UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38720

Twist Bioscience Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	46-2058888
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

681 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

(800) 719-0671

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	TWST	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of August 3, 2023, was 57,396,131.

TWIST BIOSCIENCE CORPORATION

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-looking statements		2
PART I. Financial information		4
Item 1.	Unaudited Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	36
Item 4.	Controls and procedures	36
PART II. Other information		37
Item 1.	Legal proceedings	37
Item 1A.	Risk factors	37
Item 2.	Unregistered sales of equity securities and use of proceeds	65
Item 3.	Defaults upon senior securities	65
Item 4.	Mine safety disclosures	65
Item 5.	Other information	65
Item 6.	Exhibits	66
Signatures		67

1

Forward-looking statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, or Form 10-Q, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements relate to, among other matters, plans for product development and licensing to third parties, plans and timeframe for the commercial development of DNA data storage capabilities, expectations regarding market penetration, anticipated customer conversions to our products, plans to expand in the international markets and identification and development of potential antibody candidates. Forward-looking statements are also identified by the words “believe,” “will,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “could,” “potentially” and variations of such words and similar expressions. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Such statements are based on management’s expectations as of the date of this filing and involve many risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, events or circumstances to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include:

•our ability to increase our revenue and our revenue growth rate;

•our ability to accurately estimate capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;

•anticipated charges and future annualized cost savings in connection with the reduction in force announced in May 2023;

•our estimates of the size of our market opportunities;

•our ability to increase DNA production, reduce turnaround times and drive cost reductions for our customers;

•our ability to effectively manage our growth;

•our ability to successfully enter new markets and manage our international expansion;

•our ability to protect our intellectual property, including our proprietary DNA synthesis platform;

•costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;

•the effects of increased competition in our business;

•our ability to keep pace with changes in technology and our competitors;

•our ability to successfully identify, evaluate and manage any future acquisitions of businesses, solutions or technologies;

•the success of our marketing efforts;

•a significant disruption in, or breach in security of our information technology systems and resultant interruptions in service and any related impact on our reputation;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;

•the effects of natural or man-made catastrophic events including those resulting from the novel strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19;

•the effectiveness of our internal controls;

•changes in government regulation affecting our business;

•uncertainty as to economic and market conditions and the impact of adverse economic conditions, including inflationary pressures and rising interest rates; and

•other risk factors included under the section titled “Risk Factors.”

2

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Such statements are based on management’s expectations as of the date of this filing and involve many risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, events or circumstances to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider all of the information in this Form 10-Q and in other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this filing or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.

When we use the terms “Twist,” “Twist Bioscience,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this report, we are referring to Twist Bioscience Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context requires otherwise. Sequence space and the Twist logo are trademarks of Twist Bioscience Corporation. All other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.

3

PART I. Financial information

Item 1. Unaudited Financial statements

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	307,459	$	378,687
Short-term investments	49,686		126,281
Accounts receivable, net	42,580		40,294
Inventories	36,354		39,307
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	9,458		11,914
Total current assets	$	445,537	$	596,483
Property and equipment, net	140,778		139,441
Operating lease right-of-use assets	72,028		74,948
Goodwill	85,811		85,811
Intangible assets, net	55,775		59,738
Restricted cash, non-current	4,379		1,572
Other non-current assets	6,024		3,385
Total assets	$	810,332	$	961,378
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	12,184	$	20,092
Accrued expenses	10,311		10,169
Accrued compensation	27,284		27,023
Current portion of operating lease liability	13,132		13,642
Other current liabilities	9,911		19,737
Total current liabilities	$	72,822	$	90,663
Operating lease liability, net of current portion	79,900		81,270
Other non-current liabilities	60		60
Total liabilities	$	152,782	$	171,993
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.00001 par value—100,000 and 100,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively; 57,367 and 56,523 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively	$	—	$	—
Additional paid-in capital	1,644,976		1,619,644
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	(635)		(1,843)
Accumulated deficit	(986,791)		(828,416)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	657,550	$	789,385
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	810,332	$	961,378

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	178,163	$	146,259
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	$	41,845	$	30,974	$	112,956	$	87,744
Research and development	24,528		36,840		83,148		90,701
Selling, general and administrative	46,057		53,693		142,347		158,790
Restructuring costs	12,672		—		12,672		—
Change in fair value of contingent considerations and holdbacks	(581)		(4,231)		(5,913)		(13,071)
Total operating expenses	$	124,521	$	117,276	$	345,210	$	324,164
Loss from operations	$	(60,781)	$	(61,163)	$	(167,047)	$	(177,905)
Interest income	3,968		722		10,472		1,134
Interest expense	(1)		—		(4)		(54)
Other income (expense), net	41		(225)		(422)		(626)
Loss before income taxes	$	(56,773)	$	(60,666)	$	(157,001)	$	(177,451)
Benefit from / (provision for) income taxes	(622)		$	149	$	(1,374)	$	10,703
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(57,395)	$	(60,517)	$	(158,375)	$	(166,748)
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in unrealized loss on investments	$	(208)	(404)		$	1,308	(1794)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(538)		(498)		(100)		(129)
Comprehensive loss	(58,141)		(61,419)		(157,167)		(168,671)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted	$	(1.01)	$	(1.08)	$	(2.79)	$	(3.15)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted	57,041		56,287		56,753		53,005

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

	Common stock			Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated Other comprehensive income or (loss)		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders' equity
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount
Balances as of March 31, 2023	57,105	$	—	$	1,633,217	$	111	$	(929,396)	$	703,932
Vesting of restricted stock units	182	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	45	—		342		—		—		342
Repurchases of common stock for income tax withholding	(70)	—		(1,014)		—		—		(1,014)
Issuance of shares from business acquisition	105	—		1,767		—		—		1,767
Stock-based compensation	—	—		10,664		—		—		10,664
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(746)		—		(746)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(57,395)		(57,395)
Balances as of June 30, 2023	57,367	$	—	$	1,644,976	$	(635)	$	(986,791)	$	657,550

	Common stock			Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated Other comprehensive income or (loss)		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders' equity
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount
Balances as of March 31, 2022	56,234	$	—	$	1,580,620	$	(475)	$	(716,784)	$	863,361
Issuance of common stock in public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses of $17,676	—	—		6		—		—		6
Vesting of restricted stock units	100	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	48	—		766		—		—		766
Repurchases of common stock for income tax withholding	(38)	—		(2,080)		—		—		(2,080)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		20,043		—		—		20,043
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(902)		—		(902)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(60,517)		(60,517)
Balances as of June 30, 2022	56,344	$	—	$	1,599,355	$	(1,377)	$	(777,301)	$	820,677

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

	Common stock			Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated Other comprehensive income or (loss)		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders' equity
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount
Balances as of September 30, 2022	56,523	$	—	$	1,619,644	$	(1,843)	$	(828,416)	$	789,385
Vesting of restricted stock units	504	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	102	—		1,195		—		—		1,195
Issuance of shares under the employee stock purchase plan	132	—		2,536		—		—		2,536
Repurchases of common stock for income tax withholding	(171)	—		(3,275)		—		—		(3,275)
Issuance of shares from business acquisition	277	—		5,860		—		—		5,860
Stock-based compensation	—	—		19,016		—		—		19,016
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		1,208		—		1,208
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(158,375)		(158,375)
Balances as of June 30, 2023	57,367	$	—	$	1,644,976	$	(635)	$	(986,791)	$	657,550

	Common stock			Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated Other comprehensive income or (loss)		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders' equity
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount
Balances as of September 30, 2021	49,499	$	—	$	1,190,828	$	546	$	(610,553)	$	580,821
Issuance of common stock in public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses of $17,676	5,227	—		269,824		—		—		269,824
Vesting of restricted stock units	263	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	417	—		4,701		—		—		4,701
Issuance of shares under the employee stock purchase plan	50	—		2,394		—		—		2,394
Issuance of shares from business acquisitions	989	—		77,122		—		—		77,122
Repurchases of common stock for income tax withholding	(101)	—		(6,130)		—		—		(6,130)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		60,616		—		—		60,616
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(1,923)		—		(1,923)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(166,748)		(166,748)
Balances as of June 30, 2022	56,344	$	—	$	1,599,355	$	(1,377)	$	(777,301)	$	820,677

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(158,375)	$	(166,748)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	20,810		11,562
Deferred tax liability	—		(11,177)
Impairment of property and equipment and other assets	3,620		—
Non-cash lease expense	1,040		2,594
Stock-based compensation	18,531		60,616
Change in fair value of acquisition consideration	(5,913)		(13,071)
Other non cash adjustment	(33)		987
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(2,508)		(10,284)
Inventories	2,949		(11,237)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,935)		(2,736)
Other non-current assets	1,050		6,829
Accounts payable	(4,431)		466
Accrued expenses	1,278		608
Accrued compensation	348		5,519
Other liabilities	1,799		2,954
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(121,770)	$	(123,118)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	$	(25,386)	$	(85,395)
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired	—		(8,160)
Purchases of investments	(58,255)		(217,639)
Proceeds from maturity of investments	136,500		75,481
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	52,859	$	(235,713)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	$	1,208	$	4,764
Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses	—		269,824
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	2,536		2,394
Repayments of long-term debt	—		(1,558)
Repurchases of common stock for income tax withholding	(3,275)		(6,130)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	469	$	269,294
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	21	$	(1)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(68,421)		(89,538)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	380,259		467,359
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	311,838	$	377,821
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Interest paid	$	—	$	9
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	241		130
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Property and equipment additions included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	1,686	$	6,562
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	4,215		19,494
Issuance of common stock in connection with the business acquisition	5,860		77,122
Conversion of convertible notes	3,711		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

Twist Bioscience Corporation

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. The Company

Twist Bioscience Corporation (the Company) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on February 4, 2013. The Company is a synthetic biology company that has developed a disruptive DNA synthesis platform. DNA is used in many applications across different industries: industrial chemicals/materials, academic, healthcare and food/agriculture. The Company’s fiscal year ends on September 30.

The Company has generated net losses in all periods since its inception. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $986.8 million and has not generated positive cash flows from operations since inception. Losses are expected to continue as the Company continues to invest in product development, manufacturing, and sales and marketing.

Since its inception, the Company has received an aggregate of $1,333.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance of equity securities and an aggregate of $13.8 million from debt. Management believes that these proceeds combined with existing cash balances on hand will be sufficient to fund operations for at least one year from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. However, if the Company needs to obtain additional financing to fund operations beyond this period, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in raising additional financing on terms which are acceptable to the Company.

If the Company requires but is unable to obtain additional funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations.

During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, overall financial results of the Company were not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has considered all information available as of the date of issuance of these financial statements and the Company is not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require an update to its estimates or judgments, or a revision to the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information becomes available. The extent to which COVID-19 outbreaks or resurgences affect the Company’s future financial results and operations will depend on future developments which continue to evolve and are difficult to predict, including mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which have resulted and may in the future result in strains that are more contagious and less responsive to current treatment methods, and current or future domestic and international actions to contain it and treat it.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and use of estimates

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial information. Certain information and disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 (the Annual Report on Form 10-K) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 28, 2022 and amended on June 5, 2023. The condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared on a basis consistent with that used to prepare the audited annual consolidated financial statements and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring items, necessary for the fair statement of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2022 is derived from audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The operating results for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year ending September 30, 2023 or any interim period.

The presentation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and non-current portion of restricted cash reported within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

9

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	307,459	$	378,687
Restricted cash, non-current	4,379		1,572
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	311,838	$	380,259

Restricted cash represents cash held at financial institutions that are pledged as collateral for stand-by letters of credit for lease commitments and is included in non-current assets.

Significant accounting policies

There have been no material changes in the accounting policies from those disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

The Company had contract assets of $3.9 million and contract liabilities of $3.0 million as of June 30, 2023. The Company had contract assets of $3.4 million and contract liabilities of $3.5 million as of September 30, 2022. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $0.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively, from the amount that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each period. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022 the Company's revenue from the amount that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each period was not material. In addition, for all periods presented, there was no revenue recognized in a reporting period from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of June 30, 2023 was $5.5 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue over the next twelve months relating to performance obligations unsatisfied as of June 30, 2023.

Based on the nature of our contracts with customers, which are recognized over a term of less than 12 months, we have elected to use the practical expedient whereby costs to obtain a contract are expensed as they are incurred.

We state our revenues net of any taxes collected from customers that are required to be remitted to various government agencies. The amount of taxes collected from customers and payable to governmental entities is included on the balance sheet as part of “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.”

Recent accounting pronouncements

Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The Company considered the applicability and impact of all recent ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be not applicable to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Recent accounting pronouncements adopted

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance. The amendments in this update require the annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model. The Company adopted this standard effective October 1, 2022. The adoption of ASU-2021-10 did not have an impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended June 30, 2023.

Recently issued accounting pronouncement not yet adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new standard requires entities to use the new “expected credit loss” impairment model for most financial assets measured at amortized cost, including trade and other receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. The standard is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early application is permitted. The standard is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

3. Fair value measurement

The Company assesses the fair value of financial instruments based on the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. The Company's short-term and long-term investments primarily utilize broker quotes in a non-active market for valuation of its investments.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The following table sets forth the cash and cash equivalents, short-term and equity investments as of June 30, 2023:

(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	307,459	$	—	$	—	$	307,459
Short-term investments:
Corporate bonds	26,133		5		(68)		26,070
U.S. government treasury bills	23,721		1		(106)		23,616
Equity investments	$	3,711	$	—	$	—	$	3,711
Total	$	361,024	$	6	$	(174)	$	360,856

The following table sets forth the cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments as of September 30, 2022:

(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Fair value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	378,687	$	—	$	—	$	378,687
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	14,997		—		—		14,997
U.S. government treasury bills	112,878		—		(1,594)		111,284
Total	$	506,562	$	—	$	(1,594)	$	504,968

As of June 30, 2023, financial assets and liabilities measured and recognized at fair value are as follows:

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(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair value
Assets
Money market funds	$	242,107	$	—	$	—	$	242,107
Corporate bonds	—		26,070		—		26,070
U.S. government treasury bills	23,616		—		—		23,616
Equity investments	—		—		3,711		3,711
Total financial assets	$	265,723	$	26,070	$	3,711	$	295,504

As of September 30, 2022, financial assets and liabilities measured and recognized at fair value are as follows:

(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair value
Assets
Money market funds	$	316,805	$	—	$	—	$	316,805
Commercial paper	—		14,997		—		14,997
U.S. government treasury bills	111,284		—		—		111,284
Total financial assets	$	428,089	$	14,997	$	—	$	443,086
Liabilities
Contingent consideration and indemnity holdback	$	—	$	9,592	$	2,100	$	11,692
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	9,592	$	2,100	$	11,692

Contractual maturities of all the investments, as of June 30, 2023, were less than 12 months. The unrealized loss on short-term investments have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. We believe that the decline in value of these investments is temporary and is primarily related to the change in market interest rates since purchase. We believe it is more likely than not that we will be able to hold these investments to maturity.

During 2021 and as amended in 2022, the Company entered into convertible promissory note agreements with a privately held company (“Borrower”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to loan to the Borrower $3.5 million, at a simple interest of 4% per annum, in a series of loan installments, evidenced by a convertible promissory note having a maturity date of May 1, 2023 (“Convertible Note”). In April 2023, the Company exercised the option and the Borrower issued to the Company common shares which represent a 15% equity interest. As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s equity investments were categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Equity investments held by the Company lack readily determinable fair values and therefore the securities are measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar equity securities of the same issuer. The Company reviews the carrying value of its equity investments for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such asset may not be fully recoverable. Impairments, if any, are based on the excess of the carrying amount over the recoverable amount of the asset. There were no such impairments during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s contingent consideration related to its Abveris acquisition was categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Contingent consideration was classified as a liability and remeasured to an estimated fair value at each reporting date until the contingency was resolved. Contingent consideration was recorded at

its fair values using unobservable inputs and have included using the Monte Carlo simulation option pricing framework, incorporating contractual terms and assumptions regarding financial forecasts, discount rates, and volatility of forecasted revenue. The key assumptions were forecasted calendar year 2022 revenue and the Company's share price. The development and determination of the unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements and fair value calculations are the responsibility of the Company’s management with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist.

At September 30, 2022, management determined that the revenue target for the calendar year 2022 was probable of being achieved and a contingent consideration liability of $2.1 million was recognized. At December 31, 2022, management determined that the revenue target for the calendar year 2022 was not achieved, and therefore a change in fair value of contingent consideration of $2.1 million was recognized, resulting in the extinguishment of the contingent consideration liability of $2.1 million.

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The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation as of September 30, 2022 were as follows:

Contingent consideration	September 30, 2022
Stock Price	$	35.24
Equity volatility	93.7		%
Risk-free interest rate	3.9		%
Revenue volatility	30.2		%

The following table provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending balances of the Level 3 financial liabilities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023:

(in thousands)	Total
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	2,100
Change in fair value	(2,100)
Addition during the period	$	3,711
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	3,711

4. Balance sheet components

The Company’s accounts receivable, net balance consists of the following:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Trade receivables	$	37,274	$	35,706
Other receivables	5,569		4,822
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(263)		(234)
Accounts receivable, net	$	42,580	$	40,294

Inventories consist of the following:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Raw materials	$	30,896	$	28,787
Work-in-process	611		2,866
Finished goods	4,847		7,654
	$	36,354	$	39,307

Property and Equipment, net consists of the following:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Laboratory equipment	$	104,677	$	62,285
Furniture, fixtures and other equipment	3,493		2,332
Computer equipment	3,072		2,814
Computer software	2,854		1,693
Leasehold improvements	56,810		14,371
Construction in progress	15,531		87,723
	186,437		171,218
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(45,659)		(31,777)
	$	140,778	$	139,441

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Construction in progress mainly represents equipment costs and software development costs.

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Other current liabilities

The other current liabilities consist of the following:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Indemnity holdbacks	$	—	$	9,592
Income and sales taxes payable	6,386		3,661
Deferred revenue	3,002		3,476
Contingent consideration	—		2,100
Other current liabilities	523		908
	$	9,911	$	19,737

5. Goodwill and intangible assets

There were no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during the nine months ended June 30, 2023. Total amortization expense related to intangible assets was $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Total amortization expense related to intangible assets was $3.9 million and $3.6 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The goodwill balance is presented below:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period/year	$	85,811	$	22,434
Business acquisition – additions	—		61,768
Remeasurement adjustments to the deferred tax assets	—		1,609
Balance at end of period/year	$	85,811	$	85,811

The intangible assets balances are presented below:

	June 30, 2023
(in thousands, except for years)	Weighted average Amortization period in years	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net book value
Developed Technology	15	$	50,020	$	(6,821)	$	43,199
Customer Relationships	11	15,210		(3,059)		12,151
Tradenames & Trademarks	3	900		(475)		425
Total finite-lived intangible assets		$	66,130	$	(10,355)	$	55,775

	September 30, 2022
(in thousands, except for years)	Weighted average Amortization period in years	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net book value
Developed Technology	15	$	50,020	$	(4,375)	$	45,645
Customer Relationships	11	15,210		(1,767)		13,443
Tradenames & Trademarks	3	900		(250)		650
Total finite-lived intangible assets		$	66,130	$	(6,392)	$	59,738

6. Commitments and contingencies

Legal Proceedings

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The Company may be subject to litigation, claims and disputes in the ordinary course of business. There is an inherent risk in any litigation or dispute and no assurance can be given as to the outcome of any claims.

Securities Class Action

On December 12, 2022, a putative securities class action lawsuit captioned Peters v. Twist Bioscience Corporation, et al., Case No. 22-cv-08168 (N.D. Cal.) (“Securities Class Action”) was filed in federal court in the Northern District of California (“Court”). The Securities Class Action names the Company and certain of its officers as defendants and asserts claims under sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The Securities Class Action’s claims are based in large part on allegations made in a report issued on November 15, 2022 by Scorpion Capital (“Scorpion Report”) concerning, among other things, the Company’s DNA chip technology and accounting practices. The initial complaint filed in the Securities Class Action alleges that various statements that the defendants made between December 13, 2019 and November 14, 2022 were materially false and misleading in light of the allegations in the Scorpion Report, and seeks unspecified damages on behalf of all persons and entities who purchased or acquired Company securities during an alleged class period that began on December 13, 2019 and ended on November 14, 2022, as well as certain other costs.

This case remains in the preliminary stage. Given the inherent uncertainty of litigation and the legal standards that must be met, including class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot express an opinion on the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome or on the amount or range of any potential loss. The Company and the other defendants intend to vigorously defend themselves against the claims asserted against them.

Indemnifications

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless and defend the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third-party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. To date, the Company has not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require it to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent permitted by corporate law. The Company also has directors’ and officers’ insurance.

Leases

The Company leases certain of its facilities under non-cancellable operating leases expiring at various dates through 2044. The Company is also responsible for utilities, maintenance, insurance, and property taxes under these leases. The Company's lease payments consist primarily of fixed rental payments for the right to use the underlying leased assets over the lease terms, as well as payments for common-area-maintenance and administrative services. The Company often receives customary incentives from its landlords, such as reimbursements for tenant improvements and rent abatement periods, which effectively reduce the total lease payments owed for these leases. Leases are classified as operating or financing at commencement. The Company does not have any material financing leases.

Certain leases include options to renew or terminate at the Company’s discretion. The lease terms include periods covered by these options if it is reasonably certain the Company will renew or not terminate. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company’s operating leases as of June 30, 2023 is as follows:

(in thousands)	June 30, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	72,028
Current liabilities:
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	13,132
Noncurrent liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	$	79,900

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Future minimum lease payments under all non-cancelable operating leases that have commenced as of June 30, 2023 are as follows:

(in thousands)	Operating leases
Years ending September 30:
Remainder of 2023	$	3,535
2024	14,447
2025	14,465
2026	13,421
2027	8,098
Thereafter	95,407
Total minimum lease payments	$	149,373
Less: imputed interest	(56,341)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	93,032
Less: current portion	(13,132)
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	$	79,900

The statement of cash flows for the nine months ended June 30, 2023, include changes in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of $2.9 million and $1.9 million, respectively. For the nine months ended June 30, 2022, changes in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities were $14.6 million and $17.2 million, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, operating lease expense was $3.9 million and $12.2 million, respectively. Cash payments for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $3.6 million and $11.1 million for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022, operating lease expense was $4.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively. Cash payments for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were $3.7 million and $9.1 million for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 15.6 years and the weighted-average discount rate was 6.5%.

7. Related party transactions

During the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company purchased raw materials from a related party investor in the amount of $1.4 million and $3.1 million, respectively. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company purchased raw materials from a related party in the amount of $5.0 million and $6.5 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenues from related parties in the amount of $0.9 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The revenues from related parties were immaterial for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022.

Payable balances and receivable balances with the related party were immaterial as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. During the year ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into a service agreement with a related party for the total consideration of $0.1 million.

8. Income taxes

In determining quarterly provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date profit or loss, adjusted for discrete items arising in that quarter. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded provisions for income taxes of $0.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded $0.1 million and $10.7 million respectively, of income tax benefit due to the deferred tax liability assumed as part of a business acquisition.

9. Common stock

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had reserved sufficient shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.00001 per share, for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of

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shares of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the board of directors.

In February 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 5,227,272 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $55.00 per share, including the full exercise of underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 681,818 shares of common stock. The Company received total net proceeds from the offering of $269.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.

10. Stock-based compensation

The Company grants stock-based awards, consisting of stock options and restricted stock, to its employees, certain non-employee consultants and certain members of its board of directors. The Company measures stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock and stock options granted to its employees and directors on the date of grant and recognizes the corresponding compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company measures stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock and stock options granted to non-employee consultants on the date of grant and recognizes the corresponding compensation expense of those awards over the period in which the related services are received. The Company adjusts for actual forfeitures as they occur.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

On September 26, 2018, the board of directors adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) as a successor to the 2013 Stock Plan (the “2013 Plan”). Any shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2013 Plan that are canceled or repurchased subsequent to the 2018 Plan’s effective date are returned to the pool of shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan. Awards granted under the 2018 Plan may be non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, and performance units.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock consists of restricted stock unit awards (RSUs) which have been granted to employees and non-employee directors. The value of an RSU award is based on the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. Employee grants generally vest over four years and non-employee director grants generally vest over one year. Forfeitures of RSUs are recognized as they occur. The shares underlying the RSU awards are not issued until the RSUs vest. Upon vesting, each RSU converts into one share of the Company’s common stock.

Activity with respect to the Company’s restricted stock units during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:

(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Nonvested shares at September 30, 2022	1,566	$	67.66
Granted	923	26.29
Vested/Issued	(486)	56.44
Forfeited	(332)	74.93
Nonvested shares at June 30, 2023	1,671	$	46.41

As of June 30, 2023, there was $71.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to these awards that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years. The total grant date fair value of RSUs awarded during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was $24.3 million.

Performance Stock Units

Performance stock unit awards (“PSUs”) granted to certain employees will vest upon achievement of operational milestones related to the Wilsonville facility, and Company executives will vest upon achievement of revenue and gross profit metrics as determined by the board of directors, and to certain non-employee consultants will vest upon achievement of operational milestones. Stock compensation expense for PSUs is recorded over the vesting period based on the grant date fair value of the awards and probability of the achievement of specified performance targets. The grant date fair value is equal to the closing share price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. For Company executives and employees, PSUs generally vest over a one to three-year service period following the grant date, provided that the recipient is a Company employee at the time of vesting and the performance targets applicable to each award are achieved. For non-employees, PSUs generally vest over a one to three-year service period following the grant date, provided that the

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performance targets applicable to each award are achieved. The percentage of PSUs that vest will depend on the achievement of specified performance targets at the end of the performance period and can range from 0% to 150% of the number of units granted. Forfeitures of PSUs are recognized as they occur.

Activity under the PSUs during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 is summarized below:

(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Nonvested shares at September 30, 2022	529	$	79.60
Granted	480	28.14
Vested/Issued	(18)	51.08
Forfeited	(291)	76.53
Nonvested at June 30, 2023	700	$	46.32

As of June 30, 2023, the maximum unrecognized compensation costs related to these awards was $21.5 million, based on 150% achievement of the performance target. The Company expects to recognize those costs over a weighted average period of 1.4 years. The total grant date fair value of PSUs awarded during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was $13.5 million.

Options

Stock options are generally granted to employees and were granted to non-employee directors until fiscal year 2020. Stock options entitle the holder to purchase, at the end of the vesting term, a specified number of shares of Company common stock at an exercise price per share equal to the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant. Stock options have a contractual life from the date of the grant and a vesting schedule as established by the board of directors. The maximum term of stock options granted under the 2018 Plan is 10 years and the awards generally vest over a four-year period. Forfeitures of options are recognized as they occur. The fair value of each service based stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company historically had been a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information for its stock. Therefore, it estimated its expected stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies through the period ended June 30, 2023 and utilized the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. As determined under the simplified method, the expected term of stock options granted is calculated based on contractual and vesting terms of the option award, the risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award and the expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on common stock and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Options activity during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 is summarized below:

(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted average exercise price per share		Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at September 30, 2022	2,453	$	24.67	6.33	$	33,447
Forfeited	(117)	36.92		—	—
Exercised	(102)	11.82		—	889
Outstanding at June 30, 2023	2,234	$	24.61	5.51	$	7,165
Nonvested at June 30, 2023	184	38.87		6.57	96
Exercisable	2,050	$	23.33	5.41	$	7,069

As of June 30, 2023, the unrecognized compensation costs related to these awards was $4.5 million. The Company expects to recognize those costs over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.

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Performance-Based Stock Options

On September 1, 2020, the board of directors approved the implementation of a revised annual equity award program for executive officers, senior level employees and consultants to be granted as performance-based stock options ("PSOs") under the 2018 Plan. The number of PSOs ultimately earned in fiscal year 2022 by executive officers and senior level employees was calculated based on the achievement of a certain total revenue threshold during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The percentage of performance stock options that vest depends on the board of directors’ determination of total revenue at the end of the performance period and can range from 0% to 150% of the number of options granted. For fiscal year 2022, the achievement was determined to be 150%. The number of PSOs ultimately earned under the awards to a consultant is calculated based on the achievement of certain operational milestones. The maximum term of performance stock options granted under the 2018 Plan is 10 years for both employees and non-employees. The awards generally vest over a two-year period for executive officers and senior level employees. Awards to non-employees generally vest over a five-year period.

The provisions of the PSO are considered a performance condition, and the effects of that performance condition are not reflected in the grant date fair value of the awards. The Company used the Black-Scholes method to calculate the fair value at the grant date without regard to the vesting condition and will recognize compensation cost for the options that are expected to vest. Forfeitures of PSOs are recognized as they occur. The Company reassesses the probability of the performance condition at each reporting period and adjusts the compensation cost based on the probability assessment. As of June 30, 2023, the Company determined that 56,250 shares are expected to vest based on the probability of the performance condition that will be achieved under this equity award program.

Activity under the PSOs during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 is summarized below:

(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Weighted average exercise price per share		Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at September 30, 2022	312	$	61.35	8.33	$	296
Exercisable at September 30, 2022	19	$	31.29	9.57	$	74
Nonvested at September 30, 2022	293	63.27		8.25	222
Vested	(237)	$	70.84	—	$	—
Nonvested at June 30, 2023	56	$	31.29	8.82	$	—
Exercisable at June 30, 2023	256	67.95		7.31	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2023	312	$	61.35	7.58	$	—

As of June 30, 2023, the unrecognized compensation costs related to these awards was $0.5 million. The Company expects to recognize those costs over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows:

	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of revenues	$	1,286	$	1,228	$	3,898	$	3,347
Research and development	3,329		5,642		10,837		14,506
Selling, general and administrative	5,983		12,989		3,796		42,410
Total stock-based compensation	$	10,598	$	19,859	$	18,531	$	60,263

During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, stock-based compensation decreased primarily due to departing employee share forfeitures, change in the probability of achieving the performance conditions of equity awards and because a revenue target associated with the performance based awards was not met. An immaterial amount of stock-based compensation was capitalized to inventories attributable to employees who support the manufacturing of the Company's products for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023. The balance sheet as of June 30, 2023 includes $1.2 million of stock-based compensation primarily related to the implementation of the Company’s lab production software system and order management system, which was capitalized in property and equipment.    

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2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On September 26, 2018, the board of directors adopted the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2018 ESPP"). The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 ESPP upon approval was 275,225 shares of the Company’s common stock, and it increases automatically on the first day of each fiscal year, following the fiscal year in which the 2018 ESPP becomes effective, by a number equal to the least of 249,470 shares, 1% of the shares of common stock outstanding at that time, or such number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. The number of shares reserved for issuance at June 30, 2023 was as follows:

(In thousands)	Shares available
Reserved at September 30, 2022	507
Additional shares authorized	249
Shares issued during the period	(132)
Reserved at June 30, 2023	624

Subject to any plan limitations, the 2018 ESPP allows eligible service providers (through qualified and non-qualified offerings) to contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings for the purchase of the Company’s common stock at a discounted price per share. The offering periods begin in February and August of each year, except the initial offering period which commenced with the initial public offering in October 2018 and ended on August 20, 2019.

Unless otherwise determined by the board of directors, the Company’s common stock will be purchased for the accounts of employees participating in the 2018 ESPP at a price per share that is the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the last trading day of the offering period. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, activity under the 2018 ESPP was immaterial.

401(k) Savings Plan

During 2018, the Company adopted a 401(k) savings plan for the benefit of its employees. In January 2022, the Company modified its plan to include an employer matching contribution. The Company is required to make matching contributions to the 401(k) plan equal to 50% of the first 6% of wages deferred by each participating employee. The Company incurred expenses for employer matching contributions of $0.7 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Abveris Acquisition

On December 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of AbX Biologics, Inc., a privately-held company providing in vivo antibody discovery services (“Abveris”), and granted certain equity awards to new employees. These equity awards included up to 231,876 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock which were issuable based on achievement of the 2022 calendar revenue target, which had an aggregate grant date fair value of $20.1 million. In addition, all employees must remain employed through the payout date, and certain employees have an additional vesting period of up to two years from the acquisition date. The vesting upon achievement of the 2022 calendar revenue target is considered a performance condition, and the effects of that performance condition are not reflected in the grant date fair value of the awards. The Company used the stock price as of December 1, 2021 for the fair value of restricted shares.

At September 30, 2022, management determined that the performance condition relating to these awards was probable of being achieved, and cumulative stock-based compensation expense of $9.9 million was recognized during the year ended September 30, 2022. At December 31, 2022, management determined that the performance condition was not achieved, and therefore the cumulative stock-based compensation expense recognized to date was reversed, resulting in a reduction of stock compensation expense of $9.9 million in the three months ended December 31, 2022.

11. Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:

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	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(57,395)	$	(60,517)	$	(158,375)	$	(166,748)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted	57,041		56,287		56,753		53,005
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(1.01)	$	(1.08)	$	(2.79)	$	(3.15)

The potentially dilutive common shares that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been antidilutive for the periods is presented below. The potential dilutive common shares resulting from the performance share units include the maximum number of shares whose issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain performance conditions.

	Three and nine months ended
	June 30,
(in thousands)	2023	2022
Shares subject to options to purchase common stock	2,546	2,841
Unvested restricted stock units and performance stock units	2,371	1,831
Shares subject to employee stock purchase plan	78	66
Total	4,995	4,738

12. Geographic, product and industry information

The table below sets forth revenues by geographic region, based on ship-to destinations. Americas consists of the United States of America, Canada, Mexico and South America; EMEA consists of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; and APAC consists of Japan, China, South Korea, India, Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia.

	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Americas	$	39,016	$	35,797	$	107,586	$	87,636
EMEA	19,069		15,482		54,179		45,207
APAC	5,655		4,834		16,398		13,416
Total	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	178,163	$	146,259

The table below sets forth revenues by products.

	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Synthetic genes	$	19,302	$	17,400	$	53,488	$	45,088
Oligo pools	3,735		3,259		10,749		8,755
DNA libraries	2,880		1,422		7,542		4,650
Antibody discovery	4,580		6,242		19,785		17,643
NGS tools	33,243		27,790		86,599		70,123
Total	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	178,163	$	146,259

22

The table below sets forth revenues by industry.

	Three months ended June 30,				Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Industrial chemicals/materials	$	16,801	$	16,733	$	44,785	$	43,533
Academic research	12,421		9,501		33,556		26,873
Healthcare	33,988		29,437		97,764		74,408
Food/agricultural	530		442		2,058		1,445
Total	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	178,163	$	146,259

13. Business acquisition

On December 1, 2021, the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of Abveris. The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred for Abveris was $102.6 million, consisting of cash totaling $9.5 million, 759,601 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at $66.1 million based on the Company’s closing stock price on December 1, 2021, employee stock awards issued to certain Abveris employees valued at $6.4 million, contingent consideration of $8.5 million, holdbacks of $12.8 million, and an estimated net working capital adjustment of $0.7 million.

The contingent consideration was subject to the attainment of the calendar year 2022 revenue target. The contingent consideration was payable after December 31, 2022 in a combination of cash and up to 334,939 shares of the Company’s common stock. The acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration was based on forecasted revenue of Abveris relative to the 2022 revenue target as well as the Company’s stock price as of December 1, 2021.

The Company maintained an indemnity and adjustment holdback for the purposes of providing security against any adjustment to the amounts at closing. The indemnity holdback period extended for 18 months from the anniversary of the closing date. The indemnity holdback was settled by transferring 104,727 shares of the Company’s stock and an immaterial amount of cash. The fair value of the indemnity holdback was $12.5 million as of the acquisition date. The adjustment holdback represented up to 3,416 shares of the Company’s stock, options to purchase up to 408 shares of the Company’s common stock and an immaterial amount of cash. The holdback adjustment liability was $0.3 million as of the acquisition date. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the adjustment holdback liability was settled by transferring 538 shares.

As of the acquisition date, post-combination compensation expense excluded from the purchase price included employee stock awards issued to certain Abveris employees valued at $41.0 million. This included awards valued at $17.7 million which vest over a two-year service period following the acquisition date and awards valued at $3.2 million with no future vesting requirements, which were deemed accelerated by the Company at the acquisition date and expensed within the three months ended December 31, 2021. Finally, post-combination expense included awards initially valued at approximately $20.1 million which would vest based on achievement of the calendar year 2022 revenue target and continuing employment through the payout date, and for certain employees, additional continuing employment through the two year anniversary of the acquisition date. At the conclusion of the measurement period ended December 31, 2022, management determined that the revenue target associated with the performance based awards was not met, and therefore none of these awards vested.

The following table summarizes the final fair value amounts of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, as well as the purchase consideration:

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(in thousands)	December 1, 2021
Assets acquired
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,306
Accounts receivable	2,309
Other current assets and prepaid expenses	1,654
Property, plant and equipment	1,078
Other non-current assets	2,970
Intangible assets	46,500
Liabilities assumed
Current liabilities	3,549
Non-current liabilities	846
Deferred tax liability	10,545
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed	$	40,877
Goodwill	61,768
Total purchase price	$	102,645
Consideration transferred
Cash	$	9,467
Company common stock	72,514
Contingent consideration	8,500
Holdback liabilities	12,838
Net working capital adjustment	(674)
Fair value of purchase consideration	$	102,645

The following table summarizes the estimate of the intangible assets as of the acquisition date:

(in thousands except for years)	Estimated Weighted Average Useful Lives in Years	Estimated Fair Value
Developed technology	14	$	30,900
Customer relationships	10	14,700
Trade name	3	900
Estimated fair value of acquired intangible assets		$	46,500

The following table provides a reconciliation of contingent consideration and holdback balances from acquisition date to June 30, 2023:

(in thousands)	Contingent consideration		Holdbacks		Total
Balance at December 1, 2021 – acquisition date	$	8,500	$	12,164	$	20,664
Change in fair value during the period	(6,400)		(7,071)		(13,471)
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	2,100	$	5,093	$	7,193
Change in fair value during the period	(2,100)		(3,326)		(5,426)
Settlement during the period	—		(1,767)		(1,767)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—

The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability decreased as the revenue target for calendar year 2022 was not achieved. The estimated fair value of the holdback liability decreased as a result of the change in the Company’s stock price as of June 30, 2023. In June 2023, the indemnity holdback period ended, and the Company became obligated to issue

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104,727 shares of its common stock to satisfy the indemnity holdback. The shares of common stock, valued at $1.8 million, were issued by the Company during three months ended June 30, 2023 along with an immaterial cash payment for fractional shares.

For the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized a gain of $5.4 million relating to the change in fair value of acquisition consideration of Abveris in its condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Issuance of contingent consideration for iGenomX acquisition

In December 2022, the indemnity holdback period ended, and the Company became obligated to issue 171,551 shares of its common stock to satisfy the indemnity holdback. The shares of common stock, valued at $4.1 million, were subsequently issued by the Company during January 2023 along with an immaterial cash payment for fractional shares.

In December 2021, the Company determined that the transition milestones specified in the iGenomX acquisition agreement were completed, and the Company became obligated to issue 59,190 shares of its common stock to satisfy the contingent consideration. The shares of common stock, valued at $4.6 million, were subsequently issued by the Company during January 2022 along with an immaterial cash payment for fractional shares.

14. 2023 Restructuring Plan

On May 3, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring plan to reduce costs, build a leaner organization and increase operating efficiencies. The restructuring plan includes a reduction in force which affected approximately 270 employees worldwide, representing approximately 25% of the Company’s total workforce. The reduction in force is subject to local regulatory requirements. Furthermore, as part of the plan the Company removed the duplication of synthetic biology production across its South San Francisco and Wilsonville, Oregon facilities. The plan was implemented beginning in May 2023 and the Company expects it to be substantially completed by the end of fiscal year 2023.

The Company recognized cumulative pre-tax restructuring costs of approximately $12.7 million in the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, consisting of costs associated with employee severance and related benefits, asset impairments and other associated costs. The Company expects to incur additional employee severance and benefits expenses up to $0.4 million for costs to be recognized over the remaining service period of impacted employees, and additional other associated costs primarily related to third party costs up to $0.6 million.

All charges related to the restructuring plan have been recorded to Restructuring costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Restructuring costs are presented in the table below:

(in thousands)	Three and nine months ended June 30, 2023
Severance and related benefit costs	$	8,622
Asset impairments (1)	3,620
Other associated costs (2)	430
Total	$	12,672

(1) Related to write-off of lab equipment and leasehold improvements for decommissioned labs.

(2) Related primarily to costs associated with transferring assets between labs and professional service assistance related to the restructuring.

The following table shows the accrual activity and payments relating to cash-based restructuring costs:

(in thousands)	Severance and related benefit costs		Other associated costs		Total
Costs	$	8,622	$	430	$	9,052
Payments	(5,844)		(430)		(6,274)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	2,778	$	—	$	2,778

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At June 30, 2023, $2.8 million of severance and related benefit costs is included in Accrued compensation in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We expect that substantially all of the remaining accrued restructuring liabilities will be paid in cash by the end of fiscal year 2023.

* * * * *

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Item 2. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on November 28, 2022 and amended on June 5, 2023, or our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties including the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and our response thereto. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In preparing this MD&A, we presume that readers have access to and have read the MD&A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, pursuant to Instruction 2 to paragraph (b) of Item 303 of Regulation S-K.

Overview

We are an innovative synthetic biology and genomics company that has developed a scalable DNA synthesis platform to industrialize the engineering of biology. The core of our platform is a proprietary technology that pioneers a new method of manufacturing synthetic DNA by “writing” DNA on a silicon chip. We have miniaturized traditional chemical DNA synthesis reactions to write over one million short pieces of DNA on each silicon chip, approximately the size of a large mobile phone. We have combined this technology with proprietary software, scalable commercial infrastructure, and an e-commerce platform to create an integrated technology platform that enables us to achieve high levels of quality, precision, automation, and manufacturing throughput at a significantly lower cost than our competitors. We are leveraging our unique technology to manufacture a broad range of synthetic DNA-based products, including synthetic genes, tools for next-generation sample preparation, and antibody libraries for drug discovery and development.

Additionally, we believe our platform will enable new value-added opportunities, such as discovery partnerships for biologic drugs, and will enable new applications for synthetic DNA, such as digital data storage. We sell our synthetic DNA and synthetic DNA-based products to a customer base of approximately 3,300 customers across a broad range of industries.

We launched the first application of our platform, synthetic genes and oligo pools, in April 2016 to disrupt the gene synthesis market and make legacy DNA synthesis methods obsolete.

We have grown rapidly and generated revenues of $63.7 million and $56.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, while incurring net losses of $57.4 million and $60.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. To support our growth, we have resized our number of employees and increased investment in our manufacturing capabilities. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the success of our existing products and the development and commercialization of additional products in the synthetic biology, biologic drug and data storage industries, including the planned launch of our Fast Genes product in the fall of 2023 as well as leveraging our investment in our manufacturing facility near Portland, Oregon.

For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we served approximately 2,200 and 1,900 customers, respectively.

For the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared with the three months ended June 30, 2022, our revenue grew 14% to $63.7 million from $56.1 million, primarily due to order growth in NGS tools, synthetic genes and DNA libraries, with the number of genes shipped increasing from 163,000 to 171,000.

We have built a scalable commercial platform that enables us to reach a diverse customer base in a variety of industries including industrial chemicals/materials, academic research, healthcare, food, agriculture and data storage. To address this diverse customer base, we have employed a multi-channel strategy comprised of a direct sales force targeting synthetic DNA customers, international distributors, and an e-commerce platform. Launched in fiscal 2018, our e-commerce platform allows customers to design, validate and place on-demand orders of customized DNA online. This is a key component of our strategy to address and support our diverse and growing customer base, as well as support commercial productivity, enhance the customer experience, and promote loyalty.

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, our net revenues increased to $63.7 million from net revenues of $60.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our synthetic gene revenue of $19.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased from $18.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in our top customers and growth in the industrial chemical and academic research industries. Our revenues from NGS tools increased to $33.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, from $29.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023,

27

primarily due to an increase in revenue from our top customers across the healthcare, academic research and industrial chemical industries. Our research and development expenses decreased from $27.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $24.5 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to decreases in payroll expenses and lab supplies costs due to the 2023 restructuring plan. Our selling, general and administrative costs decreased from $54.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $46.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to decreases in the Factory of the Future pre-commercialization costs consisting of payroll expenses, lab supplies and facilities costs. In addition, our outside services costs also decreased quarter over quarter. In the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized restructuring costs of $12.7 million due to the 2023 restructuring plan.

Recent Developments

On May 3, 2023, the Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring plan to reduce costs, build a leaner organization and increase operating efficiencies. The restructuring plan includes a reduction in force affecting approximately 270 employees worldwide, representing approximately 25% of our total workforce. The reduction in force is subject to local regulatory requirements. Furthermore, as part of the plan we will remove the duplication of synthetic biology production across our South San Francisco and Wilsonville, Oregon facilities. The plan was implemented beginning in May 2023, and we expect it to be substantially completed by the end of fiscal year 2023.

We recognized cumulative pre-tax restructuring costs of approximately $12.7 million in the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023, consisting of costs associated with employee severance and related benefits, asset impairments and other associated costs. We expect to incur additional employee severance and benefits expenses up to $0.4 million for costs to be recognized over the remaining service period of impacted employees, and additional other associated costs primarily related to third party costs up to $0.6 million. In addition, we expect that we may incur additional charges related to facility consolidations that we currently are not able to estimate.

The restructuring plan charges are recognized as the costs are incurred over time in accordance with GAAP. See Note 14, “2023 Restructuring Plan”, for additional information. All charges related to the restructuring plan have been recorded to Restructuring costs.

Our estimates are subject to a number of assumptions, and actual results may materially differ. We may also incur additional costs not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or that are associated with, the restructuring plan. See “Risk Factors—Our initiatives to re-balance our cost structure and the associated workforce reduction publicly announced on May 5, 2023, may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.”

COVID-19 considerations

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, our overall financial results were not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the extent to which the COVID-19 outbreaks affect our future financial results and operations will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the recurrence, severity and/or duration of any future resurgences of COVID-19, and current or future domestic and international actions to contain and treat COVID-19.

We are and have been following public and private sector policies and initiatives to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. We have taken and continue to take a variety of measures to ensure the availability and functioning of our critical infrastructure, to promote the safety and security of our employees and to support the communities in which we operate. These measures include increasing our inventory, investing in personal protective equipment, and providing paid sick leave to affected employees.

Due to the evolving nature of the situation, we are not able at this time to estimate the effect of COVID-19 on our financial results and operations, but the effect could be material for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 and/or during any future period affected either directly or indirectly by COVID-19. For further discussion of the risks relating to COVID-19, see Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—We are subject to risks associated with COVID-19.”

Financial overview

The following table summarizes certain selected historical financial results:

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	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	178,163	$	146,259
Loss from operations	(60,781)		(61,163)		(167,047)		(177,905)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	(57,395)		(60,517)		(158,375)		(166,748)

Revenues

We generate revenue from sales of synthetic genes, oligo pools, NGS tools, DNA libraries and antibody discovery services. Our ability to increase our revenues will depend on our ability to further penetrate the domestic and international markets, generate sales through our direct sales force, distributors and over time from our e-commerce digital platform and launch of new products.

Revenues by geography

We have one reportable segment from the sale of synthetic DNA products. The following table shows our revenues by geography, based on our customers’ shipping addresses. Americas consists of United States of America, Canada, Mexico, and South America; EMEA consists of Europe, Middle East and Africa; and APAC consists of Japan, China, South Korea, India, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.

	Three months ended June 30,								Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		%		2022		%		2023		%		2022		%
Americas	$	39,016	61	%	$	35,797	64	%	$	107,586	61	%	$	87,636	60	%
EMEA	19,069		30	%	15,482		27	%	54,179		30	%	45,207		31	%
APAC	5,655		9	%	4,834		9	%	16,398		9	%	13,416		9	%
Total revenues	$	63,740	100	%	$	56,113	100	%	$	178,163	100	%	$	146,259	100	%

Revenues by product

The table below sets forth revenues by product:

	Three months ended June 30,								Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		%		2022		%		2023		%		2022		%
Synthetic genes	$	19,302	30	%	$	17,400	31	%	$	53,488	30	%	$	45,088	31	%
Oligo pools	3,735		6	%	3,259		6	%	10,749		6	%	8,755		6	%
DNA libraries	2,880		5	%	1,422		2	%	7,542		4	%	4,650		3	%
Antibody discovery	4,580		7	%	6,242		12	%	19,785		11	%	17,643		12	%
NGS tools	33,243		52	%	27,790		49	%	86,599		49	%	70,123		48	%
Total revenues	$	63,740	100	%	$	56,113	100	%	$	178,163	100	%	$	146,259	100	%

Revenues by industry

The table below sets forth revenues by industry:

29

	Three months ended June 30,								Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		%		2022		%		2023		%		2022		%
Industrial chemicals/materials	$	16,801	26	%	$	16,733	30	%	$	44,785	25	%	$	43,533	30	%
Academic research	12,421		19	%	9,501		17	%	33,556		19	%	26,873		18	%
Healthcare	33,988		54	%	29,437		52	%	97,764		55	%	74,408		51	%
Food/agriculture	530		1	%	442		1	%	2,058		1	%	1,445		1	%
Total revenues	$	63,740	100	%	$	56,113	100	%	$	178,163	100	%	$	146,259	100	%

Product shipments including synthetic genes

Shipments of all products and number of genes shipped in the three months ended June 30, 2023, March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022, March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and September 30, 2021 were as follows:

	Three months ended
	June 30,	March 31,	December 31,	September 30,	June 30,	March 31,	December 31,	September 30,
(in thousands)	2023	2023	2022	2022	2022	2022	2021	2021
Number of genes shipped	171	152	134	146	163	124	125	91
Number of shipments	17	15	14(1)	20	15	14	13	12

(1) Previously reported number of shipments have been updated to conform to the current period presentation.

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenues

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Revenues	$	63,740	$	56,113	$	7,627	14	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, revenues increased to $63.7 million from $56.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. The revenue increase is driven primarily by growth in NGS tools revenue of $5.5 million, synthetic genes revenue of $1.9 million and DNA libraries revenue of $1.5 million. Our NGS tools revenue grew mainly due to an increase in orders from large customers in the academic research and healthcare industries. Our Synthetic tools revenue grew mainly due to growth in the number of customers quarter over quarter in the healthcare and academic research industries as well as an improved product turnaround time. In the three months ended June 30, 2023, we shipped approximately 171,000 genes compared to approximately 163,000 genes in the three months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of 5%. Changes in our synthetic gene pricing, while favorable, had a minimal impact on our results of operations period-over-period.

Cost of revenues

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Cost of revenues	$	41,845	$	30,974	$	10,871	35	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, cost of revenues increased to $41.8 million from $31.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. Material costs increased by $4.8 million associated with revenue growth, and during the quarter, most of our gene production was transitioned from San Francisco to our Wilsonville, Oregon facility. Our payroll costs in San Francisco, including stock-based compensation, declined by $4.4 million, reflecting the reduction in staff due to the 2023 restructuring plan, and the payroll costs in Wilsonville facility increased by $6.6 million. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $3.8 million to $5.5 million due to the commercialization of our Wilsonville facility.

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Research and development

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Research and development	$	24,528	$	36,840	$	(12,312)	(33)	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, research and development expenses decreased to $24.5 million from $36.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, mainly due to the decrease in Revelar spending of $6.0 million, as Revelar was de-consolidated as of September 30, 2022. Excluding the impact of Revelar, the decreases were primarily due to reduction in payroll of $2.8 million due to the 2023 restructuring plan, stock-based compensation expense of $2.3 million, and lab supplies and equipment costs of $1.5 million. In the three months ended June 30, 2023, we had depreciation expense of $1.2 million, an increase of $0.2 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Selling, general and administrative

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Selling, general and administrative	$	46,057	$	53,693	$	(7,636)	(14)	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to $46.1 million from $53.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to a lower stock-based compensation expense of $6.8 million, due to employee stock forfeitures, an acquisition performance condition of equity awards not being met and changes in the probability of achieving certain performance conditions of equity awards. In addition, the Factory of the Future pre-commercialization costs decreased by $2.2 million to $1.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $3.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Restructuring costs

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Restructuring costs	$	12,672	$	—	$	12,672	100	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized restructuring costs of $12.7 million resulting from the 2023 restructuring plan.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration and holdbacks

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Change in fair value of contingent consideration and holdbacks	$	(581)	$	(4,231)	$	3,650	(86)	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized a change in fair value of holdbacks of $0.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively, related to the acquisition of Abveris, primarily as a result of the change in fair value of our stock price.

Interest, and other income (expense), net

31

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Interest income	$	3,968	$	722	$	3,246	450	%
Interest expense	(1)		—		(1)		100	%
Other expense	41		(225)		266		(118)	%
Total interest and other income (expense), net	$	4,008	$	497	$	3,511	706	%

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, interest income was $4.0 million compared to $0.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, resulting from higher interest rates on our short-term investments.

Income tax (provision) / benefit

	Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
(Provision for) / benefit from income taxes	$	(622)	$	149	$	(771)	(517)	%

We recorded an income tax provision of $0.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 due to a change in the estimated taxable income in our non-U.S. entities. In the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded an income tax benefit of $0.1 million mainly as a result of the Abveris acquisition.

Comparison of the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenues

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Revenues	$	178,163	$	146,259	$	31,904	22	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, revenues increased to $178.2 million from $146.3 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022. The revenue increase reflects growth in NGS tools revenue of $16.5 million, synthetic genes revenue of $8.4 million, DNA libraries revenue of $2.9 million, antibody discovery revenue of $2.1 million and oligo pools revenue of $2.0 million. The growth in NGS tools revenue is primarily attributable to an increase in revenue from our top customers and the adoption of our product by customers across all target industries. Our synthetic genes revenue grew mainly from our top customers and growth in the healthcare and academic research industries as well as an improved turnaround time. In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, we shipped approximately 457,000 genes compared to approximately 412,000 genes in the nine months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of 11%. Changes in our synthetic gene pricing, while favorable, had a minimal impact on our results of operations period-over-period.

Cost of revenues

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Cost of revenues	$	112,956	$	87,744	$	25,212	29	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, cost of revenues increased to $113.0 million from $87.7 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022. The cost of revenues mainly increased due to higher commercialization costs as we optimized our production activities across two manufacturing sites. Material costs increased by $10.3 million associated with revenue growth, payroll costs including stock-based compensation increased by $10.2 million and depreciation and amortization expense increased by $3.6 million as the majority of our genes were commercially shipped from our Wilsonville, Oregon facility. Further, we had increased costs of $4.9 million due to intangibles amortization and depreciation associated with

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additional capital investment, which was offset by a decrease in payroll costs of $3.9 million, mainly related to the impact of the 2023 restructuring plan on the South San Francisco facility.

Research and development

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Research and development	$	83,148	$	90,701	$	(7,553)	(8)	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, research and development expenses decreased to $83.1 million from $90.7 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022, mainly due to the decrease in Revelar spending of $13.1 million, as Revelar was de-consolidated as of September 30, 2022. Further, stock-based compensation decreased by $3.7 million mainly due to an acquisition performance condition of equity awards not being met and changes in the probability of achieving certain performance conditions of equity awards. These decreases were partially offset by increases in payroll costs of $4.6 million due to higher headcount, lab supplies and equipment costs of $2.2 million and IT services costs of $2.2 million. In the nine months ended June 30, 2023 we had depreciation expense of $3.3 million, an increase of $0.9 million compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2022.

Selling, general and administrative

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Selling, general and administrative	$	142,347	$	158,790	$	(16,443)	(10)	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to $142.3 million from $158.8 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to a lower stock-based compensation expense of $38.4 million, primarily as a result of employee stock forfeitures, an acquisition performance condition of equity awards not being met and changes in the probability of achieving certain performance conditions of equity awards. In addition, the Factory of the Future pre-commercialization costs increased by $11.9 million to $19.6 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $8.5 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022. This increase is primarily due to increases in lab supplies costs of $6.8 million and payroll costs of $3.9 million. Other selling, general and administrative increases, not related to changes in Factory of the Future pre-commercialization costs, included increases in payroll costs of $3.2 million, outside services costs of $3.5 million, facilities costs of $3.2 million and IT services costs of $3.0 million.

Restructuring costs

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Restructuring costs	$	12,672	$	—	$	12,672	100	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized restructuring costs of $12.7 million resulting from the 2023 restructuring plan.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration and holdbacks

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Change in fair value of contingent consideration and holdbacks	$	(5,913)	$	(13,071)	$	7,158	(55)	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized a change in the fair value of contingent consideration and holdbacks of $5.5 million and $0.4 million related to the acquisitions of Abveris and iGenomX, respectively, as a result of not achieving the Abveris revenue target for calendar year 2022 and a change in fair value of our stock price as of June 30, 2023.

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Interest, and other income (expense), net

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
Interest income	$	10,472	$	1,134	$	9,338	823	%
Interest expense	(4)		(54)		50		(93)	%
Other expense	(422)		(626)		204		33	%
Total interest and other income (expense), net	$	10,046	$	454	$	9,592	2,113	%

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, interest income was $10.5 million compared to $1.1 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022, resulting from higher interest rates on our short-term investments. The decrease in interest expense was related to a reduction in the amount of debt outstanding under our credit facility.

Income tax (provision) / benefit

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2023		2022		Change		%
(Provision for) / benefit from income taxes	$	(1,374)	$	10,703	$	(12,077)	(113)	%

We recorded an income tax provision of $1.4 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2023. In the nine months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded income tax benefit of $10.7 million mainly as a result of the acquisition of Abveris acquisition.

Liquidity and capital resources

Sources of liquidity

To date, we have financed our operations principally through public equity raises, private placements of our convertible preferred stock, borrowings from credit facilities and revenue from our commercial operations.

Since our inception on February 4, 2013 and through June 30, 2023, we have received an aggregate of $1,333.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance of equity securities and an aggregate of $13.8 million from debt. As of June 30, 2023, we had a balance of $307.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and $49.7 million in short-term investments.

Operating capital requirements

Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be for the near future, compensation and related expenses, manufacturing costs, lab and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses and general overhead costs and the capital expenditures for our facility expansion including at our Wilsonville, Oregon facility. We had $3.6 million in commitments for capital expenditures as of June 30, 2023.

Cash flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents:

	Nine months ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022
Net cash (used in) operating activities	$	(121,770)	$	(123,118)
Net cash provided by / (used in) investing activities	52,859		(235,713)
Net cash provided by financing activities	469		269,294

Operating activities

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Net cash used in operating activities was $121.8 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $158.4 million adjusted for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization expenses of $20.8 million, stock-based compensation expense of $18.5 million, non-cash lease expense of $1.0 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $5.9 million, and a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $1.5 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities was mainly due to increases in inventories of $2.9 million, other non-current assets of $1.1 million and accounts payable of $4.4 million offset by decreases in accounts receivable of $2.5 million, prepaid expenses of $1.9 million, accrued compensation of $0.3 million, accrued expenses of $1.3 million and other liabilities of $1.8 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $123.1 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $166.7 million adjusted for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization expenses of $11.6 million, deferred tax liability of $11.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $60.6 million, non-cash lease expense of $2.6 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $13.1 million, and a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $7.9 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities was mainly due to increases in accounts receivable of $10.3 million, inventories of $11.2 million and prepaid expenses of $2.7 million, offset by decreases in other non-current assets of $6.8 million, accrued compensation of $5.5 million, accrued expenses of $0.6 million and other liabilities of $3.0 million.

Investing activities

In the nine months ended June 30, 2023, our investing activities generated net cash of $52.9 million. The net cash was generated primarily from the net impact of purchases, sale and maturity of investments of $78.2 million and purchases of laboratory property, equipment and computers of $25.4 million.

In the nine months ended June 30, 2022, our investing activities used net cash of $235.7 million. The use of net cash resulted primarily from the net impact of purchases, sale and maturity of investments of $142.2 million, new businesses acquired of $8.2 million and purchases of laboratory property, equipment and computers of $85.4 million.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.5 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2023, which consisted of $2.5 million from proceeds from issuance of shares under the 2018 ESPP and $1.2 million from the exercise of stock options, offset by $3.3 million in repurchases of common stock for income tax withholdings.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $269.3 million in the nine months ended June 30, 2022, which consisted of $269.8 million in proceeds from a public offering of our common stock, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, $2.4 million from proceeds from issuance of shares under the 2018 ESPP and $4.8 million from the exercise of stock options, offset by $1.6 million in principal payments on long term debt and $6.1 million in repurchases of common stock for income tax withholdings.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual obligations and other commitments

Our contractual obligations have not materially changed from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical accounting policies and significant management estimates

The preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our significant accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various market-specific and other relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are assessed each period and updated to reflect current information, such as the economic considerations related to the impact that COVID-19 could have on our significant accounting estimates. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates. A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates is presented in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report

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on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended June 30, 2023.

Recent issued accounting pronouncements

For a description of accounting changes and recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies” in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk

Interest rate sensitivity

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $357.1 million and $505.0 million as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, which consisted primarily of money market funds and marketable securities, largely composed of investment grade, short to intermediate term fixed income securities.

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve capital to fund our operations. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant risk. To achieve our objectives, we maintain a portfolio of investments in a variety of securities of high credit quality and short-term duration, according to our board-approved investment policy. Our investments are subject to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest rates increase. A hypothetical 10% relative change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Foreign currency sensitivity

The majority of our transactions occur in U.S. dollars. However, we do have certain transactions that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro, Chinese Yuan, and British Pound, and we therefore are subject to foreign exchange risk. The fluctuation in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies affects the reported amounts of expenses, assets and liabilities primarily associated with a limited number of manufacturing activities.

We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative trading purposes, nor do we hedge foreign currency exchange rate exposure in a manner that entirely offsets the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The counterparties to these forward foreign currency exchange contracts are creditworthy multinational commercial banks, which minimizes the risk of counterparty nonperformance. We regularly review our exposure and may, as part of this review, make changes to it.

Inflation risk

While we have experienced increased operating costs in recent periods, which we believe are due in part to the recent growth in inflation, we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of June 30, 2023, which is the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, evaluated and reported, as applicable, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures were not effective as of June 30, 2023 due to the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described in Part II, Item 9A of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

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Notwithstanding the material weakness, the Company performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures to determine its condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, management believes that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Previously Identified Material Weaknesses

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Refer to the management report on internal control over financial reporting in Part II, Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the material weakness existing as of September 30, 2022, which continued to exist as of June 30, 2023.

Remediation Plan of Material Weaknesses

As previously described in Part II, Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are continuing to enhance our overall control environment and are devoting substantial effort by enhancing our manual or automated controls to remediate the identified material weakness. For a more comprehensive discussion of the remedial measures which are being undertaken to address these material weaknesses, or the Remediation Plan, refer to Part II, Item 9A, “Remediation of Material Weaknesses,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Additional changes and improvements may be identified and adopted as we continue to evaluate and implement our Remediation Plan. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that the enhanced control is operating effectively.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except for actions taken under the Remediation Plan described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. Other information

Item 1. Legal proceedings

For a description of material pending legal proceedings, see Note 6 “Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Matters” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, we are subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, management believes that the final disposition of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk factors

Risk Factor Summary

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider all information in the Annual Report on Form 10-K and in subsequent reports we file with SEC prior to investing in our common stock. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

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•We have incurred net losses in every period to date, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses as we develop our business and may never achieve profitability;

•We may require additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product manufacturing and development and other operations;

•If we are unable to maintain adequate revenue growth or do not successfully manage such growth, our business and growth prospects will be harmed;

•Our initiatives to re-balance our cost structure and the associated workforce reductions publicly announced on May 5, 2023 may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business;

•Rapidly changing technology and extensive competition in synthetic biology could make the products we are developing and producing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop and manufacture new and improved products and pursue new market opportunities;

•The continued success of our business relies heavily on our disruptive technologies and products and our position in the market as a leading provider of synthetic DNA using a silicon chip;

•If we are unable to expand our DNA synthesis manufacturing capacity, we could lose revenue and our business could be harmed;

•We depend on one single-source supplier for a critical component for our DNA synthesis process. The loss of this supplier or its failure to supply us with the necessary component on a timely basis, could cause delays in the future capacity of our DNA synthesis process and adversely affect our business;

•We depend on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel. If we lose members of our senior management team or other key personnel or are unable to successfully retain, recruit and train qualified researchers, engineering and other personnel, our ability to develop our products could be harmed, and we may be unable to achieve our goals;

•We may engage in strategic transactions, including acquisitions and divestitures that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders, reduce our financial resources, or prove not to be successful;

•Our products could in the future be subject to additional regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or other domestic and international regulatory agencies, which could increase our costs and delay our commercialization efforts, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business and results of operations;

•We are subject to risks associated with COVID-19;

•If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our business;

•Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology through patents and other means is uncertain; and

•If we are unable to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection, others may be able to make, use, or sell products and technologies substantially the same as ours, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market.

The following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding other statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following information should be read in conjunction with Part I, Item 2, “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risk and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risk factors actually occur, our business, operating results, financial condition, cash flows, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

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Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual financial condition and operating results to vary materially from past, or from anticipated future, financial condition and operating results. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and stock price.

Because of the following factors, as well as other factors affecting our financial condition and operating results, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

Risks related to our business

We have incurred net losses in every period to date, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses as we develop our business and may never achieve profitability.

We have incurred net losses each year since inception and have generated limited revenue from product sales to date. We expect to incur increasing costs as we grow our business. We cannot be certain if or when we will produce sufficient revenue from our operations to support our costs. Even if profitability is achieved, we may not be able to sustain profitability. We incurred net losses of $217.9 million, $152.1 million and $139.9 million for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $986.8 million. We expect to incur substantial losses and negative cash flow for the foreseeable future. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, many of which are beyond our control, including the other risks described in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, market acceptance of our products, business and economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 outbreaks, future product development, and our market penetration and margins. In addition, inflationary pressure could adversely impact our financial results by increasing operating costs. We may not fully offset these cost increases by raising prices for our products and services, which could result in downward pressure on our margins. Further, our clients may choose to reduce their business with us if we increase our pricing.

We may require additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product manufacturing and development and other operations.

Since our inception, substantially all of our resources have been dedicated to the development of our DNA synthesis platform and our sample preparation kit for NGS. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future as we continue to expand our production capabilities and enter additional markets we may choose to pursue, including new COVID-19 testing products, pharmaceutical biologics drug discovery and digital data storage in DNA. These expenditures are expected to include costs associated with research and development, increasing manufacturing capabilities, including operating costs of our new Wilsonville, Oregon facility, and increasing supply capabilities as well as marketing and sales capabilities of existing and new products. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and debt service payments through at least the next 12 months. However, our operating plan may change as a result of factors currently unknown to us, and as a result, we have sought and may in the future need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Such financing may result in dilution to stockholders, imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations, or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

•the number and characteristics of any additional products or manufacturing processes we develop or acquire to serve new or existing markets;

•the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing future products or improvements to existing products or manufacturing processes, including increasing our manufacturing capabilities;

•the cost of manufacturing our DNA synthesis equipment and tools, our NGS sample preparation kits, and any future products we successfully commercialize;

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•our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements;

•the costs of expanding our sales and marketing capabilities in the United States and in other geographies;

•any lawsuits related to our products or commenced against us or any regulatory actions or proceedings commenced;

•the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel;

•the costs associated with being a public company;

•the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation; and

•the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, any future approved products, if any.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to:

•delay, limit, reduce or terminate our manufacturing, research and development activities; or

•delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of marketing and sales capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to generate revenue and achieve profitability.

Our initiatives to re-balance our cost structure and the associated workforce reduction publicly announced on May 5, 2023, may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.

On May 3, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring plan which includes a reduction in force affecting approximately 270 employees worldwide. This plan was adopted as part of a restructuring intended to

reduce costs, build a leaner organization and increase operating efficiencies. We may incur additional costs not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or that are associated with, the restructuring plan. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits and savings from this reduction in force due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the announced reduction in force, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. In addition, we may need to undertake additional workforce reductions or restructuring activities in the future. Furthermore, our initiatives to re-balance our cost structure, including the reduction in force, may be disruptive to our operations. For example, our workforce reduction could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations and reduced employee morale. If employees who were not affected by the reductions in force seek alternative employment, this could result in us seeking contractor support at unplanned additional expense or harm our productivity. Our workforce reduction could also harm our ability to attract and retain qualified management, scientific, and manufacturing personnel who are critical to our business.

If we are unable to maintain adequate revenue growth or do not successfully manage such growth, our business and growth prospects will be harmed.

We have experienced significant revenue growth in a short period of time. We may not achieve similar growth rates in future periods. Investors should not rely on our operating results for any prior periods as an indication of our future operating performance. To effectively manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to maintain and enhance our manufacturing, sales, financial and customer support administration systems, processes and controls. Failure to effectively manage our anticipated growth could lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development, operational, and administrative infrastructure; result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems, or controls; give rise to operational mistakes, losses, loss of customers, productivity or business opportunities; and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees.

Our continued growth could require significant capital expenditures and might divert financial resources from other projects such as the development of new products and services. As additional products are commercialized, we may need to incorporate new equipment, implement new technology systems, or hire new personnel with different qualifications. Failure to manage this growth or transition could result in turnaround time delays, higher manufacturing costs, declining product quality, deteriorating customer service, and slower responses to competitive challenges. A failure in any one of these areas could make it difficult for us to meet market expectations for our products, and could damage our reputation and the prospects for our business.

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If our management is unable to effectively manage our anticipated growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenue could decline or grow more slowly than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy. In addition, the quality of our products may suffer, which could negatively affect our reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

Our quarterly and annual operating results and cash flows have fluctuated in the past and might continue to fluctuate, causing the value of our common stock to decline substantially.

Numerous factors, many of which are outside our control, may cause or contribute to significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results. These fluctuations may make financial planning and forecasting difficult. In addition, these fluctuations may result in unanticipated decreases in our available cash, which could negatively affect our business and prospects. In addition, one or more of such factors may cause our revenue or operating expenses in one period to be disproportionately higher or lower relative to the others. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis might not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as indicative of our future performance. Moreover, our stock price might be based on expectations of future performance that are unrealistic or that we might not meet and, if our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially.

Our operating results have varied in the past. As a result, our operating results could be unpredictable, particularly on a quarterly basis. In addition to other risk factors listed in this section, some of the important factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results are further described in “Risk factors—Risks relating to owning our stock.”

In addition, a significant portion of our operating expense is relatively fixed in nature, and planned expenditures are based in part on expectations regarding future revenue. Accordingly, unexpected revenue shortfalls might decrease our gross margins and could cause significant changes in our operating results from quarter to quarter. If this occurs, the trading price of our common stock could fall substantially.

If we are unable to attract new customers and retain and grow sales from our existing customers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers and retain and grow sales from our existing customers on a cost-effective basis. To do this, we aim to attract new and existing buyers of synthetic DNA and NGS tool kits, convert makers of synthetic DNA into buyers of synthetic DNA, monetize our antibody discovery platform by entering into partnerships and achieve widespread market acceptance by delivering both our current product offerings and new products and technologies at low cost, with high-quality, reliable turn around times and throughput, superior e-commerce services and effective technical support. We cannot guarantee that our efforts to provide these key requirements will be consistently acceptable to, and meet the performance expectations of, our customers and potential customers. If we are unable to successfully attract and retain customers, our business, financial position and results of operations would be negatively impacted.

If we, or our partners or suppliers, experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, information technology systems, or fail to implement new systems and software successfully, our business could be adversely affected. Cyberattacks and security vulnerabilities could lead to reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, or harm to our reputation or competitive position.

We rely on several centralized information technology systems throughout our company to provide products, keep financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. In addition, we currently generate a growing portion of our revenue through sales on our e-commerce platform. We manage our website and e-commerce platform internally and as a result any compromise of our security or misappropriation of proprietary information could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure Internet transmission of confidential information, such as credit and other proprietary information. We announced on February 12, 2020 that our information security management system received ISO 27001:2013 certification, an information security standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the world’s largest developer of voluntary international standards, and the International Electrotechnical Commission. Even though our information security management system received ISO 27001:2013 certification, our, and our partners’ or suppliers’, information technology systems have been and may still be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, cyberattacks such as phishing, social engineering, ransomware, denial-of-service and other malware attacks, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Our, or our partners’ or suppliers’ information technology systems also may experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with system integration, software upgrades or system

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migration work that takes place from time to time. If we were to experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, including negatively impacting our order fulfillment and order entry on our e-commerce platform, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business.

In addition, security breaches of our, or our partners’ or suppliers’, information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or to our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, including trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information. Cybersecurity incidents, including phishing attacks and attempts to misappropriate or compromise confidential or proprietary information or sabotage enterprise IT systems are becoming increasingly frequent. For example, as the result of a security breach of one of our vendor’s email system, we received fraudulent bank account information from the vendor. In addition, we were recently notified by customers of phishing incidents in which they received emails from parties pretending to be us. We have determined that our internal systems were not breached as a result of the unauthorized access to the vendor’s email system and the number of phishing incidents were not material. While we have not, to our knowledge, experienced any material system failure, accident, or security breach to date, because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage systems are constantly evolving and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we cannot be sure that our continued data protection efforts and investment in information technology will prevent significant breakdowns, data leakages, breaches in our systems or the systems of our third party contractors and collaborators, or other cyber incidents in the future that could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations, or financial condition. If such an event were to occur, it could materially disrupt our operations and programs, the development of our product candidates and production and shipment of our products. Any event that leads to unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of personal information, including personal information regarding our partners, suppliers or employees, could require us to comply with federal or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information and harm our reputation. We would also be exposed to a risk of litigation and potential liability, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the costs related to significant security breaches or disruptions could be material and exceed the limits of the cybersecurity insurance we maintain against such risks. As a result of any cyber incident, we could incur significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Threats involving the misuse of access our network, systems, and information by our current or former employees, contractors, vendors, or partners, whether intentional or unintentional, also pose a risk to the security of our network, systems, and information and data. For example, we are subject to the risk that employees may inadvertently share confidential information with unintended third parties, or that departing employees may take, or create their own information based on, our confidential information upon leaving the company. In addition, any such insiders may be the victims of social engineering attacks that enable third parties to access our network, systems, and information using an authorized person’s credentials. We and our network, systems, and information are also vulnerable to malicious acts by insiders, including leaking, modifying, or deleting confidential information, or performing other acts that could materially interfere with our operations and business. While we provide regular training to our employees regarding cybersecurity threats and best practices, we cannot ensure that such training or other efforts will prevent unauthorized access to or sabotage of our network, systems, and information.

In addition, due to political uncertainty and military actions associated with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we and our third-party providers are at heightened risk of theft or cyber attack of technology, data, and intellectual property through direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, including those affiliated with or controlled by nation-state actors. This includes attacks which could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our products and services. If any theft affects or attack our technology, data, or intellectual property, our efforts to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from our intellectual property, and we may be at heightened risk of losing our proprietary intellectual property rights around the world, including outside of such countries, to the extent such theft, attack or intrusion destroys the proprietary nature of our intellectual property. While we implement security measures designed to reduce these risks, there is no guarantee these measures will be adequate to safeguard all systems and networks. Any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security and availability of our systems and networks may result in accidental or unlawful destruction, damage, loss, unavailability, alteration, impairment, misuse, unauthorized disclosure of, or unauthorized access to our data, including personal or proprietary information.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

From time to time, we may release guidance in our quarterly earnings conference calls, quarterly earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, is based on projections prepared by our management. This guidance

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is not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) regarding projections or the SEC regarding forward-looking statements, and neither our independent registered public accounting firm nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections. Accordingly, no such person will express any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect to the projections.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. Our aim is to state possible outcomes as high and low ranges to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to imply that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. The principal reason that we release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third parties.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results may vary from our guidance and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon our guidance in making an investment decision regarding our common stock.

Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in the “Risk factors” section in this report could result in the actual operating results being different from our guidance, and the differences may be adverse and material.

Rapidly changing technology and extensive competition in synthetic biology could make the products we are developing and producing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop and manufacture new and improved products and pursue new market opportunities.

The synthetic biology industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry demands and standards. Our future success will depend on our ability to continually improve the products we are developing and producing, to develop and introduce new products that address the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances. These new market opportunities may be outside the scope of our proven expertise or in areas which have unproven market demand, and the utility and value of new products and services developed by us may not be accepted in the markets served by the new products. Our inability to gain market acceptance of existing products in new markets or market acceptance of new products could harm our future operating results. Our future success also depends on our ability to manufacture these new and improved products to meet customer demand in a timely and cost-effective manner, including our ability to resolve manufacturing issues that may arise as we commence production of any new products we develop. Unanticipated difficulties or delays in replacing existing products with new products we introduce or in manufacturing improved or new products in sufficient quantities to meet customer demand could diminish future demand for our products and harm our future operating results.

In addition, there is extensive competition in the synthetic biology industry, and our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. Technological development by others may result in our technologies, as well as products developed using our technologies, becoming obsolete. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to develop proprietary technologies and products that are technologically superior to and/or are less expensive than our competitors’ technologies and products. Our competitors may be able to develop competing and/or superior technologies and processes and compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time.

The continued success of our business relies heavily on our disruptive technologies and products and our position in the market as a leading provider or synthetic DNA using a silicon chip.

Our future profitability will depend on our ability to successfully execute and maintain a sustainable business model and generate continuous streams of revenue. Our business model is premised on the fact that we are the only DNA synthesis provider to synthesize DNA on a silicon chip on a large commercial level and the competitive advantages this creates. Our DNA synthesis methods, among other things, reduce the amount of raw materials required, speed up the synthesis process and deliver large volumes of high-quality synthetic DNA at low unit cost. However, if other competitors develop and commercialize a manufacturing process using a silicon chip or other similar technologies providing for the development of competitive synthetic DNA products at scale, this could be disruptive to our business model and could adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to convert sufficient number of current manufacturers of synthetic DNA to buyers of our synthetic DNA, surpass our competitors regarding certain industry-related data points, and effectively implement our e-commerce platform which facilitates efficient order entry and

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fulfillment for our customers, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to expand into adjacent addressable markets, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our future revenue growth and market potential may depend on our ability to leverage our DNA synthesis platform together with our custom libraries and other proprietary tools, such as our antibody discovery and optimization platform, in adjacent businesses such as pharmaceutical biologics drug discovery and digital data storage in DNA. There can be no assurance that we can continue to utilize our antibody libraries to accelerate the lead identification and lead optimization steps of antibody discovery or to discover more effective antibody drugs. In addition, our technology may not develop in a way that allows data storage in DNA to become cost competitive with traditional data storage media or in a way that otherwise enables us to address the markets opportunities that we believe exist. If we are unable to expand into adjacent addressable markets, our business, financial position and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

A significant portion of our sales depends on customers’ budgets that may be subject to significant and unexpected variation, including seasonality.

Our customers’ spending on research and development impacts our sales and profitability. Our customers and potential customers include chemicals/materials, diagnostics, therapeutics, food/agriculture, and their budgets can have a significant effect on the demand for our products. Their research and development budgets are based on a wide variety of factors, including factors beyond our control, such as:

•the allocation of available resources to make purchases;

•funding from government sources;

•funding from research grants;

•changes in government programs that provide funding to research institutions and companies;

•the spending priorities among various types of research equipment;

•policies regarding capital expenditures during recessionary periods;

•political climate or macroeconomic conditions, including economic downturns or market uncertainty or reduced spending in response to emergency situations, such as the outbreak of COVID-19;

•inability to raise sufficient funds in the capital markets;

•changes in the regulatory environment;

•healthcare legislative reform measures, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022;

•differences in budgetary cycles;

•inflationary pressures; and

•market acceptance of relatively new technologies, such as ours.

Any decrease in spending or change in spending priorities of our customers and potential customers could significantly reduce the demand for our products. As we expand into new geographic markets, our revenue may be impacted by seasonal trends in the different regions, the seasonality of customer budgets in those regions and the mix of domestic versus international sales. In addition, access to capital markets is critical to many of our customers’ ability to fund their operations, including purchase our products and services. Traditionally, biotechnology and life sciences companies have funded their research and development expenditures by raising capital in the equity markets. Declines and uncertainties in these markets have severely restricted raising new capital and have affected companies’ ability to fund existing research and development efforts which may lead them to delay project starts, reduce or cancel orders and or cancel projects. In the past, we experienced some cancellations of customer orders that we believe were due to the customers’ funding concerns. Moreover, we have no control over the timing and volume of purchases by these customers and potential customers, and as a result, revenue from these sources may vary significantly due to factors that can be difficult to forecast. Any delay or reduction in purchases by customers and potential customers or our inability to forecast fluctuations in demand could harm our future operating results.

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We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers requiring them to purchase any specified quantities from us.

We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers requiring them to purchase any specified quantities from us and without such contracts our customers are not obligated to order or reorder our products. As a result, we cannot accurately predict our customers’ decisions to reduce or cease purchasing our products. Additionally, even where we enter into contracts with our customers, there is no guarantee that such agreements will be negotiated on terms that are commercially favorable to us in the long-term. Therefore, if many of our customers were to substantially reduce their transaction volume or cease ordering products from us, this could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

We may be unable to successfully recruit and maintain adequate sales, marketing and other support personnel in order to increase our market share and expand our customer base.

Our ability to achieve profitability depends on our being able to increase our market share and expand our customer base. Although members of our sales and marketing teams have considerable industry experience and have engaged in marketing activities for our products, in the future we must expand our sales, marketing, distribution and customer support capabilities with the appropriate technical expertise to effectively market our products. Furthermore, it takes six to nine months to recruit, onboard and ramp sales personnel to full capability. To perform sales, marketing, distribution and customer support successfully, we will face a number of risks, including that:

•we may not be able to attract, retain and manage the sales, marketing and service workforce necessary to publicize and gain broader market acceptance of our technology;

•the time and cost of establishing a specialized sales, marketing and service force for a particular product or service, which may be difficult to justify in light of the revenue generated;

•our field sales personnel may not be able to access our customers’ premises which could delay the adoption and ordering of our products; and

•our sales, marketing and service force may be unable to initiate and execute successful commercialization activities with respect to new products or markets we may seek to enter.

If our sales and marketing efforts, or those of any third-party sales and distribution partners, are not successful, our new technologies and products may not gain market acceptance, which could materially impact our business operations.

The United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) referendum to exit from the European Union (“E.U.”) will continue to have uncertain effects and could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of a referendum in June 2016, the U.K. withdrew from the E.U. (“Brexit”) on January 31, 2020. It began a transition period in which to negotiate a new trading relationship for goods and services that ended on December 31, 2020. During the time since the June 2016 referendum, there have been periods of significant volatility in the global stock markets and currency exchange rates, as well as challenging market conditions in the U.K. On December 24, 2020, the U.K. and E.U. announced they had entered into a post-Brexit deal on certain aspects of trade and other strategic and political issues. We are continuing to evaluate our own risks and uncertainty related to ascertain what financial, trade, regulatory and legal implications this new Brexit trade deal could have on our U.K. and European business operations. This uncertainty also includes the impact on our customers’ business operations and capital planning as well as the overall impact on the biotechnology industry in the U.K. While we have not experienced any direct material financial impact since the 2016 referendum, we cannot predict its future implications, and Brexit and its related effects could result in a negative impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

If we are unable to expand our DNA synthesis manufacturing capacity, we could lose revenue and our business could be harmed.

In order to expand our manufacturing capacity of new and existing products, we need to either build additional internal manufacturing capacity, contract with one or more partners, or both. We have built a new production facility in Wilsonville, Oregon but we cannot guarantee that such a facility will allow us to effectively increase our manufacturing capacity which could impact our revenue growth. Our technology and the production process for our DNA synthesis equipment and tools are complex, involving specialized parts, and we may encounter unexpected difficulties in the manufacture, improvement or increasing the capacity of our DNA synthesis equipment and tools, and addressing these difficulties may cause us to divert our time and resources from our other product offerings. There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to increase manufacturing capacity internally or that we will find one or more suitable partners to help us towards this objective, in order to meet the volume and quality requirements necessary for success in our existing

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and potential markets. Manufacturing and product quality issues may arise as we continue to increase the scale of our production. If our DNA synthesis equipment and tools do not consistently produce DNA products that meet our customers’ performance expectations, our reputation may be harmed, and we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. Any delay or inability in expanding our manufacturing capacity could diminish our ability to develop or sell our products, which could result in lost revenue and materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are substantially dependent on the success of our synthetic DNA products.

To date, we have invested a substantial portion of our efforts and financial resources towards the research and development and commercialization of our synthetic DNA products. The DNA synthesis business is very capital intensive, particularly for early-stage companies that do not have significant off-setting revenues and which are making significant investments in the commercialization and marketing of their products.

Substantially all of our revenue generated to date is from our synthetic DNA products. Our financial results are dependent on strengthening our core business while diversifying into other developing sectors such as pharmaceutical biologics drug discovery, creating useful DNA libraries and data storage.

Our near-term prospects, including our ability to finance our research and development activities and initiatives and enter into strategic collaborations, will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of our synthetic DNA products. These initiatives will be substantially dependent on our ability to generate revenue from our synthetic DNA products and obtain other funding necessary to support these initiatives. Our inability to continue these initiatives and initiate new research and development efforts could result in a failure to develop new products, improve upon existing products such that sectors such as pharmaceutical biologics drug discovery, DNA library creation and data storage may never be fully developed, and expand our addressable market, which could have a material and adverse impact on our sales, business, financial position and results of operations.

We depend on one single-source supplier for a critical component for our DNA synthesis process. The loss of this supplier or its failure to supply us with the necessary component on a timely basis, could cause delays in the future capacity of our DNA synthesis process and adversely affect our business.

We depend on one single-source supplier for a critical component for our DNA synthesis process. We do not currently have the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture this component. Although we have a reserve of supplies and although alternative suppliers exist for this critical component of our synthesis process, our existing DNA synthesis manufacturing process has been designed based on the functions, limitations, features and specifications of the components that we currently utilize. We have a supply agreement in place with this component supplier. However, there can be no assurance that our supply of this component will not be limited, interrupted, or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. Additionally, we do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition or manufacture of materials by our supplier and cannot ensure that it will deliver to us the component we order on time, or at all.

The loss of this component provided by this supplier could require us to change the design of our manufacturing process based on the functions, limitations, features and specifications of the replacement components.

In addition, the lead time needed to establish a relationship with a new supplier can be lengthy, and we may experience delays in meeting demand in the event we must switch to a new supplier. The time and effort to qualify a new supplier could result in additional costs, diversion of resources or reduced manufacturing yields, any of which would negatively impact our operating results. Further, we may be unable to enter into agreements with a new supplier on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Our dependence on this single-source supplier exposes us to certain risks, including the following:

•our supplier may cease or reduce production or deliveries, raise prices or renegotiate terms;

•we may be unable to locate a suitable replacement on acceptable terms or on a timely basis, if at all;

•if there is a disruption to our single-source supplier’s operations, and if we are unable to enter into arrangements with alternative suppliers, we will have no other means of completing our synthesis process until they restore the affected facilities or we or they procure alternative manufacturing facilities or sources of supply;

•delays caused by supply issues may harm our reputation, frustrate our customers and cause them to turn to our competitors for future projects; and

•our ability to progress our DNA synthesis products could be materially and adversely impacted if the single-source supplier upon which we rely were to experience a significant business challenge, disruption or failure due

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to issues such as financial difficulties or bankruptcy, issues relating to other customers such as regulatory or quality compliance issues, or other financial, legal, regulatory, operational or reputational issues.

Moreover, to meet anticipated market demand, our single-source supplier may need to increase manufacturing capacity, which could involve significant challenges. This may require us and our supplier to invest substantial additional funds and hire and retain the technical personnel who have the necessary experience. Neither we nor our supplier may successfully complete any required increase to existing manufacturing capacity in a timely manner, or at all.

We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of raw materials. Any shortage of raw materials or materials necessary for our production capabilities may adversely affect our business.

Although historically we have not experienced price increases due to unexpected shortages in raw materials or other materials and other unanticipated events, there is no assurance that our supply of raw materials or other materials will not be significantly adversely affected in the future, which may in turn adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.

In addition, as we grow, our existing suppliers may not be able to meet our increasing demand, and we may need to find additional suppliers. There is no assurance that we will always be able to secure suppliers who provide raw materials at the specification, quantity and quality levels that we demand (or at all) or be able to negotiate acceptable fees and terms of services with any such suppliers. Identifying a suitable supplier is an involved process that requires us to become satisfied with their quality control, responsiveness and service, financial stability and labor and other ethical practices. Even if we are able to expand existing sources, we may encounter delays in production and added costs as a result of the time it takes to train suppliers in our methods, products and quality control standards.

We typically do not enter into agreements with our suppliers but secure our raw materials and component parts we use in our equipment on a purchase order basis. Our suppliers may reduce or cease their supply of raw materials, component parts and outsourced services and products to us at any time in the future. If the supply of raw materials, component parts and the outsourced services and products is interrupted due to shortages or other reasons, our production processes may be delayed. If any such event occurs, our operation and financial position may be adversely affected.

A deterioration of our relationship with any of our suppliers, or problems experienced by these suppliers, could lead to shortages in our production capacity for some or all of our products. In such case, we may not be able to fulfill the demand of existing customers or supply new customers. In addition, shortages of raw materials or component parts or an increase in the cost of the raw materials or component parts we use could result in decreased revenue or could impair our ability to maintain or expand our business.

While we have experienced increased operating costs in recent periods, which we believe are due in part to the recent growth in inflation, we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In the event of significant price increases for raw materials, we may have to pass the increased raw materials costs to our customers. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise the prices of our products sufficiently to cover increased costs resulting from increases in the cost of our raw materials or overcome the interruption of a sufficient supply of qualified raw materials for our products. As a result, a price increase for our raw materials may negatively impact our business, financial position and results of operations.

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, and these difficulties could impair our profitability.

Currently, we are working simultaneously on multiple projects, expanding our capacity as well as targeting several market sectors, including activities in the chemicals/materials, diagnostics, therapeutics, food and data storage sectors. In addition, we work to renew our ISO certifications from time to time. These diversified operations and activities place significant demands on our limited resources and require us to substantially expand the capabilities of our technical, administrative and operational resources.

If we are unable to manage this growth and the periodic ISO recertification of our manufacturing facilities effectively, our shipments to our customers could be impacted, our time and resources could be diverted from other products and offerings and our business and operating results could suffer. In addition, if we fail to timely deliver products or meet quantity requirements under our contracts with customers, we may offer discounts to them, and customers' minimum purchase requirements, if applicable, may be reduced. Our ability to manage our operations and costs, including research and development, costs of components, manufacturing, sales and marketing, requires us to continue to enhance our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and to attract and retain sufficient numbers of talented employees. Failure to attract and retain sufficient numbers of talented employees will further strain our human resources and could impede our growth.

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Our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace may suffer upon the loss of a limited number of large customers.

We have derived, and believe we may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of large customers. Our customers may buy less of our products depending on their own technological developments, end-user demand for our products and internal budget cycles. In addition, existing customers may choose to produce some or all of their synthetic DNA requirements internally by using or developing manufacturing capabilities organically or by using capabilities from acquisitions of assets or entities from third parties with such capabilities. The loss of any significant customer or a significant reduction in the amount of product ordered by Ginkgo or any other significant customer would adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace.

We depend on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel. If we lose members of our senior management team or other key personnel or are unable to successfully retain, recruit and train qualified researchers, engineering and other personnel, our ability to develop our products could be harmed, and we may be unable to achieve our goals.

Our future success depends upon the continuing services of members of our senior management team and scientific and engineering personnel. We are highly dependent on Dr. Emily Leproust, our Chief Executive Officer, who is employed “at will,” meaning we or she may terminate the employment relationship at any time. In particular, our researchers and engineers are critical to our future technological and product innovations, and we will need to hire additional qualified personnel. We may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, to the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or that they have divulged proprietary or other confidential information, or that their former employers own their research output. Our industry, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, and the turnover rate can be high. We compete for qualified management and scientific personnel with other life science companies, academic institutions and research institutions, particularly those focusing on genomics.

Many of these employees could leave our company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and other senior management may be required to divert attention from other aspects of the business. In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering members of our management team or other key personnel except Dr. Leproust. While we conduct succession planning to identify the person(s) for key positions who possess the skills and capabilities to take on the responsibilities filled by our leaders, we cannot assure you that these strategies will successfully mitigate the loss of any key personnel. The loss of any of these individuals or our inability to attract or retain qualified personnel, including researchers, engineers and others, could prevent us from pursuing collaborations and adversely affect our product development and introductions, business growth prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

We may engage in strategic transactions, including acquisitions, collaborations, or investments in other companies or technologies, that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders, reduce our financial resources, or prove not to be successful.

We may enter into transactions to acquire other businesses, products or technologies and our ability to do so successfully cannot be ensured. While historically we have not completed many acquisitions, we closed a business acquisition in the first quarter of 2022 and we are continuing to pursue opportunities in the life sciences industry that complement and expand our synthetic DNA product and our other products in both local and international markets. If we identify suitable opportunities, we may not be able to make such acquisitions on favorable terms or at all. Any acquisitions we make may not strengthen our competitive position, and these transactions may be viewed negatively by customers or investors. We may decide to incur debt in connection with an acquisition or issue our common stock or other equity securities to the stockholders of the acquired company, as we did for the business acquisitions, which would reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders. We could incur losses resulting from undiscovered liabilities of the acquired business that are not covered by any indemnification we may obtain from the seller. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, technologies and operations into our existing business in an effective, timely and non-disruptive manner. Acquisitions may also divert management attention from day-to-day responsibilities, increase our expenses and reduce our cash available for operations and other uses. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to fully recover the costs of such acquisitions or that we will be successful in leveraging any such strategic transactions into increased business, revenue or profitability. We also cannot predict the number, timing or size of any future acquisitions or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

From time to time, we may consider other strategic transactions, including collaborations or investments in other companies. The competition for collaborators is intense, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Any new collaboration may be on terms that are not optimal for us, and we may not be able to maintain any new collaboration.

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Any such collaboration may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures and pose significant integration or implementation challenges or disrupt our management or business. These transactions would entail numerous operational and financial risks, including exposure to unknown liabilities, disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention to manage a collaboration, incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay transaction consideration or costs, higher than expected collaboration, acquisition or integration costs, write-downs of assets or goodwill or impairment charges, increased amortization expenses, difficulty and cost in facilitating the collaboration or combining the operations and personnel of any acquired business, impairment of relationships with key suppliers, manufacturers or customers of any acquired business due to changes in management and ownership and the inability to retain key employees of any acquired business. Antitrust or other competition laws may also limit our ability to acquire or work collaboratively with certain businesses or to fully realize the benefits of strategic transactions to acquire or collaborate with other businesses. Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any collaborations, any transactions that we do complete may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Conversely, any failure to enter into any collaboration or other strategic transaction that would be beneficial to us could delay the development and potential commercialization of our products and technologies.

As we expand our development and commercialization activities outside of the United States, we will be subject to an increased risk of inadvertently conducting activities in a manner that violates the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws. If that occurs, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which prohibits corporations and individuals from paying, offering to pay, or authorizing the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party, or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. We are also subject to the UK Anti-Bribery Act, which prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery across both public and private sectors. We require that our employees review our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Anti-Money Laundering Policy and our Anti-Corruption Policy on an annual basis.

In the course of establishing and expanding our commercial operations and complying with non-U.S. regulatory requirements, we will need to establish and expand business relationships with various third parties and we will interact more frequently with foreign officials, including regulatory authorities. Expanded programs to maintain compliance with such laws will be costly and may not be effective. Any interactions with any such parties or individuals where compensation is provided that are found to be in violation of such laws could result in substantial fines and penalties and could materially harm our business. Furthermore, any finding of a violation under one country’s laws may increase the likelihood that we will be prosecuted and be found to have violated another country’s laws. We require that our employees annually certify that they understand and will comply with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy, our Anti-Money Laundering Policy, our Anti-Corruption Policy as well as the UK Modern Slavery Act of 2015. Even so, if our business practices outside the United States are found to be in violation of the FCPA, UK Anti-Bribery Act, antitrust or other similar laws, we may be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could engage in exporting or related activity that contravenes international trade restraints, or regulatory authorities could promulgate more far-reaching international trade restraints, which could give rise to one or more of substantial legal liability, impediments to our business and reputational damage.

Our international business activities must comport with U.S. export controls and other international trade restraints, including the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations and economic sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls.

We have established an international trade compliance program that encompasses best practices for preventing, detecting and addressing noncompliance with international trade restraints. Furthermore, to date our exports have not been licensable under export controls; however, we could fail to observe the compliance program requirements in a manner that leaves us in noncompliance with export controls or other international trade restraints. In addition, authorities could promulgate international trade restraints that impinge on our ability to pursue our business as planned. One or more of resulting legal penalties, restraints on our business or reputational damage could have material adverse effects on our business and financial condition.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business and operating results will likely be harmed.

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We face competition from a broad range of providers of core synthetic biology products such as GenScript Biotech Corporation, DNA Script, Inc., GENEWIZ (owned by Azenta), Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (owned by Danaher Corporation), DNA 2.0 Inc. d/b/a/ ATUM, GeneArt (owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), Eurofins Genomics LLC, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (owned by Charles River Laboratories, Inc.) (an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Company), Promega Corporation, OriGene Technologies, Inc., Blue Heron Biotech, LLC and others. Additionally, we compete with both large and emerging providers in the life sciences tools and diagnostics industries focused on sample preparation for NGS such as Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Illumina, Inc., Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. and Agilent. In the antibody discovery market, we compete with clinical research organizations, such as Curia, GenScript, and Genovac (formerly part of Aldevron, LLC), and antibody discovery biotechnology companies, such as Fair Journey/Iontas, Adimab, Zymeworks, Distributed Bio (owned by Charles River), Ablexis, Specifica, OmniAb and AbCellera Biologics Inc. In the emerging field of DNA digital data storage, we compete with Catalog Technologies, Inc., Helixworks, Iridia, Inc., Roswell, Seagate, Microsoft, Genscript, Molecular Assemblies, Ansa Biotechnologies, various academic institutions, and other emerging competitors. We may not be successful in maintaining our competitive position for a number of reasons. Some of our current competitors, as well as many of our potential competitors, have significant name recognition, substantial intellectual property portfolios, longer operating histories, greater resources to invest in new technologies, substantial experience in new product development and manufacturing capabilities and more established distribution channels to deliver products to customers than we do. These competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. Our competitors may develop disruptive technologies or products that are comparable or superior to our technologies and products. In light of these advantages, even though we believe our technology is superior to the products offerings of our competitors, current or potential customers might accept competitive products in lieu of purchasing our products. Increased competition is likely to result in continued pricing pressures, which could harm our sales, profitability or market share. Our failure to continue competing effectively or winning additional business with our existing customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may be subject to significant pricing pressures and if we are unable to pass on any cost increase to our customers, our business, financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Over time, increasing customer demand for lower prices could force us to discount our products and result in lower margins. The impact may be further exacerbated if we are unable to successfully control production costs. In addition, if due to rising market prices as a result of inflation or otherwise, our suppliers increase prices or reduce discounts on their supplies, we may be unable to pass on any cost increase to our customers, thereby resulting in reduced margins and profits. Furthermore, changes in our product mix may negatively affect our gross margins. Overall, these pricing pressures may adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.

Ethical, legal and social concerns surrounding the use of genetic information could reduce demand for our technology.

Our products may be used to create DNA sequences of humans, agricultural crops and other living organisms. Our products could be used in a variety of applications, which may have underlying ethical, legal and social concerns. Governmental authorities could, for safety, social or other purposes, impose limits on or implement regulation of the use of gene synthesis. Such concerns or governmental restrictions could limit the use of our DNA synthesis products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, public perception about the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, genetically engineered products and processes could influence public acceptance of our technologies, products and processes. These concerns could result in increased expenses, regulatory scrutiny, delays or other impediments to our programs.

We use biological and hazardous materials that require considerable expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.

We work with materials, including chemicals, biological agents, and compounds and DNA samples that could be hazardous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations also produce hazardous and biological waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may restrict our operations. If we do not comply with applicable regulations, we may be subject to fines and penalties.

In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development programs and business operations, as well as environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. While our property insurance policy provides limited coverage in the event of contamination from hazardous and biological products and the

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resulting cleanup costs, we do not currently have any additional insurance coverage for legal liability for claims arising from the handling, storage or disposal of hazardous materials. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources and our operations could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected.

We could develop DNA sequences or engage in other activity that contravenes biosecurity requirements, or regulatory authorities could promulgate more far-reaching biosecurity requirements that our standard business practices cannot accommodate, which could give rise to substantial legal liability, impede our business and damage our reputation.

The Federal Select Agent Program, or the FSAP, involves rules administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Toxins and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service that regulate possession, use and transfer of biological select agents and toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public, animal or plant health or to animal or plant products.

We have established a comprehensive biosecurity program under which we follow biosafety and biosecurity best practices and avoid DNA synthesis activities that implicate FSAP rules; however, we could inadvertently err in our observance of compliance program requirements in a manner that leaves us in noncompliance with FSAP or other biosecurity rules. In addition, authorities could promulgate new biosecurity requirements that restrictions our operations. One or more resulting legal penalties, restraints on our business or reputational damage could have material adverse effects on our business and financial condition.

Third parties may use our products in ways that could damage our reputation.

After our customers have received our products, we do not have any control over their use and our customers may use them in ways that are harmful to our reputation as a supplier of synthetic DNA products. In addition, while we have established a biosecurity program designed to comply with biosafety and biosecurity requirements and perform export control screening in an effort to ensure that third parties do not obtain our products for malevolent purposes, we cannot guarantee that these preventative measures will eliminate or reduce the risk of the domestic and global opportunities for the misuse of our products. Accordingly, in the event of such misuse, our reputation, future revenue and operating results may suffer.

Any damage to our reputation or brand may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that developing and maintaining our brand is important to our success and that our financial success is influenced by the perception of our brand by our customers. Furthermore, the importance of our brand recognition may become even greater to the extent that competitors offer more products similar to ours. Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, are important to maintaining our reputation and brand. These factors include our ability to comply with ethical, social, product, labor and environmental standards. Any actual or perceived failure in compliance with such standards could damage our reputation and brand.

Because we are subject to existing and potential additional governmental regulation, the markets for our products may be narrowed.

We are subject, both directly and indirectly, to the adverse impact of existing and potential future government regulation of our operations and markets. For example, the export of our products is subject to strict regulatory control in a number of jurisdictions. The failure to satisfy export control criteria or obtain necessary clearances could delay or prevent the shipment of products, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability. Moreover, the life sciences industry, which is currently the primary market for our technology, has historically been heavily regulated. There are, for example, laws in several jurisdictions restricting research in genetic engineering, which can operate to narrow our markets. Given the evolving nature of this industry, legislative bodies or regulatory authorities may adopt additional regulation that adversely affects our market opportunities. Our business is also directly affected by a wide variety of government regulations applicable to business enterprises generally and to companies operating in the life science industry in particular. Failure to comply with these regulations or obtain or maintain necessary permits and licenses could result in a variety of fines or other censures or an interruption in our business operations which may have a negative impact on our ability to generate revenues and could increase the cost of operating our business.

Our products could in the future be subject to additional regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or other domestic and international regulatory agencies, which could increase our costs and delay our commercialization efforts, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business and results of operations.

The FDA regulates medical devices, including in vitro diagnostics, or IVDs. IVDs are a category of medical devices that include reagents, instruments, and systems intended for use in diagnosis of disease or other conditions, including a

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determination of the state of health, in order to cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease or its sequelae. IVDs are intended for use in the collection, preparation, and examination of specimens taken from the human body. A RUO IVD product is an IVD product that is in the laboratory research phase of development. As such, an RUO IVD is not intended for use in clinical investigations or in clinical practice. Such RUO products do not require premarket clearance or approval from the FDA, provided that they are labeled “For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures” pursuant to FDA regulations. Our IVD products are not intended for clinical or diagnostic use, and we market and label them as RUO. However, the FDA may disagree with our assessment that our products are properly marketed as RUO and may determine that our products are subject to pre-market clearance, approval, or other regulatory requirements. If the FDA determines that our products are subject to such requirements, we could be subject to enforcement action, including administrative and judicial sanctions, and additional regulatory controls and submissions for our tests, all of which could be burdensome.

In the future, certain of our products or related applications could be subject to additional FDA regulation. Even where a product is not subject to FDA clearance or approval requirements, the FDA may impose restrictions as to the types of customers to which we can market and sell our products. Such regulation and restrictions may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Other regulatory regimes that do not currently present material challenges but that could in the future present material challenges include export controls and biosecurity.

Many countries have laws and regulations that could affect our products and which could limit our ability to sell our products in those countries. The number and scope of these requirements are increasing. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals in such countries or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining foreign regulatory approvals. For example, the European Union, or EU, is transitioning from the existing European Directive 98/79/EC on in vitro diagnostic medical devices, or IVD Directive (IVDD), to the In Vitro Diagnostic Device Regulation (EU) 2017/746, or IVDR, which imposes stricter requirements for the marketing and sale of medical devices, including in the area of clinical evaluation requirements, quality systems and post-market surveillance. The IVDR became effective in May 2022 for certain device types while extending the transition periods for other devices, depending on the device type. It is likely that we will be impacted by this new regulation, either directly as a manufacturer of IVDs, or indirectly as a supplier to customers who are placing IVDs in the EU market for clinical or diagnostic use. Complying with the requirements of the IVDR may require us to incur significant expenditures. Failure to meet these requirements could adversely impact our business in the EU and other regions that tie their product registrations or chemical regulations to the EU requirements.

Certain of our potential customers may require that we become certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988.

Although we are not currently subject to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988, or CLIA, we may in the future be required by certain customers to obtain a CLIA certification. CLIA, which extends federal oversight over clinical laboratories by requiring that they be certified by the federal government or by a federally approved accreditation agency, is designed to ensure the quality and reliability of clinical laboratories by mandating specific standards in the areas of personnel qualifications, administration and participation in proficiency testing, patient test management, quality control, quality assurance and inspections. If our customers require a CLIA certification, we will have to continually expend time, money and effort to ensure that we meet the applicable quality and safety requirements, which may divert the attention of management and disrupt our core business operations.

Our manufacturing operations in the United States currently depend primarily on our Wilsonville facility. If this facility is destroyed or we experience any manufacturing difficulties, disruptions, or delays, this could limit supply of our product or adversely affect our ability to sell products or conduct our clinical trials, and our business would be adversely impacted.

We have built out a second manufacturing facility in Wilsonville, Oregon, and are consolidating synthetic biology production in Wilsonville, although a portion of our manufacturing still takes place at our headquarters in South San Francisco, California. If regulatory, manufacturing, or other problems require us to discontinue production at our Wilsonville facility, we will not be able to manufacture our synthetic genes, oligo pools or selected NGS products or create our DNA libraries, which would adversely impact our business. If this facility or the equipment in it is significantly damaged or destroyed by fire, flood, power loss, or similar events, or is shut down for health and safety or other reasons, we may not be able to quickly or inexpensively replace our manufacturing capacity or replace the facility at all. In the event of a temporary or protracted loss of this facility or equipment, we might not be able to transfer manufacturing to another third party. Even if we could transfer manufacturing from one facility to another, the shift would likely be expensive and time-consuming, particularly if we were to maintain the current manufacturing standards procedures at such alternative facility.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend and could impact our ability to sell products.

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Our headquarters in South San Francisco is located near known earthquake fault zones and is vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortages or outages could disrupt operations or impair critical systems at our headquarters or at any of our other facilities throughout the world. We, our suppliers, third-party service providers and customers are vulnerable to damage from natural disasters, including fire, floods or monsoons, power loss, communications failures, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business at any of our facilities could be seriously, or potentially completely, impaired. In addition, the nature of our activities could cause significant delays in our research programs and commercial activities and make it difficult for us to recover from a disaster. The insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions. Accordingly, an earthquake or other disaster could materially and adversely harm our ability to conduct business. Furthermore, our in vivo antibody discovery services involve mice. In the past, vivarium sites have been shut down by animal activists, and any disturbance or shut down at the site where our in vivo antibody discovery work is being conducted could disrupt our business operations or harm our reputation.

Delivery of our products could be delayed or disrupted by factors beyond our control, and we could lose customers as a result.

We rely on third-party carriers for the timely delivery of our products. As a result, we are subject to carrier disruptions and increased costs that are beyond our control, including travel restrictions, employee strikes, inclement weather and increased fuel costs. Any failure to deliver products to our customers in a timely and accurate manner may damage our reputation and brand and could cause us to lose customers. If our relationship with any of these third-party carriers is terminated or impaired or if any of these third parties are unable to deliver our products, the delivery and acceptance of our products by our customers may be delayed which could harm our business and financial results. The failure to deliver our products in a timely manner may harm our relationship with our customers, increase our costs and otherwise disrupt our operations.

Doing business internationally creates operational and financial risks for our business.

During our fiscal years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, 41% , 42%, and 36%, respectively, of our revenue was generated from customers located outside of the United States. In connection with our growth strategy, we intend to further expand in international markets. Conducting and launching operations on an international scale requires close coordination of activities across multiple jurisdictions and time zones and consumes significant management resources. If we fail to coordinate and manage these activities effectively, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. International sales entail a variety of risks, including longer payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable outside of the United States, currency exchange fluctuations, challenges in staffing and managing foreign operations, tariffs and other trade barriers (including tariffs enacted and proposed by the U.S. government on various imports from China and by the Chinese government on certain U.S. goods), unexpected changes in legislative or regulatory requirements of foreign countries into which we sell our products, difficulties in obtaining export licenses or in overcoming other trade barriers, laws and business practices favoring local companies, political and economic instability, difficulties protecting or procuring intellectual property rights, and restrictions resulting in delivery delays and significant taxes or other burdens of complying with a variety of foreign laws.

Changes in the value of the relevant currencies may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect the relative prices at which we are able to sell products in the same market. Our revenue from international customers may be negatively impacted as increases in the U.S. dollar relative to our international customers’ local currency could make our products more expensive, impacting our ability to compete. Our costs of materials from international suppliers may increase if in order to continue doing business with us they raise their prices as the value of the U.S. dollar decreases relative to their local currency. Foreign policies and actions regarding currency valuation could result in actions by the United States and other countries to offset the effects of such fluctuations. The recent global financial downturn has led to a high level of volatility in foreign currency exchange rates and that level of volatility may continue, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. We have experienced at least one ownership change in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to use NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, we may not be able to use a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability.

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The enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies, or changes in tax legislation or policies could impact our future financial position and results of operations.

Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we intend to have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Tax Act, signed into law on December 22, 2017, adopting broad U.S. corporate income tax reform, among other things, reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate, but imposed base-erosion prevention measures on non-U.S. earnings of U.S. entities as well as a one-time mandatory deemed repatriation tax on accumulated non-U.S. earnings of U.S. entities.

In addition, many countries are beginning to implement legislation and other guidance to align their international tax rules with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting recommendations and action plan that aim to standardize and modernize global corporate tax policy, including changes to cross-border tax, transfer-pricing documentation rules, and nexus-based tax incentive practices.

Such legislative initiatives may materially and adversely affect our plans to expand internationally and may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations generally.

Our inability to collect on our accounts receivable by a significant number of customers may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Sales to our customers are generally made on open credit terms. Management maintains an allowance for potential credit losses. If our customers’ cash flow, working capital, financial conditions or results of operations deteriorate, they may be unable or even unwilling to pay trade receivables owed to us promptly or at all. As a result, we could be exposed to a certain level of credit risk. If a major customer experiences, or a significant number of customers experience, financial difficulties, the effect on us could be material and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to risks associated with COVID-19.

As discussed in further detail below, our global operations expose us to risks associated with COVID-19. While our financial results for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 have not been significantly affected by continuing COVID-19 outbreaks, impacts from COVID-19 may, in the future, adversely affect our operations, supply chains, distribution systems and customer demand, including as a result of impacts associated with preventive and precautionary measures that we, other businesses and governments have taken and may take. Some of the risks we have experienced and/or may experience in the future as a result of impacts from COVID-19 include:

•A decline in sales activities and customer orders or cancellations of existing orders, depending on the severity and duration of any future COVID-19 outbreaks and the extent of mitigation and containment measures that may be undertaken by governments and businesses.

•The unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees due to the COVID-19 outbreaks could harm our ability to operate or execute our business strategy. We may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors in the event of key employee loss or unavailability.

•Supply chain disruptions may result in the lack of raw materials or component shortages, delay in the release of new products or deliveries of products or compressed margins due to an increase in material costs. Due to these impacts and measures, we may experience significant and unpredictable reductions in demand for our products and our customers may postpone or cancel their existing orders.

•In addition to travel restrictions, while countries in general have re-opened their borders to U.S. travelers, and, in the future countries may again impose or expand travel restrictions and impose or resume prolonged quarantines if there is a resurgence of COVID-19 cases, which would significantly impact our ability to support our business operations and customers in those locations and the ability of our employees to access their places of work to produce products, or significantly hamper our products from moving through the supply chain.

As a result, given the uncertainty of the evolving nature of the virus and how quickly mitigation measures, such as vaccines, will be widely available and adopted by the public, the COVID-19 outbreaks may continue and may negatively affect our revenue growth, and it is uncertain how materially COVID-19 will affect our global operations if we experience any one or a combination of these impacts over an extended period of time. Any of these impacts would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our ability to raise capital in the future may also be negatively affected.

Risks related to being a public company

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If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our business.

As a public company, we are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), which requires, among other things, that companies maintain disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely disclosure of material information, and that management review the effectiveness of those controls on a quarterly basis and that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, among other additional requirements. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and to help prevent fraud, and our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance requirements. These rules and regulations also increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

As disclosed in Part II—Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”, of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to controls surrounding our information technology general controls. As this material weakness continued during the three months ended June 30, 2023, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of June 30, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified in Item 9A in the Annual Report on Form 10-K did not result in any misstatement of our financial statements for any period presented. We have designed and are implementing a remediation plan for the material weakness. However, our remediation efforts may be inadequate, and we may in the future discover other areas of our internal controls that require remediation.

We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness or our financial reports, the market price of our securities may be negatively affected, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, such as the SEC or Nasdaq.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and require a substantial amount of management’s attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance. Stockholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact, in ways we cannot currently anticipate, the manner in which we operate our business. Compliance with these rules and regulations may cause us to incur additional accounting, legal and other expenses. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under securities laws, as well as rules and regulations implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, particularly as a large accelerated filer. These rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and we devote significant time to comply with these requirements. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Risks related to our intellectual property

Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology through patents and other means is uncertain.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We rely on patent protection, where appropriate and available, as well as a combination of copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, and nondisclosure, confidentiality and other contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technology. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage.

Worldwide we own or exclusively in-license over 100 issued or allowed patents and more than 400 pending patent applications as of June 30, 2023 In addition to these owned and exclusively licensed patents and pending patent applications, we also license patents on a non-exclusive and/or territory restricted basis. Our intellectual property portfolio includes important patents and patent applications directed to DNA synthesis, Next Generation Sequencing, antibody libraries, and DNA data storage.

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Several patent applications covering our technologies have been filed recently. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will issue, the breadth of any such patent, or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or, if applicable in the future, licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the practice of our technologies or the successful commercialization of products that we may develop. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we were the first to file any patent application related to our technologies or products. Furthermore, an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third party or instituted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO"), or the European Patent Office ("EPO"), to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. For example, on March 3, 2021, our European Patent No. 3030682 which relates to polynucleotide synthesis was opposed by an anonymous third party. An initial decision to revoke the patent was issued on November 20, 2022, which will not become final until all appeals are exhausted. We believe the EPO's decision relating to the original claims is erroneous and we have appealed the EPO’s decision while continuing to prosecute related pending European applications.

Patent law can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important principles remain unresolved. In the United States and in many international jurisdictions, policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in patents can be inconsistent. The U.S. Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws of the United States are interpreted. Similarly, international courts have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws in their respective jurisdictions are interpreted. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by U.S. and international legislative bodies.

If we are unable to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection, others may be able to make, use, or sell products and technologies substantially the same as ours, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market.

We may not pursue or maintain patent protection for our products in every country or territory in which we sell our products and technologies. In addition, our pending U.S. and foreign patent applications may not issue as patents or may not issue in a form that will be sufficient to protect our proprietary technology and gain or keep our competitive advantage. Any patents we have obtained or do obtain may be subject to re-examination, reissue, opposition or other administrative proceedings, or may be challenged in litigation, and such challenges could result in a determination that the patent is invalid or unenforceable.

Patents have a limited lifespan. Patent terms may be shortened or lengthened by, for example, terminal disclaimers, patent term adjustments, supplemental protection certificates, and patent term extensions. Although extensions may be available, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Patent term extensions and supplemental protection certificates, and the like, may be impacted by the regulatory process and may not significantly lengthen patent term. Non-payment or delay in payment of patent fees or annuities, delay in patent filings or delay in extension filing, whether intentional or unintentional, may also result in the loss of patent rights important to our business. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case. In addition, certain countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to other parties. Furthermore, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against other parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of any patents.

We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or unauthorized reverse engineering of our technology. In addition, competitors may be able to design alternative methods or devices that avoid infringement of our patents. To the extent our intellectual property, including licensed intellectual property, offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we are exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate protection against our competitors’ products, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive.

Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. From time to time, we review our competitors’ products, and may in the future seek to enforce our patents or other rights against potential infringement. However, the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. We cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including but not limited to the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our products in any jurisdiction. For example, U.S. applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside

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the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates or technologies could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies, our products or the use of our products or technologies. The scope of a patent claim is determined by the interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our product candidates.

A court or other judicial body may decide that the patent we seek to enforce is invalid or unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that the patent in question does not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Some of our competitors may be able to devote significantly more resources to intellectual property litigation and may have significantly broader patent portfolios to assert against us if we assert our rights against them.

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We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our technologies and products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. In addition, the laws of some non-U.S. countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from using our inventions in countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own technologies and products and, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

The legal systems of certain countries, particularly China and certain other developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, put our own patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, put our patent applications at risk of not being issued, and provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop. Certain countries in Europe and developing countries, including China and India, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we may have limited remedies if any of our patents are infringed or if we are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisors. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect as trade secrets, and know-how will over time be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles, and the movement of personnel skilled in the art from company to company. In addition, because we may rely on third parties in the development of our products, we may, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with third parties prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. If we are unable to prevent unauthorized material disclosure of the intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, we will not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either lawfully or through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any of our third-party collaborators. Competitors could willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. In addition, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a

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competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents and proprietary rights, to determine the scope, coverage and validity of others’ proprietary rights, or to defend against third party claims of intellectual property infringement that could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products or impact our stock price.

Litigation may be necessary for us to enforce our patent and proprietary rights and/or to determine the scope, coverage and validity of others’ proprietary rights. Litigation on these matters has been prevalent in our industry and we expect that this will continue. As the biotechnology and synthetic biology industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that there may be patents issued to third parties that relate to our technologies and products of which we are not aware or that we may need to challenge to continue our operations as currently contemplated. In addition, our competitors and others may have patents or may in the future obtain patents and claim that the use of our products or processes infringes these patents. As we move into new markets and applications for our products and processes, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us.

Patent infringement suits can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to business operations and the outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. We could incur substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and technical personnel in prosecuting or defending against any claims and may harm our reputation. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any suit initiated against us by third parties, successfully settle or otherwise resolve patent infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in marketing our technologies and products. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell products, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees and costs in the event that we are found to be a willful infringer of third party patents.

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which we may not be able to obtain at a reasonable cost, if at all. We could therefore incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our gross margins. In addition, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products to avoid infringing third-party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any required licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing our products, and the risk of a prohibition on the sale of any of our products could adversely affect our ability to grow and gain market acceptance for our products.

Suppliers of certain equipment and technology platforms on which we rely for our business may also be subject to patent infringement lawsuits. Even if we are not a named party in such lawsuits, if such suppliers are enjoined by a court to stop selling their equipment and technology platforms or supporting our existing equipment and technology platforms, we may not have an alternative source for such equipment and technology platforms, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. We were previously involved in litigation of this kind with Agilent. While we have settled this dispute, there can be no assurance that future litigation will not be initiated by these parties. Some of our employees were previously employed at universities or biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. A loss of key research personnel or their work product could hamper our ability to commercialize, or prevent us from commercializing, our products and technologies. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distraction to management and other employees.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be

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negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. Finally, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations.

In addition, our agreements with some of our suppliers, distributors, customers and other entities with whom we do business may require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims against us, including the claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify any of these third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our products and technologies through acquisitions and in-licenses, and our intellectual property agreements with third parties may involve unfavorable terms or be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation.

We may find that our programs require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, and the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our products and technologies. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and other companies may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, financial resources and greater commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time-consuming to negotiate, document, implement and maintain. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements should we so choose to enter into such arrangements. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would be favorable to us or would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment.

We engage in discussions regarding other possible commercial and cross-licensing agreements with third parties from time to time. There can be no assurance that these discussions will lead to the execution of commercial license or cross-license agreements or that such agreements will be on terms that are favorable to us. Even if we are able to obtain a license to intellectual property of interest, we may not be able to secure exclusive rights, in which case others could use the same rights and compete with us. In addition, if we enter into cross-licensing agreements, there is no assurance that we will be able to effectively compete against others who are licensed under our patents.

In addition, provisions in our licensing and other intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have not yet registered some of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, and failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business.

Some of our trademark applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings.

In addition, third parties may file first for our trademarks in certain countries. If they succeed in registering such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks for marketing our products and technologies in those countries. Over the long-term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks, then our marketing abilities may be materially adversely impacted.

We depend on certain technologies that are licensed to us. We do not control these technologies and any loss of our rights to them could prevent us from selling our products.

We rely on, or may in the future rely on, licenses in order to be able to use various proprietary technologies that are material to our business. We do not or will not own the patents that underlie these licenses. Our rights to use the technology we license are subject to the negotiation of, continuation of and compliance with the terms of those licenses. In some cases, we do not or will not control the prosecution, maintenance, or filing of the patents to which we hold licenses, or the

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enforcement of these patents against third parties. Some of our patents and patent applications were either acquired from another company who acquired those patents and patent applications from yet another company or are licensed from a third party. For example, Twist Bioscience acquired Genome Compiler Corporation in 2016, and Genome Compiler had a non-exclusive license to U.S. Patent No- 7,805,252 owned by DNA 2.0. Thus, these patents and patent applications are not written by us or our attorneys, and we did not have control over the drafting and prosecution. The former patent owners and our licensors might not have given the same attention to the drafting and prosecution of these patents and applications as we would have if we had been the owners of the patents and applications and had control over the drafting and prosecution. We cannot be certain that drafting and/or prosecution of the licensed patents and patent applications by the licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights.

Our rights to use the technology we license is subject to the validity of the owner’s intellectual property rights. Enforcement of our licensed patents or defense or any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents is often subject to the control or cooperation of our licensors. Legal action could be initiated against the owners of the intellectual property that we license. Even if we are not a party to these legal actions, an adverse outcome could harm our business because it might prevent these other companies or institutions from continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business.

Our licenses contain or will contain provisions that allow the licensor to terminate the license upon specific conditions. Our rights under the licenses are subject to or will be subject to our continued compliance with the terms of the license, including the payment of royalties due under the license. Termination of these licenses could prevent us from marketing some or all of our products. Because of the complexity of our products and the patents we have licensed, determining the scope of the license and related royalty obligation can be difficult and can lead to disputes between us and the licensor. An unfavorable resolution of such a dispute could lead to an increase in the royalties payable pursuant to the license. If a licensor believed we were not paying the royalties due under the license or were otherwise not in compliance with the terms of the license, the licensor might attempt to revoke the license. If such an attempt were successful, we might be barred from producing and selling some or all of our products.

Risks relating to owning our common stock

We have never paid dividends on our capital stock and we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after any price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

Our charter documents and Delaware law could prevent a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions include:

•providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;

•authorizing our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could discourage a takeover attempt or delay changes in control;

•prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;

•providing that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

•prohibiting the adoption, amendment or repeal of our amended and restated bylaws or the repeal of the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors without the required approval of at least 66.67% of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors;

•prohibiting stockholder action by written consent;

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•limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; and

•requiring advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, or the DGCL, govern us. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time without the consent of our board of directors.

These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and result in the market price of our common stock being lower than it would be without these provisions.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provisions of the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, any action or proceeding asserting a claim as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, subject in each case to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the parties named as defendants therein. The exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we might incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the U.S. federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Our exclusive forum provision will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations.

The enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find our federal court choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find either of the choice of forum provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. Additionally, while the Delaware Supreme Court recently determined that choice of forum provisions for actions arising under the Securities Act are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring such a claim arising under the Securities Act against us, our directors, officers, or other employees in a venue other than in the federal district courts of the United States of America. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, and this may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

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General risk factors

The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate or decline, resulting in a substantial loss of your investment.

The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to, among other things, the factors described in this “Risk factors” section or otherwise, and other factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the valuations of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us.

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic, systemic, political and market conditions, such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Factors that could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, including fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results;

•announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors;

•overall conditions in our industry and the markets in which we operate;

•addition or loss of significant customers, or other developments with respect to significant customers;

•changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products;

•actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

•additions or departures of key personnel;

• operational impacts resulting from a reduction in force;

•competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

•issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;

•fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

•disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our technologies;

•announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

•sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

•the addition or removal of our stock to or from a stock index fund;

•share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

•the expiration of contractual lock-up agreements with our executive officers, directors and stockholders, which we may enter into in the future from time to time;

•general economic and market conditions, including economic downturns or uncertainty in financial markets; and

•other factors beyond our control, such as terrorism, war, natural disasters and pandemics.

In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have become subject to securities class action litigation. We are now and may in the future be the target of this type of litigation. Securities

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litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business and we will not have any control over such analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

We have in the past and may in the future be subject to short selling strategies that may drive down the market price of our common stock.

Short sellers have in the past and may attempt in the future to drive down the market price of our common stock. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but may have borrowed with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the time the securities are borrowed and the time they are replaced. As it is in the short seller’s best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers (sometime known as “disclosed shorts”) publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects to create negative market momentum. Although traditionally these disclosed shorts were limited in their ability to access mainstream business media or to otherwise create negative market rumors, the rise of the Internet and technological advancements regarding document creation, videotaping and publication by weblog (“blogging”) have allowed many disclosed shorts to publicly attack a company’s credibility, strategy and veracity by means of so-called “research reports” that mimic the type of investment analysis performed by large Wall Street firms and independent research analysts. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. Further, these short seller publications are not regulated by any governmental, self-regulatory organization or other official authority in the U.S. and they are not subject to certification requirements imposed by the SEC. Accordingly, the opinions they express may be based on distortions, omissions or fabrications. Companies that are subject to unfavorable allegations, even if untrue, may have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend themselves, including shareholder suits against the company that may be prompted by such allegations. We have been and may in the future be, the subject of shareholder suits that we believe were prompted by allegations made by short sellers.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause the stock price of our common stock to decline.

As we have in the past, we may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner, we determine from time to time. We have also issued and expect to issue common stock to employees and directors pursuant to our equity incentive plans. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in future transactions, or common stock is issued pursuant to equity incentive plans, investors may be materially diluted. New investors in such subsequent transactions could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL, our amended and restated bylaws and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

•we will indemnify our directors and officers for serving us in those capacities or for serving other business enterprises at our request, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, which provides that a corporation may indemnify such person if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the registrant and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful;

•we may, in our discretion, indemnify employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law;

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•we are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification;

•we will not be obligated pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws to indemnify a person with respect to proceedings initiated by that person against us or our other indemnitees, except with respect to proceedings authorized by our board of directors or brought to enforce a right to indemnification;

•the rights conferred in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons; and

•we may not retroactively amend our amended and restated bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

Evolving expectations around corporate responsibility practices, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may expose us to reputational and other risks.

Investors, stockholders, customers, suppliers and other third parties are increasingly focusing on ESG and corporate social responsibility endeavors and reporting. Certain institutional investors, investment funds, other influential investors, customers, suppliers and other third parties are also increasingly focused on ESG practices. Companies that do not adapt to or comply with the evolving investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately, may suffer from reputational damage and result in the business, financial condition and/or stock price of a company being materially and adversely affected. Further, this increased focus on ESG issues may result in new regulations and/or third-party requirements that could adversely impact our business, or certain shareholders reducing or eliminating their holdings of our stock. Additionally, an allegation or perception that we have not taken sufficient action in these areas could negatively harm our reputation.

Item 2. Unregistered sales of equity securities and use of proceeds

Sales of unregistered securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon senior securities

None.

Item 4. Mine safety disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other information

During the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (both as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

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›Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description	Filed / Furnished / Incorporated from Form
31.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Rule 13(a)-14(a)/15d-14(a), by Chief Executive Officer.	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Rule 13(a)-14(a)/15d-14(a), by Chief Financial Officer.	Filed herewith
32.1†	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Chief Executive Officer.	Furnished herewith
32.2†	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by Chief Financial Officer.	Furnished herewith
101	The following materials from Twist Bioscience Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.	Filed herewith
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).	Filed herewith

† The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Twist Bioscience Corporation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, regardless of any general incorporation language contained in any filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

August 7, 2023	Twist Bioscience Corporation
	By:	/s/ James M. Thorburn
		James M. Thorburn
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Authorized officer)

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