) An occurrence limit of $20 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of reinsurance commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. NBIC ceded 60% of net premiums and losses during 2017 to the Net Quota Share. The net quota share program was renewed on December 31, 2017 ceding 49.5% of the net premiums and losses and 8% of the prior year quota share will runoff.

NBIC’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, both property and casualty. The casualty coverage provided by this contract also responds on a “Clash” basis, meaning that multiple policies involved in a single loss occurrence can be aggregated into one loss and applied to the reinsurance contract. The coverage is in two layers in excess of NBIC’s retention of the first $300,000 of loss. The first layer is $450,000 excess $300,000 and the second layer is $2.75 million excess $750,000 (Casualty second layer is $1.25 million excess $750,000). Both layers are 81.25% placed with the gross quota share providing the additional 18.75% coverage.

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $2.5 million.

NBIC’s umbrella facultative program protects NBIC’s Umbrella Liability business through the quota share reinsurance contract. NBIC has limits of liability of up to $1 million with 90% quota share, subject to an additional limit of liability of up to $4 million with 100% quota share. The home system protection (HSP) product is designed to protect customers from sudden and accidental mechanical breakdowns to furnaces, boilers, HVAC systems, home entertainment systems, pool heating and filtering equipment, and other mechanical systems that are not covered by standard homeowners’ insurance policies. The coverage is included in NBIC’s base policy and is 100% reinsured through Hartford Steam Boiler.

The Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9 million and total limit for all losses is $27 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance in excess of $10 million for any commercial properties it insured that the total insured value exceeded $10 million.

The Company’s reinsurance arrangements had the following effect on certain items in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018:

The Company determines the reserve for unpaid losses on an individual-case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”, claims as of the balance sheet date. We estimate our IBNR reserves by projecting our ultimate losses using industry accepted actuarial methods and then deducting actual loss payments and case reserves from the projected ultimate losses.

The table below summarizes the activity related to the Company’s reserve for unpaid losses:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016

Balance, beginning of period	$	470,083	$	140,137	$	83,722
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		315,353		589		—
Net balance, beginning of period		154,730		139,548		83,722
Incurred related to:
Current year		224,080		188,914		220,071
Prior years		13,345		12,567		18,791
Total incurred		237,425		201,481		238,862
Paid related to:
Current year		104,368		114,344		120,626
Prior years		105,935		107,479		62,407
Total paid		210,303		221,823		183,033
Total unpaid claims assumed from acquisitions		—		35,524		—
Net balance, end of period		181,852		154,730		139,551
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		250,507		315,353		586
Balance, end of period	$	432,359	$	470,083	$	140,137

The Company writes insurance in the coastal states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina, which could be exposed to hurricanes or other natural catastrophes. Although the occurrence of a major catastrophe could have a significant effect on our monthly or quarterly results, such an event is unlikely to be so material as to disrupt our overall normal operations. However, the Company is unable to predict the frequency or severity of any such events that may occur in the near term or thereafter. The Company believes that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

The reserve for unpaid losses is the estimate of amounts necessary to settle all reported and unreported incurred claims for the ultimate cost of insured losses, based upon the facts of each case and the Company’s experience with similar cases. Estimated amounts of salvage and subrogation are deducted from the reserve for claims and claims expense. The establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. Reserve estimates are primarily derived using an actuarial estimation process in which historical loss patterns are applied to actual paid losses and reported losses (paid losses plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident or report year to create an estimate of how losses are likely to develop over time. Development factors are calculated quarterly and periodically throughout the year for data elements such as claims reported and settled, paid losses, and paid losses combined with case reserves. The historical development patterns for these data elements are used as the assumptions to calculate reserve estimates, including the reserves for reported and unreported claims. Reserve estimates are regularly reviewed and updated, using the most current information available. Any resulting re-estimates are reflected in current results of operations.

The Company’s losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 reflect prior year development of $13.3 million and $12.6 million, respectively, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. While a portion of the 2018 development includes additional retention for hurricane losses, the majority of the 2018 loss development related to personal lines litigated and AOB claims from 2016 and 2017 accident years. Development in 2017 included $6.5 million for hurricane claims and strengthening of reserves for personal lines non-hurricane losses. Most of the unfavorable emergence recorded in 2016 came from the second, third and fourth quarters of 2015, primarily related to claims involving litigation and claims that were represented by attorneys and AOB. Management strengthened reserves for the 2018 accident year.

The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2018, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts.

Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
(in thousands, except number of claims)

Unaudited
Accident year	2012 & prior		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		Net IBNR Reserves		Reported Claims
2012 & prior	$	102,723	$	105,765	$	107,842	$	106,493	$	106,331	$	106,654	$	106,446	$	56		53,348
2013				61,157		61,483		62,969		62,166		62,354		62,378		488		13,085
2014						118,991		114,899		113,847		114,984		115,838		1,731		18,430
2015								179,255		197,744		203,792		205,164		5,941		25,952
2016										237,207		242,611		250,990		10,844		27,245
2017												189,163		195,240		18,243		66,739
2018														199,565		88,792		28,939
									Total		Total		$	1,135,621	$	126,095

Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

Unaudited
Accident year	2012 & prior		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
2012 & prior	$	92,909	$	101,323	$	102,750	$	104,093	$	104,362	$	105,053	$	105,875
2013				35,771		50,716		55,589		57,647		59,395		60,581
2014						68,732		95,076		101,456		108,509		112,518
2015								103,918		162,654		181,672		192,967
2016										132,679		211,512		233,540
2017												103,148		169,743
2018														84,552
							Total						$	959,776

In December 15, 2016, the Company issued $79.5 million of Senior Secured Notes (“Secured Notes”) bearing interest at the three-month LIBOR plus 8.75% per annum. Interest is accrued monthly and paid quarterly. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company made interest payments of approximately $8.8 million and $8 million, respectively. On December 14, 2018, the Company prepaid the Secured Notes in aggregate of $84.1 million in principal and unpaid accrued interest. The Company recorded in aggregate $7.2 million in other non-operating losses for a prepayment penalty and the net loss from the prepayment of the note.

In August 2017 and September 2017, the Company issued in aggregate $136.8 million of 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes (“Convertible Notes”) maturing on August 1, 2037, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. The Convertible Notes were issued in a private placement transaction pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, as amended. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that will rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes; equal in right of payment to the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness or other liabilities by the Company’s subsidiaries other than the Guarantor, which will fully and unconditionally guarantee the Convertible Notes on a senior unsecured basis.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2037. On or after August 5, 2022 but prior to February 1, 2037, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes, at the Company’s option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to , but excluding, the redemption date. Holders of the Convertible Notes will be able to cause the Company to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash on any of August 1, 2022, August 1, 2027 and August 1, 2032, in each case at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date.

Interest accrues from August 16, 2017 and is payable semi-annually in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning in 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017 the Company made no principal or interest payments.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has $25.6 million of the Convertible Notes outstanding, net of debt issuance and debt discount costs which totaled approximately, $3.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made interest payments of approximately $8.1 million on the Convertible Notes.

In the fourth quarter, the Company exchanged Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $75.8 million for a combination of cash and the issuance of an aggregate of 3,595,452 shares of the Company’s common stock.

The Company has reacquired convertible senior notes over a series of transactions in 2017 and 2018. In accordance with ASC 470 “ Debt ”, the Company evaluated the accounting treatment to determine if the repurchase of the Convertible Notes constituted a debt extinguishment. ASC 405-20-40-1 provides implementation guidance in order to determine if the Company is legally released from being the primary obligor under the liability, either judicially or by the creditor. Based on the reacquisition of the Convertible Notes, the Company should derecognize the related debt and conversion option liability. Upon extinguishment, the Company performed a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis for each transaction based on its date and principal amount, leveraging market debt yield data as of each trade date to estimate the costs of the debt.

On December 1, 2017, the Company held a Special Meeting of Stockholders, at which the Company’s stockholders approved, as required by Rule 312 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, the issuance of the Company’s common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the approval, the Company has the ability to settle the conversion option in shares of common stock, cash or a combination thereof. Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, the Company intends to pay cash in respect of only the principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted or (if lower) the conversion value thereof, and to settle any amounts in excess thereof in cash, shares of common stock or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election.

In December 2017, the conversion option of the Convertible Notes for equity classification no longer accounted for a separate derivative instruments liability in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company valued the embedded derivative and recorded additional paid-in-capital of $51.6 million. In connection with the change in the fair value, the Company recognized a fair value change in the year ended December 31, 2017 of $41.0 million as non-operating expenses in the statement of operations.

For 2018 debt repurchases, the Company removed the respective net debt amount and the related portion of the derivative that was included in shareholders’ equity. The extinguishment of debt was measured at the then-current fair value at the time of purchase, with any difference recorded as a gain or loss on the extinguishment. In accordance with the purchase agreement governing the Company’s offer and sale of convertible debt, the Company or its affiliates are prohibited from reselling the notes once acquired. The repurchased Convertible Notes hold no registration rights.

In April 2018, the Company reacquired $10.6 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes in the open market at a cost of $13.4 million. The Company recognized a non-operating loss of $383,000 on extinguishment. In August 2018, in connection with the April 2018 settlement of the open market repurchase, the Company retired the repurchased $10.6 million Convertible Notes.

In October 2018, the Company reacquired $3.1 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes in the open market at a cost of $3.6 million. The repurchase resulted in a $73,000 non-operating loss. In December 2018, the Company repurchased in aggregate $72.7 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes. As consideration for the repurchase, the Company paid in cash $35.9 million and

converted $53.0 million into 3,595,452 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company recorded a $572,000 non-operating loss on the extinguishment and a reduction in debt discount liability of $6.2 million. In January 2019, in connection with the October 2018 settlement, the Company retired the repurchased $3.1 million Convertible Notes.

In November 2017, the Company, through our subsidiary Heritage P&C, reacquired $21.1 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes in the open market at a cost of $25.2 million. The Company recognized a non-operating loss of $1.2 million on extinguishment. In connection with the repurchase, the Company removed the net debt of $17.7 million and liability derivative at the carrying amount of $6.2 million

The impact of the purchase of convertible notes during 2018 resulted in a net increase to additional paid-in capital from issuance of common stock on conversion of the Convertible Notes valued at $53.0 million reduced by the impact from the extinguishment of the allocated portion of the convertible option of $26.0 million.

On February 19, 2019, the Company reacquired $5.8 million of its outstanding Convertible Notes, payment was made in cash of approximately $2.9 million and issuance of 285,201 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at $4.2 million.

In October 2017, the Company and its subsidiary, Skye Lane Properties LLC, jointly obtained a commercial real estate mortgage loan in the amount of $12.7 million, bearing interest of 4.95% per annum. On October 30, 2022, the interest rat shall adjust to an interest rate equal to the annualized interest rate of the United States 5-year Treasury Notes as reported by Federal Reserve on a weekly average basis plus 3.10%. The term of the loan expires on October 30, 2027. The Company makes monthly principal and interest payments against the loan. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid in principal and interest of $893,000 and $97,000, respectively.

On December 14, 2018, the Company entered into a five-year, $125.0 million credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders consisting of a $75 million senior secured term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) and a $50.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). The Company incurred $3.2 million in debt issuance costs in connection to the Credit Facilities. The net proceeds from the Credit Facilities were used in part (1) to redeem all $79.5 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of the Company’s Senior Notes due 2023 bearing interest at a rate equal to 8.75% per annum plus the three-month average LIBOR, (2) to purchase certain of its outstanding 5.875% Convertible Notes due 2037, and (3) for general corporate purposes.

At the Company’s option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities will bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to LIBOR (based on one, two, three or six-month interest periods), adjusted for applicable reserve requirements, plus an applicable margin (equal to 3.25% as of the closing date) or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the greatest of (a) the “prime rate” of the Administrative Agent, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the LIBOR index rate applicable for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin (equal to 2.25% as of the closing date). The applicable margin for loans under the Credit Facilities varies from 3.25% per annum to 3.75% per annum (for LIBOR loans) and 2.25% to 2.75% per annum (for base rate loans) based on the Company’s leverage ratio. Interest payments with respect to the Credit Facilities are required either on a quarterly basis (for base rate loans) or at the end of each interest period (for LIBOR loans) or, if the duration of the applicable interest period exceeds three months, then every three months. In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, which is determined by the Company’s leverage ratio.

The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, representations and warranties, and events of default customary for facilities of this type through which the Company and certain of its subsidiaries are required, among other things, to maintain a minimum net worth, a maximum leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and minimum statutory capitalization risk-based capital ratios. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with the Credit Agreement’s covenants.

Term Loan Facility: The principal amount of the Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments, beginning with the close of the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2019, in an amount equal to $1.9 million per quarter, with the remaining balance payable at maturity. As of December 31, 2018, there was $75.0 million in aggregate principal outstanding on the Term Loan Facility.

Revolving Credit Facility: The Revolving Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to $50.0 million inclusive of a $5.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $10.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $20.0 million of borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.

In November 2018, a subsidiary of the Company pledged U.S. government and agency fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $31.0 million as collateral and received $19.2 million in a cash loan under an advance agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Atlanta. The loan originated on December 12, 2018 and bears a fixed interest rate of 3.094% with interest payments due quarterly commencing March 2019. The principal balance on the loan has a maturity date of December 13, 2023. In connection with the agreement, the subsidiary became a member of FHLB. Membership in the FHLB required an investment in FHLB’s common stock which was purchased on December 31, 2018 and valued at $1.4 million. The subsidiary is permitted to withdraw any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum collateral requirement at any time, other than in the event of a default by the subsidiary. The proceeds from the loan was used to prepay the Senior Secured Debt.

As of the date of this report, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Revolving agreement, Term Note, Convertible Debt, cash borrowings and other loans. Our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance. As long as there is no default or an event of default exist we are allowed to payout dividends in an aggregate amount not to exceed $10.0 million in any fiscal year.

The covenants and other requirements under the revolving agreement represent the most restrictive provisions that we are subject to with respect to our long-term debt.

The income tax (benefit) expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of as indicated below to pretax income as a result of the following (in thousands):

The 2018 effective tax rate was affected by various permanent tax differences, predominately disallowed executive compensation deductions which were further limited in 2018 and future years upon the enactment of H.R.1, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”). The 2017 effective tax rate was affected by the valuation change for the conversion option liability (refer to Note 12 - Long Term Debt), which is permanently non-deductible, creating a significant adverse impact to the rate. This item was offset by a favorable impact on the effective tax rate associated with enactment of the Tax Act. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the tax provision for each quarter are updated as more information becomes available throughout the year.

The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017 and contains several key provisions that impact the Company's business, including the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, the reduction in the amount of executive compensation that could qualify as a tax deduction, and a change in how property and casualty taxpayers discount loss reserves. Under current accounting guidance, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which the new legislation is enacted. However, due to the timing of the enactment of the Tax Act and its proximity to December 31, 2017, the SEC issued SAB 118 which provides a framework for companies to account for uncertainties in applying the provisions of the Tax Act. SAB 118 allows companies to record a provisional amount in situations where a company does not have the necessary information available but can make a reasonable estimate. In situations where companies cannot make a reasonable estimate due to various factors, including lack of information, a provisional amount is not recorded. Instead, companies will continue to apply current accounting guidance based on the provision of the tax laws that were in effect immediately prior to the Tax Act being enacted. The measurement period, as defined in SAB 118 for the Tax Act, begins on the enactment date of the Tax Act and ends when a company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information that was needed in order to complete the accounting requirements under current accounting guidance. However, under no circumstances will the measurement period extend beyond one year from the enactment date of the Tax Act.

The Company’s accounting for all elements of the Tax Act is now complete, consistent with the closing of the SAB 118 measurement period on December 22, 2018. As a result of guidance released by the IRS, namely Revenue Procedures 2019-06, the Company recorded the following adjustments to the accounting for the Tax Act during 2018:

Property and Casualty Reserves: The Act changes the discount rate and payment patterns utilized to discount certain lines of business when computing the allowable tax reserve deduction. On December 19, 2018, the IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2019-06 which provided taxpayers with the applicable discount factors for use in these computations. As a result of this additional guidance, the Company recorded an increase to its gross deferred tax asset for loss reserve discounting of $702,861 and an increase to its gross deferred tax liabilities for reserve transition liability of $702,861 during 2018. The recorded adjustment had no impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets as December 31 were as follows:

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $450,000 and $0, respectively. The losses will expire in 2031. In addition, the Company had a $400,000 capital loss carryforward which will expire in 2023.

In assessing the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion or all of the deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The remaining goodwill from asset purchases that is deductible for tax purposes over the future years totaled $6.0 million and $6.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We had non-deductible goodwill for $144.4 million and $144.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The statute of limitations related to our federal and state income tax returns remains open from our filings for 2015 through 2017. For the 2014 tax year, the federal income tax return was examined by the tax authority resulting in no material adjustment. Currently, no taxing authorities are examining any of our federal or state income tax returns.

The reinsurance affiliate, which is based in Bermuda, made an irrevocable election under section 953(d) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to be treated as a domestic insurance company for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. As a result of this election, our reinsurance subsidiary is subject to United States income tax as if it were a U.S. corporation.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no uncertain tax positions or unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate.

State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as our insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital; restrict insurers’ ability to pay dividends; restrict the allowable investment types and investment mixes and subject the Company’s insurers to assessments.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are required to file with state insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which reports, among other items, net income and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholder’s equity under GAAP. Combined results of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries reported statutory net loss of $64.5 million and a net income of $50.6 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. Heritage P&C is required to maintain capital and surplus equal to the greater of $15 million or 10% of their respective liabilities. Zephyr is required to maintain a deposit of $750,000 in a federally insured financial institution. NBIC is required to maintain capital and surplus of $3.0 million. The combined statutory surplus for Heritage P&C, Zephyr, and NBIC was $375.1 million at December 31, 2018. The combined statutory surplus for Heritage P&C and Zephyr was $376.3 million at December 31, 2017. State laws also require the Company’s insurance subsidiaries to adhere to prescribed premium-to-capital surplus ratios, with which the Company’s insurance affiliates are complying. At December 31, 2018, our insurance subsidiaries met the financial and regulatory requirements of the states in which they do business.

The legislatures of the states of domicile of our insurance affiliates have adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) recommendations with regard to expansion of the regulation of insurers to include non-insurance entity affiliates. Specifically, the new law permits the state insurance regulators to examine affiliated entities within an insurance holding company system in order to ascertain the financial condition of the insurer. The law also provides for certain disclosures regarding enterprise risk, which are satisfied by the provision of related information filed with the SEC.

The NAIC published risk-based capital guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policy holders. Most states, including Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island, have enacted the NAIC guidelines as statutory requirements, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

The level of required risk-based capital (“RBC”) is calculated and reported annually. There are five outcomes to the RBC calculation set forth by the NAIC which are as follows:

At December 31, 2018, the ratio of adjusted capital to authorized control level risk based capital for each of our insurance company subsidiaries was above 300%.

State laws for Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The applicable laws pertain to the state of domicile of each insurance company affiliate and provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory authority and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authority. In the state of Florida, a dividend may be taken without regulatory approval if the

dividend is equal to or less than the greater of 10% of the insurer’s surplus or the insurer’s net income. In the state of Rhode Island, a dividend may be taken without regulatory approval if the dividend is equal to or less than the lesser of 10% of the insurer’s surplus or the insurer’s net income excluding realized capital gains. The state of Hawaii restricts dividends without regulatory approval to the smaller of prior years’ net income or 10% of prior year’s surplus. Heritage P&C and NBIC have not paid dividends in any of the last three years. Zephyr paid dividends of $7.6 million for the each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Statutory risk-based capital requirements may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum risk-based capital requirements. However, the consent order authorizing commencement of operations for Heritage P&C precluded payment of dividends without the prior approval of FLOIR until July 31, 2017.

State insurance laws limits an insurer’s investment in equity instruments and also restricts investments in medium to low quality debt instruments. The Company’s insurance affiliates were in compliance with all investment restrictions at December 31, 2018 and 2016.

Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can levy assessments upon the Company in the states in which the Company writes policies. See Note 1 “Basis of Presentation, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Practices” for a description of how the Company recovers assessments imposed upon it. Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can also levy assessments upon policyholders, and the Company collects the amount of the assessments from policyholders as surcharges for the benefit of the assessing agency. There are currently no assessments to be collected from policyholders and remitted to any governmental or quasi-governmental entities. If an assessment becomes levied the Company would multiply the premium written on each policy by these assessment percentages to determine the additional amount that it will collect from the policyholder and remit to the assessing agencies.

The Company reported its insurance subsidiaries’ assets, liabilities and results of operations in accordance with GAAP, which varies from statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state laws and regulations, as well as by general industry practices. The following items are principal differences between statutory accounting and GAAP:

The table below reconciles the Company’s consolidated GAAP net (loss) income to statutory net income of its insurance subsidiaries (in thousands):

The Company’s reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey, which was incorporated on April 23, 2013, is licensed as a Class 3a Insurer under The Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 and related regulations. Osprey is required to maintain statutory capital and surplus of at least $1.0 million and maintain liquid resources or have access to liquid resources equal to its maximum obligation for which it is responsible under the terms of any reinsurance arrangement to which it is a party. Osprey maintains sufficient collateral to comply with regulatory requirements as of December 31, 2018. Bermuda’s standard for financial statement reporting is U.S. GAAP.

The Company is involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period that it determines an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and it can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to its estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that the Company receives regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. When determinable, the Company discloses the range of possible losses in excess of those accrued and for reasonably possible losses.

On February 9, 2018, the Company entered into a 68-month lease agreement for additional office space in Sunrise, Florida commencing on March 1, 2018, with a free base rental period for the first three months. Following the expiration of the free base rental period, the monthly base rental payments were $39,146 for months 4-12; $40,330 for months 13-24; $41,535 for months 25-36; $42,780 for months 37-48; $44,065 for months 49-60 and $45,389 for months 61-68. Effective February 12, 2018, the Company has entered into a five-year lease agreement for office space in Plainview, New York. The term of the lease commenced on May 1, 2018. The monthly base rental payments were $2,975 until April 30, 2020 and thereafter were $3,064 per month from May 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021 and $3,156 through May 2022; and 3,251 through March 2023.

In November 2018, the Company entered into a ten-year lease agreement for additional office space in Johnston, Rhode Island commencing on or before February 15, 2019, with an abatement of monthly installments annual fixed rent for the six-month period beginning on the term of commencement date and not to exceed $347,712 in aggregate. The lease provides for a $28,098 moving allowance and up to $1.3 million or $45 per square foot allowance for improvements. The annual fixed leased obligation at commencement date is $695,495 at year one and increases 2% each year thereafter.

The Company is committed under various operating leases agreements for office space. The Company and its subsidiaries lease certain facilities and equipment under long-term lease agreements. Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $797,000.

Future minimum rent payments on the office space leases for the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

Other liabilities consist of the following as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

At December 31, 2018, the Company recognized employee bonus compensation expense in aggregate of $8.2 million, which the Company paid out in cash approximately $2.2 million during 2018, the remainder is expected to be paid in 2019. At December 31, 2017, the Company recognized employee bonus compensation expense of approximately $6.9 million, which the Company paid out in cash of approximately $0.9 million for 2017.

In January 2017, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mrs. Shannon Lucas, the wife of the Chairman and CEO, in which she agreed to provide consulting services related to the Company’s catastrophe reinsurance and risk management program at a rate of $400 per hour. The consulting agreement has no specific term and either party may terminate the agreement upon providing written notice. Additionally, she serves as a director of Heritage P&C and NBIC with an annual compensation of $150,000. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid consulting fees to Ms. Lucas of approximately $628,800 and $440,000, respectively.

The legacy Heritage entities (“Heritage P&C, CAN, HMGA and Zephyr”) provide a 401(k) plan for substantially all employees. A fully vested contribution of 100% on the first 3% of employees’ contribution and 50% on the next 2% of the employees’ contribution is made to the plan. The maximum match is 4%. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the contributions made to the plan on behalf of the participating employees were approximately $665,000 and $815,000.

The Florida-based legacy Heritage entities provide employees a partially self-insured healthcare plan and benefits. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, incurred medical premium costs amounted to an aggregate of $3.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. An additional liability of approximately $367,700 was recorded for unpaid claims as of December 31, 2018. A stop loss reinsurance policy caps the maximum loss that could be incurred under the self-insured plan. The stop loss coverage per employee is $150,000 for which any excess cost would be covered by the reinsurer subject to an aggregate limit for losses in excess of $1.5 million which would provide up to $1.0 million of coverage. Any excess of the $1.5 million retention and the $1.0 million of aggregate coverage would be borne by the Florida-based legacy Heritage entities. The aggregate stop loss commences once our expenses exceed 125% of the annual aggregate expected claims.

NBIC provides a 401(k) plan for its employees who elect to participate and matches the contributions up to a maximum of 4%. Employer contributions vest 20% each year until fully vested after 5 years. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, NBIC contributions to the plan on behalf of the participating employees were approximately $$388,400 and $35,350, respectively.

Commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018, NBIC joined the self-insured healthcare plan and benefits plan offered by Heritage. A stop loss reinsurance policy caps the maximum loss that could be incurred under the self-insured plan. The stop loss coverage per employee is $150,000 for which any excess cost would be covered by the reinsurer subject to an aggregate limit for losses in excess of $1.5 million which would provide up to $1.0 million of coverage. Any excess of the $1.5 million retention and the $1.0 million of aggregate coverage would be borne by NBIC. The aggregate stop loss commences once our expenses exceed 125% of the annual aggregate expected claims

The total amount of authorized capital stock consists of 50,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 29,477,756 shares of common stock outstanding, 7,214,797, treasury shares of common stock and 605,801 unvested restricted common stock issued reflecting total paid-in capital of $325.3 million as of such date.

Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters subject to a vote of stockholders, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors may elect all of the directors standing for election, subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock will be entitled to receive ratably any dividends that the board of directors may declare out of funds legally available therefor, subject to any preferential dividend rights of outstanding preferred stock. Upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive ratably its net assets available after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. There is no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All outstanding shares of the Company’s capital stock (excluding restricted stock) are fully paid and nonassessable.

On September 14, 2015, the Company announced that the Company’s Board of Directors, authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $20 million of the Company’s common stock. On May 4, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase of up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock through December 31, 2018

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased through open market or private transactions an aggregate of 115,200 shares at a total cost of $2.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company purchased through open market or private transactions an aggregate of 1,787,870 shares at a total cost of $21.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company purchased through open market or private transactions an aggregate of 1,759,330 shares at a total cost of $25.6 million.

In August 2017, in connection with the Convertible Note issuance the Company repurchased 3,552,397 shares of its common stock at a price of $11.26 per share from institutional investors for $40.0 million in a series of open market transactions.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded quarterly cash dividends of approximately $6.4 million as follows:

Cash dividends declared on our outstanding weighted average number of basic common shares for the periods presented were as follows:

The Company has adopted the Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) effective on May 22, 2014. The Plan authorized 2,981,737 shares of common stock for issuance under the Plan for future grants.

As of December 31, 2018, all unvested shares have been forfeited. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were 1,170,097 and 1,125,243 shares available for grant under the Plan, respectively.

The Company recognizes compensation expense under ASC 718 for its stock-based payments based on the fair value of the awards. The Company grants stock options at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the dates the options are granted. The options have a maximum term of ten-years from the date of grant and vest primarily in equal annual installments over a range of one to five-year periods following the date of grant for employee options. If a participant’s employment relationship ends, the participant’s vested awards will remain exercisable for the shorter of a period of 30 days or the period ending on the latest date on which such award could have been exercisable. The fair value of each option grant is separately estimated for each grant date. The fair value of each option is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the award and each vesting date. The Company estimates the fair value of all stock option awards as of the date of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple-option pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense.

The Company has also granted shares of its common stock subject to certain restrictions under the Plan. Restricted stock awards granted to employee’s vest in equal installments generally over a five-year period from the grant date subject to the recipient’s continued employment. The fair value of restricted stock awards is estimated by the market price at the date of grant and amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over the period of vesting. Recipients of restricted stock awards have the right to receive dividends. In 2018, the Board of Directors granted 155,801 restricted shares vesting over three to five years, to the Company’s executives and other key employees. No restricted stock was granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Restricted stock activity for the three years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

Awards are being amortized to expense over the three to five year vesting period. Relating to the restricted stock the Company recognized $5.3 million, $4.8 million and $3.8 million of compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, there was approximately $10.9 million, representing unrecognized compensation expense related to the non-vested restricted stock, substantially all of which is expected to be recognized over approximately a two-year period.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, restricted shares were vested and released, of which 225,000 shares had been granted to employees. Of the shares released to employees, 112,500 shares were withheld by the Company to cover withholding taxes of $1.8 million. During 2017 and 2016, 87,065 and 66,635 shares, respectively, were withheld to cover withholding taxes of $1.6 million and $1.0 million respectively, arising from the vesting of restricted shares. We recognized no tax benefit from the restricted stock awards and related paid dividends for the years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The following summarizes the major categories of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc.’s financial statements:

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(21,004	)	$	27,154		$	(6,045	)
Investing Activities
Purchases of investment available for sale		—			78,213			(77,910	)
Dividends received from subsidiaries		92,800			57,575			85,096
Acquisition of a business		—			(210,000	)		—
Investments and advances to subsidiaries		(42,200	)		—			(74,361	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		50,600			(47,058	)		(73,220	)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants		—			417			—
Proceeds from issuance of note payable, net of issuance costs		110,769			114,335			77,910
Proceeds from mortgage loan		—			12,658			—
Repayment of secured senior notes		(79,500	)		—			—
Mortgage loan payments		(264	)		—			—
Repurchase of convertible notes		(52,739	)		—			—
Excess tax (expense) benefit on stock-based compensation		—			—			(739	)
Shares tendered for income tax withholdings		(1,839	)		(1,599	)		(977	)
Purchase of treasury stock		(2,000	)		(61,623	)		(25,562	)
Dividends		(6,380	)		(8,249	)		(6,806	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		(31,953	)		55,939			43,826
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(2,357	)		8,881			(29,394	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		16,249			7,368			36,762
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	13,892		$	16,249		$	7,368

The following table provides a summary of unaudited quarterly results for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share data):

For the year ended December 31, 2018	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter			Fourth Quarter
Net premiums earned	$	106,108	$	111,204	$	118,238		$	118,632
Investment income	$	3,075	$	2,470	$	3,852		$	1,407
Total revenues	$	112,026	$	117,972	$	125,295		$	124,878
Total operating expenses	$	87,209	$	109,822	$	111,079		$	102,525
Operating income	$	24,817	$	8,150	$	14,216		$	22,353
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	14,829	$	2,408	$	5,989		$	3,929
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.58	$	0.09	$	0.23		$	0.15
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.55	$	0.09	$	0.23		$	0.15

For the year ended December 31, 2017	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter			Fourth Quarter
Net premiums earned	$	92,176	$	90,452	$	95,208		$	101,728
Investment income	$	2,502	$	2,973	$	2,735		$	3,122
Total revenues	$	99,293	$	96,938	$	101,774		$	108,618
Total expenses	$	87,403	$	83,876	$	100,361		$	85,448
Operating income	$	11,890	$	13,062	$	1,413		$	23,170
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	5,983	$	6,642	$	(8,696	)	$	(5,048	)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.21	$	0.23	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.18	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.21	$	0.23	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.18	)

The sum of quarterly amounts, including per share amounts, may not equal amounts reported for year-to-date periods. This is due to the effects of rounding and changes in the number of weighted-average shares outstanding for each period.

Our other operating subsidiaries include: Heritage MGA, LLC, our managing general agent; Pawtucket Insurance Company (PIC), which is a property insurance company no longer writing insurance policies; Osprey Re Ltd. (“Osprey”), our reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC (“CAN”), our vendor network manager for Florida claims which includes BRC Restoration Specialists, Inc. (“BRC”), our provider of restoration, emergency and recovery services; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency; Westwind Underwriters, Inc., and Heritage Insurance Claims, LLC, both inactive subsidiaries reserved for future development.

The Company is a single reportable segment. None of the individual subsidiaries meet the quantitative thresholds to qualify as reportable segment.

The following table depicts the distribution of our in-force premium as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

	At December 31, 2018				At December 31, 2017
State	In Force Premiums		Policy In Force		In Force Premiums		Policy In Force
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Florida	$	505,992		230,937	$	535,838		242,400
New York		179,650		92,431		179,104		94,138
New Jersey		70,322		51,576		71,930		54,469
Massachusetts		59,592		32,629		55,645		32,457
Hawaii		53,480		67,181		55,366		70,337
Rhode Island		20,784		13,189		19,312		12,758
North Carolina		14,685		14,280		13,161		10,729
South Carolina		9,502		6,411		6,145		4,102
Connecticut		6,864		4,370		3,982		2,722
Alabama		1,571		1,543		10		11
Georgia		1,238		1,139		346		327
Total	$	923,680		515,686	$	940,838		524,450

On February 25, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a $0.06 per share quarterly dividend payable on April 3, 2019 to stockholders of record as of March 15, 2019.

On February 25, 2019, the Company made a partial paydown on its $20.0 million revolving credit facility debt in the amount of $10.0 million.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) that are designed to assure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

As required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and fraud. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management’s override of the control.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principle financial officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As of December 31, 2018, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework, or 2013 Framework. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

There has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Information regarding directors of the Company standing for election at the 2019 annual stockholders meeting is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to the descriptions in the Proxy Statement under the captions “Corporate Governance – Proposal 1. Election of Directors.”

Information regarding our audit committee and audit committee financial experts is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to the information under the caption “Corporate Governance – Board Meetings and Committees” in the Proxy Statement.

Information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to “Stock Ownership Information – Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement.

Information regarding executive officers of the Company is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to the information under the caption” Executive Officers” in the Proxy Statement.

The information regarding executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of our Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporate in this Item 12 by reference to the sections of the Proxy Statement with the following captions:

The information regarding certain relationship and related transactions, and director independence is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of our Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Information regarding principal accountant fees and services is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of our Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

The following consolidated financial statements of the Company and the reports of independent auditors thereon are filed with this report:

The following additional financial schedules are furnished herewith pursuant to requirements of Form 10-K.

Schedules required to be filed under the provisions of Regulations S-X Article 7:

The Following is a list of exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENT, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Bruce Lucas or Kirk Lusk as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, he with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

The following summarizes the major categorizes of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc.’s financial statements (in thousands, except per share data):

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018
	(In thousands)
Net loss	$	(39,293	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		5,273
Net realized losses (gains)		9,790
Valuation on conversion feature		3,252
Amortization of debt issuance cost		4,623
Deferred income taxes		(1,325	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Prepaid		121
Income taxes payable		(5,080	)
Dividends payable		1,589
Accrued interest on debt		(3,771	)
Other assets		(3,521	)
Other liabilities		7,338
Net cash used in operating activities		(21,004	)
Investing Activities
Purchases of investment available for sale		—
Dividends received from subsidiaries		92,800
Acquisition of a business		—
Investments and advances to subsidiaries		(42,200	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		50,600
Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants		—
Proceeds from issuance of note payable, net of issuance costs		110,769
Proceeds from mortgage loan		—
Repayment of secured senior notes		(79,500	)
Mortgage loan payments		(264	)
Repurchase of convertible notes		(52,739	)
Excess tax (expense) benefit on stock-based compensation		—
Shares tendered for income tax withholdings		(1,839	)
Purchase of treasury stock		(2,000	)
Dividends		(6,380	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(31,953	)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(2,357	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		16,249
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	13,892

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., (“we”, “our”, “us” and “Heritage Insurance”), established in 2012 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2014, is a property and casualty insurance holding company that provides personal and commercial residential property insurance. We are headquartered in Clearwater, Florida and, through our insurance company subsidiaries, Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”) and Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), we write personal residential property insurance for single-family homeowners and condominium owners, and rental property insurance in the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. We also provide commercial residential insurance for Florida properties and are also licensed in the states of Maryland, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In order to limit our potential exposure to catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers and sponsor catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re.

The accompanying condensed financial statements included the activity of the Parent Company and the equity basis of its consolidated subsidiaries. Accordingly, these condensed financial statements have been presented for the parent company only. These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes of HIH and subsidiaries set forth in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data of this Annual Report.

In applying the equity method to our consolidated subsidiaries, we record the investment at cost and subsequently adjust for additional capital contributions, distributions and proportionate share of earnings or losses.

The following table summarizes activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2018.

SCHEDULE VI – SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS

The following table provides certain information related to the Company’s property and casualty operations as of , and for the periods presented (in thousands):

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018; such consolidated financial statements and report are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference. Our audit also included the consolidated financial statement schedules of the Company listed in the accompanying index at Item 15. These consolidated financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audit. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

Delaware		45-5338504
(STATE OF INCORPORATION)		(I.R.S. ID)

Title of Each Class			Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share			New York Stock Exchange

		Page

PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	16
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	31
Item 2.	Properties	31
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	31

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	32
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	34
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	36
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	57
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	59
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	108
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	108
Item 9B.	Other Information	108

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	109
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	109
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	109
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	109
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	109

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	109
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	111

Signatures		112

Subsidiary	Demotech Rating	KBRA Rating	KBRA Investment Rating
Heritage P&C	A	BBB+	N/A
Zephyr	A'	BBB+	N/A
NBIC	A	A-	N/A
Heritage Insurance	N/A	N/A	BBB-

Location	Business Use	Square Footage		Lease Expiration Dates
Clearwater, Florida	Corporate Headquarters		75,736	Company owned
Safety Harbor, Florida	Restoration Center		16,367	Company owned
Honolulu, Hawaii	Insurance Company HI Operations		4,405	Leased
Pawtucket, Rhode Island	Insurance Company NE Operations		15,321	Company owned⁽¹⁾
Pawtucket, Rhode Island	Insurance Company NE Operations		22,520	Company owned

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☒

	May-14		Dec-14		Dec-15		Dec-16		Dec-17		Dec-18
Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc		100		169		190		139		162		135
NASDAQ Insurance Index		100		108		115		133		138		126
Russell 2000 Index		100		107		101		121		136		120

	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 - Years
			(In thousands)
Note payable	$	117,588	$	12,929	$	24,552	$	80,107	$	—
Convertible debt		49,663		1,652		3,427		3,427		41,157
Mortgage loan		21,280		893		1,786		1,786		16,815
FHLB agreement		22,215		604		1,206		20,405		—
Lease agreements		11,215		922		2,743		2,687		4,863
Other obligations and commitments ⁽¹⁾		106,159		106,159		—		—		—
Total	$	328,120	$	123,159	$	33,714	$	108,412	$	62,835

Hypothetical Change in Interest rates	Estimated Fair Value After Change		Change In Estimated Fair Value			Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Estimated Fair Value
300 basis point increase	$	456,530	$	(53,119	)		(10	)%
200 basis point increase	$	474,234	$	(35,415	)		(7	)%
100 basis point increase	$	491,940	$	(17,709	)		(3	)%
100 basis point decrease	$	527,359	$	17,710			3	%
200 basis point decrease	$	544,956	$	35,307			7	%
300 basis point decrease	$	556,976	$	47,327			9	%

			% of Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Fair value
Stocks by sector:
Financial	$	1,659		10	%
Energy		2,131		13	%
Other		12,666		77	%
Subtotal	$	16,456		100	%
Mutual Funds and ETF by type:
Equity	$	—		0	%
Subtotal	$	—		0	%
Total	$	16,456		100	%

		Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		60

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		61

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017		62

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		63

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		64

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		65

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		67

Purchase Consideration
Cash and stock, net of cash acquired	$	180,919
Assets acquired
Investments	$	101,215
Premiums and agent's receivable		24,127
Other assets		13,173
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		137,378
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid claims		73,073
Intangible assets		81,240
Total assets acquired	$	430,206
Liabilities assumed
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		93,804
Unearned premiums		175,050
Reinsurance payable		16
Deferred revenue		57,809
Accounts payable		12,913
Other liabilities assumed		15,701
Total liabilities assumed	$	355,292
Net assets acquired	$	74,914
Goodwill ⁽¹⁾		106,005
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired	$	180,919

December 31, 2018	Cost or Adjusted / Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Debt Securities Available-for-sale
U.S. government and agency securities ⁽¹⁾	$	48,739	$	40	$	738	$	48,041
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		60,028		46		785		59,289
Special revenue		249,026		210		3,881		245,355
Industrial and miscellaneous		155,678		81		3,302		152,457
Redeemable preferred stocks		4,920		—		413		4,507
	$	518,391	$	378	$	9,119	$	509,649

	December 31, 2018
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Percent of Total			Fair Value		Percent of Total
Debt Securities Available-for-sale	(In thousands)					(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	41,529		8	%	$	41,382		8	%
Due after one year through five years		177,298		34	%		175,227		34	%
Due after five years through ten years		134,057		26	%		130,921		26	%
Due after ten years		165,507		32	%		162,119		32	%
Total	$	518,391		100	%	$	509,649		100	%


	2018					2017
	Gains (Losses)			Fair Value at Sale		Gains (Losses)			Fair Value at Sale
	(In thousands)					(In thousands)
For the years ended December 31,
Debt securities	$	85		$	25,647	$	2,732		$	705,138
Equity securities		1			169		2,131			31,231
Total realized gains		86			25,816		4,863			736,369
Debt securities		(249	)		58,971		(363	)		56,354
Equity securities		(236	)		4,840		(3,936	)		11,806
Total realized losses		(485	)		63,811		(4,299	)		68,160
Unrealized losses on equity securities⁽¹⁾		(2,078	)		—		—			—
Net realized gain (losses)	$	(2,477	)	$	89,627	$	564		$	804,529

	Years Ended December 31,
	2018
	(In thousands)
Net losses recognized during the period on equity securities	$	(2,314	)
Less: Net losses (gains) recognized from equity securities sold		236
Unrealized losses recognized on equity securities still held at reporting date		(2,078	)

	Goodwill
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	46,454
Goodwill acquired		106,005
Impairment	—
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	152,459
Goodwill acquired	—
Impairment	—
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	152,459

December 31, 2018	Weighted -average Amortization (years)		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Intangible Assets, net ⁽¹⁾
Amortizing intangible assets
Brand		8	$	17,810	$	(3,319	)	$	14,491
Agent relationships		9		15,500		(2,259	)		13,241
Renewal rights		14		40,600		(2,932	)		37,668
Customer relations		7		870		(297	)		573
Trade names		8		9,000		(1,308	)		7,692
Value of business acquired		1		25,400		(25,400	)		—
Non-compete		1		4,790		(2,920	)		1,870
Total intangible assets			$	113,970	$	(38,435	)	$	75,535

Year	Amount
2019	$	8,208
2020	$	6,365
2021	$	6,351
2022	$	6,351
2023	$	6,351
Thereafter	$	41,909
	$	75,535

December 31, 2018	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in thousands)
Debt Securities Available-for-sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	48,041	$	354	$	47,687	$	—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		59,289		—		59,289		—
Special revenue		245,355		—		245,355		—
Industrial and miscellaneous		152,457		—		152,457		—
Redeemable preferred stocks		4,507		4,507		—		—
	$	509,649	$	4,861	$	504,788	$	—

Year	Amount
January 1 to December 31, 2019	$	2,698
January 1 to December 31, 2020		2,758
January 1 to December 31, 2021		2,818
January 1 to December 31, 2022		2,874
January 1 to December 31, 2023		1,902
Thereafter		506
	$	13,556

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
	Premiums Written			Premiums Earned			Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
	(in thousands)
Direct	$	923,349		$	926,326		$	855,780
Ceded		(477,451	)		(472,144	)		(618,355	)
Net	$	445,898		$	454,182		$	237,425

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance as of December 31, 2018 (Unaudited)

	Year - 1	Year - 2	Year - 3	Year - 4	Year - 5	Thereafter
Percentage	57%	29%	5%	3%	3%	3%

Description	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(In thousands)
Deferred ceding commission		44,996	$	51,109
Outstanding claim checks		15,360		79,666
Accounts payable and other payables		8,379		17,948
Accrued interest and issuance costs		1,285		3,117
Accrued dividends		1,589		—
Escrow		—		1,210
Premium tax		2,241		3,660
Other liabilities		460		218
Commission payables		11,654		12,609
Total other liabilities	$	85,964	$	169,537

	Quarter Ended
	March 31, 2018		June 30, 2018		September 30, 2018		December 31, 2018
Cash dividend per common share	$	0.06	$	0.06	$	0.06	$	0.06
Total cash dividends paid	$	1,601,100	$	1,594,188	$	1,595,999	$	1,595,999
Record date	March 15, 2018		June 15, 2018		September 15, 2018		December 31, 2018
Payment date	April 3, 2018		July 6, 2018		October 3, 2018		January 4, 2019

				Weighted-Average
				Grant-Date Fair
	Number of shares			Value per Share
Non-vested, at December 31, 2015		1,125,000		$	21.40
Granted		—			—
Vested		(158,365	)		14.67
Canceled and surrendered		(66,635	)		14.67
Non-vested, at December 31, 2016		900,000		$	21.40
Granted		—			—
Vested		(137,935	)		16.53
Canceled and surrendered		(87,065	)		17.41
Non-vested, at December 31, 2017		675,000		$	21.40
Granted		155,801			16.10
Vested		(112,500	)		16.35
Canceled and surrendered		(112,500	)		16.35
Non-vested, at December 31, 2018		605,801		$	20.41

BALANCE SHEET	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
	(In thousands)
ASSETS
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at fair value	$	—		$	—
Cash and cash equivalents		13,892			16,249
Investment in and advances to subsidiaries		598,525			584,983
Other assets		3,324			1,294
Total Assets	$	615,741		$	602,526
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Other liabilities		190,408			222,710
Total Liabilities	$	190,408		$	222,710
Paid-in-capital		325,295			294,839
Treasury stock, at costs, 7,214,797		(89,185	)		(87,185	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(6,527	)		(3,064	)
Retained earnings		195,750			175,226
Total Stockholders' Equity	$	425,333		$	379,816
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	615,741		$	602,526

STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Revenue:
Other revenue	$	1,858		$	1,949		$	1,403
Total revenue		1,858			1,949			1,403
Expenses:
General and administrative expense		19,005			17,792			11,558
Amortization of debt issuance cost		4,623			2,314			41
Interest expense, net		17,277			11,158			321
Other non-operating expense, net		9,791			41,013			—
Total expenses	$	50,696		$	72,277		$	11,920
Loss before income taxes and equity in net income of subsidiaries		(48,838	)		(70,328	)		(10,517	)
Benefit from income taxes		(9,545	)		(6,120	)		(2,035	)
Loss before equity in net income of subsidiaries		(39,293	)		(64,208	)		(8,482	)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries		—			—			—
Net loss	$	(39,293	)	$	(64,208	)	$	(8,482	)

		Page
Schedule II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant		113
Schedule V Valuation Allowance and Qualifying Accounts		116
Schedule VI Supplemental Information Concerning Consolidated Property-Casualty Insurance Operations		117
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		118

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 8, 2017, by and among Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., Gator Acquisition Merger Sub, Inc. and NBIC Holdings, Inc. and PBRA, LLC, in its capacity as Stockholder Representative, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2017

3.1		Certificate of Incorporation of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2014)

3.2		By-laws of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2014)

4.1		Form of Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-195409) filed on May 13, 2014)

4.2		Form of Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-195409) filed on May 16, 2014)

4.3		Form of 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2037 (included in Exhibit 4.1), incorporated by reference to 1.1 to our Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2017

4.4		Indenture, date as of August 16, 2017, by and among the Company. Heritage MGA, LLC as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2017

10.1		Common Stock Purchase Agreement dated May 9, 2014, by and between Heritage Insurance Holdings, LLC and Ananke Ltd (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-195409) filed on May 16, 2014)

10.2		Insurance Policy Acquisition and Transition Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2014, by and among Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company, the Florida Department of Financial Services, as Receiver for Sunshine State Insurance Company, and the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2014)

10.3		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated November 04, 2015, by and between Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and Bruce Lucas. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 6, 2015)

10.4		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated November 04, 2015, by and between Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and Richard Widdicombe. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 6, 2015)

10.5		Indenture, dated December 15, 2016, by and among Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., The Bank of New York Mellon, The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch, and The Bank of New York Mellon (Luxembourg) S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2016)

10.6		Employment Agreement, dated January 30, 2018 by and between Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and Kirk H. Lusk. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 2, 2018)

10.7		Separation Agreement, dated January 30, 2018 by and between Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. and Steven C Martindale. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 2, 2018)

Exhibit Number		Description

10.8		Credit Agreement, dated December 14, 2018, among Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. from time to time party thereto as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto, Regions Bank, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, BMO Harris Bank N.A., as Syndication Agent, Hancock Whitney Bank and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, as Co-Documentation Agents, and Regions Capital Markets and BMO Capital Markets Corp., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners*

21		Subsidiaries of the Registrant *

23.1		Consent of Plante Moran, PLLC *

23.2		Consent of Grant Thornton LLP *

24.1		Power of Attorney (included on signature page) *

31.1		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *

31.2		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.SC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document *

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema. *

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase. *

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase. *

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase. *

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase. *

		HERITAGE INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. (Registrant)

Date:	March 12, 2019	By:	/s/ BRUCE LUCAS
			Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
			(on behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Executive Officer)

		By:	/s/ KIRK LUSK
			Chief Financial Officer
			(on behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Financial Officer)

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ BRUCE LUCAS
Bruce Lucas	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	March 12, 2019

/s/ KIRK LUSK
Kirk Lusk	Chief Financial Officer/Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	March 12, 2019

/s/ RICHARD WIDDICOMBE
Richard Widdicombe	President and Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ PANAGIOTIS APOSTOLOU
Panagiotis Apostolou	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ NICHOLAS PAPPAS
Nicholas Pappas	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ JOSEPH VATTAMATTAM
Joseph Vattamattam	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ IRINI BARLAS
Irini Barlas	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ VIJAY WALVEKAR
Vijay Walvekar	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ STEVEN MARTINDALE
Steven Martindale	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ JAMES MASIELLO
James Masiello	Director	March 12, 2019

/s/ TRIFON HOUVARDAS
Trifon Houvardas	Director	March 12, 2019