Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Underwritten Public Offerings On June 29, 2015, we completed the June 2015 Equity Offering of 18,226,414 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $26.50 per share. This registered offering with the SEC resulted in gross proceeds to Platform of approximately $483 million, before underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses of $15.0 million. On November 17, 2014, we completed the November 2014 Public Offering of 16,445,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $24.50 per share. This registered offering with the SEC resulted in gross proceeds to Platform of approximately $403 million, before underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses of $15.1 million. Preferred Stock The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The Board has designated 2,000,000 of those shares as "Series A Preferred Stock." As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, a total of 2,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. The Board has also designated 600,000 of those shares as "Series B Convertible Preferred Stock," which are redeemable and are presented in the mezzanine section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, a total of 600,000 and zero shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively, were issued and outstanding. Shares of preferred stock have no voting rights, except in respect of any amendment to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, that would alter or change their rights or privileges. Series A Preferred Stock The Founder Entities are current holders of Platform's outstanding 2,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and are entitled to receive an annual dividend on such Series A Preferred Stock in the form of shares of the Company's common stock. On December 31, 2014, the Board approved a stock dividend of 10,050,290 shares of Platform's common stock with respect to its outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, which represented 20% of the appreciation of the market price of our common stock over the Initial Public Offering price of $10.00 multiplied by the total Initial Public Offering shares. The dividend price was $22.85 and the shares were issued on January 2, 2015 based on the volume weighted average price of $23.16 on December 31, 2014. Starting with fiscal year 2015, the dividend amount is calculated based on the appreciated stock price compared to the highest dividend price previously used in calculating the Series A Preferred Stock dividends. Based on the dividend price of $22.85 used in 2014, no stock dividend was declared in 2015 with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock of Platform at the option of the holder until December 31, 2020. All outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock will be automatically converted into shares of common stock on a one for one basis (i) in the event of a change of control of the Company following an acquisition or (ii) upon the last day of the seventh full financial year following the MacDermid Acquisition, being December 31, 2020 (which may be extended by the Board for three additional years). Shares of Series A Preferred Stock have no voting rights, except in respect of any amendment to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, that would alter or change their rights or privileges. During the Successor 2013 Period, the Company recognized a non-cash charge related to the fair value of the preferred dividend rights of $172.0 million. The fair value of the preferred dividend rights was measured based on significant inputs not observable in the market (Level 3 inputs). Key assumptions included the fair value of the common stock and an assumption of volatility. The fair value was calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation. Series B Convertible Preferred Stock In connection with the Arysta Acquisition, the Company issued to the Arysta Seller 600,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, which have a $1,000 per share liquidation preference. The fair value of these shares, $646 million, was recognized as "Redeemable preferred stock – Series B" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. At any time, the Arysta Seller may convert these shares into shares of common stock of Platform at a conversion price of $27.14 per share. Additionally, any shares that have not been converted will be redeemed for the $1,000 per share liquidation preference in the event of (i) certain mergers or consolidations, (ii) the sale of substantially all the Company’s assets or subsidiaries or (iii) the liquidation of the Company. Pursuant to the Arysta share purchase agreement, dated October 20, 2014, as amended, any shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock that have not previously been converted into shares of common stock will be automatically redeemed at the $1,000 redemption price in connection with certain mergers or consolidations, the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of Platform and its subsidiaries, the sale of certain subsidiaries of Platform or the approval of any plan for the dissolution, liquidation or termination of Platform by our stockholders. On April 20, 2017, the Company will be required to repurchase each share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock that has not been converted into shares of common stock of Platform, or automatically redeemed as described above, at the $1,000 redemption price payable in shares of our common stock (22,107,590 shares of common stock valued at $27.14 per share). Upon such repurchase, the Company will also pay to holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in cash any deficit between (i) the 10-day volume weighted price of Platform’s common stock prior to such repurchase and (ii) $27.14 per share. To the extent the Arysta Seller continues to own Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, then, if as a result of the arbitration matter described in Note 16, Contingencies, Environmental and Legal Matters, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Arysta Seller is obligated to make a payment to us, we may offset any make-whole payment due to the Arysta Seller by any such amount due from the Arysta Seller. If such make-whole payment is less than the amount resolved in connection with the arbitration matter, the deficit will be due from the Arysta Seller. Based on Platform's common stock price of $12.83 as of December 31, 2015, the make-whole payment would total approximately $316 million, assuming no impact from the arbitration matter noted above. The holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are also entitled to an incremental payment equal to $4.0 million per month from October 20, 2016 to April 20, 2017, or such earlier date after October 20, 2016 that the then outstanding shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are converted into shares of common stock or automatically redeemed by Platform. In connection with the issuance of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement with the Arysta Seller dated February 13, 2015, pursuant to which it agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC covering the resale of a maximum of 22,107,590 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and cause the SEC to declare such registration statement effective within six months. On February 25, 2015, the Company filed the Arysta Seller Resale Registration Statement, which was declared effective on May 6, 2015. Issuance of Common Stock in Connection with Acquisitions In connection with the Alent Acquisition, on December 2, 2015, the Company issued 18,419,738 shares of Platform's common stock to Alent shareholders, including Cevian Capital II Master Fund LP, the then largest shareholder of Alent. The newly issued shares were issued in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act set forth in Section 3(a)(10) thereof and began trading on the NYSE upon their issuance. In connection with the Agriphar Acquisition, on October 1, 2014, the Company issued to a representative of Percival 711,551 restricted shares of our common stock, which will become unrestricted beginning January 2, 2018 unless agreed otherwise in accordance with the terms of the acquisition agreement. The seller was granted a put option to sell and transfer all of its shares back to Platform on the date that is six months from the closing of the Agriphar Acquisition, which was not exercised. As a result, the value of the option, totaling $3.0 million, was reversed and included in "Other income (expenses), net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. In connection with the CAS Acquisition, on November 3, 2014, the Company issued to Chemtura 2,000,000 shares of Platform's common stock, then restricted under Rule 144. Private Placements On October 8, 2014 and November 6, 2014, the Company completed the October/November 2014 Private Placement to certain investors of an aggregate of 16,060,960 shares and 9,404,064 shares of Platform's common stock, respectively, at a price of $25.59 per share. In the October/November 2014 Private Placement, the Company received proceeds of $652 million, gross of transaction fees and offering expenses of $0.3 million. On May 20, 2014, the Company completed the May 2014 Private Placement to certain investors of an aggregate of 15,800,000 shares of Platform’s common stock for an aggregate consideration of $300 million, gross of transaction related costs of $13.8 million. Warrant Mandatory Redemption On March 4, 2014, a mandatory redemption event occurred with respect to all of the Company’s outstanding warrants. On or after April 3, 2014, the date of the mandatory redemption fixed by the Company, holders of warrants had no further rights with respect to such warrants except to receive $0.01 per warrant. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company issued 16,244,694 shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of a total of 48,734,082 warrants, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $187 million. On April 3, 2014, Platform completed the mandatory redemption of the remaining 8,580 outstanding warrants for $0.01 per warrant. Ordinary Shares (Pre-Domestication) MacDermid Acquisition In connection with the MacDermid Acquisition, the Company agreed to apply to list its shares on the NYSE and to change its jurisdiction of incorporation from the British Virgin Islands to Delaware. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC to effect these changes. The registration statement was declared effective on January 22, 2014 and on that same date the Company completed the Domestication. On January 23, 2014, the Company’s shares of common stock began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “PAH.” On March 4, 2014, pursuant to the terms of an Exchange Agreement, dated October 25, 2013, between the Company and the fiduciaries of the 401K Plan, the Company acquired the remaining 3% of MacDermid for approximately $2.6 million in cash (which is reflected in “Acquisition of business, net” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows) and 1,670,386 shares of the Company’s shares of common stock. In connection with the Domestication, (i) each ordinary share of the Company that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Domestication was automatically converted into one share of common stock (par value $0.01) of the Company, (ii) outstanding options, warrants and other rights to acquire ordinary shares became options, warrants or rights to acquire the corresponding shares of common stock of the Company, and (iii) each share held by the Founder Entities that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Domestication was automatically converted into one share of Series A Preferred Stock of the Company. Initial Public Offering In connection with the Initial Public Offering on May 22, 2013, the Company issued 88,500,000 common shares (no par value) for gross proceeds of $885 million. Also, on May 22, 2013, the Company issued an aggregate of 29,500 common shares to non-founder directors for $10.00 per share. Each common share has voting rights and winding-up rights. Each of the 2,000,000 preferred shares, 88,500,000 common shares issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering as well as the 29,500 common shares issued to the non-founder directors was issued with a warrant (90,529,500 warrants in aggregate), entitling the holder of each warrant to purchase one-third of common shares with a strike price of $11.50 per common share. Each warrant was exercisable until three years from the date of an acquisition, unless mandatorily redeemed by the Company. The warrants were mandatorily redeemable by the Company at a price of $0.01 should the average market price of a common share exceed $18.00 for 10 consecutive trading days. In order to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the MacDermid Acquisition in November 2013, the Company conducted an offer to issue shares of common stock of the Company in exchange for $10.50 and 3 warrants, up to a maximum of half of the warrants outstanding in which 40,386,840 warrants (representing $141 million cash) were exercised and 13,462,280 underlying shares of common stock were issued. In conjunction with this Warrant Exchange Offer not being fully subscribed, on November 13, 2013, the Company issued 380,952 shares at $10.50 per share to the Founder Entities and issued 190,476 shares each to two of its independent directors at $10.50 per share. Non-Controlling Interest In connection with the MacDermid Acquisition, approximately $97.5 million was raised in new equity consisting of shares of PDH Common Stock. Since October 31, 2014, all shares of PDH Common Stock are convertible, at the option of the holder, into a like number of shares of the Company's common stock, the sale of which is subject to a contractual lock-up of 25% per year over a four-year period, which started on October 31, 2013. The PDH Common Stock is classified as a non-controlling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and will continue to be until such time as it is exchanged for shares of common stock. The total number of shares of common stock originally issuable upon the exchange of PDH Common Stock pursuant to the RHSA was approximately 8.8 million, of which 712,918 shares have been issued as of December 31, 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the Successor 2013 Period, approximately $(1.4) million, $6.4 million, and $(1.4) million, respectively, of net (loss) income has been allocated to the Retaining Holders, as included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, representing non-controlling interest of 6.25%, 6.67% and 6.76% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the Successor 2013 Period, respectively. As a result of the Arysta Acquisition, approximately $125 million of non-controlling interest was recorded in purchase accounting as a result of the consolidation of less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries.

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Underwritten Public Offerings

On June 29, 2015, we completed the June 2015 Equity Offering of 18,226,414 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $26.50 per share. This registered offering with the SEC resulted in gross proceeds to Platform of approximately $483 million, before underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses of $15.0 million.

On November 17, 2014, we completed the November 2014 Public Offering of 16,445,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $24.50 per share. This registered offering with the SEC resulted in gross proceeds to Platform of approximately $403 million, before underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses of $15.1 million.

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The Board has designated 2,000,000 of those shares as "Series A Preferred Stock." As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, a total of 2,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. The Board has also designated 600,000 of those shares as "Series B Convertible Preferred Stock," which are redeemable and are presented in the mezzanine section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, a total of 600,000 and zero shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively, were issued and outstanding. Shares of preferred stock have no voting rights, except in respect of any amendment to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, that would alter or change their rights or privileges.

Series A Preferred Stock

The Founder Entities are current holders of Platform's outstanding 2,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and are entitled to receive an annual dividend on such Series A Preferred Stock in the form of shares of the Company's common stock. On December 31, 2014, the Board approved a stock dividend of 10,050,290 shares of Platform's common stock with respect to its outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, which represented 20% of the appreciation of the market price of our common stock over the Initial Public Offering price of $10.00 multiplied by the total Initial Public Offering shares. The dividend price was $22.85 and the shares were issued on January 2, 2015 based on the volume weighted average price of $23.16 on December 31, 2014. Starting with fiscal year 2015, the dividend amount is calculated based on the appreciated stock price compared to the highest dividend price previously used in calculating the Series A Preferred Stock dividends. Based on the dividend price of $22.85 used in 2014, no stock dividend was declared in 2015 with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock.

Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock of Platform at the option of the holder until December 31, 2020. All outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock will be automatically converted into shares of common stock on a one for one basis (i) in the event of a change of control of the Company following an acquisition or (ii) upon the last day of the seventh full financial year following the MacDermid Acquisition, being December 31, 2020 (which may be extended by the Board for three additional years). Shares of Series A Preferred Stock have no voting rights, except in respect of any amendment to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, that would alter or change their rights or privileges.

During the Successor 2013 Period, the Company recognized a non-cash charge related to the fair value of the preferred dividend rights of $172.0 million. The fair value of the preferred dividend rights was measured based on significant inputs not observable in the market (Level 3 inputs). Key assumptions included the fair value of the common stock and an assumption of volatility. The fair value was calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock

In connection with the Arysta Acquisition, the Company issued to the Arysta Seller 600,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, which have a $1,000 per share liquidation preference. The fair value of these shares, $646 million, was recognized as "Redeemable preferred stock – Series B" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. At any time, the Arysta Seller may convert these shares into shares of common stock of Platform at a conversion price of $27.14 per share. Additionally, any shares that have not been converted will be redeemed for the $1,000 per share liquidation preference in the event of (i) certain mergers or consolidations, (ii) the sale of substantially all the Company’s assets or subsidiaries or (iii) the liquidation of the Company.

Pursuant to the Arysta share purchase agreement, dated October 20, 2014, as amended, any shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock that have not previously been converted into shares of common stock will be automatically redeemed at the $1,000 redemption price in connection with certain mergers or consolidations, the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of Platform and its subsidiaries, the sale of certain subsidiaries of Platform or the approval of any plan for the dissolution, liquidation or termination of Platform by our stockholders. On April 20, 2017, the Company will be required to repurchase each share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock that has not been converted into shares of common stock of Platform, or automatically redeemed as described above, at the $1,000 redemption price payable in shares of our common stock (22,107,590 shares of common stock valued at $27.14 per share). Upon such repurchase, the Company will also pay to holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in cash any deficit between (i) the 10-day volume weighted price of Platform’s common stock prior to such repurchase and (ii) $27.14 per share. To the extent the Arysta Seller continues to own Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, then, if as a result of the arbitration matter described in Note 16, Contingencies, Environmental and Legal Matters, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Arysta Seller is obligated to make a payment to us, we may offset any make-whole payment due to the Arysta Seller by any such amount due from the Arysta Seller. If such make-whole payment is less than the amount resolved in connection with the arbitration matter, the deficit will be due from the Arysta Seller. Based on Platform's common stock price of $12.83 as of December 31, 2015, the make-whole payment would total approximately $316 million, assuming no impact from the arbitration matter noted above. The holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are also entitled to an incremental payment equal to $4.0 million per month from October 20, 2016 to April 20, 2017, or such earlier date after October 20, 2016 that the then outstanding shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are converted into shares of common stock or automatically redeemed by Platform.

In connection with the issuance of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement with the Arysta Seller dated February 13, 2015, pursuant to which it agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC covering the resale of a maximum of 22,107,590 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and cause the SEC to declare such registration statement effective within six months. On February 25, 2015, the Company filed the Arysta Seller Resale Registration Statement, which was declared effective on May 6, 2015.

Issuance of Common Stock in Connection with Acquisitions

In connection with the Alent Acquisition, on December 2, 2015, the Company issued 18,419,738 shares of Platform's common stock to Alent shareholders, including Cevian Capital II Master Fund LP, the then largest shareholder of Alent. The newly issued shares were issued in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act set forth in Section 3(a)(10) thereof and began trading on the NYSE upon their issuance.

In connection with the Agriphar Acquisition, on October 1, 2014, the Company issued to a representative of Percival 711,551 restricted shares of our common stock, which will become unrestricted beginning January 2, 2018 unless agreed otherwise in accordance with the terms of the acquisition agreement. The seller was granted a put option to sell and transfer all of its shares back to Platform on the date that is six months from the closing of the Agriphar Acquisition, which was not exercised. As a result, the value of the option, totaling $3.0 million, was reversed and included in "Other income (expenses), net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.

In connection with the CAS Acquisition, on November 3, 2014, the Company issued to Chemtura 2,000,000 shares of Platform's common stock, then restricted under Rule 144.

Private Placements

On October 8, 2014 and November 6, 2014, the Company completed the October/November 2014 Private Placement to certain investors of an aggregate of 16,060,960 shares and 9,404,064 shares of Platform's common stock, respectively, at a price of $25.59 per share. In the October/November 2014 Private Placement, the Company received proceeds of $652 million, gross of transaction fees and offering expenses of $0.3 million.

On May 20, 2014, the Company completed the May 2014 Private Placement to certain investors of an aggregate of 15,800,000 shares of Platform’s common stock for an aggregate consideration of $300 million, gross of transaction related costs of $13.8 million.

Warrant Mandatory Redemption

On March 4, 2014, a mandatory redemption event occurred with respect to all of the Company’s outstanding warrants. On or after April 3, 2014, the date of the mandatory redemption fixed by the Company, holders of warrants had no further rights with respect to such warrants except to receive $0.01 per warrant. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company issued 16,244,694 shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of a total of 48,734,082 warrants, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $187 million. On April 3, 2014, Platform completed the mandatory redemption of the remaining 8,580 outstanding warrants for $0.01 per warrant.

Ordinary Shares (Pre-Domestication)

MacDermid Acquisition

In connection with the MacDermid Acquisition, the Company agreed to apply to list its shares on the NYSE and to change its jurisdiction of incorporation from the British Virgin Islands to Delaware. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the SEC to effect these changes. The registration statement was declared effective on January 22, 2014 and on that same date the Company completed the Domestication. On January 23, 2014, the Company’s shares of common stock began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “PAH.” On March 4, 2014, pursuant to the terms of an Exchange Agreement, dated October 25, 2013, between the Company and the fiduciaries of the 401K Plan, the Company acquired the remaining 3% of MacDermid for approximately $2.6 million in cash (which is reflected in “Acquisition of business, net” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows) and 1,670,386 shares of the Company’s shares of common stock.

In connection with the Domestication, (i) each ordinary share of the Company that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Domestication was automatically converted into one share of common stock (par value $0.01) of the Company, (ii) outstanding options, warrants and other rights to acquire ordinary shares became options, warrants or rights to acquire the corresponding shares of common stock of the Company, and (iii) each share held by the Founder Entities that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Domestication was automatically converted into one share of Series A Preferred Stock of the Company.

Initial Public Offering

In connection with the Initial Public Offering on May 22, 2013, the Company issued 88,500,000 common shares (no par value) for gross proceeds of $885 million. Also, on May 22, 2013, the Company issued an aggregate of 29,500 common shares to non-founder directors for $10.00 per share. Each common share has voting rights and winding-up rights.

Each of the 2,000,000 preferred shares, 88,500,000 common shares issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering as well as the 29,500 common shares issued to the non-founder directors was issued with a warrant (90,529,500 warrants in aggregate), entitling the holder of each warrant to purchase one-third of common shares with a strike price of $11.50 per common share. Each warrant was exercisable until three years from the date of an acquisition, unless mandatorily redeemed by the Company. The warrants were mandatorily redeemable by the Company at a price of $0.01 should the average market price of a common share exceed $18.00 for 10 consecutive trading days. In order to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the MacDermid Acquisition in November 2013, the Company conducted an offer to issue shares of common stock of the Company in exchange for $10.50 and 3 warrants, up to a maximum of half of the warrants outstanding in which 40,386,840 warrants (representing $141 million cash) were exercised and 13,462,280 underlying shares of common stock were issued. In conjunction with this Warrant Exchange Offer not being fully subscribed, on November 13, 2013, the Company issued 380,952 shares at $10.50 per share to the Founder Entities and issued 190,476 shares each to two of its independent directors at $10.50 per share.

Non-Controlling Interest

In connection with the MacDermid Acquisition, approximately $97.5 million was raised in new equity consisting of shares of PDH Common Stock. Since October 31, 2014, all shares of PDH Common Stock are convertible, at the option of the holder, into a like number of shares of the Company's common stock, the sale of which is subject to a contractual lock-up of 25% per year over a four-year period, which started on October 31, 2013.

The PDH Common Stock is classified as a non-controlling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and will continue to be until such time as it is exchanged for shares of common stock. The total number of shares of common stock originally issuable upon the exchange of PDH Common Stock pursuant to the RHSA was approximately 8.8 million, of which 712,918 shares have been issued as of December 31, 2015.

For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the Successor 2013 Period, approximately $(1.4) million, $6.4 million, and $(1.4) million, respectively, of net (loss) income has been allocated to the Retaining Holders, as included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, representing non-controlling interest of 6.25%, 6.67% and 6.76% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the Successor 2013 Period, respectively.

As a result of the Arysta Acquisition, approximately $125 million of non-controlling interest was recorded in purchase accounting as a result of the consolidation of less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries.