10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                        to    

Commission File Number: 001-37725

ViewRay, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	42-1777485
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2 Thermo Fisher Way Oakwood Village, OH	44146
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (440) 703-3210

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	VRAY	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 1, 2019, the registrant had 99,406,356 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

VIEWRAY, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

			Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		3
Item 1.	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss		5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity		6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		8
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
	Signatures	36

2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this Report, contains forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, in the sections captioned “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere. Any and all statements contained in this Report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed forward-looking statements. Terms such as “will”, “may,” “might,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “project,” “estimate,” “pro forma,” “predict,” “potential,” “strategy,” “anticipate,” “attempt,” “develop,” “plan,” “help,” “believe,” “continue,” “intend,” “expect,” “future” and terms of similar import (including the negative of any of the foregoing) may be intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements may contain one or more of these identifying terms. Forward-looking statements in this Report may include, without limitation, statements regarding (i) the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the development of products, (ii) a projection of income (including income/loss), earnings (including earnings/loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items, (iii) our future financial performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by management or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and (iv) the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement described in points (i), (ii) or (iii) above.

The forward-looking statements are not meant to predict or guarantee actual results, performance, events or circumstances and may not be realized because they are based upon our current projections, plans, objectives, beliefs, expectations, estimates and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and other influences, many of which we have no control over. Actual results and the timing of certain events and circumstances may differ materially from those described by the forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties. Factors that may influence or contribute to the inaccuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation:

• market acceptance of magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) guided radiation therapy;

• the benefits of MR Image-Guided radiation therapy;

• our ability to successfully sell and market MRIdian® in our existing and expanded geographies;

• the performance of MRIdian in clinical settings;

• competition from existing technologies or products or new technologies and products that may emerge;

• the pricing and reimbursement of MR Image-Guided radiation therapy;

• the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and MRIdian;

• the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering MRIdian;

• our ability to obtain regulatory approval in targeted markets for MRIdian;

• our ability to procure materials and components in connection with the manufacture and installation of MRIdian;

• estimates of our future revenue, expenses, capital requirements and our need for additional financing;

• our financial performance;

• our expectations related to the MRIdian linear accelerator technology, or MRIdian Linac;

• developments relating to our competitors and the healthcare industry; and

• other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Any forward-looking statements in this Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Item 1A, titled “Risk Factors” and discussed elsewhere in this Report, and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Given these uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this Report to reflect any new information or future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.

This Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain devices, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources.

3

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	90,756		$	167,432
Accounts receivable		33,301			36,867
Inventory		59,622			49,462
Deposits on purchased inventory		4,883			8,142
Deferred cost of revenue		3,056			9,736
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,672			6,045
Total current assets		196,290			277,684
Property and equipment, net		23,437			13,958
Restricted cash		1,442			1,933
Intangible assets, net		57			—
Right-of-use assets		12,254			—
Other assets		2,255			1,395
TOTAL ASSETS	$	235,735		$	294,970
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	11,648		$	10,207
Accrued liabilities		18,835			9,983
Customer deposits		10,746			19,968
Operating lease liability, current		2,139			—
Deferred revenue, current		9,644			13,731
Total current liabilities		53,012			53,889
Deferred revenue, net of current portion		4,516			5,744
Long-term debt		55,489			55,364
Warrant liabilities		3,194			11,844
Operating lease liability, noncurrent		11,067			—
Other long-term liabilities		562			820
TOTAL LIABILITIES		127,840			127,661
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized    at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; no shares issued and outstanding    at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018		—			—
Common stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized at    September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 99,405,805 and 96,332,023 shares    issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018		984			952
Additional paid-in capital		590,878			565,334
Accumulated deficit		(483,967	)		(398,977	)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		107,895			167,309
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	235,735		$	294,970

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenue:
Product	$	18,696		$	16,492		$	65,475		$	57,237
Service		2,048			1,056			5,482			2,706
Distribution rights		118			118			356			356
Total revenue		20,862			17,666			71,313			60,299
Cost of revenue:
Product		18,521			15,199			63,368			49,564
Service		1,767			2,103			9,489			4,732
Total cost of revenue		20,288			17,302			72,857			54,296
Gross margin		574			364			(1,544	)		6,003
Operating expenses:
Research and development		5,641			4,347			17,135			12,506
Selling and marketing		7,297			3,384			19,845			10,024
General and administrative		19,381			16,721			49,888			37,070
Total operating expenses		32,319			24,452			86,868			59,600
Loss from operations		(31,745	)		(24,088	)		(88,412	)		(53,597	)
Interest income		484			2			1,391			6
Interest expense		(1,069	)		(1,974	)		(2,902	)		(5,758	)
Other income (expense), net		11,499			(6,792	)		4,933			(307	)
Loss before provision for income taxes	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)
Amortization of beneficial conversion feature related to Series A convertible preferred stock	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(2,728	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(62,384	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.39	)	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.82	)
Weighted-average common shares used to compute net loss per    share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		99,039,789			84,920,996			97,763,964			76,185,346

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

5

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Balance at June 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		98,259,203	$	973	$	585,080		$	(463,136	)	$	122,917
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—		—		—		517,624		5		1,433			—			1,438
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		—		4,910			—			4,910
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—		—		—		335,863		3		(3	)		—			—
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards		—		—		—		—		—		(2,410	)		—			(2,410	)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—		—		—		293,115		3		(3	)		—			—
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—		—		—		—		—		1,871			—			1,871
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(20,831	)		(20,831	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		99,405,805	$	984	$	590,878		$	(483,967	)	$	107,895
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018		—	$	—	$	—		96,332,023	$	952	$	565,334		$	(398,977	)	$	167,309
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—		—		—		2,219,251		23		9,618			—			9,641
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		—		14,369			—			14,369
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—		—		—		390,332		4		(4	)		—			—
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards		—		—		—		—		—		(2,410	)		—			(2,410	)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—		—		—		464,199		5		(5	)		—			—
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—		—		—		—		—		3,976			—			3,976
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(84,990	)		(84,990	)
Balance at September 30, 2019		—	$	—	$	—		99,405,805	$	984	$	590,878		$	(483,967	)	$	107,895

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Convertible Preferred Stock									Common Stock
	Shares			Amount			Additional Paid-in Capital			Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at June 30, 2018		—		$	—		$	—			75,188,832	$	741	$	386,610		$	(349,385	)	$	37,966
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—			—			—			1,210,169		12		2,844			—			2,856
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		—		7,179			—			7,179
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—			—			—			26,388		—		—			—			—
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—			—			—			121,834		1		(1	)		—			—
Issuance of common stock from at-the-market offering (net of offering cost of $10,631)		—			—			—			18,648,649		187		161,682			—			161,869
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—			—			—			—		—		342			—			342
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—		—			(32,852	)		(32,852	)
Balance at September 30, 2018		—		$	—		$	—			95,195,872	$	941	$	558,656		$	(382,237	)	$	177,360
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017		—		$	—		$	—			67,653,974	$	666	$	321,174		$	(319,853	)	$	1,987
Issuance of common stock from option exercises		—			—			—			1,607,108		16		3,555			—			3,571
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		—		10,052			—			10,052
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units		—			—			—			38,856		—		—			—			—
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises		—			—			—			123,607		1		(1	)		—			—
Issuance of common stock upon direct registered offering (net of offering cost of $177)		—			—			—			4,090,000		41		30,052			—			30,093
Issuance of preferred Series A stock upon direct registered offering		3,000,581			30			22,177			—		—		2,728			(2,728	)		22,207
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with direct registered offering		—			—			—			—		—		6,623			—			6,623
Conversion of Series A preferred stock into common stock		(3,000,581	)		(30	)		(22,177	)		3,000,581		30		22,177			—			—
Issuance of common stock from at-the-market offering (net of offering cost of $10,637)		—			—			—			18,681,746		187		161,954			—			162,141
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises		—			—			—			—		—		342			—			342
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—		—			(59,656	)		(59,656	)
Balance at September 30, 2018		—		$	—		$	—			95,195,872	$	941	$	558,656		$	(382,237	)	$	177,360

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,156			2,561
Stock-based compensation		14,369			10,052
Accretion on asset retirement obligation		22			26
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(4,674	)		(116	)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			1
Amortization of debt discount and interest accrual		472			2,703
Product upgrade reserve		4,431			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		3,566			(2,351	)
Inventory		(10,514	)		(22,412	)
Deposits on purchased inventory		3,259			1,478
Deferred cost of revenue		1,951			2,327
Prepaid expenses and other assets		852			(2,262	)
Accounts payable		1,231			(4,067	)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities		4,774			6,732
Customer deposits and deferred revenue		(14,537	)		(12,445	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(76,632	)		(77,429	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment		(7,541	)		(2,814	)
Purchase of intangible asset		(57	)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(7,598	)		(2,814	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from common stock public offering, gross		—			172,500
Payment of offering costs related to common stock public offering		—			(10,631	)
Proceeds from at-the-market offering of common stock, gross		—			278
Payment of offering costs related to at-the-market offering of common stock		—			(6	)
Proceeds from direct registered offering, gross		—			59,100
Payment of offering costs related to direct registered offering		—			(177	)
Payment of debt issuance cost		(168	)		—
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		9,641			3,571
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards		(2,410	)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		7,063			224,635
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH		(77,167	)		144,392
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD		169,365			58,532
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD	$	92,198		$	202,924
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest	$	2,879		$	3,055
Cash paid for taxes	$	7		$	—
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Fair value of common stock warrants reclassified from liability to additional paid-in capital upon exercise	$	3,976		$	342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,647		$	—
Transfer of property and equipment from inventory and deferred cost of revenue	$	4,446		$	1,700
Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	491		$	129

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

VIEWRAY, INC.

8

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.Background and Organization

ViewRay, Inc., or ViewRay or the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary ViewRay Technologies, Inc., designs, manufactures and markets MRIdian, an MR Image-Guided radiation therapy system to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients.

Since inception, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has devoted substantially all of its efforts towards research and development, initial selling and marketing activities, raising capital and the manufacturing, shipment and installation of MRIdian systems. In May 2012, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. was granted clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to sell MRIdian with Cobalt-60. In November 2013, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. received its first clinical acceptance of a MRIdian with Cobalt-60 at a customer site, and the first patient was treated with that system in January 2014. ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has had the right to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in the European Economic Area since November 2014. In September 2016, the Company received the rights to affix the Conformité Européene, or CE, mark to MRIdian Linac, and in February 2017, the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of the Company continuing as a going concern. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from public and private offerings and available borrowings under its term loan agreement, as well as cash receipts from its sales of MRIdian systems. These have historically been sufficient to meet working capital needs, capital expenditures, operating expenses, and debt service obligations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred a net loss of $85.0 million and used cash in operating activities of $76.6 million. The Company believes that its existing cash balance of $90.8 million as of September 30, 2019, together with anticipated cash proceeds from sales of MRIdian systems will be sufficient to provide liquidity to fund its operations for at least the next 12 months.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ViewRay, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or any future period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and their notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 842, or Topic 842, Leases, by using a modified retrospective transition approach. The adoption of Topic 842 had no impact on the Company’s prior period financial statements. Refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies for further information and related disclosures.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019, and have not changed significantly since that filing, except for the January 1, 2019 adoption of the new accounting guidance Topic 842, Leases, and the second quarter 2019 change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances. Refer to the Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below and to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 7, Revenue, for further information and related disclosures.

9

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company is allowed to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements of Topic 820. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in September 2017 within ASU 2017-13, in January 2018 within ASU 2018-01, in July 2018 within ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, and in March 2019 within ASU 2019-01 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and requires lessees to recognize on their balance sheets all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability measured at the present value of the lease payments. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using a modified retrospective transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application and not restating comparative periods. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained deficit upon adoption.

Topic 842 provides several optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected to use the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allows the Company not to reassess its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019. The Company did not elect to use the other practical expedients provided.

Upon adoption, the Company recognized the right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities totaling approximately $11.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, to reflect the present value of remaining lease payments under existing lease arrangements with no impact to the opening balance of retained deficit as a result of adoption. The difference between the leased assets and lease liabilities represents the existing deferred rent liabilities balance, resulting from historical straight-lining of operating leases, which was effectively reclassified upon adoption to reduce the measurement of the leased assets.

In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease or when such rate is not readily available, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. In determining the expected lease term, the Company may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. For more information on the impact of adoption and the disclosures required by the new standard, refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements toNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): 

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Prototype	$	12,512		$	12,425
Machinery and equipment		15,588			12,654
Leasehold improvements		5,055			4,600
Furniture and fixtures		998			636
Software		1,389			1,250
Construction in progress		8,806			148
Property and equipment, gross		44,348			31,713
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(20,911	)		(17,755	)
Property and equipment, net	$	23,437		$	13,958

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Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment were $1.2million and $0.9million during thethree months ended September 30, 2019and 2018, and $3.2 million and $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Intangible Assets

In September 2019, the Company entered into a licensing agreement (the “License”) with VU University Medical Center, or VUmc, whereby VUmc granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to developed strategies for fast stereotactic MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy for $57 thousand. The License is amortized on a straight-line basis over ten years. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no intangible assets amortization expense.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$	7,094	$	5,047
Accrued accounts payable		2,683		3,626
Payroll withholding tax, sales and other tax payable		3,378		782
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees		375		360
Product upgrade reserve		3,794		—
Other		1,511		168
Total accrued liabilities	$	18,835	$	9,983

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Deferred revenue:
Product	$	3,654		$	9,623
Service		7,991			6,981
Distribution rights		2,515			2,871
Total deferred revenue		14,160			19,475
Less: current portion of deferred revenue		(9,644	)		(13,731	)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	$	4,516		$	5,744

Other Long-Term Liabilities

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued interest, noncurrent portion	$	347	$	—
Deferred rent, noncurrent portion		—		628
Other		215		192
Total other-long term liabilities	$	562	$	820

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4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, as follows:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The assets’ or liabilities’ fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s financial instruments that are carried at fair value mainly consist of Level 1 assets and Level 3 liabilities. Level 1 assets include highly liquid bank deposits and money market funds, which were not material at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Level 3 liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis relate to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, as described in Note 9. Placement warrant liabilities are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Generally, increases (decreases) in the fair value of the underlying stock, volatility and estimated term would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value of the warrants (see Note 9).

The gains and losses from re-measurement of Level 3 financial liabilities are recorded as part of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a gain of $13.5 million and a gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $6.7 million and a gain of $0.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 in any periods presented.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): 

	At September 30, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	2,408	$	2,408
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		786		786
Total	$	—	$	—	$	3,194	$	3,194

	At December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	7,115	$	7,115
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		4,729		4,729
Total	$	—	$	—	$	11,844	$	11,844

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Fair value, beginning of period	$	11,844		$	22,420
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities		(4,674	)		(116	)
Fair value of 2016 Placement Warrants at exercise		(3,458	)		(342	)
Fair value of 2017 Placement Warrants at exercise		(518	)		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,194		$	21,962

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5. Debt

SVB Term Loan

In December 2018, the Company entered into a term loan agreement, or the SVB Term Loan, with Silicon Valley Bank, for a principal amount of $56.0 million. The SVB Term Loan has a maturity date of December 1, 2023 and bears interest at a rate of 6.30% per annum to be paid monthly over the term of the loan. Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least a specified amount and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects). In addition, upon repayment of the SVB Term Loan in full, the Company will make a final payment equal to 3.15% of the original aggregate principal amount of the SVB Term Loan.

The Company used the proceeds of the SVB Term Loan and cash on hand to repay in full its outstanding obligations under its then outstanding term loan, or the CRG Term Loan, and to pay fees and expenses related thereto. The Company accounted for the termination of the CRG Term Loan as a debt extinguishment and recorded a debt extinguishment loss of $2.4 million from the difference between the net carrying amount of debt and the amount paid. The debt extinguishment loss includes $0.3 million in write-offs of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with the CRG Term Loan.

The Company received net proceeds from the SVB Term Loan of $55.4 million after related legal and consulting fees totaling $0.6 million. Such fees are accounted for as debt discount and issuance costs and presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Debt discount, issuance costs and the final payment are amortized or accreted as interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method.

The SVB Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, except that the collateral does not include any intellectual property held by the Company, provided, however, the collateral shall include all accounts and proceeds of such intellectual property.

The SVB Term Loan contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, mergers, dispositions, prepayment of other indebtedness, dividends and other distributions and transactions with affiliates. The SVB Term Loan also contains financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance in accounts maintained at Silicon Valley Bank or one of its affiliates or else comply with a liquidity ratio and/or a minimum revenue target.

The SVB Term Loan includes standard events of default, including, among other things, subject in certain cases to customary grace periods, thresholds and notice requirements, the Company’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the SVB Term Loan or the occurrence of a material adverse change in the Company's business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise). In the event of default by the Company under the SVB Term Loan, Silicon Valley Bank would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to accelerate the debt, upon which the Company may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the SVB Loan, which could harm the Company's financial condition.

The Company’s scheduled future payments on the SVB Term Loan at September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
The remainder of 2019	$	—
2020		1,555
2021		18,667
2022		18,667
2023		17,111
Total future principal payments		56,000
Less: unamortized debt discount		(511	)
Carrying value of long-term debt		55,489
Less: current portion		—
Long-term portion	$	55,489

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6. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company leases office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, Mountain View, California and Denver, Colorado under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The Company leases and occupies approximately 19,800 square feet of office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, which expires in October 2021.

In June 2014, the Company entered into an office lease agreement to lease approximately 25,500 square feet of office space located in Mountain View, California, with an original expiration date of November 2019. In June 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the term of the lease agreement through July 2025.

In April 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 24,600 square feet of additional office space located in Mountain View, California. The lease commenced in December 2018 and will expire in December 2025. The Company has the option to extend the term of the lease for a period of up to five years.

In May 2019, the Company entered into a sub-lease agreement to lease approximately 19,800 square feet of office space located in Denver, Colorado. The sub-lease commenced in June 2019 and will expire in May 2021.  

In recognition of the right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities, with the exception of the Oakwood Village, Ohio lease, the options to extend the lease term have not been included as the Company is not reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. At September 30, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term in years is 5.6 years and the weighted-average discount rate used is 7.7%.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following lease costs arising from lease transactions:  

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	782	$	2,085

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following cash flow transactions arising from lease transactions:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,742
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		1,647

At September 30, 2019, the future payments and interest expense for the operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Future Payments
The remainder of 2019	$	710
2020		3,148
2021		2,831
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
2024		2,604
Thereafter		1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	16,284
Less: imputed interest		(3,078	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	13,206

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The rent expense for operating leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 using the accounting guidance in effect at that time was $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2018, the future minimum payments for the operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,	FutureMinimum Payments
2019	$	2,070
2020		2,353
2021		2,424
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
Thereafter		4,532
Total future minimum payments	$	16,446

Legal Proceedings

In the normal course of business, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings. The Company will accrue a liability for legal proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

Patent Litigation

On September 10, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed by Varian Medical Systems, Inc., in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company. Captioned Varian Medical Systems, Inc., v. ViewRay, Inc., the complaint alleges that the Company infringes two related patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,637,841 (the “’841 Patent”) and 9,082,520 (the “’520 Patent”). The Company filed its answer on November 1, 2019. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Class Action Litigation

On September 13, 2019, a class action complaint for violation of federal securities laws was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio against the Company, its chief executive officer, chief science officer and former chief financial officer. Captioned Corwin v. ViewRay, Inc., et al., the complaint, purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s common stock between March 15, 2019 and August 8, 2019, alleges that the Company violated federal securities laws by issuing materially false and misleading statements that failed to disclose adverse facts concerning the Company’s business, operations, and financial results. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Given the early stage of each of the litigation matters described above, at this time we are unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved and on our business generally. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, lawsuits and legal proceedings are costly, divert management attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.

Purchase Commitments

At September 30, 2019, the Company had $4.9 million in outstanding firm purchase commitments.

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7. Revenue

The Company derives revenue primarily from the sale of MRIdian systems and related services as well as support and maintenance services on sold systems. Revenue is categorized as product revenue, service revenue and distribution rights revenue.

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by type and geography (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S.
Product	$	6,107	$	6,187	$	28,394	$	25,775
Service		1,140		566		3,094		1,464
Total U.S. revenue	$	7,247	$	6,753	$	31,488	$	27,239
Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Product	$	12,589	$	10,305	$	37,081	$	31,462
Service		908		490		2,388		1,242
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total OUS revenue	$	13,615	$	10,913	$	39,825	$	33,060
Total
Product	$	18,696	$	16,492	$	65,475	$	57,237
Service		2,048		1,056		5,482		2,706
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total revenue	$	20,862	$	17,666	$	71,313	$	60,299

Product Revenue

Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, the Company determined that the MRIdian system and installation of the MRIdian system, which had previously been one performance obligation, are now two performance obligations as they are capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the system contracts. This change occurred due primarily to changes in facts and circumstances, whereby there are now readily available resources outside the Company that can perform the system installations.

Additionally, certain revenue contracts have terms that result in the control of the system transferring to the customer upon delivery and inspection, as opposed to historically upon customer acceptance. For contracts in which control of the system transfers upon delivery and inspection, the Company recognizes revenue for the systems at the point in time when delivery and inspection by the customer has occurred. For these same contracts, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the period of installation as the installation services are performed and control is transferred to the customer. For all contracts in which control continues to transfer upon post-implementation customer acceptance, revenue for the system and installation will continue to be recognized upon customer acceptance.

Certain customer contracts with distributors do not require ViewRay installation at the ultimate user site, and the distributors may either perform the installation themselves or hire another party to perform the installation. For sales of MRIdian systems for which the Company is not responsible for installation, revenue recognition occurs when the entire system is delivered and inspected, which is when the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Distribution agreement

In connection with the distribution agreement entered into in December 2014, between the Company and Itochu Corporation, or Itochu, the Company received a distribution fee of $4.0 million in three installments from Itochu for serving as the Company’s exclusive distributor for the sale and delivery of its MRIdian systems within Japan. In August 2016, the Company started recognizing distribution rights revenue ratably over the remaining term of the exclusive distribution agreement of approximately 8.5 years. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period. The distribution rights revenues were $0.1 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $0.4 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in short-term and long-term trade receivables, customer deposits, deferred revenues and deferred cost of revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Trade receivables are recorded at the original invoiced amount, net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts. Trade credit is generally extended on a short-term basis. The Company occasionally provides for long-term trade credit for its maintenance services so that the period between when the services are rendered to its customers and when the customers pay for that service is within one year. Thus, the Company’s trade receivables do not bear interest or contain a significant financing component. Long-term trade receivables of $0.2millionand $0.4 million were reported within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2019and at December 31, 2018, respectively. These amounts are billed in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts to which they relate and are expected to be collected three to four years from the date of invoice as the underlying maintenance services are rendered. At times, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in an unbilled receivable which represents a contract asset. This contract asset is recorded as an unbilled receivable and reported as part of accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are periodically evaluated for collectability based on past credit history of the respective customers and their current financial condition. Changes in the estimated collectability of trade receivables are included in the results of operations for the period in which the estimate is revised. Trade receivables that are deemed uncollectible are offset against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company generally does not require collateral for trade receivables. There were no allowances for doubtful accounts recorded at September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

Customer deposits represent payments received in advance of system installation. For domestic and international sales, advance payments received prior to inventory shipments are recorded as customer deposits. Advance payments are subsequently reclassified to deferred revenue upon inventory shipment. All customer deposits, including those that are expected to be a deposit for more than one year, are classified as current liabilities based on consideration of the Company’s normal operating cycle (the time between acquisition of the inventory components and the final cash collection from customers on these inventory components) which is in excess of one year.

Deferred revenue consists of deferred product revenue and deferred service revenue. Deferred product revenue arises from timing differences between the fulfillment of contract obligations and satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Deferred service revenue results from the advance billing for services to be delivered over a period of time. Deferred revenues expected to be realized within one year or normal operating cycle are classified as current liabilities.

Deferred cost of revenue consists of cost for inventory items that have been shipped, but revenue recognition has not yet occurred. Deferred cost of revenue is included as part of current assets as the corresponding deferred product revenue is expected to be realized within one year or the Company’s normal operating cycle.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized $2.4 million and $11.9 million, respectively, of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $12.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively, of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period.

Variable Consideration

The Company records revenue from customers in an amount that reflects the transaction price it expects to be entitled to after transferring control of those goods or services. The Company estimates the transaction price at contract inception, including any variable consideration, and updates the estimate each reporting period for any changes. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 the Company recognized $0.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, in revenue from performance obligations satisfied in a prior period. The cumulative catch-up adjustment resulted from a change in transaction price related to variable consideration that was constrained in prior periods.

8. Equity Financing

Public Offering of Common Stock

On August 14, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Jefferies LLC, as representatives of several underwriters, or the “Underwriters”, in connection with the issuance and sale of 16,216,217 shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $9.25 per share. In addition, the Company granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 2,432,432 additional shares of common stock on the same terms, which the Underwriters exercised in full. The Company completed the offering on August 17, 2018 under which it received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $161.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

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Direct Registered Offerings

In February 2018, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement pursuant to which it sold (i) 4,090,000 shares of its common stock; (ii) 3,000,581 shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of its common stock, or the 2018 Offering Warrants, for total gross proceeds of $59.1 million, or the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering. The March 2018 Direct Registered Offering was closed on March 5, 2018. The 2018 Offering Warrants have an exercise price of $8.31 per share, became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025.

Private Placements

In September 2016, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2016 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 4,602,506 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,380,745 shares of common stock, or the 2016 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $13.8 million. The 2016 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $2.95 per share, are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder and expire seven years from the date of issuance.

In January 2017, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2017 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 8,602,589 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,720,512 shares of its common stock, or the 2017 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $26.1 million. The 2017 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $3.17 per share, became exercisable in July 2017 and expire in January 2024.

At-The-Market Offering of Common Stock

In January 2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which included a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering of $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units. In January and April 2017, the Company agreed to sell up to a cumulative $50.0 million of its common stock in accordance with the terms of a sales agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In January 2019, the Company filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units, including up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common shares pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market offering program with FBR.

As of September 30, 2019, the Company has sold approximately $40.4 million under this at-the-market offering program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold approximately $0.3 million under this at-the-market offering program.

9. Warrants

Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with a debt financing in December 2013, the Company issued warrants to purchase 128,231 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $5.84 per share. These warrants were exercised during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and the Company issued 36,457 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of the 128,231 warrants. None of these warrants remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

In connection with the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, in July and August 2015, the Company conducted a private placement offering during which the Company issued warrants, or the 2015 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 198,760 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The 2015 Placement Warrants are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder untilthe five-year anniversary of its date of issuance. Prior to September 30, 2019, the Company issued 92,487 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of 159,010 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants. The remaining 39,750 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants have not been exercised and remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

In connection with the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $8.31 per share, or the 2018 Offering Warrants. The 2018 Offering Warrants became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025. None of the 2018 Offering Warrants have been exercised to date and they all remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

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As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering of $59.1 million was allocated to common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and the 2018 Offering Warrants based on their respective relative fair value upon issuance. The aggregate fair value of the 2018 Offering Warrants of $7.4 million was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 62.5%, risk-free interest rate of 2.8% and expected dividend yield of 0%. The allocated proceeds from the 2018 Offering Warrants of $6.6 million was recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

Liability Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with private placement offerings in 2017 and 2016, the Company issued common stock warrants, or the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, which contain protection whereby the warrant holders will have the right to receive cash in the amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of the warrants upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, as defined in the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. The 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants were accounted for as a liability at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The key terms of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are as follows:

	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Warrants Exercised during the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Warrants Outstanding at September 30, 2019
2017 Placement Warrants	January 2017	7 years	$	3.17		90,642		1,618,890
2016 Placement Warrants	August and September 2016	7 years	$	2.95		593,352		537,263
Total						683,994		2,156,153

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a gain of $13.5 million and a gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $6.7 million and a gain of $0.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. The fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

	2017 Placement Warrants				2016 Placement Warrants
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019	December 31, 2018
Expected term (in years)		4.3		5.1	3.9		4.7
Expected volatility	67.9%		60.8%		67.3%	60.9%
Risk-free interest rate	1.6%		2.5%		1.6%	2.5%
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%		0	0%

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10. Stock-Based Compensation

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

				Options Outstanding
	Shares Available for Grant			Number of Stock Options Outstanding			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
											(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,908,626			11,603,708		$	6.64		7.6	$	10,151
Additional options authorized		3,853,280
Options granted		(2,624,505	)		2,624,505			8.19
Options exercised		—			(2,219,251	)		4.34
Options canceled		553,585			(553,585	)		6.73
Withheld shares to pay for taxes on RSU released shares		253,986
RSUs granted		(708,144	)
RSUs canceled		70,732
Balance at September 30, 2019		3,307,560			11,455,377		$	7.58		7.9	$	1,011
Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2019					4,575,393		$	6.25		6.2	$	1,010
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2019					10,793,250		$	7.38		7.7	$	1,010

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted to employees were $4.71 and $5.02 per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The grant date fair values of options vested were $11.4 million and $4.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised were $7.8 million and $11.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

At September 30, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options granted to employees, net of estimated forfeitures, was $29.0 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

Determination of Fair Value

The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. The variables used to calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, expected price volatility of the Company’s common stock, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

The fair value of employee stock options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:  

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018
Expected term (in years)		6.0		6.0
Expected volatility%	60.7%		60.4%
Risk-free interest rate%	2.4%		2.8%
Expected dividend yield%		0.0%		0.0%

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Restricted Stock Units

From time to time, the Company grants Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs, to its Board of Directors and certain employees for their services. The RSUs granted to board members are either fully vested upon issuance or vest over a period of time from the grant date and will be released and settled upon termination of the board member’s services or the occurrence of a change in control event. In January 2019, the Company granted RSUs to its Board of Directors as part of the director compensation program. In March 2019, the Company began granting RSUs to certain employees. These RSUs vest in equal annual installments over either two or three years from the grant date and are subject to the participants continuing service to the Company over that period. The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

	RSUs
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2018		1,736,234		$	9.65
RSUs granted		708,144			7.79
RSUs vested		(631,252	)		9.40
Unvested at September 30, 2019		1,813,126		$	9.13
Vested and unreleased		104,173
Outstanding at September 30, 2019		1,917,299

The total grant date fair value of RSUs awarded was $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The total fair value of RSUs vested was $5.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the RSUs that vested were net share settled such that the Company withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. The total shares withheld were approximately 0.3 million and were based on the value of the RSUs on their respective vesting dates as determined by the Company’s closing stock price. Total payments for the employees’ tax obligations to taxing authorities were $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and are reflected as a financing activity within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. These net share settlements reduced the number of shares that would have otherwise been issued as a result of the vesting and did not represent an expense to the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1.8 million shares of RSUs and recorded $1.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of RSUs.

As of September 30, 2019, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs was $12.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. As of September 30, 2019, 1,617,702 RSUs are expected to vest.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is classified as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Research and development	$	377	$	511	$	1,221	$	1,061
Selling and marketing		368		234		980		555
General and administrative		4,165		6,434		12,168		8,436
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	4,910	$	7,179	$	14,369	$	10,052

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no stock-based compensation expense capitalized as a component of inventory or recognized in cost of revenue. Stock-based compensation relating to stock-based awards granted to consultants was insignificant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

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11. Income Tax

Due to the current operating losses, the Company recorded zero income tax expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During these periods, the Company’s activities were limited to U.S. federal and state tax jurisdictions, as it does not have any significant foreign operations. The federal and state effective tax rate before valuation allowance is approximately 24% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Due to the Company’s history of cumulative losses and after considering all the available objective evidence, management concluded that it is not more likely than not that all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, the Company’s deferred tax assets, which include net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and tax credits related primarily to research and development, continue to be subject to a valuation allowance as of September 30, 2019. The Company expects to continue to maintain a full valuation allowance until there is sufficient evidence to support recoverability of its deferred tax assets.

The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.1 million and $1.6 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The reversal of the uncertain tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate to the extent that the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next 12 months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.  

Interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters are recognized as a component of income tax expense. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.  

12. Net Loss per Share

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, because the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have an anti-dilutive effect. The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented, because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Series A convertible preferred stock (if converted)		—		—		—		494,601
Options to purchase common stock		11,350,034		11,769,686		10,613,157		10,028,174
Common stock warrants		3,866,555		4,694,837		4,200,541		4,441,885
Restricted stock units		437,933		1,457,638		1,206,267		576,464
Total		15,654,522		17,922,161		16,019,965		15,541,124

13. Related Party Transactions

In December 2004, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Florida Research Foundation, or UFRF, whereby UFRF granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to certain of UFRF’s patents in exchange for 33,652 shares of common stock and a 1% royalty, with a minimum $0.1 million royalty payment per quarter, from sales of products developed and sold by the Company utilizing the licensed patents. Minimum royalty payments in any calendar year are credited against earned royalties for such calendar year. Royalty expenses based on 1% of net sales were $0.6 million and $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and were recorded as product cost of revenue.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The interim financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2018, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contained in the Annual Report filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those under “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and the Annual Report that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to “ViewRay,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to ViewRay, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc.

As a result of the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, and the change in business and operations of the Company, a discussion of the past financial results of the Company is not pertinent, and under applicable accounting principles the historical financial results of ViewRay Technologies, Inc., the accounting acquirer, prior to the Merger are considered the historical financial results of the Company.

The following discussion highlights ViewRay’s results of operations and the principal factors that have affected our financial condition as well as our liquidity and capital resources for the periods described and provides information that management believes is relevant for an assessment and understanding of the statements of financial condition and results of operations presented herein. The following discussion and analysis are based on ViewRay’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. You should read the discussion and analysis together with such condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Company Overview

We design, manufacture and market the ViewRay MRIdian®. The MRIdian is an innovative system that integrates high quality radiation therapy with simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There are two generations of the MRIdian: the first generation MRIdian with Cobalt-60 based radiation beams and the second generation MRIdian Linac, with more advanced linear accelerator or ‘linac’ based radiation beams.

The MRIdian combines MRI and external-beam radiation therapy to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients. MRI is a broadly used imaging tool that has the ability to clearly differentiate between types of soft tissue. In contrast, X-ray or computed tomography (CT), the most commonly used imaging technologies in radiation therapy today, are often unable to distinguish soft tissues such as the tumor and critical organs. MRIdian integrates MRI technology, radiation delivery and our proprietary software to clearly See the soft tissues, Shape the dose to accommodate for changes in anatomy and Strike the target precisely using real-time targeting throughout the treatment. The MRIdian system is Sized to fit into standard radiation therapy vaults without having to remove ceiling or walls. These capabilities allow MRIdian to deliver radiation to the tumor accurately, while reducing the radiation amount delivered to nearby healthy tissue, as compared to other radiation therapy treatments currently available. We believe this will lead to improved patient outcomes and reduced treatment-related side effects.

Both generations of the MRIdian have received 510(k) marketing clearance from the US Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and permission to affix the CE mark.  

• We received initial 510(k) marketing clearance from the FDA for our treatment planning and delivery software in January 2011.

• We received 510(k) marketing clearance for MRIdian, with Cobalt-60 as the radiation source, in May 2012. We received permission to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in November 2014, allowing MRIdian with Cobalt-60 to be sold within the European Economic Area, or EEA. In August 2016, we received regulatory approval from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to market MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in Japan. In August 2016, we also received approval from the China Food and Drug Administration to market MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in China.

• In September 2016, we received the CE mark for the MRIdian Linac (with a linear accelerator as the radiation source) in the EEA. In February 2017, we received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac. In June 2017, we received 510(k) clearance to market RayZR™, our high-resolution beam-shaping multi-leaf collimator. We also received MRIdian Linac regulatory approval in Taiwan and Canada in August 2017, and in Israel in November 2017. In March 2018, we received regulatory approval from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to market MRIdian Linac in Japan. We are also seeking required MRIdian Linac approvals in other countries.

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MRIdian is the first radiation therapy solution that enables simultaneous radiation treatment delivery and real-time MRI imaging of a patient’s internal anatomy.  It generates high-quality images that differentiate between the targeted tumor, surrounding soft tissue and nearby critical organs. MRIdian also records the level of radiation dose that the treatment area has received, enabling physicians to adapt the prescription between treatments, as needed. We believe this improved visualization and accurate dose recording will enable better treatment, improve patient outcomes and reduce side effects.  Key benefits to users and patients include: improved imaging and patient alignment; the ability to adapt the patient’s radiation treatments to changes while the patient is still on the treatment table, or “on-table adaptive treatment planning”; MRI-based motion management; and an accurate recording of the delivered radiation dose.  Physicians have already used MRIdian to treat a broad spectrum of radiation therapy patients with more than 45 different types of cancer, as well as patients for whom radiation therapy was previously not an option.

At September 30, 2019, six MRIdian with Cobalt-60 systems and 26 MRIdian Linac systems are in operation at 30 customers worldwide (12 in the United States and 18 outside the United States). In addition, seven MRIdian Linacs have been delivered to customers.

We currently market MRIdian through a direct sales force in North America. In the rest of the world, we market MRIdian through a hybrid model of both a direct sales force and distribution network. We market MRIdian to a broad range of worldwide customers, including university research and teaching hospitals, community hospitals, private practices, government institutions and freestanding cancer centers. As with the traditional linac market, our sales and revenue cycle vary based on the particular customer and can be lengthy, sometimes lasting up to 18 to 24 months (or more) from initial customer contact to order contract execution. Following execution of a sales contract, it generally takes nine to 15 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 60 to 90 days for us to install MRIdian and perform on-site testing of the system, including the completion of acceptance test procedures.

We generated total revenue of $20.9 million and $17.7 million, and had net losses of $20.8 million and $32.9 million, during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We generated total revenue of $71.3 million and $60.3 million, and net losses of $85.0 million and $59.7 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

• add personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts;

• continue our research and development efforts;

• seek regulatory approval for MRIdian in certain foreign countries; and

• operate as a public company.

Accordingly, we may seek to fund our operations through public or private equity, debt financings or other sources. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop enhancements to and integrate new technologies into MR Image-Guided radiation therapy systems.

New Orders and Backlog

New orders are defined as the sum of gross product orders, representing MRIdian contract price, recorded in backlog during the period. Backlog is the accumulation of all orders for which revenue has not been recognized and which we consider valid. Backlog includes customer deposits or letters of credit, except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary. Deposits received are recorded in a customer deposit liability account on the balance sheet. Orders may be revised or cancelled according to their terms or upon mutual agreement between the parties. Therefore, it is difficult to predict with certainty the amount of backlog that will ultimately result in revenue. The determination of backlog includes objective and subjective judgment about the likelihood of an order contract becoming revenue. We perform a quarterly review of backlog to verify that outstanding orders in backlog remain valid, and based upon this review, orders that are no longer expected to result in revenue are removed from backlog. Among other criteria to consider for a transaction to be in backlog, we must possess both an outstanding and effective written agreement for the delivery of a MRIdian signed by a customer with a minimum customer deposit or a letter of credit requirement except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary (i.e. sale to a government entity, a large hospital, group of hospitals or cancer care group that has sufficient credit, sales via tender awards, or indirect channel sales that have signed contracts with end-customers). We decide whether to remove or add back an order from or to our backlog by evaluating the following criteria: changes in customer or distributor plans or financial conditions; the customer’s or distributor’s continued intent and ability to fulfill the order contract; changes to regulatory requirements; the status of regulatory approval required in the customer’s jurisdiction, if any; the length of time the order has been on our backlog; and other reasons for potential cancellation of order contracts.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we received new orders for MRIdian systems and upgrade orders to replace Cobalt-60 systems totaling $97.3 million. At September 30, 2019, we had total backlog of $230.7 million.

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Components of Statements of Operations

Revenue

Product Revenue. Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from sales of MRIdian systems, as well as optional components, such as additional planning workstations and body coils.

Following execution of an order contract, it generally takes nine to 15 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault for the purchased system. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 60 to 90 days to complete the installation and on-site testing of the system, including the completion of acceptance test procedures. On-site training can take up to multiple weeks and can be conducted concurrently with installation and acceptance testing. Order contracts generally include customer deposits upon execution of the agreement, and in certain cases, additional amounts due at shipment or commencement of installation, and final payment due generally upon customer acceptance.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, for new contracts in which control of the system transfers upon delivery and inspection, the Company recognizes revenue for the system at the point in time when delivery and inspection has occurred. For these same contracts, the Company recognizes installation revenue over a period of time as control of the installation services are transferred. For all contracts in which control continues to transfer upon post-installation customer acceptance, revenue for the system and installation will continue to be recognized upon customer acceptance. For sales of MRIdian systems for which we are not responsible for installation, revenue is recognized when the entire system is delivered, which is when the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Service Revenue. Our contracts typically include service warranty at no additional costs for one year. In addition, we offer multi-year, post-installation maintenance and support contracts that provide various levels of service support, which enables our customers to select the level of on-going support services, including parts and labor, which they require. These post-installation contracts are for a period of one to five years and provide services ranging from on-site parts and labor, and preventative maintenance to labor only with a longer response time. We also offer technology upgrades to our MRIdian systems, when and if available, for an additional fee. Service revenue is recognized ratably over the term during which the contracted services are provided.

Distribution Rights Revenue.In December 2014, we entered into a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation, or Itochu, pursuant to which we appointed Itochu as our exclusive distributor for the promotion, sale and delivery of MRIdian products within Japan. As consideration for the exclusive distribution rights granted, we received $4.0 million, which was recorded as deferred revenue and since August 2016, distribution rights revenue has been recognized ratably over the remaining term of the distribution agreement, which expires in December 2024.A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the control is transferred evenly over the contractual period.

Cost of Revenue

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue primarily consists of the cost of materials, installation and services associated with the manufacturing and installation of MRIdian systems, and royalty payments to the University of Florida Research Foundation. Product cost of revenue also includes lower of cost or net realizable value inventory, or LCNRV, adjustments if the carrying value of the inventory is greater than its net realizable value. There was no LCNRV charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

We expect our materials, installation and service costs to decrease as we continue to scale our operations, improve product designs and work with our third-party suppliers to lower costs. We expect to continue to lower costs as we transition to MRIdian Linac.  

Service Cost of Revenue.Service cost of revenue is comprised primarily of personnel costs, training and travel expenses to service and perform maintenance on installed MRIdian systems. Service cost of revenue also includes the costs of replacement parts under maintenance and support contracts.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. Other significant research and development costs arise from third-party consulting services, laboratory supplies, research materials, medical equipment, computer equipment and licensed technology, and related depreciation and amortization. We expense research and development costs as incurred. As we continue to invest in improving MRIdian and developing new technologies, we expect our research and development expenses to increase.

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Selling and Marketing.Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our direct sales force, sales management, and marketing and customer support personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. Selling and marketing expenses also include costs related to trade shows and marketing programs. We expense selling and marketing costs as incurred. We expect selling and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our sales force and our marketing and customer support organizations and increase our participation in trade shows and marketing programs.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our operations, finance, human resources, regulatory, and other administrative personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. In addition, general and administrative expenses include third-party consulting, legal, audit, accounting services, quality and regulatory functions and facilities costs, and gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as our business grows and as we invest in the development of our MRIdian Linac.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest and amortization related to our SVB Term Loan.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of changes in the fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants and foreign currency exchange gains and losses.

The outstanding 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are re-measured to fair value at each balance sheet date with the corresponding gain or loss from the adjustment recorded as a component of other income (expense), net.  

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Product	$	18,696		$	16,492		$	65,475		$	57,237
Service		2,048			1,056			5,482			2,706
Distribution rights		118			118			356			356
Total revenue		20,862			17,666			71,313			60,299
Cost of revenue:
Product		18,521			15,199			63,368			49,564
Service		1,767			2,103			9,489			4,732
Total cost of revenue		20,288			17,302			72,857			54,296
Gross margin		574			364			(1,544	)		6,003
Operating expenses:
Research and development		5,641			4,347			17,135			12,506
Selling and marketing		7,297			3,384			19,845			10,024
General and administrative		19,381			16,721			49,888			37,070
Total operating expenses:		32,319			24,452			86,868			59,600
Loss from operations		(31,745	)		(24,088	)		(88,412	)		(53,597	)
Interest income		484			2			1,391			6
Interest expense		(1,069	)		(1,974	)		(2,902	)		(5,758	)
Other income (expense), net		11,499			(6,792	)		4,933			(307	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(20,831	)		(32,852	)		(84,990	)		(59,656	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss	$	(20,831	)	$	(32,852	)	$	(84,990	)	$	(59,656	)

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019and 2018

Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	18,696	$	16,492	$	2,204
Service		2,048		1,056		992
Distribution rights		118		118		—
Total revenue	$	20,862	$	17,666	$	3,196

Total revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $3.2 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in product revenue and a $1.0 million increase in service revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Product Revenue. Product revenue increased by $2.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to the increase in average selling price related to the three MRIdian Linac systems recognized in the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the three MRIdian Linac systems recognized in the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $1.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to the increase in installed base.

Distribution Rights Revenue. Distribution rights revenue remained flat, as expected based on the ratable recognition of revenue over the term of this agreement, during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Cost of Revenue

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	18,521	$	15,199	$	3,322
Service		1,767		2,103		(336	)
Total cost of revenue	$	20,288	$	17,302	$	2,986

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue increased by $3.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to a $1.6 million increase in installation costs and a $1.3 million increase in costs of materials in the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue decreased by $0.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to a decrease in the service inventory parts consumed to service MRIdian Linac systems previously installed.

Operating Expenses

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Research and development	$	5,641	$	4,347	$	1,294
Selling and marketing		7,297		3,384		3,913
General and administrative		19,381		16,721		2,660
Total operating expenses	$	32,319	$	24,452	$	7,867

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Research and Development. Research and development expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2019increased by $1.3 million, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to an $0.8 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount and a $0.5 million increase in facilities costs.

Selling and Marketing. Sellingand marketing expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $3.9 million, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to a $2.3 million increase in personnel expense related to the increase in our direct salesforce, a $0.9 million increase in travel expense from the increasing salesforce and a $0.7 million increase in marketing expense.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $2.7 million, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily driven by a $3.2 million increase in consulting and other professional services, a $1.2 million increase in travel costs, and a $0.5 million increase in office expenses. The increases were partially offset by a $2.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense.

Interest Expense

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			Change
	(in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(1,069	)	$	(1,974	)	$	905

Interest expense decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018, due to the lower interest rate of the SVB Term Loan as compared to the CRG Term Loan, which was paid off in December 2018.  

Other Income (Expense), Net

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018			Change
	(in thousands)
Other income (expense), net	$	11,499	$	(6,792	)	$	18,291

Other income (expense), net during the three months ended September 30, 2019 consisted primarily of a $11.6 million decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants as a result in the reduction of the Company’s stock price and the warrants exercised during the three months ended September 30, 2019. Other income (expense), net during the three months ended September 30, 2018 consisted primarily of a $6.7 million change in fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

Revenue

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	65,475	$	57,237	$	8,238
Service		5,482		2,706		2,776
Distribution rights		356		356		—
Total revenue	$	71,313	$	60,299	$	11,014

Total revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $11.0 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to a $8.2 million increase in product revenue and a $2.8 million increase in service revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Product Revenue. Product revenue increased by $8.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to revenue recognized on one more MRIdian Linac system in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 coupled with an increased average selling price.

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Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $2.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to the increase in installed base.

Distribution Rights Revenue. Distribution rights revenue remained flat, as expected based on the ratable recognition of revenue over the term of the agreement, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Cost of Revenue

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	63,368	$	49,564	$	13,804
Service		9,489		4,732		4,757
Total cost of revenue	$	72,857	$	54,296	$	18,561

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue increased by $13.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Product cost of revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was impacted by cost of revenue recognized on one more MRIdian Linac system. The total cost of revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was also impacted by approximately $6.9 million of charges, primarily driven by higher than anticipated installation costs related to historical upgrade commitments. The $6.9 million includes $5.5 million of one-time charges and $1.4 million of expenses.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue increased by $4.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to timing of services and increase in installed base for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Operating Expenses

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		Change
	(in thousands)
Research and development	$	17,135	$	12,506	$	4,629
Selling and marketing		19,845		10,024		9,821
General and administrative		49,888		37,070		12,818
Total operating expenses	$	86,868	$	59,600	$	27,268

Research and Development. Research and development expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $4.6 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to a $3.6 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount and a $1.0 million increase in facilities costs.

Selling and Marketing. Sellingand marketing expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $9.8 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to a $6.8 million increase in personnel expense related to the increase in our direct salesforce, a $1.7 million increase in travel expense from the aforementioned increased salesforce and a $1.1 million increase in marketing expense.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $12.8 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was primarily driven by a $7.1 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, which included a $3.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense for the increased headcount and executives hired since the third quarter of 2018. Additionally, we incurred a $4.0 million increase in consulting costs, a $1.5 million increase in travel expense from the aforementioned increase in headcount, a $1.0 million increase in various office expenses, and a $0.6 million increase in facilities cost. These increases were partially offset by a $1.3 million reduction in legal costs as there were no equity offerings during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

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Interest Expense

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			Change
	(in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(2,902	)	$	(5,758	)	$	2,856

Interest expense decreased during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018, due to the lower interest rate of the SVB Term Loan as compared to the CRG Term Loan, which was paid off in December 2018.  

Other Income (Expense), Net

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018			Change
	(in thousands)
Other income (expense), net	$	4,933	$	(307	)	$	5,240

Other income (expense), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 consisted primarily of a $4.7 million decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants as a result in the reduction of the Company’s stock price and the warrants exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and $0.9 million of income related to insurance proceeds. Other income (expense), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted primarily of a $0.4 million change in the fair value of warrant liabilities related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception in 2004, we have incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, we had net losses of $85.0 million and $59.7 million, respectively. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $484.0 million and $399.0 million, respectively.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $90.8 million and $167.4 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations principally through offerings of our capital stock, issuances of warrants, issuances of convertible promissory notes, use of term loans and receipts of customer deposits for new orders and payments from customers for systems installed and delivered. We may, from time to time, seek to raise capital through a variety of sources, including the public equity market, private equity financing, and public or private debt. In March 2018, we issued common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase common stock in the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering for gross proceeds of $59.1 million. In May 2018, we raised additional aggregate gross proceeds of $0.3 million through our at-the-market offering program under which we sold 33,097 shares of our common stock at an average sale price of $8.41 per share. In August 2018, we raised aggregate gross proceeds of $172.5 million via a public offering, in which we sold approximately 18.6 million shares of our common stock at a price of $9.25 per share. In December 2018, we entered into the SVB Term Loan for a principal amount of $56.0 million. We used the proceeds from the SVB Term Loan and cash on hand to repay in full our obligations under the outstanding CRG Term Loan. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with the sales of MRIdian systems will enable us to conduct our planned operations for at least the next 12 months.

In January 2019, we filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units, including up to $100.0 million of our common shares pursuant to our at-the-market offering program with FBR.

We could potentially use our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect, and we may incur additional indebtedness to meet future operating needs. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, although we anticipate being able to obtain additional financing, we may be unable to do so. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have significant negative consequences for our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Cash used in operating activities	$	(76,632	)	$	(77,429	)
Cash used in investing activities	$	(7,598	)	$	(2,814	)
Cash provided by financing activities	$	7,063		$	224,635

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Operating Activities

We have historically experienced cash outflows as we developed MRIdian with Cobalt-60 and MRIdian Linac and expanded our business. Our primary source of cash flow from operating activities is cash receipts from customers including sales of MRIdian systems and, to a lesser extent, up-front payments from customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are amounts due to vendors for purchased components and employee-related expenditures.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, cash used in operating activities was $76.6 million, as a result of our net loss of $85.0 million and the aggregate non-cash charges of $17.8 million. Our net operating assets and liabilities increased by $9.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Inventory increased $10.5 million, in anticipation of upcoming shipments and installations of MRIdian systems. Customer deposits and deferred revenue decreased $14.5 million and deposits on purchased inventory decreased $3.3 million as a result of revenue recognized for the eleven units of MRIdian system sales and one unit of system upgrade partially offset by additional accrual for the units currently being installed. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $3.6 million resulting from the timing of collections. Deferred costs decreased by $2.0 million mainly due to the revenue recognized in the first nine months of 2019 offset by the transfer of property and equipment from deferred cost of revenue. Accounts payable increased $1.2 million resulting from the build of inventory and the timing of payments. Accrued expense and other liabilities increased by a $4.8 million mainly due to an increase in payroll and related benefits and accrued travel costs. Non-cash charges included $14.4 million of stock-based compensation expense, $3.2 million of depreciation and amortization expense, a $4.7 million gain related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, $4.4 million for historical upgrade commitments and $0.5 million of amortization of debt discount and interest accrual related to the SVB Term Loan.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash used in operating activities was $77.4 million, as a result of our net loss of $59.7 million, a $33.0 million net change in our operating assets and liabilities, and the aggregate non-cash charges of $15.3 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily a result of a change in inventory, customer deposits and deferred revenue, accounts payable, accounts receivable and prepaid expenses and other assets, which was partially offset by changes in accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities, deferred cost of revenue and deposits on purchased inventory. Inventory increased $22.4 million, in anticipation of upcoming shipments and installations of MRIdian systems. Customer deposits and deferred revenue decreased $12.4 million as a result of revenue recognized for the ten units of MRIdian system sales and one unit of system upgrade partially offset by additional accrual for the units currently being installed in the first nine months of 2018. Accounts payable decreased $4.1 million resulting from the timing of payment. Accounts receivable increased by $2.4 million resulting from the timing of collections. Prepaid expenses and other assets increased $2.3 million mainly due to prepayments made for insurance premiums and deferred sales commissions. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was partially offset by a $6.7 million increase in accrued expense and other liabilities mainly resulting from accrued tax liabilities and accrued interest for the CRG Term Loan, a $2.3 million decrease in deferred cost of revenue primarily due to the revenue recognized for MRIdian systems for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, partially offset by the shipment of additional components for MRIdian systems being installed , and a $1.5 million decrease in deposits on purchased inventory due to the receipt of inventory previously paid for as deposits. Non-cash charges included $10.1 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.7 million of amortization of debt discount and interest accrual related to the CRG Term Loan, and $2.6 million of depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by a $0.1 million gain related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 of $7.6 million resulted primarily from $7.5 million of capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.

Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 of $2.8 million resulted from capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.

Financing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, financing activities provided $7.1 million in cash, consisting primarily of $9.7 million from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by cash used to pay taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards of $2.4 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, financing activities provided $224.6 million in cash, consisting of $172.5 million in gross proceeds from the August 2018 Public Offering of Common Stock, $59.1 million gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, $0.3 million gross proceeds from our at-the-market offering program and $3.6 million proceeds from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by offering costs of $10.6 million for the August 2018 Public Offering of Common Stock and $0.2 million for the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering.

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SVB Term Loan

In December 2018, we entered into the SVB Term Loan for a principal amount of $56.0 million. The SVB Term Loan has a maturity date of December 1, 2023 and bears interest at a rate of 6.30% per annum to be paid monthly over the term of the loan. Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least a specified amount and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects). In addition, upon repayment of the SVB Term Loan in full, the Company will make a final payment equal to 3.15% of the original aggregate principal amount of the SVB Term Loan. The SVB Term Loan contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, mergers, dispositions, prepayment of other indebtedness, dividends and other distributions and transactions with affiliates. The SVB Term Loan also contains financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance in accounts maintained at Silicon Valley Bank or one of its affiliates or else comply with a liquidity ratio and/or a minimum revenue target.

We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the SVB Term Loan at September 30, 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2019. As of December 31, 2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements except for our operating leases. Additionally, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019, except for the changes to operating lease obligations due to the adoption of Topic 842, Leases. See the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

For our contractual obligations that are expected to have an effect on our liquidity and cash flow, see section “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements and “Note 5 – Debt” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

With the exception of the adoption of Topic 842, Leases, and change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances (see the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements), there have been no significant changes to our accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the critical accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019. We believe that the accounting policies discussed in that Annual Report are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

We review new accounting standards to determine the expected financial impact, if any, that the adoption of each new standard will have. For the recently issued and adopted accounting standards that we believe may have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

32

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer, or CEO, and interim chief financial officer, or interim CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and interim CFO have concluded that as of September 30, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and that such required information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and interim CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the third quarter of 2019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

33

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Patent Litigation

On September 10, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed by Varian Medical Systems, Inc., in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company. Captioned Varian Medical Systems, Inc., v. ViewRay, Inc., the complaint alleges that the Company infringes two related patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,637,841 (the “’841 Patent”) and 9,082,520 (the “’520 Patent”). The Company filed its answer on November 1, 2019. We believe the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the litigation.

Class Action Litigation

On September 13, 2019, a class action complaint for violation of federal securities laws was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio against the Company, our chief executive officer, chief science officer and former chief financial officer. Captioned Corwin v. ViewRay, Inc., et al., the complaint, purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of our common stock between March 15, 2019 and August 8, 2019, alleges that we violated federal securities laws by issuing materially false and misleading statements that failed to disclose adverse facts concerning the Company’s business, operations, and financial results. We believe the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intend to vigorously defend the litigation.

Given the early stage of each of the litigation matters described above, at this time we are unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved and on our business generally. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, lawsuits and legal proceedings are costly, divert management attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.

The information under the caption “Commitments and Contingencies” in Note 6 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. If any of the risks discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Not applicable.

34

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit		Incorporated by Reference			Filed
Number	Description	Form	Exhibit	Date Filed	Herewith
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of July 23, 2015, by and among ViewRay Inc., Acquisition Sub and ViewRay Technologies, Inc.	S-1/A	2.1	12/16/15
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.	S-1/A	3.1	12/16/15
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of ViewRay, Inc.	8-K	3.2	5/10/18
10.1	Separation Agreement, dated September 30, 2019, by and between ViewRay Inc. and Ajay Bansal.				X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required under Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a).				X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer under Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a).				X
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 and Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(b).				X
101	Interactive Data Files of Financial Statements and Notes				X
101.INS	Instant Document				X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document				X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document				X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document				X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document				X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document				X

_____________________

35

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

	VIEWRAY, INC.
Dated: November 12, 2019	By:	/s/ Scott Drake
	Name:	Scott Drake
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: November 12, 2019	By:	/s/ Brian Knaley
	Name:	Brian Knaley
	Title:	Senior Vice President and Interim Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

36

EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

CONFIDENTIAL SEPARATION AGREEMENT AND GENERAL RELEASE

This Confidential Separation Agreement and General Release (the “Agreement”), dated as of September 30, 2019, is entered into between ViewRay, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, together with its existing and future subsidiaries and controlled affiliates (“ViewRay”), and Ajay Bansal (“Employee”) (collectively, the “Parties”).

The Parties agree as follows:

1. Separation of Employment. Employee hereby acknowledges that Employee's employment with ViewRay is terminated effective September 30, 2019 (the "Separation Date"). Regardless of whether Employee enters into this Agreement, ViewRay will pay Employee all accrued wages, earned and accrued but unused paid time off, through and including the Separation Date, less applicable holdings, in accordance with ViewRay's regular payroll practices or earlier when required by applicable state law.

2. Severance Amount. Pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, Employee is being provided with certain severance payments. In consideration of the promises by Employee stated in this Agreement, which include but are not limited to the Employee agreeing to a release of claims and promise of confidentiality, if Employee signs and does not timely revoke this Agreement, if applicable, then ViewRay shall pay to Employee an amount equal to six (6) months of Employee's annualized base salary less all applicable and lawful deductions and withholdings (the "Severance Amount"). Subject to Employee's execution and non-revocation of this Agreement, ViewRay will pay Employee six (6) monthly payments on the first payroll cycle of each month in the amount of $29,041.75, totaling the Severance Amount.

a. Consulting Agreement. Employee and ViewRay shall enter into a separate consulting agreement, pursuant to which Employee agrees to provide certain consulting services to ViewRay as an independent contractor commencing on October 1, 2019 and terminating on March 30, 2020 (the "Consulting Agreement").

b. Right to Receive Severance Amount Conditioned on Continued Compliance. Employee understands and acknowledges that the receipt of the Severance Amount and any installment thereof is conditioned upon Employee's continued compliance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement including, but not limited to, the provisions of paragraphs 8, 9, and 10 below. In the event Employee fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions herein, Employee's right to receive any additional installments of the Severance Amount will immediately cease.

c. COBRA. To the extent the Employee timely and properly elects health insurance continuation coverage under ViewRay's group health insurance plan under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA"), ViewRay shall pay for the cost of the monthly COBRA premium for continuing health insurance coverage as elected by Employee (the "COBRA Payment") until the earliest of: () the 6 month term of the Consulting Agreement; (ii) the date Employee is no longer eligible to receive COBRA continuation coverage under ViewRay's group health insurance plan; and (iii) the date on which Employee secures other employment.

If ViewRay's making the COBRA Payment under this paragraph 2.c would violate the nondiscrimination rules applicable to non­grandfathered plans under the Affordable Care Act (the "ACA"), or result in the imposition of penalties under the ACA and the related regulations and guidance promulgated thereunder, the Parties agree to reform this paragraph 2.c in a manner as is necessary to comply with the ACA.

Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, or an accrued benefit to which Employee is already entitled, Employee will not receive any additional compensation, bonus, severance, commissions, or other benefits after the Separation Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, ViewRay will not oppose any application for unemployment insurance, although ViewRay will respond truthfully to any inquiries relating to such application. Further, nothing in this Agreement shall impact Employee's rights to any vested retirement benefits. Employee acknowledges that payment of any amounts to, or on behalf of, Employee under this Agreement does not, in any way, extend the period of employment or continuous service beyond the last day of employment or confer any other rights or benefits other than what may be set forth expressly herein.

3. Release. In exchange for the Severance Amount, Employee and Employee's representatives, heirs, successors and assigns do hereby completely release and forever discharge ViewRay and any present or past affiliates of ViewRay, and its and their present and former shareholders, officers, directors, members, agents, employees, attorneys, insurers, successors, and assigns (collectively, "Released Parties") from all claims, rights, demands, actions, obligations, liabilities, and causes of action of every kind and character, known or unknown, mature or unmatured, which Employee may now have or has ever had. This release of claims includes, but is not limited to, all claims arising out of Employee's employment at ViewRay and the termination of that employment, or the failure/refusal of any Released Party hiring Employee, whether based on tort, contract (expressed or implied), or any federal, state, or local law, statute, or regulation (collectively, “Released Claims”). By way of example and not in limitation of the foregoing, Released Claims shall include any claims arising under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Family and Medical Leave Act; the Post Civil War Civil Rights Acts (42 USC $$ 1981-1988); the Civil Rights Act of 1991; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (the "ADEA") (this release is meant to comply with the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act ("OWBPA"), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., which statute was enacted to, among other things, ensure that individuals forty (40) years of age or older who waive their rights under the ADEA do so knowingly and voluntarily): the Equal Pay Act; the Occupational Safety and Health Act; the Americans with Disabilities Act; the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008; the Uniform Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act; the Davis-Bacon Act; the Walsh-Healey Act; the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (other than claims with regard to vested benefits); the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act; Executive Order 11246; the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act; 42 U.S.C. section 1981; and any state or local statute, rule or regulation governing the employment relationship. This release further includes, any claims asserting breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent or intentional misrepresentation, negligent or intentional interference with contract or prospective economic advantage, fraud or other tort claims, defamation, invasion of privacy, claims related to disability, any and all claims for wages, commissions, compensation, reimbursement, disbursements, bonuses, benefits, vacation, penalties and any other claims arising under or related to laws or regulations relating to employment. Employee likewise releases the Released Parties for any and all obligations for attorneys' fees, paralegals' fees, and costs incurred in regard to the above claims, or otherwise. Employee further agrees that if any such claim is prosecuted in Employee's

name before any court or administrative agency, Employee waives and agrees not to take any award of money or other damages from such suit. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Released Claims shall not include any workers' compensation benefits or other claims which cannot be waived as a matter of law.This releases all waivable claims, including those of which Employee is not aware and those not specifically mentioned in this Agreement.This release applies to all claims resulting from anything that has happened up through the date Employee signs this Agreement.Employee understands that this Agreement does not waive rights or claims that may arise after the date that this Agreement is executed.

4. Waiver of Age Discrimination Claims. Employee understands and agrees that, by entering into this Agreement, (i) Employee is waiving any rights or claims Employee might have under the ADEA; (ii) Employee has received consideration beyond that to which Employee was previously entitled; (iii) Employee has been and hereby is advised in writing to consult with an attorney before signing this Agreement; (iv) Employee has not relied on any statement or promises by anyone other than those contained in the written terms of this Agreement, and that Employee has entered into this Agreement knowingly without reliance upon any other representation, promise, or inducement that is not set forth herein; (v) Employee has been offered the opportunity to evaluate the terms of this Agreement for not less than twenty-one (21) days prior to Employee's execution of the Agreement, although Employee may choose to execute this Agreement sooner; and (vi) Employee has a period of seven (7) days following Employee's execution of this Agreement in which Employee may revoke this Agreement (the "Revocation Period"). The Parties agree that any material or non-material changes made to this Agreement after Employee receives this Agreement do not restart the running of the 21-day period in which Employee may review this Agreement prior to signing this Agreement. Employee may revoke this Agreement by notifying ViewRay in writing of Employee's decision to revoke to Robert Fuchs CHRO via email at Rfuchs@viewray.com prior to the expiration of the Revocation Period, with the original of the revocation sent via U.S. Mail to 1595 Wynkoop Street, Suite 900, Denver, CO 80202. This Agreement shall become enforceable on the eighth day after the employee signs and delivers this Agreement to ViewRay, provided Employee does not revoke or otherwise breach Employee's obligations hereunder prior to such time (the "Effective Date").

5. Employee Representations. Employee represents and warrants that Employee (i) has been paid all compensation owed (including, but not limited to, overtime and bonus compensation) and for all hours worked; (ii) has received all the leave and leave benefits and protections for which Employee was eligible, pursuant to the Family and Medical Leave Act or otherwise, and (iii) has not suffered any on-the-job injury for which Employee has not already filed a claim.

6. General Releases Extend to Both Known and Unknown, Suspected and Unsuspected Claims (Applicable to California Employees Only). Employee acknowledges that he or she has read and fully understands the provisions of Section 1542 of the California Civil Code, which provides:

A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which if known by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor.

Employee intends the releases set forth in this Agreement to include all claims encompassed by paragraph 4, whether known and/or unknown, to waive and relinquish every right or benefit he or

she has, had, or may have under California Civil Code section 1542, and intend his or her release to extend to, and include without limitation all claims which are presently unknown, unanticipated and/or unsuspected.

Employee further acknowledges and agrees that California Labor Code section 206.5 is not applicable to the resolution of this matter. That section provides in pertinent part as follows:

No employer shall require the execution of any release of any claim or right on account of wages due, or to become due, or made as au advance on wages to be earned, unless payment of such wage has been made.

In connection with the foregoing, Employee acknowledges, agrees, represents and warrants that, at all times relevant to Employee's employment with ViewRay, Employee has been fully and properly paid for all time worked, or there is otherwise a genuine, reasonable, and good faith dispute between the parties with respect to same, and that, by this Agreement, Employee is releasing any claim to entitlement for any recovery of any nature whatsoever arising out of any such claim.

7. Taxes and Indemnification. Employee agrees to pay any and all taxes (other than payroll taxes) found to be owed from the Severance Package or other payments made pursuant to this Agreement and to indemnify and hold ViewRay harmless for any federal, state and local tax liability, including taxes, interest, penalties or the like, and required withholdings, which may be or is asserted against or imposed upon the Released Parties by any taxing authority based upon any amounts paid to Employee as a result of Employee's non-payment of taxes of such amounts for which Employee is legally responsible. Employee understands and agrees that any necessary tax documentation may be filed by ViewRay with regard to any payments made pursuant to this Agreement. Employee and ViewRay acknowledge that nothing herein shall constitute tax advice to the other Party.

8. Confidentiality.

a. Protection of Confidential and Proprietary Information. The Employee agrees not to disclose, sell or transfer to any person, firm, corporation, association or other entity, at any time in the future, any confidential and/or proprietary information concerning ViewRay or its affiliates, including, but not limited to any and all information regarding: (i) business plans and strategies; (ii) business contacts; (iii) research and development; (iv) computer programs, software, applications, directories, databases, passwords and access codes; (v) confidential personnel matters unrelated to wages, hours, or other terms and conditions of employment; (vi) operation methods and information, and accounting, financial and planning techniques; (vii) operating, administrative and training materials; (viii) marketing and sales strategies, materials and information; and (ix) any other trade secret or non-public financial, licensing, or marketing information relating to ViewRay or its affiliates (collectively, "confidential and/or proprietary information"). The Employee also agrees not to use, at any time in the future, any confidential and/or proprietary information of ViewRay or its affiliates for her own purposes and/or benefit, whether for personal or business reasons. Further, whether or not the Employee signs this Agreement, and notwithstanding the Employee's separation from employment, the Employee agrees to abide by all of ViewRay's policies, rules and procedures that relate to the protection of confidential and/or proprietary information. The Employee agrees that ViewRay's confidential and/or proprietary information is: (a) is valuable, special and a unique asset of

ViewRay; (b) provides ViewRay with a substantial competitive advantage; and (c) is a legitimate business interest justifying the need for the restrictions in this paragraph.

b. Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act Notice. The Employee shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that: (i) is made in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney, and made solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (ii) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. Should the Employee file a lawsuit against the Company for retaliation for reporting a suspected violation of law, the Employee may disclose the trade secret to the Employee's attorney and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the Employee: (a) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and (b) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

c. Return of Confidential and/or Proprietary Information. On or immediately following the Separation Date, the Employee shall return to ViewRay all documents reflecting confidential and/or proprietary information belonging to ViewRay which are in the Employee's possession or under the Employee's control and shall not retain any copies or other reproductions, or extracts thereof, whether paper or electronic, thereafter.

d. Confidentiality of Agreement. The Employee agrees not to disclose at any time in the future any of the terms of this Agreement, except that the Employee may disclose the terms of this Agreement: (i) as may be required by law; (ii) to any taxing authority, such as the IRS; (iii) to a court of competent jurisdiction for purposes of enforcement of, or for demonstrating a breach of this Agreement; and, (iv) to the Employee's spouse, attorney and/or tax and financial advisors, provided that the individual first agrees to keep this information confidential. The Employee acknowledges and agrees that any other disclosure regarding the terms of this Agreement would constitute a material breach of the Agreement.

e. Response to Subpoenas. If the Employee is compelled by legal subpoena or court order to provide information covered by this paragraph 8, prior to such disclosure, the Employee will immediately provide a copy of such judicial order or subpoena, by hand delivery and/or E-mail, to ViewRay, Robert McCormack, General Counsel, Email: rmccormack@viewray.com. The Employee agrees to provide ViewRay with a reasonable opportunity to intervene to assert what rights it may have to non-disclosure, prior to any response to the order or subpoena. However, nothing in this paragraph is intended to, nor should be construed to limit the Employee's rights as outlined in paragraph 11 below.

9. Non-Disparagement. The Employee agrees and warrants that at no time in the future will the Employee make any statements (orally or in writing, including, without limitation, whether in fiction or nonfiction) or take any actions which in any way disparage or defame ViewRay or any of the Released Parties, or in any way, directly or indirectly, cause or encourage the making of such statements, or the taking of such actions by anyone else, including but not limited to other current or former employees of ViewRay (except as outlined in paragraph 11 below).

10. No Cooperation. The Employee also agrees that the Employee will not act in any manner that might damage ViewRay's business. This obligation includes an agreement not to counsel or assist

any attorneys or their clients in the presentation or prosecution of any disputes, differences, grievances, claims, charges or complaints by any third party against ViewRay and/or any officer, director, employee, agent, representative, stockholder or attorney, unless under a subpoena or other court order to do so (except as outlined in paragraph 11 below).

11. Non-Interference. Notwithstanding paragraphs 8, 9, and 10 above, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prohibit the Employee from: (i) filing a charge or participating in any investigation or proceeding conducted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or other federal, state or local government agency charged with enforcement of any law; (ii) reporting possible violations of any law, rule or regulation to any governmental agency or entity charged with enforcement of any law, rule or regulation; or (iii) making other disclosures that are protected under whistleblower provisions of any law, rule or regulation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, by signing this Agreement, the Employee acknowledges and agrees that the Employee waives not only the Employee's right to recover money or any other relief in any action the Employee might commence against ViewRay or any of the Released Parties with respect to the claims released in paragraph 3 above, but also the Employee's right to recovery in any such action brought against ViewRay or any of the Released Parties by any government agency or other party, whether brought on the Employee's behalf or otherwise.

12. No Claims Filed. Employee affirms that Employee has not filed, has not caused to be filed, and is not presently party to, any claims, causes of action, lawsuits or arbitrations against any of the Released Parties in any forum. Employee's representation to same constitutes a material inducement for ViewRay entering into this Agreement. In the event that Employee has filed such a claim or cause of action, it will be considered a material breach of the terms of this Agreement.

13. Acknowledgment. The Employee acknowledges that the Employee has been advised in writing to consult with an attorney before signing this Agreement and that the Employee has been afforded the opportunity to consider the terms of this Agreement and incorporated waiver of claims for a period of twenty-one (21) days prior to its execution. The Employee acknowledges that no representation, promise or inducement has been made other than as set forth in this Agreement, and that no representation, promise or inducement has been made other than as set forth in this Agreement, and that the Employee enters into this Agreement without reliance upon any representation, promise or inducement not set forth herein. The Employee acknowledges and represents that the Employee assumes the risk for any mistake of fact now known or unknown, and that the Employee understands and acknowledges the significance and consequences of this Agreement. The Employee further acknowledges that the Employee has read this Agreement in its entirety; that the Employee fully understands all of the terms of the Agreement and their significance; and that the Employee has signed the Agreement voluntarily and of the Employee's own free will. The Employee further affirms that, upon receipt of his final paycheck on March 30, 2020 the Employee will have been paid and/or have received all leave (paid or unpaid), base salary, bonuses, and all other compensation and benefits to which the Employee may have been entitled from ViewRay through the Separation Date. The Employee further and specifically affirms that the Employee has been provided and/or has not been denied any leave requested under the Family and Medical Leave Act and has not suffered any workplace injuries.

14. Fiduciary Obligations/Cooperation: This Agreement in no way relieves the Employee of any fiduciary obligations the Employee may owe to ViewRay. The Employee agrees to cooperate with

ViewRay in any investigations, defenses to claims, prosecution of claims, depositions, court appearances and all other inquiries of the Employee which relate to services that the Employee performed for ViewRay.

15. Breach. The Employee acknowledges that if the Employee materially breaches or threatens to materially breach any provision of this Agreement and/or commences a suit or action in contravention of this Agreement (except as outlined in paragraph 11 above), ViewRay's obligations to pay the Severance Amount shall immediately cease and ViewRay shall be entitled to all other remedies allowed in law or equity, including but not limited to the return of any payments made to the Employee under this Agreement. Further, nothing in this Agreement shall prevent ViewRay from pursuing an injunction to enforce the provisions of paragraphs 8, 9, and 10 above. However, nothing in this paragraph regarding the return of monies is intended to, nor shall be construed to abrogate any contrary rights under the ADEA.

16. Non-Admission. The Parties understand that the Severance Package and other matters agreed to herein are not to be construed as an admission of or evidence of liability for any violation of the law, willful or otherwise, by any entity or any person.

17. Severability. If any provisions in this Agreement, other than the waiver and release provisions in paragraph 3, are held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless continue in full force without being impaired or invalidated in any way.

18. Complete Agreement. Any agreement to amend or modify the terms and conditions of this Agreement must be in writing and executed by the Parties. The Parties agree that this Agreement sets forth all of the promises and agreements between them concerning the subject matter and that this Agreement supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings, inducements or conditions, express or implied, oral or written, regarding the subject matter, except that certain Employee Confidentiality, Inventions and Non-Interference Agreement dated May 16, 2018.

19. Sufficiency of Consideration. Employee agrees that Severance Package is made in exchange for, and constitutes good and valuable consideration for Employee's execution of this Agreement.

20. Section 409A. This Agreement is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("Section 409A"), including the exceptions thereto, and shall be construed and administered in accordance with such intent. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, payments provided under this Agreement may only be made upon an event and in a manner that complies with Section 409A or an applicable exemption. Any payments under this Agreement that may be excluded from Section 409A either as separation pay due to an involuntary separation from service, as a short-term deferral, or as a settlement payment pursuant to a bona fide legal dispute shall be excluded from Section 409A to the maximum extent possible. For purposes of Section 409A, any installment payments provided under this Agreement shall each be treated as a separate payment. To the extent required under Section 409A, any payments to be made under this Agreement in connection with a termination of employment shall only be made if such termination constitutes a "separation from service" under Section 409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, ViewRay makes no representations that the payments and benefits provided under this

Agreement comply with Section 409A and in no event shall ViewRay be liable for all or any portion of any taxes, penalties, interest, or other expenses that may be incurred by Employee on account of non-compliance with Section 409A.

21. Excess Parachute Payments. In the event that: (i) any amount or benefit paid or distributed to you pursuant to this Agreement, taken together with any amounts or benefits otherwise paid or distributed to you (collectively, the "Covered Payments"), are or become subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or any similar tax that may hereafter be imposed (the "Excise Tax"), and (ii) it would be economically advantageous to you to reduce such Covered Payments to avoid imposition of the Excise Tax, the Covered Payments shall be reduced to an amount which maximizes the aggregate present value (as determined in accordance with Section 280G(d)(4) of the Code or any successor provision of the Code) of the Covered Payments without causing the Covered Payments to be subject to the Excise Tax. The reduction described herein shall only be made if the net after-tax amount to be received by you after giving effect to the reduction will be greater than the net after-tax amount that would be received by you without the reduction. You shall in your sole discretion determine which and how much of the Covered Payments shall be eliminated or reduced consistent with the requirements of this paragraph.

22. Transfer of Claims. Employee represents and warrants that Employee has not assigned, transferred, or purported to assign or transfer, to any person, firm, corporation, association or entity whatsoever, any claims released herein. Employee agrees to indemnify and hold the Released Parties harmless against, without any limitation, any and all rights, claims, warranties, demands, debts, obligations, liabilities, costs, court costs, expenses (including attorneys' fees, paralegals' fees and costs, at all levels), causes of action or judgments based on or arising out of any such assignment or transfer. Employee further warrants that there is nothing that would prohibit Employee from entering into this Agreement.

23. Binding Effect. This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the Parties' representatives, agents, successors, assigns, heirs, attorneys, affiliates, and predecessors.

24. Enforcement. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California, without regard to its choice of law principles. If either party breaches this Agreement or any dispute arises out of or relating to this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to its reasonable attorneys' fees, paralegals' fees and costs, at all levels. THE PARTIES SPECIFICALLY WAIVE THEIR RIGHT TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN CONNECTION WITH ANY SUCH ACTION. However, nothing in this paragraph is intended to, nor shall be construed to abrogate any contrary rights under the ADEA.

25. Interpretation. This Agreement shall be construed as a whole, according to its fair meaning, and not in favor of or against any Party. By way of example and not in limitation, this Agreement shall not be construed in favor of the Party receiving a benefit nor against the Party responsible for any particular language in this Agreement.

26. Integration. Employee hereby acknowledges that this Agreement, constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties pertaining to the subject matter hereof, and supersede all prior or contemporaneous agreements and understandings among Employee, ViewRay and any other

Released Party, whether written or oral, express or implied, with respect to the employment, termination and benefits of Employee.

27. Construction. The Parties expressly acknowledge that they have had equal opportunity to negotiate the terms of this Agreement and that this Agreement shall not be construed against the drafter.

28. Headings. The headings contained in the Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not in any way affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.

29. Electronic Transmissions and Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts and by electronic transmissions (e-mail, facsimile and/or scanner) and all so executed shall constitute one Agreement, binding on all the Patties hereto, notwithstanding that the Patties are not signatories to the original or same counterpart.

30. Representation by Counsel. The Parties acknowledge that (i) they have had the opportunity to consult counsel in regard to this Agreement, (ii) they have read and understand the Agreement and they are fully aware of its legal effect; and (iii) they are entering into this Agreement freely and voluntarily, and based on each Patty's own judgment and not on any representations or promises made by the other Patty, other than those contained in this Agreement.

31. Acceptance. To accept this Agreement, Employee must sign and date below and return an original copy to ViewRay within 21 days at the following address 1595 Wynkoop Street, Suite 900, Denver, co 80202.

32. Right of Revocation/Effective Date: The Employee has the right to revoke this Agreement within seven (7) days after the Employee's execution of this Agreement by giving notice in writing of such revocation to ViewRay, Attention: Rob Fuchs Email: rfuchs@viewray.com As such, the Agreement shall not become effective until the Effective Date. In the event that the Employee revokes this Agreement prior to the Effective Date, this Agreement, and the promises contained therein, shall automatically be deemed null and void.

The Employee represents and warrants that the Employee has read this Agreement in its entirety, has been offered a period of twenty-one (21) days to review this Agreement and incorporated release prior to its execution, and has been advised in writing herein to consult with counsel. The Employee further represents and warrants that the Employee is of sound mind and fully understands and voluntarily assents to all of the terms of the Agreement.

ViewRay, Inc.	Employee
Signature: /s/ Rob Fuchs	Signature: /s/ Ajay Bansal
Name: Rob Fuchs	Name: Ajay Bansal
Title: CHRO

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Scott Drake, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ViewRay, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 12, 2019	/s/ Scott Drake
	Scott Drake
	Title: Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Brian Knaley, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of ViewRay, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 12, 2019	/s/ Brian Knaley
	Brian Knaley
	Title: Senior Vice President and Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officers of ViewRay, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), hereby certify that:

(i) the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the third quarter ended September 30, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

The foregoing certification (i) is given to such officers’ knowledge, based upon such officers’ investigation as such officers reasonably deem appropriate; and (ii) is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 (section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Report), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing. 

	VIEWRAY, INC.
Dated: November 12, 2019	By:	/s/ Scott Drake
	Name:	Scott Drake
		Title: Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: November 12, 2019	By:	/s/ Brian Knaley
	Name:	Brian Knaley
		Title: Senior Vice President and Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Related Party Transactions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

13. Related Party Transactions

In December 2004, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Florida Research Foundation, or UFRF, whereby UFRF granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to certain of UFRF’s patents in exchange for 33,652 shares of common stock and a 1% royalty, with a minimum $0.1 million royalty payment per quarter, from sales of products developed and sold by the Company utilizing the licensed patents. Minimum royalty payments in any calendar year are credited against earned royalties for such calendar year. Royalty expenses based on 1% of net sales were $0.6 million and $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and were recorded as product cost of revenue.

XML

Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Scheduled Future Payments on Term Loan

The Company’s scheduled future payments on the SVB Term Loan at September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
The remainder of 2019	$	—
2020		1,555
2021		18,667
2022		18,667
2023		17,111
Total future principal payments		56,000
Less: unamortized debt discount		(511	)
Carrying value of long-term debt		55,489
Less: current portion		—
Long-term portion	$	55,489

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Summary of Company's Stock Option Activity and Related Information

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

				Options Outstanding
	Shares Available for Grant			Number of Stock Options Outstanding			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
											(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,908,626			11,603,708		$	6.64		7.6	$	10,151
Additional options authorized		3,853,280
Options granted		(2,624,505	)		2,624,505			8.19
Options exercised		—			(2,219,251	)		4.34
Options canceled		553,585			(553,585	)		6.73
Withheld shares to pay for taxes on RSU released shares		253,986
RSUs granted		(708,144	)
RSUs canceled		70,732
Balance at September 30, 2019		3,307,560			11,455,377		$	7.58		7.9	$	1,011
Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2019					4,575,393		$	6.25		6.2	$	1,010
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2019					10,793,250		$	7.38		7.7	$	1,010

Schedule of Weighted-Average Assumptions Used in Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model to Estimate Fair Value of Employee Stock Options at Grant Date

The fair value of employee stock options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:  

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018
Expected term (in years)		6.0		6.0
Expected volatility%	60.7%		60.4%
Risk-free interest rate%	2.4%		2.8%
Expected dividend yield%		0.0%		0.0%

Summary of RSU Activity (Detail)

	RSUs
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2018		1,736,234		$	9.65
RSUs granted		708,144			7.79
RSUs vested		(631,252	)		9.40
Unvested at September 30, 2019		1,813,126		$	9.13
Vested and unreleased		104,173
Outstanding at September 30, 2019		1,917,299

Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is classified as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Research and development	$	377	$	511	$	1,221	$	1,061
Selling and marketing		368		234		980		555
General and administrative		4,165		6,434		12,168		8,436
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	4,910	$	7,179	$	14,369	$	10,052

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Equity Financing - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)			1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Aug. 17, 2018	Aug. 14, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018	Jan. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Jan. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Apr. 30, 2017
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock sold							$ 984,000			$ 952,000
2017 Placement Warrants
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock, shares				1,720,512
Warrant exercise price				$ 3.17			$ 3.17
Warrant expiration date				Jan. 31, 2024
Warrant exercisable date				Jul. 31, 2017
Warrant expiration period				7 years
2016 Placement Warrants
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock, shares					1,380,745
Warrant exercise price					$ 2.95		$ 2.95
Warrant expiration period					7 years		7 years
Underwriters | Common Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Underwriting agreement date		Aug. 14, 2018
Number of shares issued in transaction		16,216,217
Sale of stock, price		$ 9.25
Option to purchase additional shares		30 days
Aggregate proceeds from issuance of common stock	$ 161,900,000
Underwriters | Common Stock | Maximum
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Number of additional shares issued in transaction		2,432,432
March 2018 Direct Registered Offering
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Proceed from private placement and equity issuances, gross			$ 59,100,000
March 2018 Direct Registered Offering | Common Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued during period			4,090,000
March 2018 Direct Registered Offering | Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued during period			3,000,581
March 2018 Direct Registered Offering Warrants
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock, shares			1,418,116
Warrant exercise price			$ 8.31
Warrant expiration date			Mar. 31, 2025
2017 Private Placement | Common Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares issued in transaction				8,602,589
Proceed from private placement and equity issuances, gross				$ 26,100,000
2016 Private Placement | Common Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares issued in transaction					4,602,506
Proceed from private placement and equity issuances, gross					$ 13,800,000
At The Market Offering Program
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate proceeds from issuance of common stock							$ 0	$ 278,000
Common stock sold						$ 300,000	$ 40,400,000	$ 300,000
At The Market Offering Program | Maximum
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum aggregate offering price				$ 75,000,000					$ 250,000,000
Maximum common stock saleable shares, value									$ 100,000,000		$ 50,000,000
At The Market Offering Program | Common Stock
Subsidiary Sale Of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued during period						18,648,649		18,681,746

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Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Future Minimum Payments and Interest Expense for Operating Leases (Detail) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Operating Lease Liabilities Payments Due [Abstract]
The remainder of 2019	$ 710
2020	3,148
2021	2,831
2022	2,496
2023	2,571
2024	2,604
Thereafter	1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows	16,284
Less: imputed interest	(3,078)
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 13,206

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Debt - Scheduled Future Payments on Term Loan (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term portion	$ 55,489	$ 55,364
SVB Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
The remainder of 2019	0
2020	1,555
2021	18,667
2022	18,667
2023	17,111
Total future principal payments	56,000
Less: unamortized debt discount	(511)
Carrying value of long-term debt	55,489
Less: current portion	0
Long-term portion	$ 55,489

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) (Unaudited) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Statement Of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value per share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	99,405,805	96,332,023
Common stock, shares outstanding	99,405,805	96,332,023

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$ (84,990)	$ (59,656)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,156	2,561
Stock-based compensation	14,369	10,052
Accretion on asset retirement obligation	22	26
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities	(4,674)	(116)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	0	1
Amortization of debt discount and interest accrual	472	2,703
Product upgrade reserve	4,431	0
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	3,566	(2,351)
Inventory	(10,514)	(22,412)
Deposits on purchased inventory	3,259	1,478
Deferred cost of revenue	1,951	2,327
Prepaid expenses and other assets	852	(2,262)
Accounts payable	1,231	(4,067)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities	4,774	6,732
Customer deposits and deferred revenue	(14,537)	(12,445)
Net cash used in operating activities	(76,632)	(77,429)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	(7,541)	(2,814)
Purchase of intangible asset	(57)	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(7,598)	(2,814)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Payment of debt issuance cost	(168)	0
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	9,641	3,571
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(2,410)	0
Net cash provided by financing activities	7,063	224,635
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH	(77,167)	144,392
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD	169,365	58,532
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD	92,198	202,924
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest	2,879	3,055
Cash paid for taxes	7	0
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Fair value of common stock warrants reclassified from liability to additional paid-in capital upon exercise	3,976	342
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	1,647	0
Transfer of property and equipment from inventory and deferred cost of revenue	4,446	1,700
Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	491	129
Public Offering
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from offering of common stock, gross	0	172,500
Payment of offering costs related to common stock issuance	0	(10,631)
At The Market Offering Program
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from offering of common stock, gross	0	278
Payment of offering costs related to common stock issuance	0	(6)
Direct Registered Offering
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from offering of common stock, gross	0	59,100
Payment of offering costs related to common stock issuance	$ 0	$ (177)

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Warrants - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Sep. 29, 2019 shares	Aug. 31, 2015 $ / shares shares	Jul. 31, 2015 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2013 $ / shares shares
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Placement warrants not excercised and remained outstanding				2,156,153			2,156,153
Gain (loss) related to change in fair value | $							$ 4,674	$ 116
2018 Direct Registered Offering | Common Stock
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants issued						1,418,116
Exercise price | $ / shares						$ 8.31
Common stock warrants, expiration date						Mar. 31, 2025
Proceed from private placement and equity issuances, gross | $						$ 59,100
Fair value of warrants upon issuance | $						$ 7,400
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs						7 years
Allocated portion of proceeds from issuance of stock and warrants | $						$ 6,600
2018 Direct Registered Offering | Common Stock | Expected Volatility
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs						0.625
2018 Direct Registered Offering | Common Stock | Risk-free Interest Rate
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs						0.028
2018 Direct Registered Offering | Common Stock | Expected Dividend Yield
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs						0.00
Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants issued									128,231
Exercise price | $ / shares									$ 5.84
Number of warrant exercised	128,231
Stock issued during period	36,457
Placement warrants not excercised and remained outstanding				0			0
2015 Placement Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants | Insiders
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Warrants issued		198,760	198,760
Exercise price | $ / shares		$ 5.00	$ 5.00
Number of warrant exercised	159,010
Stock issued during period	92,487
Placement warrants not excercised and remained outstanding				39,750			39,750
Warrant expiration period		5 years	5 years
2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants | Common Stock
Common Stock Warrants [Line Items]
Gain (loss) related to change in fair value | $				$ 13,500	$ (6,700)		$ 8,600	$ 400

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Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted, per share				$ 4.71	$ 5.02
Grant date fair values of options vested				$ 11,400,000	$ 4,300,000
Aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised				7,800,000	11,600,000
Unrecognized compensation cost		$ 29,000,000		$ 29,000,000
Weighted average period for recognition of compensation costs				2 years 10 months 24 days
Total payments for employees’ tax obligations				$ 2,410,000	0
RSUs Granted				708,144
Stock based compensation expenses		4,910,000	$ 7,179,000	$ 14,369,000	10,052,000
Stock-based compensation expense capitalized		0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average period for recognition of compensation costs				1 year 10 months 24 days
Total grant date fair value of RSUs				$ 5,500,000
Total fair value of RSUs vested				$ 5,900,000
Total shares withheld of RSUs				300,000
Total payments for employees’ tax obligations				$ 2,400,000
RSUs Granted					1,800,000
Stock based compensation expenses					$ 1,200,000
Unrecognized stock based compensation cost		$ 12,700,000		$ 12,700,000
Shares expected to vest		1,617,702		1,617,702
Minimum | Employees | Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	2 years
Maximum | Employees | Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years

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Income Tax - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Federal and state effective tax rate before valuation allowance			24.00%
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 2,100,000		$ 2,100,000		$ 1,600,000
Accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions			$ 0		$ 0

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Debt Instruments [Abstract]

Debt

5. Debt

SVB Term Loan

In December 2018, the Company entered into a term loan agreement, or the SVB Term Loan, with Silicon Valley Bank, for a principal amount of $56.0 million. The SVB Term Loan has a maturity date of December 1, 2023 and bears interest at a rate of 6.30% per annum to be paid monthly over the term of the loan. Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least a specified amount and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects). In addition, upon repayment of the SVB Term Loan in full, the Company will make a final payment equal to 3.15% of the original aggregate principal amount of the SVB Term Loan.

The Company used the proceeds of the SVB Term Loan and cash on hand to repay in full its outstanding obligations under its then outstanding term loan, or the CRG Term Loan, and to pay fees and expenses related thereto. The Company accounted for the termination of the CRG Term Loan as a debt extinguishment and recorded a debt extinguishment loss of $2.4 million from the difference between the net carrying amount of debt and the amount paid. The debt extinguishment loss includes $0.3 million in write-offs of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs associated with the CRG Term Loan.

The Company received net proceeds from the SVB Term Loan of $55.4 million after related legal and consulting fees totaling $0.6 million. Such fees are accounted for as debt discount and issuance costs and presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Debt discount, issuance costs and the final payment are amortized or accreted as interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method.

The SVB Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, except that the collateral does not include any intellectual property held by the Company, provided, however, the collateral shall include all accounts and proceeds of such intellectual property.

The SVB Term Loan contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, among other things, restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, mergers, dispositions, prepayment of other indebtedness, dividends and other distributions and transactions with affiliates. The SVB Term Loan also contains financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance in accounts maintained at Silicon Valley Bank or one of its affiliates or else comply with a liquidity ratio and/or a minimum revenue target.

The SVB Term Loan includes standard events of default, including, among other things, subject in certain cases to customary grace periods, thresholds and notice requirements, the Company’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the SVB Term Loan or the occurrence of a material adverse change in the Company's business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise). In the event of default by the Company under the SVB Term Loan, Silicon Valley Bank would be entitled to exercise its remedies thereunder, including the right to accelerate the debt, upon which the Company may be required to repay all amounts then outstanding under the SVB Loan, which could harm the Company's financial condition.

The Company’s scheduled future payments on the SVB Term Loan at September 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
The remainder of 2019	$	—
2020		1,555
2021		18,667
2022		18,667
2023		17,111
Total future principal payments		56,000
Less: unamortized debt discount		(511	)
Carrying value of long-term debt		55,489
Less: current portion		—
Long-term portion	$	55,489

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Warrants

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Warrants

9. Warrants

Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with a debt financing in December 2013, the Company issued warrants to purchase 128,231 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $5.84 per share. These warrants were exercised during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and the Company issued 36,457 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of the 128,231 warrants. None of these warrants remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

In connection with the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, in July and August 2015, the Company conducted a private placement offering during which the Company issued warrants, or the 2015 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 198,760 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The 2015 Placement Warrants are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder untilthe five-year anniversary of its date of issuance. Prior to September 30, 2019, the Company issued 92,487 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of 159,010 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants. The remaining 39,750 shares of the 2015 Placement Warrants have not been exercised and remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

In connection with the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $8.31 per share, or the 2018 Offering Warrants. The 2018 Offering Warrants became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025. None of the 2018 Offering Warrants have been exercised to date and they all remained outstanding at September 30, 2019.

As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering of $59.1 million was allocated to common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and the 2018 Offering Warrants based on their respective relative fair value upon issuance. The aggregate fair value of the 2018 Offering Warrants of $7.4 million was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 62.5%, risk-free interest rate of 2.8% and expected dividend yield of 0%. The allocated proceeds from the 2018 Offering Warrants of $6.6 million was recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

Liability Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with private placement offerings in 2017 and 2016, the Company issued common stock warrants, or the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, which contain protection whereby the warrant holders will have the right to receive cash in the amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of the warrants upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, as defined in the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. The 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants were accounted for as a liability at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The key terms of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are as follows:

	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Warrants Exercised during the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Warrants Outstanding at September 30, 2019
2017 Placement Warrants	January 2017	7 years	$	3.17		90,642		1,618,890
2016 Placement Warrants	August and September 2016	7 years	$	2.95		593,352		537,263
Total						683,994		2,156,153

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a gain of $13.5 million and a gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $6.7 million and a gain of $0.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants. The fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

	2017 Placement Warrants				2016 Placement Warrants
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019	December 31, 2018
Expected term (in years)		4.3		5.1	3.9		4.7
Expected volatility	67.9%		60.8%		67.3%	60.9%
Risk-free interest rate	1.6%		2.5%		1.6%	2.5%
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%		0	0%

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Level 3 Financial Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Fair Value Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Fair value, beginning of period	$ 11,844	$ 22,420
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities	(4,674)	(116)
Fair value, end of period	3,194	21,962
2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Fair value of Placement Warrants at exercise	(3,458)	(342)
2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Fair value of Placement Warrants at exercise	$ (518)	$ 0

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Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Deferred Revenue (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Deferred Revenue [Line Items]
Total deferred revenue	$ 14,160	$ 19,475
Less: current portion of deferred revenue	(9,644)	(13,731)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	4,516	5,744
Product
Deferred Revenue [Line Items]
Total deferred revenue	3,654	9,623
Service
Deferred Revenue [Line Items]
Total deferred revenue	7,991	6,981
Distribution Rights
Deferred Revenue [Line Items]
Total deferred revenue	$ 2,515	$ 2,871

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Operating lease, right-of-use assets	$ 12,254,000		$ 0
Operating lease, liabilities	$ 13,206,000
ASU 2016-02
Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained deficit upon adoption		$ 0
Operating lease, right-of-use assets		11,900,000
Operating lease, liabilities		$ 12,600,000

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Net Loss Per Share - Anti-Dilutive Securities Excluded from Calculation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share (Detail) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from calculation of diluted net loss per share	15,654,522	17,922,161	16,019,965	15,541,124
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (If Converted)
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from calculation of diluted net loss per share	0	0	0	494,601
Options To Purchase Common Stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from calculation of diluted net loss per share	11,350,034	11,769,686	10,613,157	10,028,174
Common Stock Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from calculation of diluted net loss per share	3,866,555	4,694,837	4,200,541	4,441,885
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from calculation of diluted net loss per share	437,933	1,457,638	1,206,267	576,464

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Warrants - Schedule of Key Terms of Placement Warrants (Detail) - $ / shares	1 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2019
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants Exercised			683,994
Warrants Outstanding			2,156,153
2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Issuance Date			2017-01
Term	7 years
Exercise Price Per Share	$ 3.17		$ 3.17
Warrants Exercised			90,642
Warrants Outstanding			1,618,890
2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Issuance Date			2016-08
Issuance Date			2016-09
Term		7 years	7 years
Exercise Price Per Share		$ 2.95	$ 2.95
Warrants Exercised			593,352
Warrants Outstanding			537,263

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Weighted-Average Assumptions Used in Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model to Estimate Fair Value of Employee Stock Options at Grant Date (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]
Expected term (in years)	6 years	6 years
Expected volatility%	60.70%	60.40%
Risk-free interest rate%	2.40%	2.80%
Expected dividend yield%	0.00%	0.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company leases office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, Mountain View, California and Denver, Colorado under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The Company leases and occupies approximately 19,800 square feet of office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio, which expires in October 2021.

In June 2014, the Company entered into an office lease agreement to lease approximately 25,500 square feet of office space located in Mountain View, California, with an original expiration date of November 2019. In June 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the term of the lease agreement through July 2025.

In April 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 24,600 square feet of additional office space located in Mountain View, California. The lease commenced in December 2018 and will expire in December 2025. The Company has the option to extend the term of the lease for a period of up to five years.

In May 2019, the Company entered into a sub-lease agreement to lease approximately 19,800 square feet of office space located in Denver, Colorado. The sub-lease commenced in June 2019 and will expire in May 2021.  

In recognition of the right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities, with the exception of the Oakwood Village, Ohio lease, the options to extend the lease term have not been included as the Company is not reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. At September 30, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term in years is 5.6 years and the weighted-average discount rate used is 7.7%.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following lease costs arising from lease transactions:  

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	782	$	2,085

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following cash flow transactions arising from lease transactions:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,742
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		1,647

At September 30, 2019, the future payments and interest expense for the operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Future Payments
The remainder of 2019	$	710
2020		3,148
2021		2,831
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
2024		2,604
Thereafter		1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	16,284
Less: imputed interest		(3,078	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	13,206

The rent expense for operating leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 using the accounting guidance in effect at that time was $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2018, the future minimum payments for the operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,	FutureMinimum Payments
2019	$	2,070
2020		2,353
2021		2,424
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
Thereafter		4,532
Total future minimum payments	$	16,446

Legal Proceedings

In the normal course of business, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings. The Company will accrue a liability for legal proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

Patent Litigation

On September 10, 2019, a complaint for patent infringement was filed by Varian Medical Systems, Inc., in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company. Captioned Varian Medical Systems, Inc., v. ViewRay, Inc., the complaint alleges that the Company infringes two related patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,637,841 (the “’841 Patent”) and 9,082,520 (the “’520 Patent”). The Company filed its answer on November 1, 2019. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Class Action Litigation

On September 13, 2019, a class action complaint for violation of federal securities laws was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio against the Company, its chief executive officer, chief science officer and former chief financial officer. Captioned Corwin v. ViewRay, Inc., et al., the complaint, purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s common stock between March 15, 2019 and August 8, 2019, alleges that the Company violated federal securities laws by issuing materially false and misleading statements that failed to disclose adverse facts concerning the Company’s business, operations, and financial results. The Company believes the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the litigation.

Given the early stage of each of the litigation matters described above, at this time we are unable to reasonably estimate possible losses or form a judgment that an unfavorable outcome is either probable or remote. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved and on our business generally. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, lawsuits and legal proceedings are costly, divert management attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.

Purchase Commitments

At September 30, 2019, the Company had $4.9 million in outstanding firm purchase commitments.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

10. Stock-Based Compensation

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

				Options Outstanding
	Shares Available for Grant			Number of Stock Options Outstanding			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
											(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2018		1,908,626			11,603,708		$	6.64		7.6	$	10,151
Additional options authorized		3,853,280
Options granted		(2,624,505	)		2,624,505			8.19
Options exercised		—			(2,219,251	)		4.34
Options canceled		553,585			(553,585	)		6.73
Withheld shares to pay for taxes on RSU released shares		253,986
RSUs granted		(708,144	)
RSUs canceled		70,732
Balance at September 30, 2019		3,307,560			11,455,377		$	7.58		7.9	$	1,011
Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2019					4,575,393		$	6.25		6.2	$	1,010
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2019					10,793,250		$	7.38		7.7	$	1,010

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted to employees were $4.71 and $5.02 per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The grant date fair values of options vested were $11.4 million and $4.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic values of options exercised were $7.8 million and $11.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

At September 30, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options granted to employees, net of estimated forfeitures, was $29.0 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

Determination of Fair Value

The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. The variables used to calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, expected price volatility of the Company’s common stock, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

The fair value of employee stock options is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:  

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018
Expected term (in years)		6.0		6.0
Expected volatility%	60.7%		60.4%
Risk-free interest rate%	2.4%		2.8%
Expected dividend yield%		0.0%		0.0%

Restricted Stock Units

From time to time, the Company grants Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs, to its Board of Directors and certain employees for their services. The RSUs granted to board members are either fully vested upon issuance or vest over a period of time from the grant date and will be released and settled upon termination of the board member’s services or the occurrence of a change in control event. In January 2019, the Company granted RSUs to its Board of Directors as part of the director compensation program. In March 2019, the Company began granting RSUs to certain employees. These RSUs vest in equal annual installments over either two or three years from the grant date and are subject to the participants continuing service to the Company over that period. The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

	RSUs
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2018		1,736,234		$	9.65
RSUs granted		708,144			7.79
RSUs vested		(631,252	)		9.40
Unvested at September 30, 2019		1,813,126		$	9.13
Vested and unreleased		104,173
Outstanding at September 30, 2019		1,917,299

The total grant date fair value of RSUs awarded was $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The total fair value of RSUs vested was $5.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the RSUs that vested were net share settled such that the Company withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. The total shares withheld were approximately 0.3 million and were based on the value of the RSUs on their respective vesting dates as determined by the Company’s closing stock price. Total payments for the employees’ tax obligations to taxing authorities were $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and are reflected as a financing activity within the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. These net share settlements reduced the number of shares that would have otherwise been issued as a result of the vesting and did not represent an expense to the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1.8 million shares of RSUs and recorded $1.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of RSUs.

As of September 30, 2019, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs was $12.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. As of September 30, 2019, 1,617,702 RSUs are expected to vest.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is classified as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Research and development	$	377	$	511	$	1,221	$	1,061
Selling and marketing		368		234		980		555
General and administrative		4,165		6,434		12,168		8,436
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	4,910	$	7,179	$	14,369	$	10,052

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no stock-based compensation expense capitalized as a component of inventory or recognized in cost of revenue. Stock-based compensation relating to stock-based awards granted to consultants was insignificant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

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Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Accrued Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Payables And Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$ 7,094	$ 5,047
Accrued accounts payable	2,683	3,626
Payroll withholding tax, sales and other tax payable	3,378	782
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees	375	360
Product upgrade reserve	3,794	0
Other	1,511	168
Total accrued liabilities	$ 18,835	$ 9,983

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Background and Organization - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (20,831)	$ (32,852)	$ (84,990)	$ (59,656)
Net cash used from operating activities			(76,632)	$ (77,429)
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 90,756		$ 90,756		$ 167,432

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	$ 3,194	$ 11,844
Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	3,194	11,844
Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	2,408	7,115
Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	786	4,729
Level 1 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 1 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 1 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	0	0
Level 3 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	3,194	11,844
Level 3 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2017 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	2,408	7,115
Level 3 | Fair Value Measurement on Recurring Basis | 2016 Placement Warrants
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total Warrant Liability	$ 786	$ 4,729

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Net Loss per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Anti-Dilutive Securities Excluded from Calculation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, because the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have an anti-dilutive effect. The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented, because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Series A convertible preferred stock (if converted)		—		—		—		494,601
Options to purchase common stock		11,350,034		11,769,686		10,613,157		10,028,174
Common stock warrants		3,866,555		4,694,837		4,200,541		4,441,885
Restricted stock units		437,933		1,457,638		1,206,267		576,464
Total		15,654,522		17,922,161		16,019,965		15,541,124

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ViewRay, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or any future period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and their notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 842, or Topic 842, Leases, by using a modified retrospective transition approach. The adoption of Topic 842 had no impact on the Company’s prior period financial statements. Refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies for further information and related disclosures.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019, and have not changed significantly since that filing, except for the January 1, 2019 adoption of the new accounting guidance Topic 842, Leases, and the second quarter 2019 change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances. Refer to the Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below and to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 7, Revenue, for further information and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company is allowed to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements of Topic 820. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in September 2017 within ASU 2017-13, in January 2018 within ASU 2018-01, in July 2018 within ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, and in March 2019 within ASU 2019-01 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and requires lessees to recognize on their balance sheets all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability measured at the present value of the lease payments. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using a modified retrospective transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application and not restating comparative periods. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained deficit upon adoption.

Topic 842 provides several optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected to use the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allows the Company not to reassess its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019. The Company did not elect to use the other practical expedients provided.

Upon adoption, the Company recognized the right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities totaling approximately $11.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, to reflect the present value of remaining lease payments under existing lease arrangements with no impact to the opening balance of retained deficit as a result of adoption. The difference between the leased assets and lease liabilities represents the existing deferred rent liabilities balance, resulting from historical straight-lining of operating leases, which was effectively reclassified upon adoption to reduce the measurement of the leased assets.

In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease or when such rate is not readily available, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. In determining the expected lease term, the Company may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. For more information on the impact of adoption and the disclosures required by the new standard, refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements toNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Costs and Cash Flow Transactions Arising From Lease Transactions

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following lease costs arising from lease transactions:  

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	782	$	2,085

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized the following cash flow transactions arising from lease transactions:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,742
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		1,647

Schedule of Future Minimum Payments and Interest Expense for Operating Leases

At September 30, 2019, the future payments and interest expense for the operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Future Payments
The remainder of 2019	$	710
2020		3,148
2021		2,831
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
2024		2,604
Thereafter		1,924
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	16,284
Less: imputed interest		(3,078	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	13,206

Schedule of Future Minimum Payments for Operating Leases

At December 31, 2018, the future minimum payments for the operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,	FutureMinimum Payments
2019	$	2,070
2020		2,353
2021		2,424
2022		2,496
2023		2,571
Thereafter		4,532
Total future minimum payments	$	16,446

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Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Cash Flow Transactions Arising From Lease Transactions (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$ 1,742
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 1,647	$ 0

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Debt - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Installment	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)
SVB Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount	$ 56.0
Debt maturity date	Dec. 01, 2023
Debt instrument interest rate percentage	6.30%
Frequency of periodic payment		monthly
Number of installments | Installment	36
Number of installments if achieving trailing revenue target and company so elects | Installment	30
Debt instrument description		Beginning on December 1, 2020 (or June 1, 2021, if the Company achieves a trailing twelve-month revenue of at least a specified amount and elects to apply such later date), the Company will make thirty-six equal monthly payments of principal (or thirty equal payments, if the Company so elects).
Final payment percentage of original principal amount	3.15%
Proceeds from term loan		$ 55.4
Legal and consulting fees		0.6
CRG Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt extinguishment loss		2.4
Write-offs of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs		$ 0.3

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Revenue - Additional Information (Detail)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($) Installment	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Revenues [Line Items]
Distribution fees			$ 20,862,000	$ 17,666,000	$ 71,313,000	$ 60,299,000
Long-term trade receivables			200,000		$ 200,000		$ 400,000
Long-term trade credit maintenance services term					1 year
Allowances for doubtful accounts			0		$ 0		$ 0
Deferred revenue, recognized			2,400,000	12,200,000	11,900,000	18,300,000
Company recognized revenue from performance obligations satisfied in a prior period			0		$ 900,000
Minimum
Revenues [Line Items]
Expected long-term trade receivables collection period					3 years
Maximum
Revenues [Line Items]
Expected long-term trade receivables collection period					4 years
Itochu Corporation Agreement
Revenues [Line Items]
Number of installments | Installment		3
Remaining term of distribution agreement	8 years 6 months
Itochu Corporation Agreement | Distribution Rights
Revenues [Line Items]
Distribution fees		$ 4,000,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 400,000	$ 400,000

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 90,756	$ 167,432
Accounts receivable	33,301	36,867
Inventory	59,622	49,462
Deposits on purchased inventory	4,883	8,142
Deferred cost of revenue	3,056	9,736
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,672	6,045
Total current assets	196,290	277,684
Property and equipment, net	23,437	13,958
Restricted cash	1,442	1,933
Intangible assets, net	57	0
Right-of-use assets	12,254	0
Other assets	2,255	1,395
TOTAL ASSETS	235,735	294,970
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	11,648	10,207
Accrued liabilities	18,835	9,983
Customer deposits	10,746	19,968
Operating lease liability, current	2,139	0
Deferred revenue, current	9,644	13,731
Total current liabilities	53,012	53,889
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	4,516	5,744
Long-term debt	55,489	55,364
Warrant liabilities	3,194	11,844
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	11,067	0
Other long-term liabilities	562	820
TOTAL LIABILITIES	127,840	127,661
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)	0	0
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	0	0
Common stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 99,405,805 and 96,332,023 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	984	952
Additional paid-in capital	590,878	565,334
Accumulated deficit	(483,967)	(398,977)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	107,895	167,309
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 235,735	$ 294,970

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018
At The Market Offering Program
Offering cost	$ 10,631	$ 10,637
Direct Registered Offering
Offering cost	$ 0	$ 177

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Company's Stock Option Activity and Related Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Shares Available for Grant
Shares Available for Grant, Beginning balance	1,908,626
Shares Available for Grant, Additional options authorized	3,853,280
Shares Available for Grant, Options granted	(2,624,505)
Shares Available for Grant, Options canceled	553,585
Shares Available fot Grant, Withheld shares to pay for taxes on RSU released shares	253,986
Shares Available for Grant, RSUs granted	(708,144)
Shares Available for Grant, RSUs canceled	70,732
Shares Available for Grant, Ending balance	3,307,560	1,908,626
Number of Stock Options Outstanding
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning balance	11,603,708
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Options granted	2,624,505
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Options exercised	(2,219,251)
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Options canceled	(553,585)
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Ending balance	11,455,377	11,603,708
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Vested and exercisable	4,575,393
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Vested and expected to vest	10,793,250
Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Beginning balance | $ / shares	$ 6.64
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Options granted | $ / shares	8.19
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Options exercised | $ / shares	4.34
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Options canceled | $ / shares	6.73
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Ending balance | $ / shares	7.58	$ 6.64
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Vested and exercisable | $ / shares	6.25
Weighted- Average Exercise Price, Vested and expected to vest | $ / shares	$ 7.38
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Options Outstanding, Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	7 years 10 months 24 days	7 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years), Vested and exercisable	6 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years), Vested and expected to vest	7 years 8 months 12 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Aggregate Intrinsic Value | $	$ 1,011	$ 10,151
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and exercisable | $	1,010
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and expected to vest | $	$ 1,010

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 4,910	$ 7,179	$ 14,369	$ 10,052
Research and Development
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	377	511	1,221	1,061
Selling and Marketing
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	368	234	980	555
General and Administrative
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 4,165	$ 6,434	$ 12,168	$ 8,436

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Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Other Long Term Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Payables And Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued interest, noncurrent portion	$ 347	$ 0
Deferred rent, noncurrent portion	0	628
Other	215	192
Total other-long term liabilities	$ 562	$ 820

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Balance Sheet Components - Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 44,348	$ 31,713
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(20,911)	(17,755)
Property and equipment, net	23,437	13,958
Prototype
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	12,512	12,425
Machinery and Equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	15,588	12,654
Leasehold Improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	5,055	4,600
Furniture and Fixtures
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	998	636
Software
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	1,389	1,250
Construction in Progress
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 8,806	$ 148

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, as follows:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The assets’ or liabilities’ fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s financial instruments that are carried at fair value mainly consist of Level 1 assets and Level 3 liabilities. Level 1 assets include highly liquid bank deposits and money market funds, which were not material at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Level 3 liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis relate to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, as described in Note 9. Placement warrant liabilities are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Generally, increases (decreases) in the fair value of the underlying stock, volatility and estimated term would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value of the warrants (see Note 9).

The gains and losses from re-measurement of Level 3 financial liabilities are recorded as part of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a gain of $13.5 million and a gain of $8.6 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $6.7 million and a gain of $0.4 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 in any periods presented.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): 

	At September 30, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	2,408	$	2,408
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		786		786
Total	$	—	$	—	$	3,194	$	3,194

	At December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	7,115	$	7,115
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		4,729		4,729
Total	$	—	$	—	$	11,844	$	11,844

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Fair value, beginning of period	$	11,844		$	22,420
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities		(4,674	)		(116	)
Fair value of 2016 Placement Warrants at exercise		(3,458	)		(342	)
Fair value of 2017 Placement Warrants at exercise		(518	)		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,194		$	21,962

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Equity Financing

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Equity Financing

8. Equity Financing

Public Offering of Common Stock

On August 14, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Jefferies LLC, as representatives of several underwriters, or the “Underwriters”, in connection with the issuance and sale of 16,216,217 shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $9.25 per share. In addition, the Company granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 2,432,432 additional shares of common stock on the same terms, which the Underwriters exercised in full. The Company completed the offering on August 17, 2018 under which it received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $161.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company.

Direct Registered Offerings

In February 2018, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement pursuant to which it sold (i) 4,090,000 shares of its common stock; (ii) 3,000,581 shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of its common stock, or the 2018 Offering Warrants, for total gross proceeds of $59.1 million, or the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering. The March 2018 Direct Registered Offering was closed on March 5, 2018. The 2018 Offering Warrants have an exercise price of $8.31 per share, became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025.

Private Placements

In September 2016, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2016 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 4,602,506 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,380,745 shares of common stock, or the 2016 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $13.8 million. The 2016 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $2.95 per share, are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder and expire seven years from the date of issuance.

In January 2017, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2017 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 8,602,589 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,720,512 shares of its common stock, or the 2017 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $26.1 million. The 2017 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $3.17 per share, became exercisable in July 2017 and expire in January 2024.

At-The-Market Offering of Common Stock

In January 2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which included a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering of $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units. In January and April 2017, the Company agreed to sell up to a cumulative $50.0 million of its common stock in accordance with the terms of a sales agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In January 2019, the Company filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units, including up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common shares pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market offering program with FBR.

As of September 30, 2019, the Company has sold approximately $40.4 million under this at-the-market offering program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold approximately $0.3 million under this at-the-market offering program.

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Net Loss per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss per Share

12. Net Loss per Share

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, because the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have an anti-dilutive effect. The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented, because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Series A convertible preferred stock (if converted)		—		—		—		494,601
Options to purchase common stock		11,350,034		11,769,686		10,613,157		10,028,174
Common stock warrants		3,866,555		4,694,837		4,200,541		4,441,885
Restricted stock units		437,933		1,457,638		1,206,267		576,464
Total		15,654,522		17,922,161		16,019,965		15,541,124

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Liabilities

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): 

	At September 30, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	2,408	$	2,408
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		786		786
Total	$	—	$	—	$	3,194	$	3,194

	At December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	7,115	$	7,115
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		4,729		4,729
Total	$	—	$	—	$	11,844	$	11,844

Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Level 3 Financial Liabilities

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Fair value, beginning of period	$	11,844		$	22,420
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities		(4,674	)		(116	)
Fair value of 2016 Placement Warrants at exercise		(3,458	)		(342	)
Fair value of 2017 Placement Warrants at exercise		(518	)		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,194		$	21,962

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Warrants (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Key Terms of Placement Warrants

The key terms of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are as follows:

	Issuance Date	Term	Exercise Price Per Share		Warrants Exercised during the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Warrants Outstanding at September 30, 2019
2017 Placement Warrants	January 2017	7 years	$	3.17		90,642		1,618,890
2016 Placement Warrants	August and September 2016	7 years	$	2.95		593,352		537,263
Total						683,994		2,156,153

Summary of Assumptions using Black- Scholes Option Pricing Model to estimate fair value

The fair value of the 2016 and 2017 Placement Warrants at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

	2017 Placement Warrants				2016 Placement Warrants
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019	December 31, 2018
Expected term (in years)		4.3		5.1	3.9		4.7
Expected volatility	67.9%		60.8%		67.3%	60.9%
Risk-free interest rate	1.6%		2.5%		1.6%	2.5%
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%		0	0%

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Background and Organization

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Background and Organization

1.Background and Organization

ViewRay, Inc., or ViewRay or the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary ViewRay Technologies, Inc., designs, manufactures and markets MRIdian, an MR Image-Guided radiation therapy system to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients.

Since inception, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has devoted substantially all of its efforts towards research and development, initial selling and marketing activities, raising capital and the manufacturing, shipment and installation of MRIdian systems. In May 2012, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. was granted clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to sell MRIdian with Cobalt-60. In November 2013, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. received its first clinical acceptance of a MRIdian with Cobalt-60 at a customer site, and the first patient was treated with that system in January 2014. ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has had the right to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in the European Economic Area since November 2014. In September 2016, the Company received the rights to affix the Conformité Européene, or CE, mark to MRIdian Linac, and in February 2017, the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of the Company continuing as a going concern. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from public and private offerings and available borrowings under its term loan agreement, as well as cash receipts from its sales of MRIdian systems. These have historically been sufficient to meet working capital needs, capital expenditures, operating expenses, and debt service obligations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred a net loss of $85.0 million and used cash in operating activities of $76.6 million. The Company believes that its existing cash balance of $90.8 million as of September 30, 2019, together with anticipated cash proceeds from sales of MRIdian systems will be sufficient to provide liquidity to fund its operations for at least the next 12 months.

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 20,862	$ 17,666	$ 71,313	$ 60,299
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	20,288	17,302	72,857	54,296
Gross margin	574	364	(1,544)	6,003
Operating expenses:
Research and development	5,641	4,347	17,135	12,506
Selling and marketing	7,297	3,384	19,845	10,024
General and administrative	19,381	16,721	49,888	37,070
Total operating expenses	32,319	24,452	86,868	59,600
Loss from operations	(31,745)	(24,088)	(88,412)	(53,597)
Interest income	484	2	1,391	6
Interest expense	(1,069)	(1,974)	(2,902)	(5,758)
Other income (expense), net	11,499	(6,792)	4,933	(307)
Loss before provision for income taxes	(20,831)	(32,852)	(84,990)	(59,656)
Provision for income taxes	0	0	0	0
Net loss and comprehensive loss	(20,831)	(32,852)	(84,990)	(59,656)
Amortization of beneficial conversion feature related to Series A convertible preferred stock	0	0	0	(2,728)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$ (20,831)	$ (32,852)	$ (84,990)	$ (62,384)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$ (0.21)	$ (0.39)	$ (0.87)	$ (0.82)
Weighted-average common shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	99,039,789	84,920,996	97,763,964	76,185,346
Product
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 18,696	$ 16,492	$ 65,475	$ 57,237
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	18,521	15,199	63,368	49,564
Service
Revenue:
Total revenue	2,048	1,056	5,482	2,706
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	1,767	2,103	9,489	4,732
Distribution Rights
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 118	$ 118	$ 356	$ 356

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Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Future Minimum Payments for Operating Leases (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Operating Leases Future Minimum Payments Due [Abstract]
2019	$ 2,070
2020	2,353
2021	2,424
2022	2,496
2023	2,571
Thereafter	4,532
Total future minimum payments	$ 16,446

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions		1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 10, 2019 Patent	May 31, 2019 ft²	Jun. 30, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018 ft²	Jun. 30, 2014 ft²	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) ft²	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-average remaining lease term							5 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted-average discount rate							7.70%
Rent expense | $						$ 0.5		$ 0.9
Number of patents infringes | Patent	2
Purchase commitments | $							$ 4.9
Lease Agreement | Oakwood Village, Ohio
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Area of land							19,800
Lease agreement, expiration date							Oct. 31, 2021
Lease Agreement | Mountain View, California
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Area of land				24,600	25,500
Lease agreement, expiration date			Jul. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2025	Nov. 30, 2019
Option to extend, description operating lease			extend the term of the lease agreement through July 2025
Option to extend, existence operating Lease			true
Lease commencement date				2018-12
Lease Agreement | Mountain View, California | Maximum
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Lease agreement, renewal term				5 years
Sub-Lease Agreement | Denver, Colorado
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Area of land		19,800
Lease agreement, expiration date		May 31, 2021
Lease commencement date		2019-06

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Balance Sheet Components (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Balance Sheet Related Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): 

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Prototype	$	12,512		$	12,425
Machinery and equipment		15,588			12,654
Leasehold improvements		5,055			4,600
Furniture and fixtures		998			636
Software		1,389			1,250
Construction in progress		8,806			148
Property and equipment, gross		44,348			31,713
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(20,911	)		(17,755	)
Property and equipment, net	$	23,437		$	13,958

Schedule of Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$	7,094	$	5,047
Accrued accounts payable		2,683		3,626
Payroll withholding tax, sales and other tax payable		3,378		782
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees		375		360
Product upgrade reserve		3,794		—
Other		1,511		168
Total accrued liabilities	$	18,835	$	9,983

Schedule of Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Deferred revenue:
Product	$	3,654		$	9,623
Service		7,991			6,981
Distribution rights		2,515			2,871
Total deferred revenue		14,160			19,475
Less: current portion of deferred revenue		(9,644	)		(13,731	)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	$	4,516		$	5,744

Schedule of Other Long Term Liabilities

Other Long-Term Liabilities

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued interest, noncurrent portion	$	347	$	—
Deferred rent, noncurrent portion		—		628
Other		215		192
Total other-long term liabilities	$	562	$	820

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Revenue (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Revenue From Contract With Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue Disaggregated by Types and Geography

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by type and geography (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S.
Product	$	6,107	$	6,187	$	28,394	$	25,775
Service		1,140		566		3,094		1,464
Total U.S. revenue	$	7,247	$	6,753	$	31,488	$	27,239
Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Product	$	12,589	$	10,305	$	37,081	$	31,462
Service		908		490		2,388		1,242
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total OUS revenue	$	13,615	$	10,913	$	39,825	$	33,060
Total
Product	$	18,696	$	16,492	$	65,475	$	57,237
Service		2,048		1,056		5,482		2,706
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total revenue	$	20,862	$	17,666	$	71,313	$	60,299

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Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Nov. 01, 2019
Cover [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	ViewRay, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001597313
Document Type	10-Q
Trading Symbol	VRAY
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2019
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		99,406,356
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity File Number	001-37725
Entity Tax Identification Number	42-1777485
Entity Address, Address Line One	2 Thermo Fisher Way
Entity Address, City or Town	Oakwood Village
Entity Address, State or Province	OH
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	44146
City Area Code	(440)
Local Phone Number	703-3210
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Direct Registered Offering	At The Market Offering Program	Convertible Preferred Stock	Convertible Preferred Stock Direct Registered Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital	Additional Paid-in Capital Direct Registered Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital At The Market Offering Program	Additional Paid-in Capital Convertible Preferred Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital Convertible Preferred Stock Direct Registered Offering	Common Stock	Common Stock Direct Registered Offering	Common Stock At The Market Offering Program	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Deficit Direct Registered Offering
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 1,987					$ 321,174					$ 666			$ (319,853)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2017											67,653,974
Issuance of common stock from option exercises	3,571					3,555					$ 16
Issuance of common stock from option exercises, shares											1,607,108
Stock-based compensation	10,052					10,052
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units, shares											38,856
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises						(1)					$ 1
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises, shares											123,607
Issuance of common stock, value		$ 30,093	$ 162,141				$ 30,052	$ 161,954				$ 41	$ 187
Issuance of common stock, share												4,090,000	18,681,746
Issuance of preferred Series A stock upon direct registered offering, value		22,207			$ 30		2,728			$ 22,177					$ (2,728)
Issuance of preferred Series A stock upon direct registered offering, share					3,000,581
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with direct registered offering		$ 6,623					$ 6,623
Conversion of Series A preferred stock into common stock, value				$ (30)		22,177			$ (22,177)		$ 30
Conversion of Series A preferred stock into common stock, share				(3,000,581)							3,000,581
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises	342					342
Net loss	(59,656)													(59,656)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2018	177,360					558,656					$ 941			(382,237)
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2018											95,195,872
Balance at Jun. 30, 2018	37,966					386,610					$ 741			(349,385)
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2018											75,188,832
Issuance of common stock from option exercises	2,856					2,844					$ 12
Issuance of common stock from option exercises, shares											1,210,169
Stock-based compensation	7,179					7,179
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units, shares											26,388
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises						(1)					$ 1
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises, shares											121,834
Issuance of common stock, value			$ 161,869					$ 161,682					$ 187
Issuance of common stock, share													18,648,649
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises	342					342
Net loss	(32,852)													(32,852)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2018	177,360					558,656					$ 941			(382,237)
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2018											95,195,872
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	167,309					565,334					$ 952			(398,977)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018											96,332,023
Issuance of common stock from option exercises	$ 9,641					9,618					$ 23
Issuance of common stock from option exercises, shares	2,219,251										2,219,251
Stock-based compensation	$ 14,369					14,369
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units						(4)					$ 4
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units, shares											390,332
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards	(2,410)					(2,410)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises						(5)					$ 5
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises, shares											464,199
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises	3,976					3,976
Net loss	(84,990)													(84,990)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	107,895					590,878					$ 984			(483,967)
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2019											99,405,805
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	122,917					585,080					$ 973			(463,136)
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2019											98,259,203
Issuance of common stock from option exercises	1,438					1,433					$ 5
Issuance of common stock from option exercises, shares											517,624
Stock-based compensation	4,910					4,910
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units						(3)					$ 3
Issuance of common stock from releases of restricted stock units, shares											335,863
Tax withholding paid on behalf of employees for stock-based awards	(2,410)					(2,410)
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises						(3)					$ 3
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercises, shares											293,115
Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital upon warrant exercises	1,871					1,871
Net loss	(20,831)													(20,831)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 107,895					$ 590,878					$ 984			$ (483,967)
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2019											99,405,805

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Related Party Transactions - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2004	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage of royalty expense based on net sales		1.00%
Cost of Revenue
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Royalty Expense		$ 600,000	$ 500,000
University Of Florida Research Foundation | Licensing Agreements
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Common Stock granted in exchange for licensing	33,652
Percentage of royalty payment based on sale	1.00%
Royalty payment per quarter	$ 100,000

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ViewRay, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or any future period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and their notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 842, or Topic 842, Leases, by using a modified retrospective transition approach. The adoption of Topic 842 had no impact on the Company’s prior period financial statements. Refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies for further information and related disclosures.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 15, 2019, and have not changed significantly since that filing, except for the January 1, 2019 adoption of the new accounting guidance Topic 842, Leases, and the second quarter 2019 change in the recognition of certain revenue resulting from changes in facts and circumstances. Refer to the Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below and to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 7, Revenue, for further information and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The Company is allowed to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements of Topic 820. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in September 2017 within ASU 2017-13, in January 2018 within ASU 2018-01, in July 2018 within ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, and in March 2019 within ASU 2019-01 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and requires lessees to recognize on their balance sheets all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability measured at the present value of the lease payments. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using a modified retrospective transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application and not restating comparative periods. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained deficit upon adoption.

Topic 842 provides several optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected to use the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allows the Company not to reassess its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2019. The Company did not elect to use the other practical expedients provided.

Upon adoption, the Company recognized the right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities totaling approximately $11.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, to reflect the present value of remaining lease payments under existing lease arrangements with no impact to the opening balance of retained deficit as a result of adoption. The difference between the leased assets and lease liabilities represents the existing deferred rent liabilities balance, resulting from historical straight-lining of operating leases, which was effectively reclassified upon adoption to reduce the measurement of the leased assets.

In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease or when such rate is not readily available, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. In determining the expected lease term, the Company may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise any such option. For more information on the impact of adoption and the disclosures required by the new standard, refer to Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements toNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The Company adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Revenue - Summary of Revenue Disaggregated by Types and Geography (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	$ 20,862	$ 17,666	$ 71,313	$ 60,299
Product
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	18,696	16,492	65,475	57,237
Service
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	2,048	1,056	5,482	2,706
Distribution Rights
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	118	118	356	356
U.S.
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	7,247	6,753	31,488	27,239
U.S. | Product
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	6,107	6,187	28,394	25,775
U.S. | Service
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	1,140	566	3,094	1,464
Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	13,615	10,913	39,825	33,060
Outside of U.S. ("OUS") | Product
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	12,589	10,305	37,081	31,462
Outside of U.S. ("OUS") | Service
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	908	490	2,388	1,242
Outside of U.S. ("OUS") | Distribution Rights
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Product, service and distribution rights revenue	$ 118	$ 118	$ 356	$ 356

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Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Lease Costs Arising From Lease Transactions (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019
Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 782	$ 2,085

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Warrants - Summary of Assumptions to Use Option Pricing Model (Detail)	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
2017 Placement Warrants | Expected Term
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	4 years 3 months 18 days	5 years 1 month 6 days
2017 Placement Warrants | Expected Volatility
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.679	0.608
2017 Placement Warrants | Risk-free Interest Rate
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.016	0.025
2017 Placement Warrants | Expected Dividend Yield
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.00	0.00
2016 Placement Warrants | Expected Term
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	3 years 10 months 24 days	4 years 8 months 12 days
2016 Placement Warrants | Expected Volatility
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.673	0.609
2016 Placement Warrants | Risk-free Interest Rate
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.016	0.025
2016 Placement Warrants | Expected Dividend Yield
Fair Value Inputs1 Liabilities Quantitative Information [Line Items]
Warrants, fair value measurement inputs	0.00	0.00

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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of RSU Activity (Detail)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 $ / shares shares
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]
Unvested at December 31, 2018, Number of Shares	1,736,234
RSUs granted, Number of Shares	708,144
RSUs vested, Number of Shares	(631,252)
Unvested at September 30, 2019, Number of Shares	1,813,126
Vested and unreleased, Number of Shares	104,173
Outstanding at September 30, 2019, Number of Shares	1,917,299
Unvested at December 31, 2018, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | $ / shares	$ 9.65
RSUs granted, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | $ / shares	7.79
RSUs vested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | $ / shares	9.40
Unvested at September 30, 2019, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | $ / shares	$ 9.13

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018
Fair Value Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities			$ 4,674,000	$ 116,000
Two Thousand Sixteen And Two Thousand Seventeen Private Placement Warrants
Fair Value Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities	$ 13,500,000	$ (6,700,000)	8,600,000	400,000
Transfers between Level 1 to Level 2	0	0	0	0
Transfers between Level 2 to Level 1	0	0	0	0
Transfers into or out of Level 3	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Balance Sheet Components - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Balance Sheet Components [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization	$ 1,200,000	$ 900,000	$ 3,200,000	$ 2,500,000
Intangible assets, net	57,000		57,000		$ 0
Intangible assets amortization expense	0	$ 0	0	$ 0
License Cost
Balance Sheet Components [Line Items]
Intangible assets, net	$ 57,000		$ 57,000
Intangible assets amortizable period			10 years
Intangible assets, amortization method			straight-line basis

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Income Tax

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax

11. Income Tax

Due to the current operating losses, the Company recorded zero income tax expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. During these periods, the Company’s activities were limited to U.S. federal and state tax jurisdictions, as it does not have any significant foreign operations. The federal and state effective tax rate before valuation allowance is approximately 24% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Due to the Company’s history of cumulative losses and after considering all the available objective evidence, management concluded that it is not more likely than not that all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, the Company’s deferred tax assets, which include net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and tax credits related primarily to research and development, continue to be subject to a valuation allowance as of September 30, 2019. The Company expects to continue to maintain a full valuation allowance until there is sufficient evidence to support recoverability of its deferred tax assets.

The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $2.1 million and $1.6 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The reversal of the uncertain tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate to the extent that the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next 12 months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.  

Interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters are recognized as a component of income tax expense. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.  

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Balance Sheet Components

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Balance Sheet Components

3. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): 

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Prototype	$	12,512		$	12,425
Machinery and equipment		15,588			12,654
Leasehold improvements		5,055			4,600
Furniture and fixtures		998			636
Software		1,389			1,250
Construction in progress		8,806			148
Property and equipment, gross		44,348			31,713
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(20,911	)		(17,755	)
Property and equipment, net	$	23,437		$	13,958

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment were $1.2 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $3.2 million and $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Intangible Assets

In September 2019, the Company entered into a licensing agreement (the “License”) with VU University Medical Center, or VUmc, whereby VUmc granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to developed strategies for fast stereotactic MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy for $57 thousand. The License is amortized on a straight-line basis over ten years. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, there was no intangible assets amortization expense.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$	7,094	$	5,047
Accrued accounts payable		2,683		3,626
Payroll withholding tax, sales and other tax payable		3,378		782
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees		375		360
Product upgrade reserve		3,794		—
Other		1,511		168
Total accrued liabilities	$	18,835	$	9,983

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consisted of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Deferred revenue:
Product	$	3,654		$	9,623
Service		7,991			6,981
Distribution rights		2,515			2,871
Total deferred revenue		14,160			19,475
Less: current portion of deferred revenue		(9,644	)		(13,731	)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	$	4,516		$	5,744

Other Long-Term Liabilities

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued interest, noncurrent portion	$	347	$	—
Deferred rent, noncurrent portion		—		628
Other		215		192
Total other-long term liabilities	$	562	$	820

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Revenue

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Revenue From Contract With Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

7. Revenue

The Company derives revenue primarily from the sale of MRIdian systems and related services as well as support and maintenance services on sold systems. Revenue is categorized as product revenue, service revenue and distribution rights revenue.

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by type and geography (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S.
Product	$	6,107	$	6,187	$	28,394	$	25,775
Service		1,140		566		3,094		1,464
Total U.S. revenue	$	7,247	$	6,753	$	31,488	$	27,239
Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Product	$	12,589	$	10,305	$	37,081	$	31,462
Service		908		490		2,388		1,242
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total OUS revenue	$	13,615	$	10,913	$	39,825	$	33,060
Total
Product	$	18,696	$	16,492	$	65,475	$	57,237
Service		2,048		1,056		5,482		2,706
Distribution rights		118		118		356		356
Total revenue	$	20,862	$	17,666	$	71,313	$	60,299

Product Revenue

Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, the Company determined that the MRIdian system and installation of the MRIdian system, which had previously been one performance obligation, are now two performance obligations as they are capable of being distinct and are distinct within the context of the system contracts. This change occurred due primarily to changes in facts and circumstances, whereby there are now readily available resources outside the Company that can perform the system installations.

Additionally, certain revenue contracts have terms that result in the control of the system transferring to the customer upon delivery and inspection, as opposed to historically upon customer acceptance. For contracts in which control of the system transfers upon delivery and inspection, the Company recognizes revenue for the systems at the point in time when delivery and inspection by the customer has occurred. For these same contracts, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the period of installation as the installation services are performed and control is transferred to the customer. For all contracts in which control continues to transfer upon post-implementation customer acceptance, revenue for the system and installation will continue to be recognized upon customer acceptance.

Certain customer contracts with distributors do not require ViewRay installation at the ultimate user site, and the distributors may either perform the installation themselves or hire another party to perform the installation. For sales of MRIdian systems for which the Company is not responsible for installation, revenue recognition occurs when the entire system is delivered and inspected, which is when the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Distribution agreement

In connection with the distribution agreement entered into in December 2014, between the Company and Itochu Corporation, or Itochu, the Company received a distribution fee of $4.0 million in three installments from Itochu for serving as the Company’s exclusive distributor for the sale and delivery of its MRIdian systems within Japan. In August 2016, the Company started recognizing distribution rights revenue ratably over the remaining term of the exclusive distribution agreement of approximately 8.5 years. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period. The distribution rights revenues were $0.1 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $0.4 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in short-term and long-term trade receivables, customer deposits, deferred revenues and deferred cost of revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are recorded at the original invoiced amount, net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts. Trade credit is generally extended on a short-term basis. The Company occasionally provides for long-term trade credit for its maintenance services so that the period between when the services are rendered to its customers and when the customers pay for that service is within one year. Thus, the Company’s trade receivables do not bear interest or contain a significant financing component. Long-term trade receivables of $0.2 million and $0.4 million were reported within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2019 and at December 31, 2018, respectively. These amounts are billed in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts to which they relate and are expected to be collected three to four years from the date of invoice as the underlying maintenance services are rendered. At times, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in an unbilled receivable which represents a contract asset. This contract asset is recorded as an unbilled receivable and reported as part of accounts receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are periodically evaluated for collectability based on past credit history of the respective customers and their current financial condition. Changes in the estimated collectability of trade receivables are included in the results of operations for the period in which the estimate is revised. Trade receivables that are deemed uncollectible are offset against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company generally does not require collateral for trade receivables. There were no allowances for doubtful accounts recorded at September 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

Customer deposits represent payments received in advance of system installation. For domestic and international sales, advance payments received prior to inventory shipments are recorded as customer deposits. Advance payments are subsequently reclassified to deferred revenue upon inventory shipment. All customer deposits, including those that are expected to be a deposit for more than one year, are classified as current liabilities based on consideration of the Company’s normal operating cycle (the time between acquisition of the inventory components and the final cash collection from customers on these inventory components) which is in excess of one year.

Deferred revenue consists of deferred product revenue and deferred service revenue. Deferred product revenue arises from timing differences between the fulfillment of contract obligations and satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Deferred service revenue results from the advance billing for services to be delivered over a period of time. Deferred revenues expected to be realized within one year or normal operating cycle are classified as current liabilities.

Deferred cost of revenue consists of cost for inventory items that have been shipped, but revenue recognition has not yet occurred. Deferred cost of revenue is included as part of current assets as the corresponding deferred product revenue is expected to be realized within one year or the Company’s normal operating cycle.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized $2.4 million and $11.9 million, respectively, of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $12.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively, of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period.

Variable Consideration

The Company records revenue from customers in an amount that reflects the transaction price it expects to be entitled to after transferring control of those goods or services. The Company estimates the transaction price at contract inception, including any variable consideration, and updates the estimate each reporting period for any changes. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 the Company recognized $0.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, in revenue from performance obligations satisfied in a prior period. The cumulative catch-up adjustment resulted from a change in transaction price related to variable consideration that was constrained in prior periods.