In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes." It removes certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC Topic 740 and improves consistent application of and simplifies GAAP for other areas of ASC Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This guidance was effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2021, and the impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements was immaterial.

Perrigo Company, our U.S. subsidiary ("Perrigo U.S."), is engaged in a series of tax disputes in the U.S. relating primarily to transfer pricing adjustments including income in connection with the purchase, distribution, and sale of store-brand OTC pharmaceutical products in the United States, including the heartburn medication omeprazole. On August 27, 2014, we received a statutory notice of deficiency from the IRS relating to our fiscal tax years ended June 27, 2009, and June 26, 2010 (the “2009 tax year” and “2010 tax year”, respectively). On April 20, 2017, we received a second statutory notice of deficiency from the IRS for the fiscal tax years ended June 25, 2011 and June 30, 2012 (the “2011 tax year” and “2012 tax year”, respectively). Specifically, both statutory notices proposed adjustments related to the offshore reporting of profits on sales of omeprazole in the United States resulting from the assignment of an omeprazole distribution contract to an affiliate. In addition to the transfer pricing adjustments, which applied to all four tax years, the statutory notice of deficiency for the 2011 and 2012 tax years included adjustments for the capitalization and amortization of certain expenses that were deducted when paid or incurred in defending against certain patent infringement lawsuits related to ANDAs.

We do not agree with the audit adjustments proposed by the IRS in either of the notices of deficiency. We paid the assessed amounts of tax, interest, and penalties set forth in the statutory notices and timely filed claims for refund on June 11, 2015 for the 2009 and 2010 tax years, and on June 7, 2017, for the 2011 and 2012 tax years. On August 15, 2017, following disallowance of such refund claims, we timely filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan seeking refunds of tax, interest, and penalties of $27.5 million for the 2009 tax year, $41.8 million for the 2010 tax year, $40.1 million for the 2011 tax year, and $24.7 million for the 2012 tax year, for a total of $134.1 million, plus statutory interest thereon from the dates of payment. The amounts sought in the complaint for the 2009 and 2010 tax years were recorded as deferred charges in Other non-current assets on our balance sheet during the three months ended March 28, 2015, and the amounts sought in the complaint for the 2011 and 2012 tax years were recorded as deferred charges in Other non-current assets on our balance sheet during the three months ended July 1, 2017.

The previously scheduled trial date has been continued to May 25, 2021 for the refund case. The total amount of cumulative deferred charge that we are seeking to receive in this litigation is approximately $111.6 million, which reflects the impact of conceding that Perrigo U.S. should have received a 5.24% royalty on all omeprazole sales. That concession was previously paid and is the subject of the above refund claims. The issues outlined in the statutory notices of deficiency described above are continuing, and the IRS will likely carry forward the adjustments set forth therein as long as the drug is sold, in the case of the omeprazole issue, and for all post-2012 Paragraph IV filings that trigger patent infringement suits, in the case of the ANDA issue. On April 30, 2021, we filed a Notice of New Authority in our refund case in the Western District of Michigan alerting the court to a Tax Court decision in Mylan v. Comm'r that ruled in favor of the taxpayer on the identical ANDA issues we have before the court.

On January 13, 2021, the IRS issued a 30-day letter with respect to its audit of our fiscal tax years ended June 29, 2013 (the "2013 tax year"), June 28, 2014 (the "2014 tax year"), and June 27, 2015 (the "2015 tax year" and together with the 2013 tax year and the 2014 tax year, the "2013-2015 tax years"). The IRS letter proposed, among other modifications, carryforwards of the transfer pricing adjustments regarding our profits from the distribution of omeprazole in the aggregate amount of $141.6 million and ANDA adjustments in the aggregate amount of $21.9 million. The 30-day letter also set forth adjustments described in the next two paragraphs. We timely filed a protest to the 30-day letter for those additional adjustments, but noting that due to the pending litigation described above, IRS Appeals will not consider the merits of the omeprazole or ANDA matters. We believe that we should prevail on the merits on both carryforward issues and have reserved for taxes and interest payable on the 5.24% deemed royalty on omeprazole through the tax year ended December 31, 2018. Beginning with the tax year ended December 31, 2019, we began reporting income commensurate with the 5.24% deemed royalty. We have not reserved for the ANDA-related issue described above. While we believe we should prevail on the merits of this case, the outcome remains uncertain. If our litigation position on the omeprazole issue is not sustained, the outcome for the 2009–2012 tax years could range from a reduction in the refund amount to denial of any refund. In addition, we expect that the outcome of the refund litigation could effectively bind future tax years. In that event, an adverse ruling on the omeprazole issue could have a material impact on subsequent periods, with additional tax liability in the range of $24.0 million to $112.0 million, not including interest and any applicable penalties.

The 30-day letter for the 2013-2015 tax years also proposed to reduce Perrigo U.S.'s deductible interest expense for the 2014 tax year and the 2015 tax year on $7.5 billion in debts owed by it to Perrigo Company plc. The debts were incurred in connection with the Elan merger transaction in 2013. On May 7, 2020, the IRS issued a NOPA capping the interest rate on the debts for U.S. federal tax purposes at 130.0% of the Applicable Federal Rate ("AFR") (a blended rate reduction of 4.0% per annum), on the stated ground that the loans were not negotiated on an arms’-length basis. The NOPA proposes a reduction in gross interest expense of approximately $414.7 million for tax years 2014 and 2015. On January 13, 2021, we received a Revenue Agent Report ("RAR"), together with the 30-day letter, requiring our filing of a written Protest to request IRS Appeals consideration. The Protest was filed with the IRS on February 26, 2021. On May 3, 2021, the IRS notified us that it will no longer pursue the 130% of AFR position reflected in its NOPA due to a change in IRS policy. The IRS will provide a new proposed adjustment in its rebuttal to our Protest, which we have not yet received. Because the IRS' revised adjustment is currently unknown and cannot be quantified, we are unable to determine the amount of gross interest expense that the IRS proposes to disallow, and we cannot estimate any increase in tax expense attributable to any such disallowance for the period under audit. In addition, we expect the IRS to seek similar revised adjustments for the tax years ended December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2018 with potential section 163(j) carryover impacts beyond December 2018. We cannot determine the amount, if any, of the estimated increase in tax expense attributable to any such adjustments. No further interest adjustments are expected beyond this period. We strongly disagree with the IRS position and we will pursue all available administrative and judicial remedies necessary. At this stage, we are unable to estimate any additional liability associated with this matter.

In addition, the 30-day letter for the 2013-2015 tax years expanded on a NOPA issued on December 11, 2019 and proposed to disallow adjustments to gross sales income on the sale of prescription products to wholesalers for accrued wholesale customer pipeline chargebacks where the prescription products were not re-sold by such wholesalers to covered retailers by the end of the tax year for the 2013-2015 tax years. The IRS' NOPA asserts that the reduction of gross sales income of such chargebacks is an impermissible method of accounting. The IRS proposed a change in accounting method that would defer the reduction in gross sales income until the year the prescription products were re-sold to covered retailers. The NOPA proposes an increase in sales revenue of approximately $99.5 million for the 2013-2015 tax years. We filed a protest on February 26, 2021 to request IRS Appeals consideration. If the IRS were to prevail in its proposed adjustment, we estimate a payment of approximately $18.0 million, excluding interest and penalties for the 2013-2015 tax years. In addition, we expect the IRS to seek similar adjustments for future years. If those future adjustments were to be sustained, based on preliminary calculations and subject to further analysis, our current best estimate is a payment that will not exceed $7.0 million through tax year ended December 31, 2020, excluding interest and penalties. We have fully reserved for this issue. We strongly disagree with the IRS’s proposed adjustment and will pursue all available administrative and judicial remedies necessary.

On April 26, 2019, we received a revised NOPA from the IRS regarding transfer pricing positions related to the IRS audit of Athena Neurosciences, Inc. ("Athena") for the years ended December 31, 2011, December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2013. The NOPA carries forward the IRS's theory from its 2017 draft NOPA that when Elan took over the future funding of Athena's in-process research and development after acquiring Athena in 1996, Elan should have paid a substantially higher royalty rate for the right to exploit Athena’s intellectual property, rather than rates based on transfer pricing documentation prepared by Elan's external tax advisors. The NOPA proposes a payment of $843.0 million, which represents additional tax and a 40.0% penalty. This amount excludes consideration of offsetting tax attributes and any potential interest that may be imposed. We strongly disagree with the IRS position. On December 22, 2016, we also received a NOPA for these years denying the deductibility of settlement costs related to illegal marketing of Zonegran in the United States raised in a Qui Tam action. We strongly disagree with the IRS' position on this issue as well. Because we believe that any concession on these issues in Appeals would be contrary to our evaluation of the issues, we pursued our remedies under the U.S. - Ireland Income Tax Treaty to alleviate double taxation. On April 14, 2020, we filed a request for Competent Authority Assistance with the IRS on the royalty issue, and it was accepted. On October 20, 2020, we amended our request for Competent Authority Assistance to include the Zonegran issue and this amendment was also accepted. On May 6, 2021, we had our opening conference with the IRS and discussed our submission, which continues to be reviewed by the IRS. Our opening conference with Irish Revenue is scheduled for July 23, 2021.

On October 30, 2018, we received an audit findings letter from the Irish Office of the Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”) for the tax years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013. The audit findings letter relates to the tax treatment of the 2013 sale of the Tysabri® intellectual property and related assets to Biogen Idec by Elan Pharma. The consideration paid by Biogen Idec to Elan Pharma took the form of an upfront payment and future contingent royalty payments. Elan Pharma recognized such receipts as trading income in its tax returns filed with Irish Revenue, consistent with Elan Pharma's historical practice relating to its active management of intellectual property rights.

In its audit findings letter, Irish Revenue proposed to charge Elan Pharma tax on the net chargeable gain realized by Elan Pharma on the Tysabri® transaction in 2013 at a rate of 33%, rather than the 12.5% tax rate applied to trading income. On November 29, 2018, Irish Revenue issued a Notice of Amended Assessment (“NoA”) for the tax year ended December 31, 2013, in the amount of €1,643 million, and claiming tax payable in the amount of €1,636 million, not including any interest or applicable penalties.

We strongly disagree with this assessment and believe that the NoA is without merit and incorrect as a matter of law. We will pursue all available administrative and judicial avenues as may be necessary or appropriate. Accordingly, we filed an appeal of the NoA on December 27, 2018 with the Irish Tax Appeals Commission ("TAC") which is the statutory body charged with considering whether the NoA is properly founded as a matter of Irish tax law. Separately, we were also granted leave by the Irish High Court on February 25, 2019 to seek judicial review of the issuance of the NoA by Irish Revenue.

On November 4, 2020, the High Court ruled that the Irish Revenue's decision to issue the NoA did not violate Elan Pharma's constitutional rights and legitimate expectations as a taxpayer. Importantly, the Irish High Court did not rule on the merits of the NoA under Irish tax law. The TAC will now consider whether the NoA is correct as a matter of Irish tax law. The tax appeal is scheduled to be heard in November 2021.

We strongly believe that Elan Pharma’s tax position is correct and would ultimately be confirmed through judicial process. However, in light of the risks and delays inherent in any litigation, representatives of Perrigo met with representatives of Irish Revenue on March 18, 2021 and April 14, 2021, to explore whether there may be a path forward toward resolving the dispute. On April 26, 2021, Perrigo, through its tax adviser, made a without prejudice written offer of settlement to Irish Revenue detailing a possible framework for such a resolution, which applied an alternative basis of taxation than the respective positions taken by Irish Revenue in the NoA and by Elan

Pharma in its tax returns. On May 11, 2021, a representative of Irish Revenue verbally indicated to Perrigo's tax adviser that the written settlement offer would not be accepted as presented and that a formal response would be transmitted in due course. Perrigo will review Irish Revenue's formal response to Perrigo's offer when received and expects further discussions and correspondence with Irish Revenue prior to the TAC hearing in November.

The Israel Tax Authority audited our income tax returns for the 2015 tax year, and calendar years ended December 31, 2015, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017. On December 29, 2020, we received a Stage A assessment from the Israeli Tax Authority for the tax years ended December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2017 in the amount of $63.8 million relating to attribution of intangible income to Israel, income qualifying for a lower preferential rate of tax, exemption from capital gains tax, and deduction of certain settlement payments. Our protest was timely filed on March 11, 2021 to move the matter to Stage B of the assessment process. We strongly disagree with the assessment and will pursue all available administrative and judicial remedies necessary.

Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable and that we prepare our tax filings in accordance with all applicable tax laws, the final determination with respect to any tax audit and any related litigation could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on operating results and/or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments.

Based on the final resolution of tax examinations, judicial or administrative proceedings, changes in facts or law, expirations of statute of limitations in specific jurisdictions or other resolutions of, or changes in, tax positions - one or more of which may occur within the next twelve months - it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits for certain tax positions taken on previously filed tax returns may change materially from those recorded as of April 3, 2021. However, we are not able to estimate a reasonably possible range of how these events may impact our unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.