14. Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (which we refer to as the “TCJA”) was signed into law. The TCJA significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The TCJA, among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate, commencing in 2018, from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted earnings (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income, elimination of net operating loss carrybacks, immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits.

Also on December 22, 2017 the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (which we refer to as “SAB 118”) which addresses the application of ASC Topic 740 to the TCJA. SAB 118 outlines that if the accounting for the effects of the TCJA is incomplete, but a reasonable estimate can be made, then provisional amount should be reflected in the financial statements. Our accounting for the impacts of the TCJA related to current and deferred taxes, and in particular our deferred taxes related to our acquisition of UCP and Sundquist Homes, was incomplete as of the date our financial statements were issued for the year ended December 31, 2017. We remeasured our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally our estimated blended state and federal statutory rate in future periods of approximately 24%. This remeasurement as of December 31, 2017 resulted in a provisional reduction to our deferred tax assets of $2.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed our accounting for the impacts of the TCJA, and recorded an additional reduction to our deferred tax assets of $1.5 million. The reductions of $1.5 million and $2.8 million are reflected in Income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Our income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 comprises the following current and deferred amounts (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current
Federal	$	27,815	$	29,241	$	19,417
State and local		8,415		3,954		2,685
Total current		36,230		33,195		22,102
Deferred
Federal		(3,182)		920		1,357
State and local		(973)		(246)		150
Total deferred		(4,155)		674		1,507
Income tax expense	$	32,075	$	33,869	$	23,609

Total income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 35% for the years ended Decembers 31, 2017 and 2016, to income before income taxes as a result of the following items (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Statutory income tax expense	$	26,991	$	29,469	$	25,602
State income tax expense, net of federal income tax expense		4,847		3,596		1,954
Domestic production activities deduction		-		(2,513)		(2,146)
Executive compensation		2,760		-		-
Excess tax benefits upon vesting of share-based payment awards		(1,276)		-		-
Remeasurement of deferred tax assets		1,548		2,790		-
Federal energy credits		(2,426)		-		(1,944)
Other permanent items		-		248		221
Other adjustments		(369)		279		(78)
Income tax expense	$	32,075	$	33,869	$	23,609

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences. Temporary differences arise when revenues and expenses for financial reporting are recognized for tax purposes in a different period. ASC 740 requires that a valuation allowance be recorded against deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be utilized. As a result of this analysis, the Company has not recorded a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to evaluate the need to record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets and will make adjustments in accordance with the accounting standard.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets
Warranty reserves	$	1,944	$	1,848
Amortizable intangible assets		1,127		-
Stock based compensation		3,055		1,629
Accrued compensation and other		5,075		574
Inventories, additional costs capitalized for tax		7,281		7,844
Deferred tax asset		18,482		11,895

Deferred tax liabilities
Prepaid expenses		1,133		148
Property and equipment		3,586		4,276
Amortizable intangible assets		-		1,280
Accrued expenses		-		636
Deferred tax liability		4,719		6,340
Net deferred tax asset	$	13,763	$	5,555

The uncertainty provisions of ASC 740 also require the Company to recognize the impact of a tax position in its consolidated financial statements only if the technical merits of that position indicate that the position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit. During the year, the Company did not record a reserve for uncertain tax positions. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. We are subject to U.S. federal income tax examination for calendar tax years ending 2015 through 2018. Additionally, we are subject to various state income tax examinations for the 2014 through 2018 calendar tax years.