10-K 1 ahp2016q410-k.htm 10-K Document

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
þ
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
OR
¨
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission file number: 001-35972
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland
 
46-2488594
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(IRS employer identification number)
14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100
Dallas, Texas
 
75254
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip code)
(972) 490-9600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series B
 
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ¨  Yes     þ  No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ¨  Yes     þ  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    þ  Yes          ¨  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files)    þ  Yes    ¨  No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
Large accelerated filer o
 
Accelerated filer þ
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ¨  Yes    þ  No
As of June 30, 2016, the aggregate market value of 24,607,436 shares of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $347,949,000.
As of February 24, 2017, the registrant had 26,026,515 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement pertaining to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
 


ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016
INDEX TO FORM 10-K
 
 
Page
 
PART I
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 1B.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
PART II
 
 
 
Item 5.
 
 
 
Item 6.
 
 
 
Item 7.
 
 
 
Item 7A.
 
 
 
Item 8.
 
 
 
Item 9.
 
 
 
Item 9A.
 
 
 
Item 9B.
 
PART III
 
 
 
Item 10.
 
 
 
Item 11.
 
 
 
Item 12.
 
 
 
Item 13.
 
 
 
Item 14.
 
PART IV
 
 
 
Item 15.
 
Item 16.
 


As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise indicates, the references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “Ashford Prime” refer to Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and, as the context may require, its consolidated subsidiaries, including Ashford Hospitality Prime Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as “our operating partnership” or “Ashford Prime OP.” “Ashford Trust” or “AHT” refers to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, and, as the context may require, its consolidated subsidiaries, including Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership and Ashford Trust’s operating partnership, which we refer to as “Ashford Trust OP.” “Ashford LLC” refers to Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashford Inc., an affiliate of Ashford Trust. “Remington Lodging” refers to Remington Lodging and Hospitality LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, a property management company owned by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, chairman of our board of directors, and his father, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., chairman emeritus of Ashford Trust. “Our TRSs” refers to our taxable REIT subsidiaries, including Ashford Prime TRS Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which we refer to as “Ashford Prime TRS,” and its subsidiaries, together with the two taxable REIT subsidiaries that lease our two hotels held in a consolidated joint venture and are wholly-owned by the joint venture and the U.S. Virgin Islands’ (“USVI”) taxable REIT subsidiary that owns the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas hotel.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains registered trademarks that are the exclusive property of their respective owners, which are companies other than us, including Marriott International®, Hilton Worldwide®, Sofitel® and Accor®.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K and documents incorporated herein by reference, we make forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “potential,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximately,” “believe,” “could,” “project,” “predict,” or other similar words or expressions. Additionally, statements regarding the following subjects are forward-looking by their nature: 
•
our business and investment strategy;
•
our projected operating results and dividend rates;
•
our ability to obtain future financing arrangements;
•
our understanding of our competition;
•
market trends;
•
projected capital expenditures;
•
anticipated acquisitions or dispositions; and
•
the impact of technology on our operations and business.
Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe future plans and strategies, contain financial and operating projections or state other forward looking information. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future events, actions, plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, taking into account all information currently available to us, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in our forward looking statements. Factors that could have a material adverse effect on our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
•
factors referenced, including those set forth under the section captioned “Item 1. Business,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations;”
•
general volatility of the capital markets, the general economy or the hospitality industry, whether the result of market events or otherwise;
•
our ability to deploy capital and raise additional capital at reasonable costs to repay debts, invest in our properties and fund future acquisitions;
•
unanticipated increases in financing and other costs, including a rise in interest rates;
•
the degree and nature of our competition;
•
actual and potential conflicts of interest with Ashford Trust, Ashford LLC, Ashford Inc., Remington Lodging, our executive officers and our non-independent directors;
•
changes in personnel of Ashford LLC or the lack of availability of qualified personnel;
•
changes in governmental regulations, accounting rules, tax rates and similar matters;
•
legislative and regulatory changes, including changes to the Internal Revenue Code and related rules, regulations and interpretations governing the taxation of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”); and

2

•
limitations imposed on our business and our ability to satisfy complex rules in order for us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The matters summarized under “Item 1A. Risk Factors”, and elsewhere, could cause our actual results and performance to differ significantly from those contained in our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee future results or performance. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements, which reflect our views as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Furthermore, we do not intend to update any of our forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results and performance, except as may be required by applicable law.


3

PART I

Item 1. Business
Our Company
We are an externally-advised Maryland corporation that was formed in April 2013 and became a public company on November 19, 2013 when Ashford Trust, a NYSE-listed REIT, completed the spin-off of our company through the distribution of our outstanding common stock to the Ashford Trust stockholders. We invest primarily in high revenue per available room (“RevPAR”) luxury hotels and resorts. High RevPAR, for purposes of our investment strategy, means RevPAR of at least twice the U.S. national average RevPAR for all hotels as determined by Smith Travel Research. Two times the U.S. national average RevPar was $162 for the year ended December 31, 2016. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code beginning in the year ended December 31, 2013. We conduct our business and own substantially all of our assets through our operating partnership, Ashford Prime OP.
We operate in the direct hotel investment segment of the hotel lodging industry. As of February 24, 2017, we owned interests in eleven hotel properties in six states, the District of Columbia and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands with 3,702 total rooms, or 3,467 net rooms, excluding those attributable to our joint venture partner. The hotel properties in our current portfolio are predominantly located in U.S. urban and resort locations with favorable growth characteristics resulting from multiple demand generators. We own nine of our hotel properties directly, and the remaining two hotel properties through an investment in a majority-owned consolidated entity.
We are advised by Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. through an advisory agreement. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.
Our Investment and Growth Strategies
Our principal business objectives are to generate attractive returns on our invested capital and long-term growth in cash flow to maximize total returns to our stockholders. To achieve our objectives, we pursue the following strategies:
Pursue Focused Investment Strategy. Our strategy is to invest in premium branded and high quality independent luxury hotels and resorts that are anticipated to generate RevPAR at least twice the average RevPAR for the U.S. lodging industry, as determined by Smith Travel Research and are located predominantly in North America.
We intend to concentrate our investments in markets where we believe there are significant growth opportunities and taking into consideration the risk of additional supply. In determining anticipated RevPAR for a particular asset, we may take into account forecasts and other considerations, including without limitation, conversions or repositions of assets, capital plans, brand changes and other factors which may reasonably be forecasted to raise RevPAR after stabilization. Stabilization with respect to a hotel, after the completion of an initiative such as a capital plan, conversion or change of brand name or change of the business mix or other operating characteristics, is generally expected to occur within 12 to 24 months after the completion of the related renovation, reposition or brand change.
In connection with this investment strategy, we frequently evaluate opportunities to acquire additional hotel properties, either through direct ownership, joint ventures, partnership participations or similar arrangements. We may use cash or issue common units in Ashford Prime OP as currency for a transaction. Some or all of these acquisitions, if completed, may be material to our company, individually or in the aggregate. We may, from time to time, be party to letters of intent, term sheets and other non-binding agreements relating to potential acquisitions. We cannot assure you that we will enter into definitive acquisition agreements with respect to any potential acquisitions.
Active Asset Management Strategy. We rely on Ashford LLC to asset-manage the hotel properties in our portfolio, and will rely on Ashford LLC to asset-manage any hotel properties we may acquire in the future, to help maximize the operating performance, cash flow and value of each hotel. Asset management is intended to include actively “managing” the third-party property managers and holding them accountable to drive industry leading top line and bottom line operating performance. Ashford LLC aims to achieve this goal by benchmarking each asset’s performance compared to similar hotel properties within our portfolio. Ashford LLC also closely monitors all hotel operating expenses, as well as third-party vendor and service contracts. If expense levels are not commensurate with the property revenues, Ashford LLC works with the property manager to implement cost cutting initiatives. Ashford LLC is also very active in critiquing and proposing improved strategies for the sales, marketing and revenue management initiatives of the property manager as well as its ability to drive ancillary hotel revenues (for example, spa, food and beverage, parking, and Internet). In addition to supervising and directing the property manager, Ashford LLC works with the brands and

4

management companies to negotiate favorable franchise agreement and property management agreement terms. Ashford LLC also actively participates in brand advisory committee meetings to provide feedback and input on new hotel brand initiatives.
Asset management functions include acquisition, renovation, financing and disposition of assets, operational accountability of managers, budget review, capital expenditures and property-level strategies as compared to the day-to-day management of our hotel properties, which is performed by our property managers. Additionally, Ashford LLC and Ashford Inc. have agreed, from time to time, to make mutually agreed upon “key money investments” in our company, our subsidiaries or affiliates to facilitate our acquisition of one or more properties, if our independent directors and Ashford Inc.’s independent directors determine that without such an investment, the acquisition of such property would be uneconomic to us. See discussion on “key money investments” under the section “The Advisory Agreement.”
Disciplined Capital Allocation Strategy. We intend to pursue a disciplined capital allocation strategy as it relates to the acquisition, operation, disposition and financing of assets in our portfolio and those that we may acquire in the future. Ashford LLC utilizes its extensive industry experience and capital markets expertise to influence the timing of capital deployment and recycling, and we may selectively sell hotel properties that are no longer consistent with our investment strategy or as to which returns appear to have been maximized. To the extent we sell hotel properties, we generally intend to redeploy the capital into investment opportunities that we believe will achieve higher returns or buy back our common stock.
Our Hotels
As of February 24, 2017, we own interests in a high-quality, geographically diverse portfolio of eleven hotel properties located in six states, the District of Columbia and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands comprising 3,702 total rooms, or 3,467 net rooms, excluding those attributable to our joint venture partner. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are located in top U.S. and U.S. territory markets that exhibit strong growth characteristics resulting from multiple demand generators or strong resort markets. Eight of the eleven hotel properties in our portfolio operate under premium brands affiliated with Marriott International, Inc. (“Marriott”) and Hilton Worldwide, Inc. (“Hilton”). The material terms of these agreements are described below in “Certain Agreements—Hotel Management Agreements.” One hotel property is managed by Accor Business and Leisure Management, LLC (“Accor”) and two hotel properties are managed by Remington Lodging. Each of our hotel properties is encumbered by loans as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Indebtedness.” For the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately 72% of the rooms revenue was generated by transient business; approximately 26% was group sales and 2% was contract sales.

5

The following tables set forth additional information for our hotel properties (dollars in thousands, except ADR and RevPAR) for the year ended December 31, 2016:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Hotel Property
 
Location
 
Total
Rooms
 
%
Owned
 
Occupancy
 
ADR
 
RevPAR
 
Hotel
EBITDA (1)
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines(2)
 
La Jolla, CA
 
394

 
75
%
 
83.83
%
 
$
194.93

 
$
163.41

 
$
12,922

The Capital Hilton
 
Washington, D.C.
 
550

 
75
%
 
88.59
%
 
230.69

 
204.36

 
17,422

Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center
 
Plano, TX
 
404

 
100
%
 
70.57
%
 
190.70

 
134.58

 
11,021

Seattle Marriott Waterfront
 
Seattle, WA
 
358

 
100
%
 
83.07
%
 
264.10

 
219.40

 
15,115

Courtyard San Francisco Downtown
 
San Francisco, CA
 
405

 
100
%
 
89.55
%
 
273.07

 
244.54

 
12,790

Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown
 
Philadelphia, PA
 
499

 
100
%
 
81.80
%
 
182.46

 
149.26

 
12,557

Renaissance Tampa International Plaza(3)
 
Tampa, FL
 
293

 
100
%
 
81.22
%
 
188.12

 
152.79

 
6,777

Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Chicago, IL
 
415

 
100
%
 
82.42
%
 
215.89

 
177.93

 
8,400

Pier House Resort
 
Key West, FL
 
142

 
100
%
 
87.90
%
 
410.79

 
361.08

 
10,229

Bardessono Hotel(4)
 
Yountville, CA
 
62

 
100
%
 
84.37
%
 
733.66

 
619.02

 
5,029

Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas
 
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
 
180

 
100
%
 
78.46
%
 
537.75

 
421.90

 
8,813

Total / Weighted Average(5)
 
 
 
3,702

 
 
 
82.91
%
 
$
250.03

 
$
207.30

 
$
121,075

__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of Hotel EBITDA by property. We own the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines and The Capital Hilton in a joint venture. The Hotel EBITDA represents the total amount for each hotel during our period of ownership, not our pro rata amount based on our ownership percentage.
(2) 
Subject to a ground lease that expires in 2043.
(3) 
Subject to a ground lease that expires in 2080.
(4) 
Subject to a ground lease that initially expires in 2055. The ground lease contains two 25-year extension options, at our election.
(5) 
Calculated on a portfolio basis for the eleven hotel properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2016.
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA
We own a 75% partnership interest in Ashford HHC Partners III LP, which is subject to a ground lease in the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines expiring in 2043. CHH Torrey Pines Hotel Partners LP, a subsidiary of Ashford HHC Partners III LP, leases the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines hotel to CHH Torrey Pines Tenant Corp. The remaining 25% partnership interest in Ashford HHC Partners III LP is owned by Park Hotels & Resorts, Inc. The hotel opened in 1989 and is comprised of 394 guest rooms, including 232 king rooms, 152 queen/queen rooms and 10 suites. Approximately $25.2 million was spent on capital expenditures since the acquisition of the property by Ashford HHC Partners III LP in 2007, which included lobby, restaurant, meeting space and room renovations.
The hotel’s location attracts all three major demand segments: corporate transient, group meetings and leisure transient. The famous Torrey Pines Golf Course, located on the property’s western boundary, appeals to each demand segment. Each room has a private balcony or patio with ocean, garden or golf course views. In addition to the attraction of the golf course, the hotel is located within walking distance of the Torrey Pines State Nature Reserve with access to a number of outdoor activities and Pacific Ocean beaches. Numerous hospitals and research facilities are located within close proximity of the hotel.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 60,000 square feet of meeting space, including:
•
21,000 square feet of function space in 21 rooms to accommodate up to 1,500 people;
•
over 32,000 square feet of outdoor function space; and
•
the 6,203 square foot Fairway Pavilion Ballroom overlooking the 18th fairway of Torrey Pines Golf Course South Course.
•
Food and Beverage: The Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines hosts the Torreyana Grill and Lounge, an all-purpose three-meal restaurant with 205 seats and the Horizons Lounge. Both outlets overlook the golf course and the Pacific Ocean.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, outdoor pool, outdoor whirlpool, tennis courts, basketball court, business center, valet parking and a gift shop.
Location and Access. The hotel is located near the Pacific Ocean in a secluded area of the famous Torrey Pines golf course. The hotel is approximately 15 miles from the San Diego International Airport—Lindbergh Field.

6

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
394

 
394

 
394

 
394

 
394

Average Occupancy
83.8
%
 
85.4
%
 
84.5
%
 
78.2
%
 
75.8
%
ADR
$
194.93

 
$
191.16

 
$
178.35

 
$
168.43

 
$
166.41

RevPAR
$
163.41

 
$
163.15

 
$
150.71

 
$
131.76

 
$
126.19

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
42,058

 
$
40,541

 
$
36,393

Rooms Revenue
23,564

 
23,463

 
21,673

Hotel EBITDA(1)
12,922

 
12,520

 
10,942

EBITDA Margin
30.7
%
 
30.9
%
 
30.1
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property. We own the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines in a joint venture. The Hotel EBITDA amount for this hotel represents the total amount for this hotel, not our pro rata amount based on our 75% ownership percentage.
The Capital Hilton, Washington, D.C.
We own a 75% partnership interest in Ashford HHC Partners III LP, which has a fee simple interest in The Capital Hilton. CHH Capital Hotel Partners LP, a subsidiary of Ashford HHC Partners III LP, leases the Capital Hilton to CHH Capital Tenant Corp. The remaining 25% partnership interest in Ashford HHC Partners III LP is owned by Park Hotels & Resorts, Inc. The hotel opened in 1943 and is comprised of 550 guest rooms, including 285 king rooms, 88 queen/queen rooms, 96 double/double rooms, 79 single queen rooms and two parlor suites. Approximately $46.3 million was spent on capital expenditures since the acquisition of the property by Ashford HHC Partners III LP in 2007, which included renovations to the guest rooms, public space, meeting space, lobby and restaurant and executive lounge. The hotel was one of the early adopters in relocating the executive (or concierge) lounge to the lobby level, allowing the hotel to offer additional concierge room types and adding room keys back into inventory.
The hotel is strategically located at 16th and K Street, in close proximity to the White House and other government facilities. The hotel has significant historical connotations and is located near numerous Washington, D.C. attractions including the National Mall. The offices of a number of legal firms and national associations are located within walking distance of the property.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 31,000 square feet of contiguous meeting space located on the same floor.
•
Food and Beverage: The Capital Hilton hosts (i) the Northgate Grill, a full service restaurant with 130 seats and (ii) the Statler Lounge, a lobby bar with 72 seats.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has the MINT Health Club and Day Spa, gift shop, business center, valet parking and an executive lounge.
Location and Access. The hotel is conveniently located in the center of Washington, D.C., north of the White House and near the National Mall and numerous tourist attractions. By virtue of its size and clear signage, it is visible from both directions on 16th street. The hotel is approximately five miles from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

7

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding The Capital Hilton hotel since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
550

 
550

 
547

 
544

 
544

Average Occupancy
88.6
%
 
85.4
%
 
84.8
%
 
83.7
%
 
82.3
%
ADR
$
230.69

 
$
222.26

 
$
219.56

 
$
216.40

 
$
213.93

RevPAR
$
204.36

 
$
189.88

 
$
186.11

 
$
181.03

 
$
176.09

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding The Capital Hilton hotel since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
58,612

 
$
54,423

 
$
50,920

Rooms Revenue
41,137

 
38,045

 
37,060

Hotel EBITDA(1)
17,422

 
15,297

 
15,183

EBITDA Margin
29.7
%
 
28.1
%
 
29.8
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property. We own The Capital Hilton in a joint venture. The Hotel EBITDA amount for this hotel represents the total amount for this hotel, not our pro rata amount based on our 75% ownership percentage.
Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center, Plano, TX
Our subsidiary, Ashford Plano-M LP, owns a fee simple interest in the Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center. The hotel opened in 2001 and is comprised of 404 guestrooms, including 223 king rooms, 136 double/double rooms, and 45 suites. Approximately $17.4 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by Ashford Trust in 2007, which included major suite room, full meeting room and corridor renovations. Projects targeted for 2017 include a custom designed guest suites renovation, a transformation of the lobby into a Marriott “great room” concept which includes adding a lobby bar and repositioning the food and beverage outlets.
The hotel is located in west Plano in a prime location near high occupancy office buildings and Legacy Town Center, a master planned community featuring urban style housing, retail, dining and office space. The Shops at Legacy Town Center provide a “main street” style shopping experience with numerous patio dining options, all within walking distance of the property.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 31,000 square feet of meeting space, including foyer space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center hosts (i) the Copper Bottom Grill, a full-service restaurant open for breakfast and lunch with 117 seats and (ii) Chaddick’s, a lounge offering food options after 2:00 p.m., with 82 seats, including outdoor seating.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, outdoor pool, whirlpool and sauna, a business center, valet parking and gift shop.
Location and Access. The hotel is conveniently located in west Plano near Legacy Town Center, just off of the North Dallas Tollway. The hotel is approximately 23 miles from the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and approximately 20 miles from Dallas Love Field Airport.

8

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center hotel since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
404

 
404

 
404

 
404

 
404

Average Occupancy
70.6
%
 
71.0
%
 
69.1
%
 
66.4
%
 
66.4
%
ADR
$
190.70

 
$
193.45

 
$
178.78

 
$
173.95

 
$
162.59

RevPAR
$
134.58

 
$
137.41

 
$
123.57

 
$
115.49

 
$
107.91

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center hotel since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
32,001

 
$
32,033

 
$
28,879

Rooms Revenue
19,899

 
20,263

 
18,222

Hotel EBITDA(1)
11,021

 
11,088

 
9,876

EBITDA Margin
34.4
%
 
34.6
%
 
34.2
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Seattle, WA
Our subsidiary, Ashford Seattle Waterfront LP, owns a fee simple interest in the Seattle Marriott Waterfront hotel. The hotel opened in 2003 and is comprised of 358 guestrooms, including 190 king rooms, 155 double/double rooms and 13 suites. About half of the hotel’s guest rooms have water views overlooking Elliott Bay. Approximately $9.8 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by Ashford Trust in 2007. Capital plans for 2017 include the addition of an M Club on the lobby level and recapturing three guestrooms on the eighth floor by relocating the executive lounge.
The hotel is located on the Seattle Waterfront within walking distance of Pike Place Market, a unique retail experience and a major Seattle tourist attraction. Numerous food vendors providing locally produced food, retail shops offering a variety of merchandise and the original Starbucks Coffee Shop complement the venue. The Seattle Great Wheel, one of the tallest ferris wheels in the western United States, and the Seattle Aquarium are located along Alaskan Way in close proximity to the hotel. The hotel is also located directly across from the Pier 66 cruise terminal, a strong leisure demand generator during the six month long cruise season.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 11,300 square feet of meeting space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Seattle Marriott Waterfront hosts (i) Hook and Plow, a full-service restaurant with 192 seats; (ii) Lobby Bar/Library with 120 seats; and (iii) the “Market” offering snacks, drinks and sundry items.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, indoor/outdoor connected pool, business center, guest laundry facilities and valet parking.
Location and Access. The hotel is conveniently located on the Seattle waterfront, just off of Highway 99 / Alaskan Way Viaduct. The hotel is approximately 15 miles from the Seattle/Tacoma International Airport.

9

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Seattle Marriott Waterfront hotel since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
358

 
358

 
358

 
358

 
358

Average Occupancy
83.1
%
 
82.2
%
 
79.7
%
 
77.8
%
 
77.7
%
ADR
$
264.10

 
$
255.20

 
$
240.56

 
$
219.09

 
$
200.34

RevPAR
$
219.40

 
$
209.84

 
$
191.66

 
$
170.45

 
$
155.64

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Seattle Marriott Waterfront hotel since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
37,648

 
$
36,144

 
$
32,104

Rooms Revenue
28,748

 
27,419

 
25,044

Hotel EBITDA(1)
15,115

 
14,662

 
13,016

EBITDA Margin
40.1
%
 
40.6
%
 
40.5
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Courtyard San Francisco Downtown, San Francisco, CA
Our subsidiary, Ashford San Francisco II LP, owns a fee simple interest in the Courtyard San Francisco Downtown. The hotel opened in 2001 and is comprised of 405 guestrooms, including 206 king rooms, 168 double/queen rooms and 31 suites. Approximately $13.5 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by Ashford Trust in 2007, which included a restaurant renovation, a guestroom soft goods renovation and a meeting space renovation. In early 2017, the hotel is scheduled to undergo an extensive custom designed guestroom renovation. As part of this renovation, the hotel will add four additional guest rooms.
The hotel is located conveniently downtown in the heart of the SOMA district of San Francisco. The hotel is located near numerous businesses and attractions, including the Moscone Convention Center, AT&T Park, Union Square and the Metreon Complex.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 11,000 square feet of meeting space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Courtyard San Francisco Downtown hosts (i) Whispers Bar and Grill, a dinner only restaurant with 50 seats, (ii) Jasmine’s, a breakfast only restaurant with 100 seats and (iii) a Starbucks coffee shop with nine seats.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, indoor pool and whirlpool, valet parking and a 50 seat outdoor courtyard. The outdoor courtyard is a popular venue for receptions. The courtyard’s creatively designed outdoor fire feature allows the hotel to sell this space in both winter and summer.
Location and Access. The hotel is located in downtown San Francisco and is easily accessible from Interstate 80 and US 101. The hotel is approximately 14 miles from the San Francisco International Airport.

10

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Courtyard San Francisco Downtown since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
405

 
405

 
405

 
405

 
405

Average Occupancy
89.6
%
 
91.1
%
 
89.9
%
 
88.4
%
 
85.4
%
ADR
$
273.07

 
$
267.24

 
$
255.75

 
$
226.92

 
$
206.95

RevPAR
$
244.54

 
$
243.45

 
$
229.90

 
$
200.58

 
$
176.66

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Courtyard San Francisco Downtown since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
41,365

 
$
41,938

 
$
39,148

Rooms Revenue
36,249

 
35,988

 
33,984

Hotel EBITDA(1)
12,790

 
13,695

 
13,065

EBITDA Margin
30.9
%
 
32.7
%
 
33.4
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, Philadelphia, PA
Our subsidiary, Ashford Philadelphia Annex LP, owns a fee simple interest in the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown. The hotel opened in 1999 and is comprised of 499 guestrooms, including 311 king rooms, 109 queen/queen rooms, 77 double/double rooms and two Parlor Suites. Approximately $24.1 million has been spent on capital expenditures since its acquisition in 2007, which included a lobby bistro renovation and extensive guest rooms repositioning, bathrooms, suites and hallways renovation. An extensive meeting space renovation started during the fourth quarter of 2016 with a targeted completion date in the first quarter of 2017.
The hotel is located in the center of Philadelphia’s downtown business district, across the street from city hall and a block away from the Philadelphia Convention Center. The hotel is a historic landmark itself, on the national register of historic places, and is convenient to the historical district, the University of Pennsylvania and Independence Hall.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 11,000 square feet of meeting space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown hosts (i) Nineteen 26, an all-purpose restaurant and (ii) a Starbucks coffee shop.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, sundries shop/market, indoor pool and whirlpool, business center, guest laundry facilities and valet parking.
Location and Access. The hotel is located in downtown Philadelphia and is accessible from Interstate 676. The hotel’s corner location and clear signage make it easily visible from both directions on Juniper Street. The hotel is approximately 10 miles from the Philadelphia International Airport.

11

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
499

 
499

 
499

 
498

 
498

Average Occupancy
81.8
%
 
82.6
%
 
79.4
%
 
76.6
%
 
77.9
%
ADR
$
182.46

 
$
175.85

 
$
166.01

 
$
165.02

 
$
161.20

RevPAR
$
149.26

 
$
145.28

 
$
131.81

 
$
126.33

 
$
125.56

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
32,643

 
$
32,044

 
$
29,379

Rooms Revenue
27,260

 
26,461

 
23,997

Hotel EBITDA(1)
12,557

 
12,525

 
11,312

EBITDA Margin
38.5
%
 
39.1
%
 
38.5
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Renaissance Tampa International Plaza, Tampa, FL
We are subject to a ground lease in the Renaissance Tampa International Plaza which expires in 2080. The hotel opened in 2004 and is comprised of 293 guestrooms, including 174 king rooms, 113 double/double rooms and six suites. Approximately $12.1 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by Ashford Trust in 2007, which included a meeting space and lobby renovation, a fitness center expansion and an extensive guestrooms renovation.
The hotel is located within Tampa International Plaza, which provides many fine dining and retail options immediately adjacent to the hotel. The hotel is also located near the shopping of the Westshore business market.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 12,000 square feet of meeting space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Renaissance Tampa International Plaza hosts (i) the Pelagia Trattoria, an all-purpose restaurant and (ii) Gabriella’s, a lobby bar and restaurant.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, outdoor pool and whirlpool, a gift shop, valet parking and a business center.
Location and Access. The hotel is in Tampa International Plaza and is approximately five miles from the Tampa International Airport.
Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Renaissance Tampa International Plaza since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
293

 
293

 
293

 
293

 
293

Average Occupancy
81.2
%
 
78.0
%
 
80.4
%
 
77.6
%
 
78.0
%
ADR
$
188.12

 
$
175.40

 
$
161.82

 
$
153.70

 
$
154.68

RevPAR
$
152.79

 
$
136.75

 
$
130.07

 
$
119.31

 
$
120.57


12

Selected Financial Information. The following tables show certain selected financial information regarding the Renaissance Tampa International Plaza since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
23,881

 
$
21,934

 
$
20,727

Rooms Revenue
16,384

 
14,625

 
13,910

Hotel EBITDA(1)
6,777

 
5,800

 
5,649

EBITDA Margin
28.4
%
 
26.4
%
 
27.3
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, Chicago, IL
On February 24, 2014, we acquired a fee simple interest in the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile. The hotel opened in 2002 and is comprised of 415 guestrooms, including 63 suites. Approximately $2.2 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by us in 2014. Both the fitness center and lobby bar will undergo an extensive renovation in the second quarter of 2017 and a comprehensive guestroom and corridor renovation is set to begin in the fourth quarter of 2017.
The hotel is located one block west of Chicago’s Magnificent Mile on a 0.6 acre parcel in an area of Chicago known as the Gold Coast. The 32-story building was designed by French architect Jean-Paul Viguier and has views of Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline. It is located in the heart of the Gold Coast neighborhood, proximate to some of Chicago’s largest leisure demand generators, on the corner of Chestnut Street and Wabash Avenue.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 12,500 square feet of conference space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile includes (i) the Café des Architectes, an 82 seat contemporary, Michelin Guide recommended restaurant featuring modern French cuisine; (ii) Le Bar, a 45 seat modern cocktail lounge; (iii) La Tarrasse, a 40 seat outdoor patio and lounge serving the cuisine of Café des Architectes; and (iv) Cigale, a restaurant space featuring an exhibition kitchen and frontage on Wabash Avenue overlooking Connors Park (currently utilized only for event space).
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a fitness center, a business center and valet parking.
Location and Access. The hotel is located one block west of Chicago’s Magnificent Mile on a 0.6 acre parcel in an area of Chicago known as the Gold Coast. The hotel has easy access to the Chicago “L” train and is located approximately 18 miles from O’Hare International Airport and 13 miles from Midway International Airport.
Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012 (1)
Rooms
415

 
415

 
415

 
415

 
415

Average Occupancy
82.4
%
 
80.0
%
 
80.5
%
 
82.0
%
 
78.1
%
ADR
$
215.89

 
$
222.55

 
$
234.93

 
$
222.06

 
$
219.86

RevPAR
$
177.93

 
$
178.11

 
$
197.84

 
$
182.13

 
$
171.66

__________________
(1) 
2012 is comprised of the following periods, as a result of a change in ownership during the year:
 
Nov 1-Dec 31, 2012
 
Jan 1-Oct 31, 2012
ADR
$
211.85

 
$
221.38

RevPAR
$
159.00

 
$
174.20


13

Selected Financial Information. The following table shows certain selected financial information regarding the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
36,879

 
$
37,322

 
$
36,635

Rooms Revenue
27,026

 
26,980

 
25,534

Hotel EBITDA(1)
8,400

 
8,360

 
11,334

Hotel EBITDA Margin
22.8
%
 
22.4
%
 
30.9
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
The hotel operating results for the year ended December 31, 2014, represent the operating results since our acquisition on February 25, 2014. The hotel operating results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 represent periods before our ownership and was obtained from the prior owner. The Company performed a limited review of the information as part of its analysis of the acquisition. Financial statements for the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile as of October 31, 2012 and for the period January 1, through October 31, 2012, as of December 31, 2012 and for the period November 1 through December 31, 2012 were audited and included in amendment number one to our registration statement on Form S-11 filed on January 21, 2014. The financial statements as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 were reviewed and included in amendment number one to our registration statement on Form S-11 filed on January 21, 2014. No financial statements were prepared, audited or reviewed as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Pier House Resort, Key West, FL
On March 1, 2014, we acquired a fee simple interest in the Pier House Resort from Ashford Trust pursuant to an option agreement that we entered into in connection with the spin-off. The hotel opened in 1968 and is comprised of 142 guestrooms, including 76 king rooms, 43 queen/queen rooms and 23 suites. Approximately $3.6 million was spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by Ashford Trust in May 2013, which included spa, fitness center and select guestrooms refresh renovations.
The hotel is located on a six acre compound in Key West, Florida. In addition to its secluded private beach, the hotel is well situated at the north end of Duval Street providing easy access to the heart of Key West and its many demand generators.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 2,600 square feet of conference space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Pier House Resort provides an al fresco beach bar, the 152 seat One Duval Restaurant as well as the 18 seat Chart Room.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel has a full service spa, a private beach, a heated outdoor pool, valet parking and a private dock for charter pick-ups.
Location and Access. The hotel is located on a six acre compound in the historic district of Key West, Florida, on Duval Street, at the Gulf of Mexico. Key West, which is the southernmost point of the Florida peninsula, is 160 miles south of Miami. Key West International Airport is approximately four miles from the property and the Marathon and Miami airports are all within driving distance.
Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Pier House Resort since 2012:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
Rooms
142

 
142

 
142

 
142

 
142

Average Occupancy
87.9
%
 
90.2
%
 
85.2
%
 
84.6
%
 
82.5
%
ADR
$
410.79

 
$
396.99

 
$
374.92

 
$
357.86

 
$
333.82

RevPAR
$
361.08

 
$
357.88

 
$
319.37

 
$
302.76

 
$
275.50


14

Selected Financial Information. The following table shows certain selected financial information regarding the Pier House Resort since 2014 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total Revenue
$
23,435

 
$
23,192

 
$
17,669

Rooms Revenue
18,766

 
18,549

 
13,877

Hotel EBITDA(1)
10,229

 
9,730

 
6,701

EBITDA Margin
43.6
%
 
42.0
%
 
37.9
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
The hotel operating results for the year ended December 31, 2014, represent the operating results since our acquisition on March 1, 2014. The hotel operating results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 represent periods before our ownership and was obtained from the prior owner. The Company performed a limited review of the information as part of its analysis of the acquisition.
Financial statements for the Pier House Resort as of December 31, 2012 and the year then ended were audited and included in amendment number one to our registration statement on Form S-11 filed on January 21, 2014. The financial statements as of September 30, 2013, and for the period from May 14 through September 30, 2013, and as of May 14, 2013, and for the period from January 1 through May 13, 2013, were reviewed and included in amendment number one to our registration statement on Form S-11 filed on January 21, 2014. No financial statements were prepared, audited or reviewed as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Bardessono Hotel, Yountville, CA
On July 9, 2015, we acquired a 100% leasehold interest in the Bardessono Hotel in Yountville, California, which is subject to a ground lease that initially expires in 2055, with two 25-year extension options. The Bardessono Hotel was built in 2009, has 62 luxurious rooms and suites and is in outstanding physical condition. Built and operated with a primary focus on green practices, the hotel is the only LEED Platinum certified hotel in California and one of only 3 LEED Platinum certified hotels in the U.S. In addition to a meeting space renovation, in 2016 we received approval to construct a 4,000 sq. ft. Presidential Villa. The villa will be built on an undeveloped adjacent parcel of land owned by the Bardessono family. The luxurious villa will consist of 3 large keys, a hospitality suite and private auto court. The construction of the villa is currently targeted to start in the fourth quarter of 2017.
Approximately $589,000 has been spent on capital expenditures since acquisition by us in July 2015.
The hotel is located in Yountville, California and enjoys a central location in the heart of Napa Valley. It offers exceptional amenities, including large, well-appointed guestrooms and suites with private patios/balconies. Guestrooms have fireplaces and oversized bathrooms, many featuring steam showers and a second shower located outdoors in a private garden.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: Approximately 2,100 square feet of indoor and outdoor meeting space.
•
Food and Beverage: The Bardessono Hotel offers the acclaimed 84 seat Lucy restaurant and bar.
•
Other Amenities: The hotel offers on-site spa, fitness center, outdoor amenities include a rooftop pool, a vegetable garden, carbon fiber bicycles and Lexus Hybrid vehicles are also available for guest use.
Location and Access. The hotel is approximately 60 miles north of San Francisco, approximately 68 miles from the San Francisco International Airport and approximately 60 miles from the Oakland International Airport. The hotel is located within the quaint town of Yountville, offering numerous retail and restaurant establishments including the famed French Laundry. Yountville is in the heart of the Napa Valley, a premier wine and culinary destination with over 450 wineries. In addition to the valley’s traditional wine and dining attractions, the region is also known as a popular leisure destination for hiking, biking, golfing, shopping and festivals.

15

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Bardessono Hotel since its acquisition on July 9, 2015:
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
Period from
July 9, 2015 through December 31, 2015
Rooms
62

 
62

Average Occupancy
84.4
%
 
79.7
%
ADR
$
733.66

 
$
788.25

RevPAR
$
619.02

 
$
628.17

Selected Financial Information. The following table shows certain selected financial information regarding the Bardessono Hotel since its acquisition on July 9, 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
Period from
July 9, 2015 through December 31, 2015
Total Revenue
$
18,934

 
$
9,684

Rooms Revenue
14,047

 
6,855

Hotel EBITDA(1)
5,029

 
2,900

EBITDA Margin
26.6
%
 
29.9
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
On December 15, 2015, we acquired a 100% interest in the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. The Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas opened in 1996 and has 176 luxurious guest rooms and four suites all featuring a spacious private balcony with ocean or resort views. The resort recently completed a comprehensive $22.0 million renovation of the guest rooms and public space prior to our acquisition of the resort, and approximately $2.6 million has been spent on capital expenditures since our acquisition in December 2015. Capital investment for 2017 includes repositioning the lobby for an improved guest arrival experience and a meeting space refresh.
Additional property highlights include:
•
Meeting Space: The property has more than 7,500 square feet of indoor and outdoor meeting and function space offering stunning views of Great Bay and neighboring St. John.
•
Food and Beverage: The property features (i) the signature 163 seat Bleuwater Restaurant; (ii) Essenza, a 164 seat Italian restaurant, (iii) Sails, a 155 seat beachside restaurant and bar, (iv) Coconut Cove, a second beachside 118 seat restaurant, located in the adjacent Ritz Carlton Residences; and (v) Zest, a coffee/frozen yogurt shop.
•
Other Amenities: The resort offers a beachfront infinity-edge pool as well as a children’s pool and hot tub, a 7,500 square foot full-service award-winning spa and a 2,000 square foot fitness center. The resort also offers Jean-Michel Cousteau’s Ambassadors of the Environment eco adventures for children and adults, a comprehensive aquatic center and day sails, sunset cruises and private charters aboard Lady Lynsey, the hotel’s 53-foot luxury catamaran.
Location and Access. The hotel is located on 30 pristine oceanfront acres along Great Bay, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. It is 1.6 miles from Urman Victor Fredericks Marine Terminal, 11 miles from Cyril E. King Airport and 4 miles from Coki Beach. 

16

Operating History. The following table shows certain historical information regarding the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas since its acquisition on December 15, 2015:
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
Period from December 15, 2015 through
December 31, 2015
Rooms
180

 
180

Average Occupancy
78.5
%
 
73.2
%
ADR
$
537.75

 
$
1,179.85

RevPAR
$
421.90

 
$
863.30

Selected Financial Information. The following table shows certain selected financial information regarding the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas since its acquisition on December 15, 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
Period from December 15, 2015 through
December 31, 2015
Total Revenue
$
50,278

 
$
3,884

Rooms Revenue
27,795

 
2,642

Hotel EBITDA(1)
8,813

 
1,489

EBITDA Margin
17.5
%
 
38.3
%
__________________
(1) 
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Hotel EBITDA by property.
Right of First Offer Agreement
In connection with the spin-off, we entered into a right of first offer agreement with Ashford Trust for 12 hotel properties currently held by Ashford Trust. For a detailed discussion of the right of first offer agreement, see “Certain Agreements—Right of First Offer Agreement.”
The hotel properties currently held by Ashford Trust and subject to the right of first offer are as follows:
Hotel Property
 
Location
 
Total
Rooms
 
%
Owned
 
RevPAR for
Year Ended
December 31, 2016
Marriott Beverly Hills
 
Beverly Hills, CA
 
260
 
100%
 
$
222.39

Embassy Suites Crystal City
 
Arlington, VA
 
267
 
100%
 
171.45

Crowne Plaza Key West
 
Key West, FL
 
160
 
100%
 
239.09

Hyatt Coral Gables
 
Coral Gables, FL
 
253
 
100%
 
162.48

One Ocean Jacksonville
 
Jacksonville, FL
 
193
 
100%
 
141.76

Houston Embassy Suites
 
Houston, TX
 
150
 
100%
 
113.18

Portland Embassy Suites
 
Portland, OR
 
276
 
100%
 
191.61

Ritz-Carlton Atlanta
 
Atlanta, GA
 
444
 
100%
 
165.57

Hilton Boston Back Bay
 
Boston, MA
 
390
 
100%
 
204.76

Courtyard Boston Downtown
 
Boston, MA
 
315
 
100%
 
171.63

The Churchill
 
Washington, D.C.
 
173
 
100%
 
134.47

The Melrose
 
Washington, D.C.
 
240
 
100%
 
166.51


17

Asset Management
The senior management team, provided to us by Ashford LLC, facilitated all asset management services for our properties prior to the spin-off and continues to do so, including for the properties we acquired after the spin-off. The team of professionals provided by Ashford LLC proactively works with our third-party hotel management companies to maximize profitability at each of our hotel properties. The asset management team monitors the performance of our hotel properties on a daily basis and holds frequent ownership meetings with personnel at the hotel properties and key executives with the brands and management companies. The asset management team works closely with our third-party hotel management companies on key aspects of each hotel’s operation, including, among others, revenue management, market positioning, cost structure, capital and operational budgeting as well as the identification of return on investment initiatives and overall business strategy. In addition, we retain approval rights on key staffing positions at many of our hotel properties, such as the hotel’s general manager and director of sales. We believe that our strong asset management process helps to ensure that each hotel is being operated to our and our franchisors’ standards, that our hotel properties are being adequately maintained in order to preserve the value of the asset and the safety of the hotel to customers, and that our hotel management companies are maximizing revenue and enhancing operating margins. See “Certain Agreements—The Advisory Agreement.”
Third-Party Agreements
Hotel Management Agreements. Nine of our hotel properties are operated pursuant to a hotel management agreement with one of three brand hotel management companies. Each hotel management company receives a base management fee and is also eligible to receive an incentive management fee if hotel operating income, as defined in the respective management agreement, exceeds certain thresholds. The incentive management fee is generally calculated as a percentage of hotel operating income after we have received a priority return on our investment in the hotel. See “Certain Agreements—Hotel Management Agreements.”
Franchise Agreements. None of our hotel properties operate under franchise agreements. The hotel management agreements with Marriott, Hilton or Accor allow eight of our hotel properties to operate under the Marriott, Hilton or Sofitel brand names, as applicable, and provide benefits typically associated with franchise agreements and licenses, including, among others, the use of the Courtyard, Marriott, Renaissance, Hilton or Sofitel, as applicable, reservation system and guest loyalty and reward program. Any intellectual property and trademarks of Marriott, Hilton or Accor, as applicable, are exclusively owned and controlled by the applicable manager or an affiliate of such manager which grants the manager rights to use such intellectual property or trademarks with respect to the applicable hotel.
Licensing Agreement. The Ritz Carlton St. Thomas is subject to a License and Royalty Agreement (the “Royalty Agreement”) which allows us to use the Ritz-Carlton brand for fifty years with Marriott having two ten-year extension options. The Royalty Agreement is coterminous with the Management Agreement. In connection with our ability to use the Ritz-Carlton brand, we are obligated to pay a royalty fee of 2.6% of gross revenues and an incentive royalty of 20% of operating profit.
In addition, we are a party to a Mutual Exclusivity Agreement and a Master Management Agreement with Remington Lodging. See “Certain Agreements—Remington Master Management Agreement” and “Mutual Exclusivity Agreement.”
Ground Leases
Three of our hotel properties are subject to ground leases that cover all of the land underlying the respective hotel. See “Certain Agreements—Ground Leases” for more information related to our ground leases.
Our Financing Strategy
As part of our separation from Ashford Trust, we assumed mortgage indebtedness secured by the eight hotel properties we acquired in the spin-off, which totaled $621.9 million (including the indebtedness secured by the two hotel properties we own through a consolidated joint venture) as of December 31, 2013. We partially financed the acquisition of the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile through a mortgage loan of $80.0 million. In connection with our acquisition of the Pier House Resort, we assumed $69.0 million of property level debt from Ashford Trust. We also acquired a 100% leasehold interest in the Bardessono Hotel with proceeds from a privately placed convertible preferred stock offering and cash on hand totaling $85.0 million. On November 23, 2015, we completed the financing of a $40.0 million mortgage loan. The mortgage loan is secured by the Bardessono Hotel. In addition, we partially financed the acquisition of the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas through a mortgage loan of $42.0 million. As of December 31, 2016, our property-level indebtedness was approximately $767.0 million, with a weighted average interest rate of 4.80% per annum. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 44.6% of our mortgage debt bears interest at fixed rates averaging 6.11% and the remaining 55.4% bears interest at the variable rate of LIBOR plus 2.96%. We intend to continue to use a mix of fixed and variable-rate debt, and we may, if appropriate, enter into interest rate hedges.

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We intend to finance our long-term growth and liquidity needs with operating cash flow, equity issuances of both common and preferred stock, joint ventures, a revolving line of credit and secured and unsecured debt financings having staggered maturities. We target leverage of 45% net debt to gross assets. We may also issue common units in our operating partnership to acquire properties from sellers who seek a tax-deferred transaction. We may also from time to time receive additional capital from our advisor in the form of key money.
We may use the proceeds from any borrowings for working capital, consistent with industry practice, to:
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purchase interests in partnerships or joint ventures;
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finance the origination or purchase of debt investments; or
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finance acquisitions, expand, redevelop or improve existing properties, or develop new properties or other uses.
Certain Agreements
The Advisory Agreement
We are advised by Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. Pursuant to our advisory agreement, Ashford LLC acts as our advisor, responsible for implementing our investment strategies and decisions and the management of our day-to-day operations, subject to the supervision and oversight of our board. We rely on Ashford LLC to provide, or obtain on our behalf, the personnel and services necessary for us to conduct our business, and we have no employees of our own. All of our officers are also employees of Ashford LLC. The executive offices of Ashford LLC are located at 14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas 75254, and the telephone number of Ashford LLC’s executive offices is (972) 490-9600.
Pursuant to the terms of our advisory agreement, Ashford LLC and its affiliates provide us with our management team, along with appropriate support personnel as Ashford LLC deems reasonably necessary. Ashford LLC and its affiliates are not obligated to dedicate any of their respective employees exclusively to us, nor are Ashford LLC, its affiliates or any of their employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business except as necessary to perform the service required of them in their capacity as our advisor. Ashford LLC is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our board. So long as Ashford LLC is our advisor, our governing documents require us to include two persons designated by Ashford LLC as candidates for election as director at any stockholder meeting at which directors are to be elected. Such nominees may be executive officers of our advisor. If the size of our board of directors is increased at any time to more than seven directors, the Ashford LLC’s right to nominate shall be increased by such number of directors as shall be necessary to maintain the ratio of directors nominated by Ashford LLC to the directors otherwise nominated, as nearly as possible (rounding to the next larger whole number), equal to the ratio that would have existed if our board of directors consisted of seven members. The advisory agreement requires Ashford LLC to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the guidelines that are approved and monitored by our board. Additionally, Ashford LLC must refrain from taking any action that would (a) adversely affect our status as a REIT, (b) subject us to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), (c) knowingly and intentionally violate any law, rule or regulation of any governmental body or agency having jurisdiction over us, (d) violate any of the rules or regulations of any exchange on which our securities are listed or (e) violate our charter, bylaws or resolutions of our board of directors, all as in effect from time to time.
Duties of Ashford LLC. Subject to the supervision of our board of directors, Ashford LLC is responsible for our day-to-day operations, including all of our subsidiaries and joint ventures, and shall perform (or cause to be performed) all services necessary to operate our business as outlined in the advisory agreement. Those services include sourcing and evaluating hotel acquisition and disposition opportunities, asset managing the hotel properties in our portfolio and overseeing the property managers, handling all of our accounting, treasury and financial reporting requirements, and negotiating terms of loan documents for our debt financings, as well as other duties and services outlined in the advisory agreement.
Any increase in the scope of duties or services to be provided by Ashford LLC must be jointly approved by us and Ashford LLC and will be subject to additional compensation as outlined in the advisory agreement.
Ashford LLC is our exclusive asset manager; provided, that if our independent directors and Ashford Inc.’s independent directors determine that a proposed acquisition of property would be uneconomic to us without additional incentives, we will have the option of utilizing Ashford LLC as the asset manager or engaging a third party as the asset manager.
Ashford LLC also has the power to delegate all or any part of its rights and powers to manage and control our business and affairs to such officers, employees, affiliates, agents and representatives of Ashford LLC or our Company as it may deem appropriate. Any authority delegated by Ashford LLC to any other person is subject to the limitations on the rights and powers of our advisor specifically set forth in the advisory agreement or our charter.

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Ashford LLC and Ashford Inc. have agreed, from time to time, to make mutually agreed upon “key money investments” in our Company, our subsidiaries or affiliates to facilitate our acquisition of one or more properties, if our independent directors and Ashford Inc. determine that without such an investment, the acquisition of such property would be uneconomic to us. Any such assets are referred to as “key money assets.” Any key money investment will be in the form of, but not limited to, cash, notes, equity of Ashford Inc., the acquisition of furniture, fixture and equipment (“FF&E”) for use at the subject hotel, or as agreed at the time a key money investment is made. Upon any such key money investment, we will engage Ashford LLC as the asset manager for the related key money asset and will pay the key money asset management fees which are included in the base fees. We may also agree to additional incentive fees based on the performance of any key money asset. We will be obligated to pay Ashford LLC the “key money clawback amount,” which is equal to the difference between a per annum return of 5% on a key money asset together with the initial key money investment amount and the amount actually received by Ashford LLC (through key money asset management fees and key money incentive fees, if applicable) related to such key money asset, if the advisory agreement (or the applicable asset management agreement) is terminated by us for any reason or we dispose of such key money asset (calculated on an investment by investment basis).
Ashford LLC also acknowledges receipt of our code of business conduct and ethics, code of conduct for the chief executive officer, chief financial officer and chief accounting officer and policy on insider trading and agrees to require its employees who provide services to us to comply with the codes and the policy.
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification. The advisory agreement provides that Ashford LLC has no responsibility other than to render the services and take the actions described in the advisory agreement in good faith and with the exercise of due care and will not be responsible for any action our board of directors takes in following or declining to follow any of Ashford LLC’s advice or recommendations. The advisory agreement provides that Ashford LLC (including its officers, directors, managers, employees and members) will not be liable for any act or omission by it (or them) performed in accordance with and pursuant to the advisory agreement, except by reason of acts constituting gross negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of duties under the advisory agreement.
We have agreed to indemnify and hold harmless Ashford LLC (including its partners, directors, officers, stockholders, managers, members, agents, employees and each other person or entity, if any, controlling Ashford LLC) to the full extent lawful, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages or liabilities of any nature whatsoever with respect to or arising from Ashford LLC’s acts or omission (including ordinary negligence) in its capacity as such, except with respect to losses, claims, damages or liabilities with respect to or arising out of Ashford LLC’s gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct, or reckless disregard of its duties under the advisory agreement (for which Ashford LLC will indemnify us).
Term and Termination. The term of our advisory agreement is 10 years from the effective date of the advisory agreement, with automatic five-year renewal terms unless previously terminated as described below. Following the 10-year initial term, the advisory agreement may be terminated by us with 180 days’ prior written notice prior to the expiration of the then-current term, on the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors based upon a good faith finding that either (a) there has been unsatisfactory performance by Ashford LLC that is materially detrimental to us and our subsidiaries taken as a whole, or (b) the base fee and/or incentive fee (each as defined in the advisory agreement) is not fair based on the then current market for such fees (and Ashford LLC does not offer to negotiate a lower fee that at least a majority of our independent directors determine is fair). If the reason for non-renewal specified by us in our termination notice is (b) in the preceding sentence, then Ashford LLC may, at its option, provide a notice of proposal to renegotiate the base fee and incentive fee not less than 150 days prior to the pending termination date. Thereupon, each party has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to negotiate in good faith to find a resolution on fees within 120 days following our receipt of the renegotiation proposal. If a resolution is achieved between Ashford LLC and at least a majority of our independent directors within the 120-day period, then the advisory agreement will continue in full force and effect with modification only to the agreed upon base fee and/or incentive fee, as applicable.
If no resolution on fees is reached within the 120-day period, if we terminate the advisory agreement because of unsatisfactory performance by Ashford LLC, or if we terminate the advisory agreement upon a change in control of us and such change of control transaction is conditioned upon the termination of the advisory agreement (which is permissible with 60 days’ notice) we would be required to pay a termination fee equal to 1.1 times the greater of either:
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12 multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of our advisory agreement. For purposes of this calculation, “Net Earnings” is defined as (A) our advisor’s reported Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in our advisory agreement) for the 12-month period preceding the termination of our advisory agreement (adjusting assuming our advisory agreement was in place for the full 12-month period if it otherwise was not), as reported in our advisor’s earnings releases less (B) our advisor’s pro forma Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in our advisory agreement) assuming our advisory agreement was not in place during such period plus (C) all EBITDA (Net Income (per GAAP) plus interest expenses, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) of our advisor and any of its affiliates and subsidiaries from providing any service or product to the Company, our operating partnership or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries, exclusive of EBITDA directly resulting from our advisory agreement;

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the earnings multiple for the 12-month period preceding the termination date (calculated as our advisor’s total enterprise value divided by our advisor’s adjusted EBITDA) for Ashford Inc. common stock for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of the advisory agreement multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor (as defined above) for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of this advisory agreement; or
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the simple average of the earnings multiples for the three preceding fiscal years (calculated as our advisor’s total enterprise value divided by, in each case, our advisor’s adjusted EBITDA for such periods) multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor (as defined above) for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of this advisory agreement;
plus, in each case, a gross-up amount for federal and state tax liability, based on an assumed combined tax rate of 40%. Any such termination fee will be payable on or before the termination date.
We have agreed with Ashford LLC that if Ashford Inc. and Remington Lodging consummate their proposed business combination transaction, that for purposes of determining the termination fee under the advisory agreement, Ashford LLC’s “Net Earnings” and “Adjusted EBITDA” shall not include Adjusted EBITDA arising under the Remington Master Management Agreement attributable to management fees, project management fees and market service fees (all as defined in the Remington Master Management Agreement) earned by Remington Lodging and/or its subsidiaries and consolidated with Ashford Inc.
We may also terminate the advisory agreement at any time, including during the 10-year initial term, without the payment of a termination fee under the following circumstances:
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upon a default by Ashford LLC in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant under the advisory agreement; provided, however, that we must, before terminating the advisory agreement, give written notice of the default to Ashford LLC and provide it with an opportunity to cure the default within 60 days, or if such default is not reasonably susceptible to cure within 60 days, such additional cure period as is reasonably necessary to cure the default so long as Ashford LLC is diligently and in good faith pursuing such cure;
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immediately upon providing written notice to Ashford LLC, following a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy event of Ashford LLC, provided Ashford LLC does not file a motion to assume the advisory agreement with the appropriate court within 120 days of the commencement of such case or proceeding; or an involuntary bankruptcy event that remains undismissed and unstayed for a period exceeding 120 days;
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immediately, upon the commencement of an action for dissolution of our advisor;
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immediately upon providing written notice to Ashford LLC, following its conviction (including a plea or nolo contendere) of a felony;
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immediately upon providing written notice to Ashford LLC, if it commits an act of fraud against us, misappropriates our funds or acts in a manner constituting willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard in the performance of its material duties under the advisory agreement (including a failure to act); provided, however, that if any such actions or omissions are caused by an employee and/or an officer of Ashford LLC (or an affiliate of Ashford LLC) and Ashford LLC takes all reasonable necessary and appropriate action against such person and cures the damage caused by such actions or omissions within 45 days of Ashford LLC’s actual knowledge of its commission or omission, we will not have the right to terminate the advisory agreement; and
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immediately upon providing written notice to Ashford LLC following certain changes of control of Ashford LLC, exclusive of any change of control that is an assignment permitted as described in “Assignment” below or a change of control of Ashford Trust at any time that Ashford LLC remains under the control of Ashford Trust.
Upon any termination of the advisory agreement, Ashford LLC is expected to cooperate with and assist us, in executing an orderly transition of the management of our assets to a new advisor, providing a full accounting of all accounts held in the name of or on behalf of us, returning any funds held on behalf of us and returning any and all of our books and records. We are responsible for paying all accrued fees and expenses. We will be subject to certain non-solicitation obligations with respect to Ashford LLC’s employees upon any termination of the advisory agreement other than termination as a result of a change of control of our advisor.
Following the 10-year initial term, Ashford LLC may terminate the advisory agreement prior to the expiration of the then-current term with 180 days’ prior written notice. Additionally, Ashford LLC may terminate the advisory agreement if we default in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant under the advisory agreement; provided, however, before terminating the advisory agreement, Ashford LLC must give us written notice of the default and provide us with an opportunity to cure the default within 45 days, or if such default is not reasonably susceptible to cure within 45 days, such additional cure period as is reasonably necessary to cure the default (not to exceed 90 days) so long as we are diligently and in good faith pursuing such cure. In the event of such a termination, Ashford LLC will be entitled to all accrued fees and expenses.

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Fees and Expenses.
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Base Fee. The total quarterly base fee per annum is based on a declining sliding scale percentage of the total market capitalization of our company, subject to a minimum quarterly base fee plus the Key Money Asset Management Fee (defined in our advisory agreement as the aggregate gross asset value of all key money assets multiplied by 0.7%). The “total market capitalization” for purposes of determining the base fee is calculated on a quarterly basis as (i) the average of the volume-weighted average price per share of our common stock for each trading day of the preceding quarter multiplied by the average number of shares of our common stock outstanding during such quarter, on a fully-diluted basis (assuming all common units and long term incentive partnership units in the operating partnership which have achieved economic parity with common units in the operating partnership have been redeemed for our common stock), plus (ii) the quarterly average of the aggregate principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness (including our proportionate share of debt of any entity that is not consolidated but excluding our joint venture partners’ proportionate share of consolidated debt), plus (iii) the quarterly average of the liquidation value of our outstanding preferred equity and (iv) multiplying the sum of (i), (ii), and (iii) above by the Key Money Asset Factor (defined in our advisory agreement as 1 minus the quotient resulting from dividing the aggregate gross book value of all key money assets by the aggregate gross book value of all our assets (including key money assets)).
The minimum base fee each quarter is equal to the greater of (i) 90% of the base fee paid for the same quarter in the prior year and (ii) the “G&A ratio” multiplied by our total market capitalization. The “G&A ratio” is calculated as the simple average of the ratios of total general and administrative expenses, including any dead deal costs, less any non-cash expenses, paid in the applicable quarter by each member of a select peer group, divided by the total market capitalization of such peer group member. Our peer group for purposes of our advisory fees includes: Chesapeake Lodging Trust, DiamondRock Hospitality Co., Lasalle Hotel Properties, Pebblebrook Hotel Trust and Sunstone Hotel Investors, Inc. This peer group may be adjusted from time-to-time by mutual agreement of Ashford LLC and a majority of our independent directors, negotiating in good faith. The base fee is payable in cash on a quarterly basis.
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Incentive Fee. In each year that our total shareholder return (“TSR”) exceeds the “average TSR of our peer group” we have agreed to pay an incentive fee. For purposes of this calculation, our TSR will be calculated using a year-end stock price equal to the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the year as compared to the closing stock price of our common stock on the last trading day of the prior year, assuming all dividends on the common stock are reinvested into additional shares of common stock. The average TSR for each member of our peer group is calculated in the same manner, and the simple average for our entire peer group is the “average TSR for our peer group.” If our TSR exceeds the average TSR for our peer group, Ashford LLC will be paid an incentive fee.
The annual incentive fee is calculated as (i) 5% of the amount (expressed as a percentage but in no event greater than 25%) by which our annual TSR exceeds the average TSR for our peer group, multiplied by (ii) the fully diluted equity value of our company at December 31 of the applicable year. To determine the fully diluted equity value, we will assume that all units in our operating partnership, including long-term incentive plan (“LTIP”) units that have achieved economic parity with the common units, if any, are redeemed for our common stock and that the per share value of each share of our common stock is equal to the closing price of our stock on the last trading day of the year.
The incentive fee, if any, subject to the FCCR Condition (defined below), is payable in arrears in three equal annual installments with the first installment payable on January 15 following the applicable year for which the incentive fee relates and on January 15 of the next two successive years. Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon any termination of the advisory agreement for any reason, any unpaid incentive fee (including any incentive fee installment for the stub period ending on the termination date) will become fully earned and immediately due and payable without regard to the FCCR Condition defined below. Except in the case when the incentive fee is payable on the date of termination of the advisory agreement, up to 50% of the incentive fee may be paid in our common stock or in common units of our operating partnership, at our discretion, with the balance payable in cash unless at the time for payment of the incentive fee, Ashford LLC owns common stock or common units in an amount greater than or equal to three times the base fee for the preceding four quarters or payment in such securities would cause the advisor to be subject to the provision of the Investment Company Act of 1940, or payment in such securities would not be legally permissible for any reason, in which case the entire incentive fee will be payable in cash.
Upon the determination of the incentive fee, except in the case of any termination of the advisory agreement in which case the incentive fee for the stub period and all unpaid installments of an incentive fee shall be deemed earned and fully due and payable, each one-third installment of the incentive fee shall not be deemed earned by the advisor or otherwise payable by us unless we, as of the December 31 immediately preceding the due date for the payment of the incentive fee installment, have a FCCR of 0.20x or greater (the “FCCR Condition”). For purposes of this calculation, “FCCR” means our fixed charge coverage ratio, which is the ratio of adjusted EBITDA for the previous four consecutive fiscal quarters to fixed charges, which includes all (i) our and our subsidiaries’ interest expense, (ii) our and our subsidiaries’ regularly scheduled principal payments, other than balloon or similar principal payments which repay indebtedness in full and payments under cash flow mortgages applied to principal, and (iii) preferred dividends paid by us.

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Equity Compensation. To incentivize employees, officers, consultants, non-employee directors, affiliates and representatives of Ashford LLC to achieve our goals and business objectives, as established by our board of directors, in addition to the base fee and the incentive fee described above, our board of directors has the authority to make annual equity awards to Ashford LLC or directly to employees, officers, consultants and non-employee directors of Ashford LLC, based on our achievement of certain financial and other hurdles established by our board of directors. These annual equity awards are intended to provide an incentive to Ashford LLC and its employees to promote the success of our business. The compensation committee of our board of directors has full discretion regarding the grant of any annual equity awards to be provided to Ashford LLC and its employees, and other than the overall limitation on the total number of shares that are authorized to be granted under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and the Advisor Equity Incentive Plan, there are no limitations on the amount of these annual equity awards.
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Expense Reimbursement. Ashford LLC is responsible for all wages, salaries, cash bonus payments and benefits related to its employees providing services to us (including any of our officers who are also officers of Ashford LLC), with the exception of any equity compensation that may be awarded by us to the employees of Ashford LLC who provide services to us, the provision of certain internal audit services and the international office expenses described below. We are responsible to pay or reimburse Ashford LLC monthly for all other costs incurred by it on our behalf or in connection with the performance of its services and duties to us, including, without limitation, tax, legal, accounting advisory, investment banking and other third party professional fees, director fees and insurance (including errors and omissions insurance and any other insurance required pursuant to the terms of the advisory agreement), debt service, taxes, insurance, underwriting, brokerage, reporting, registration, listing fees and charges, travel and entertainment expenses, conference sponsorships, transaction diligence and closing costs, dead deal costs, dividends, office space, the cost of all equity awards or compensation plans established by us, including the value of awards made by us to Ashford LLC’s employees, and any other costs which are reasonably necessary for the performance by Ashford LLC of its duties and functions. In addition, we pay a pro rata share of Ashford LLC’s office overhead and administrative expenses incurred in the performance of its duties and functions under the advisory agreement. There is no specific limitation on the amount of such reimbursements.
In addition to the expenses described above, we are required to reimburse Ashford LLC monthly for our pro rata share (as reasonably agreed to between Ashford LLC and a majority of our independent directors or our audit committee, chairman of our audit committee or lead director) of (i) employment expenses of Ashford LLC’s internal audit managers, insurance advisory and other Ashford LLC employees who are actively engaged in providing internal audit services to us, (ii) the reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses of Ashford LLC relating to the activities of its internal audit employees and the reasonable third-party expenses which Ashford LLC incurs in connection with its provision of internal audit services to us and (iii) all reasonable international office expenses, overhead, personnel costs, travel and other costs directly related to Ashford LLC’s non-executive personnel who are located internationally or that oversee the operations of international assets or related to our advisor’s personnel that source, investigate or provide diligence services in connection with possible acquisitions or investments internationally. Such expenses shall include but are not limited to salary, wage payroll taxes and the cost of employee benefit plans.
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Additional Services. If, and to the extent that, we request Ashford LLC to render services on our behalf other than those required to be rendered by it under the advisory agreement, such additional services shall be compensated separately at market rates, as defined in the advisory agreement.
Assignment. Ashford LLC may assign its rights under the agreement without our approval to any affiliate under the control of Ashford Inc.
The Ashford Trademark. Ashford LLC and its affiliates have a proprietary interest in the “Ashford” trademark, and Ashford LLC agreed to license its use to us. If at any time we cease to retain Ashford LLC or one of its affiliates to perform advisory services for us, within 60 days following receipt of written request from Ashford LLC, we must cease to conduct business under or use the “Ashford” name or logo, as well as change our name and the names of any of our subsidiaries to a name that does not contain the name “Ashford.”
Relationship with the Advisor. Ashford LLC is a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. and advises us and Ashford Trust. As of December 31, 2016, we hold approximately 9.7% of the equity of Ashford Inc., Ashford LLC’s parent company, and Ashford Trust holds approximately 29.7% of the equity of Ashford Inc., on a fully diluted basis. Ashford LLC, its equity holders and employees are permitted to have other advisory clients, which may include other REITs operating in the real estate industry. If we materially revise our initial investment guidelines without the express written consent of Ashford LLC, Ashford LLC will use its best judgment to allocate investment opportunities to us and other entities it advises, taking into account such factors as it deems relevant, in its discretion, subject to any then existing obligations of Ashford LLC to such other entities. We have agreed that we will not revise our initial investment guidelines to be directly competitive with the investment guidelines of Ashford Trust as of November 19, 2013. The advisory agreement gives us the right to equitable treatment with respect to other clients of Ashford LLC, but does not give us the right to preferential treatment, except that Ashford LLC and Ashford Trust have agreed that, so long

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as we have not materially changed our initial investment guidelines without the express consent of Ashford LLC, any individual hotel investment opportunities that satisfy our investment focus will be presented to our board of directors, who will have up to 10 business days to accept such opportunity prior to it being available to Ashford Trust or any other entity advised by Ashford LLC.
To minimize conflict between us and Ashford Trust, the advisory agreement requires us to designate an investment focus by targeted RevPAR, segments, markets and other factors or financial metrics. After consultation with Ashford LLC, we may modify or supplement our investment guidelines from time to time by giving written notice to Ashford LLC; however, if we materially change our investment guidelines without the express consent of Ashford LLC, Ashford LLC will use its best judgment to allocate investment opportunities to us and Ashford Trust, taking into account such factors as it deems relevant, in its discretion, subject to any then existing obligations of Ashford LLC to other entities. In the advisory agreement, we declared our initial investment guidelines to be hotel real estate assets primarily consisting of equity or ownership interests, as well as debt investments when such debt is acquired with the intent of obtaining an equity or ownership interest, in:
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full service hotels and resorts with trailing 12 month average RevPAR or anticipated 12 month average RevPAR of at least twice the then-current U.S. national average RevPAR for all hotels as determined with reference to the most current Smith Travel Research reports, generally in the 20 most populous metropolitan statistical areas, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau and delineated by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget;
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luxury hotels and resorts meeting the RevPAR criteria set forth above and situated in markets that may be generally recognized as resort markets; and
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international hospitality assets predominantly focused in areas that are general destinations or in close proximity to major transportation hubs or business centers, such that the area serves as a significant entry or departure point to a foreign country or region of a foreign country for business or leisure travelers and meet the RevPAR criteria set forth above (after any applicable currency conversion to U.S. dollars).
When determining whether an asset satisfies our investment guidelines, Ashford LLC must make a good faith determination of projected RevPAR, taking into account historical RevPAR as well as such additional considerations as conversions or reposition of assets, capital plans, brand changes and other factors that may reasonably be forecasted to raise RevPAR after stabilization of such initiative.
If we elect to spin-off, carve-out, split-off or otherwise consummate a transfer of a division or subset of assets for the purpose of forming a joint venture, a newly created private platform or a new publicly traded company to hold such division or subset of assets constituting a distinct asset type and/or investment guidelines, we have agreed that any such new entity will be advised by Ashford LLC pursuant to an advisory agreement containing substantially the same material terms set forth in our advisory agreement.
If we desire to engage a third party for services or products (other than services exclusively required to be provided by our property managers), Ashford LLC has the exclusive right to provide such services or products at typical market rates provided that we are able to control the award of the applicable contract. Ashford LLC will have at least 20 days after we give notice of the terms and specifications of the products or services that we intend to solicit to provide such services or products at market rates, as determined by reference to fees charged by third-party providers who are not discounting their fees as a result of fees generated from other sources. If a majority of our independent directors determine that Ashford LLC’s pricing proposal is not at market rates, we are required to engage a consultant to determine the market rate for the services or products in question. We will be required to pay for the services of the consultant and to engage Ashford LLC at the market rates determined by the consultant if the consultant finds that the proposed pricing of Ashford LLC was at or below market rates. Alternatively, Ashford LLC will pay the consultant’s fees and will have the option to provide the services or product at the market rates determined by the consultant should the consultant find that the proposed pricing was above market rates.
To minimize conflicts between us and Ashford LLC on matters arising under the advisory agreement, the Company's Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that any waiver, consent, approval, modification, enforcement matters or elections which the Company may make pursuant to the terms of the advisory agreement shall be within the exclusive discretion and control of a majority of the Independent Directors (or higher vote thresholds specifically set forth in such agreements). In addition, our board of directors has established a Related Party Transaction Committee (Conflicts Committee) comprised solely of independent directors to review all related party transactions that involve conflicts which committee may make recommendations to the independent members of our board (including rejection of any proposed transaction).
Fourth Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. On January 24, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated advisory agreement with Ashford Inc. (the “Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement”) that amended and restated our current advisory agreement discussed herein. Although our board of directors, through the action of the independent directors only, may amend the advisory agreement without stockholder approval, the independent directors have elected to seek stockholder approval of the

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Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. Accordingly, the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement will not become effective unless and until it is approved by our stockholders. The material terms of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement include:
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we will make a cash payment to Ashford LLC of $5.0 million at the time the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement becomes effective;
•
the termination fee payable to Ashford LLC has been amended by eliminating the 1.1x multiplier and tax gross up components of the fee;
•
Ashford Inc. will disclose publicly the revenues and expenses used to calculate “Net Earnings” on a quarterly basis which is used to calculate the termination fee; Ashford LLC will retain an accounting firm to provide a quarterly report to us on the reasonableness of Ashford LLC’s determination of expenses, which will be binding on the parties;
•
the right of Ashford LLC to appoint a “Designated CEO” has been eliminated;
•
the right of Ashford LLC to terminate the advisory agreement due to a change in a majority of the “Company Incumbent Board” (as defined in the current advisory agreement) has been eliminated;
•
we will be incentivized to grow our assets under a “growth covenant” in the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement under which we will receive a deemed credit against a base amount of $45.0 million for: 3.75% of the total purchase price of each hotel acquired after the date of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement that was recommended by Ashford LLC, netted against 3.75% of the total sale price of each hotel sold after the date of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. The difference between $45.0 million and such net credit, if any, is referred to as the “Uninvested Amount.” If the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement is terminated, other than due to certain acts by Ashford LLC, we must pay Ashford LLC the Uninvested Amount, in addition to any termination fee payable under the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement;
•
the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement requires us to maintain a net worth of not less than $390 million plus 75% of the equity proceeds from the sale of securities by us after December 31, 2016 and a covenant prohibiting us from paying dividends except as required to maintain our REIT status if paying the dividend would reduce our net worth below the required minimum net worth;
•
the initial term of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement ends on the 10th anniversary of its effective date, subject to renewal by Ashford LLC for up to seven additional successive 10-year terms;
•
the base management fee payable to Ashford LLC will be fixed at 70 bps, and the fee will be payable on a monthly basis;
•
reimbursements of expenses to Ashford LLC will be made monthly in advance, based on an annual expense budget, with a quarterly true-up for actual expenses;
•
our right to terminate the advisory agreement due to a change of control of Ashford LLC has been eliminated;
•
our rights to terminate the advisory agreement at the end of each term upon payment of the termination fee based on the parties being unable to agree on new market-based fees or advisor’s performance have been eliminated; however, the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement provides a mechanism for the parties to renegotiate the fees payable to Ashford LLC at the end of each term based on then prevailing market conditions, subject to floors and caps on the changes;
•
if a Change of Control (as defined in the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement) is pending, we have agreed to deposit not less than 50%, and in certain cases 100%, of the applicable termination fee in escrow, with the payment of any remaining amounts owed to Ashford LLC secured by a letter of credit and/or first priority lien on certain assets;
•
our ability to terminate the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement due to a material default by Ashford LLC is limited to instances where a court finally determines that the default had a material adverse effect on us and Ashford LLC fails to pay monetary damages in accordance with the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement; and
•
if we repudiate the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement through actions or omissions that constitute a repudiation as determined by a final non-appealable order from a court of competent jurisdiction, we will be liable to Ashford LLC for a liquidated damages amount.
\Hotel Management Agreements
For us to qualify as a REIT, we cannot directly or indirectly operate any of our hotel properties. Third parties must operate our hotel properties. Our hotel properties are leased to TRS lessees (except for the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, which is owned by a TRS), which in turn have engaged property managers to manage our hotel properties. Each of our hotel properties other than the Pier House Resort and the Bardessono Hotel are operated pursuant to a hotel management agreement with one of three independent hotel management companies: (1) Hilton Management LLC, (2) Marriott Hotel Services, Inc. or its affiliates, Courtyard Management Corporation and Renaissance Hotel Management Company, LLC, and (3) Accor. Courtyard by Marriott and Renaissance are both registered trademarks of Marriott. The Pier House Resort and the Bardessono Hotel are operated by Remington Lodging.

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The terms of each of the hotel management agreements as well as any remaining extension, are set forth in the table below:
Hotel
 
Effective Date 
 
Expiration
Date
 
Extension Options By Manager
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines
 
12/17/2003
 
12/31/2023
 
three 10-year options
The Capital Hilton
 
12/17/2003
 
12/31/2023
 
three 10-year options
Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center
 
8/15/2003
 
12/31/2023
 
two 10-year options
Seattle Marriott Waterfront
 
5/23/2003
 
12/31/2028
 
five 10-year options
Courtyard San Francisco Downtown
 
6/7/2002
 
12/31/2027
 
five 5-year options
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown
 
12/3/2011
 
12/31/2041
 
two 10-year options
Renaissance Tampa International Plaza
 
4/9/2003, with 8/9/2004 opening date
 
12/28/2029
 
five 10-year options
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
3/30/2006
 
12/31/2030
 
three 10-year options
Pier House Resort
 
5/14/2013
 
05/14/2023
 
three 7-year options and one 4-year option
Bardessono Hotel
 
7/10/2015
 
07/10/2025
 
three 7-year options and one 4-year option
Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas
 
12/15/2015
 
12/31/2065
 
two 10-year options
Each hotel management company receives a base management fee (expressed as a percentage of gross revenues) ranging from 3.0%–7.0%, as well as an incentive management fee calculated as a percentage of hotel operating income, in certain cases after funding of certain requirements, including the capital renewal reserve, and in certain cases after we have received a priority return on our investment in the hotel (referred to as the owner’s priority), as summarized in the chart below:
Hotel
 
Management Fee(1)
 
Incentive Fee
 
Marketing Fee 
 
Owner’s Priority(2)
 
Owner’s
Investment(2)
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines
 
3%
 
20% of operating cash flow (after deduction for capital renewals reserve and owner’s priority)
 
Reimbursement of hotel’s pro rata share of group services
 
11.5% of owner’s total investment
 

$117,465,746

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Capital Hilton
 
3%
 
20% of operating cash flow (after deduction for capital renewals reserve and owner’s priority)
 
Reimbursement of hotel’s pro rata share of group services
 
11.5% of owner’s total investment
 

$132,100,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center (3)
 
3%
 
35% of the excess of operating profit (after deduction for contributions to the FF&E reserve) over owner’s priority
 
Reimbursement of the hotel’s pro rata share of chain services, capped at 2.1% of gross revenues per fiscal year
 
11% of owner’s investment (that includes owner funded capital expenditures)
 

$57,486,897

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Seattle Marriott Waterfront (3)
 
3%
 
After payment of owner’s 1st priority, remaining operating profit is split between owner and manager, such that manager receives 30% of remaining operating profit that is less than the sum of $15,133,000 plus 10.75% of owner- funded capital expenses, and 50% of the operating profit in excess of such sum.
 
Reimbursement of the hotel’s pro rata share of chain services, capped at 2.2% of gross revenues per fiscal year
 
Owner’s 1st Priority: 10.75% of owner’s investment
Owner’s 2nd Priority: After payment of the owner’ 1st priority, remaining operating profit is split between owner and manager, such that owner receives 70% of remaining operating profit that is less than the sum of $15,133,000 plus 10.75% of owner- funded capital expenses, and 50% of the operating profit in excess of such sum.
 

$88,937,857

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Courtyard San Francisco Downtown
 
7%
 
50% of the excess of operating profit (after deduction for contributions to the FF&E reserve) over owner’s priority
 
System wide contribution to the marketing fund (2% of guest room revenues on the effective date).
 
$9,500,000 plus 11.5% of owner funded capital expenses
 
Not applicable

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Hotel
 
Management Fee(1)
 
Incentive Fee
 
Marketing Fee 
 
Owner’s Priority(2)
 
Owner’s
Investment(2)
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown
 
6.5%
 
20% of the excess of operating profit (after deduction for contributions to the FF&E reserve) over owner’s priority
 
System wide contribution to the marketing fund (2% of guest room revenues on the effective date).
 
2011-$5 million
2012-$5.5 million 2013-$6 million
2014-$6.5 million Thereafter-$7 million Plus 10.25% of owner funded capital expenses after the beginning of 2016.
 
Not applicable

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Renaissance Tampa International Plaza
 
3.5%
 
First Incentive Fee: 100% of operating profit (after deduction for contributions to the FF&E reserve) after Owner’s First Priority until an aggregate amount of $2 million is paid to manager. Second Incentive Fee: After payment of owner’s 1st priority and manager’s first incentive fee, remaining operating profit is split between owner and manager, such that manager receives 30% of remaining operating profit that is less than the sum of 6,675,000 plus 15% of owner-funded capital expenses, and 40% of the operating profit in excess of such sum.
 
Reimbursement of the hotel’s pro rata share of chain services, capped at 2.8% of gross revenues per fiscal year
 
Owner’s 1st Priority: 11.25% of owner’s investment
Owner’s 2nd Priority: After payment of the owner’s 1st priority and manager’s fee, remaining operating profit is split between owner and manager, such that owner receives 70% of remaining operating profit that is less than the sum of $6,675,000 plus 15% of owner- funded capital expenses, and 60% of the operating profit in excess of such sum.
 

$44,500,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
3%
 
20% of the amount by which the hotel’s annual net operating income exceeds a threshold amount (equal to 8% of our total investment in the hotel), capped at 2.5% of gross hotel revenues.
 
2% of gross hotel revenues
 
Not applicable
 

$153,000,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pier House Resort
 
Greater of $13,252.62 monthly or 3%
 
The lesser of 1% of gross revenues or the amount by which actual house profit exceeds budgeted house profit.
 
Not applicable
 
Not applicable
 
Not applicable

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bardessono Hotel
 
Greater of $13,252.62 monthly or 3%
 
The lesser of 1% of gross revenues or the amount by which actual house profit exceeds budgeted house profit.
 
Not applicable
 
Not applicable
 

$85,000,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas
 
3.0%, comprised of a management fee of 0.4% and a royalty fee of 2.6%
 
20% of the excess, if any, of Operating Profit for such Fiscal Year over Owner’s Priority for such Fiscal Year.
 
1.0% of Gross Revenues
 
$5,440,000 plus 10.25% of the amount of Owner-Funded Capital Expenditures.
 

$64,000,000

__________________
(1) 
Management fee is expressed as a percentage of gross hotel revenue.
(2) 
Owner’s priority and owner’s investment amounts disclosed in the table are based on the most recent certification provided to us by the applicable manager. These amounts will continue to increase over time by the amount of additional owner-funded capital expenses.
(3) 
The Management fee at this hotel is subject to reduction in the event specific Marriott branded hotels open.
The hotel management agreements allow each hotel to operate under the Courtyard, Marriott, Renaissance, Hilton or Sofitel brand names, as applicable, and provide benefits typically associated with franchise agreements, including, among others, the use of the Marriott, Hilton or Sofitel, as applicable, reservation system and guest loyalty and reward program. Any intellectual property and trademarks of Marriott, Hilton or Accor, as applicable, are exclusively owned and controlled by the applicable manager or an affiliate of such manager who grants the manager rights to use such intellectual property or trademarks with respect to the applicable hotel.
Below is a summary of the principal terms of the hotel management agreements with Marriott, Hilton and Accor.

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Marriott Management Agreements
Term. The remaining base term of each of our six Marriott management agreements ranges from approximately 7 to 26 years, expiring between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2065. Each of these agreements has remaining automatic extension options at the discretion of the manager, ranging from one 10-year extension to five 10-year extensions.
Events of Default. An “Event of Default” under the Marriott hotel management agreements is generally defined to include the bankruptcy or insolvency of either party, the failure to make a payment under the hotel management agreement and failure to cure such non-payment after due notice, and a breach by either party of any other covenants or obligations in the hotel management agreement which continues beyond the applicable notice and grace period.
Termination Upon Event of Default. A non-defaulting party may terminate the hotel management agreement upon an Event of Default (as defined in the applicable hotel management agreement) generally after the expiration of any notice and cure periods; provided, however, the hotel management agreement may not be terminated by the non-defaulting party unless and until such Event of Default has a material adverse effect on the non-defaulting party. In the case of the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, if the defaulting party contests such Event of Default or such material adverse effect, we may not terminate unless a court of competent jurisdiction has issued a final, binding and non-appealable order finding that the Event of Default has occurred and that the default resulted in a material adverse effect.
Early Termination for Casualty. The termination provisions for our hotel properties in the event of casualty are summarized as follows:
•
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown: If damage or destruction to the hotel from any cause materially and adversely affects the operation of the hotel and we fail to promptly commence and complete the repair, rebuilding or replacement of the same to bring it back to substantially its prior condition, manager may, at its option, terminate the management agreement by written notice.
•
Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center; Courtyard San Francisco Downtown; Seattle Marriott Waterfront; Renaissance Tampa International Plaza and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas: If the hotel suffers a total casualty (meaning the cost of the damage to be repaired or replaced would be equal to 30% (60% for Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas) or more of the then total replacement cost of the hotel), then either party may terminate the hotel management agreement.
Early Termination for Condemnation. If all or substantially all of the hotel is taken in any condemnation or similar proceeding, or a portion of the hotel is so taken, and the result is that it is unreasonable to continue to operate the hotel in accordance with the hotel management agreement, the hotel management agreement shall terminate.
Performance Termination. All of the Marriott hotel management agreements are structured to provide us with a right to terminate the hotel management agreement without the payment of a termination fee if the manager fails to achieve certain criteria relating to the performance of the hotel managed by Marriott. The performance period is measured with respect to any two consecutive fiscal years, except that for the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, the performance period will not include any fiscal year prior to 2015. The performance criteria generally includes each of the following: (i) operating profit for each such fiscal year is less than the applicable performance termination threshold (as defined in the hotel management agreement) which ranges from 9.5% to 10.25% of the approximate total investment in the hotel, and in the case of the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown is 85% of the owner’s priority return (as defined in the hotel management agreement), (ii) the RevPAR penetration index of the hotel during each such fiscal year is less than the revenue index threshold (as such terms are defined in the hotel management agreements) which range from 0.85 to 1.00, and (iii) the fact that the criteria set forth in (i) or (ii) is not the result of an extraordinary event or force majeure, any major renovation of the hotel adversely affecting a material portion of the income generating areas (or any major renovation with respect to the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown), or any default by us under the hotel management agreement. The manager has a right to avoid a performance termination by paying to us the total amount by which the operating profit for each of the fiscal years in question was less than the performance termination threshold for such fiscal years, or in the case of Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, by waiving base management fees until such time as the total amount of waived base management fees equals the shortfall of operating profit for each of the fiscal years in question to the performance termination threshold for such fiscal years.
Limitation on Termination Rights. Our ability to exercise termination rights is subject to certain limitations if the manager or any of its affiliates are providing certain credit enhancements, loans or fundings as described in the hotel management agreement, or in certain cases, if manager’s incentive management fee is outstanding.
Assignment and Sale. Each Marriott management agreement provides that we cannot sell the applicable hotel property to any unrelated third party or engage in certain change of control actions if (i) we are in default under the hotel management agreement, (ii) such party is known to be of bad moral character or has been convicted of a felony or is in control of or controlled by persons who have been convicted of felonies, (iii) such party does not (in the reasonable judgment of manager) have sufficient

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financial resources and liquidity to fulfill our obligations under the hotel management agreement, (iv) such party has an ownership interest, either directly or indirectly, in a brand or group of hotels totaling at least 10 hotels and such brand or group competes with the manager or Marriott or any affiliate thereof, or (v) with respect to the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, such party is a “specially designated national or blocked person” as designated by the applicable governmental entity. Any sale of the property (which includes any equity transfer, whether directly or indirectly) is subject to certain conditions, including the provision of notice of such sale to the manager.
Right of First Offer. All of the Marriott management agreements provide Marriott with a right of first negotiation with respect to a sale of the hotel (which includes the equity transfer of a controlling interest in the owner of the hotel property, whether directly or indirectly). A sale or transfer to an affiliate is specifically excluded from this right. After notice of a proposed sale to the manager, we have a specified time period, ranging from 20 to 45 days, to negotiate an acceptable purchase and sale agreement. If after such time period no agreement is signed, we are free to sell or lease the hotel to a third party, subject to certain conditions, such as providing notice of sale to the manager (with certain details regarding the terms of sale). The manager then has a specified time period, ranging from 20 to 45 days, depending on our compliance with the assignment and sale provisions above, to either consent to such sale or not consent to such sale. If the manager does not timely respond or does not consent to such sale, certain of the management agreements provide that the sale must occur 180 days after provision of the notice of sale or the notice of sale is deemed void and we must provide a new notice to the manager.
Hilton Management Agreements
Term. The base term of each of our two Hilton management agreements was 10 years, expiring December 31, 2013. Each of these agreements has been extended through December 31, 2023 and has three 10-year automatic extension options remaining, at the discretion of the manager.
Events of Default. An “Event of Default” under the Hilton hotel management agreements is generally defined to include the bankruptcy or insolvency of either party, the failure to make a payment under the hotel management agreement and failure to cure such non-payment after due notice, a breach by either party of any other covenants or obligations in the hotel management agreement which continues beyond the applicable notice and grace period, failure to maintain certain alcohol licenses and permits under certain circumstances, failure by us to provide manager with sufficient working capital to operate the hotel after due notice and a termination of our operating lease due to our default under the operating lease.
Termination Upon Event of Default. If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any applicable notice and cure periods set forth in the hotel management agreement, the non-defaulting party generally has, among other remedies, the option of terminating the applicable hotel management agreement upon written notice to the defaulting party.
Performance Termination. Each of the Hilton management agreements provide us with a right to terminate the hotel management agreement without the payment of a termination fee if the manager fails to achieve certain criteria relating to the performance of the hotel managed by Hilton. The performance period is measured with respect to any two consecutive fiscal years. The performance criteria are: (i) the hotel’s operating cash flow (before deducting our priority return) does not equal or exceed 85% of the our priority return (as defined in the hotel management agreement); and (ii) the hotel’s yield index is below the base yield index (as such terms are defined in the hotel management agreement), which is 90%. The manager has a right to avoid a performance termination by paying to us an amount within 30 days of due notice equal to the deficiency set forth in (i) above to cure such performance default, but in no event may the manager exercise such cure with respect to more than four full operating years during the initial term or with respect to more than four full operating years during any single extension term. The amount of any shortfall payable by manager to us shall be reduced to the extent of any portion attributable to a force majeure event, performance of certain capital renewals and major capital improvements adversely affecting a material portion of the income generating areas of the hotel, or certain uncontrollable expenses that could not have been reasonably anticipated by the manager.
Early Termination for Casualty. In the event the applicable hotel is substantially damaged by fire or other casualty such that it cannot be restored within 240 days, or in the event our lender doesn’t provide adequate insurance proceeds to restore the hotel, we may terminate the hotel management agreement. If we undertake to restore the hotel or if we are required to restore the hotel because it was not substantially damaged and fail to commence such repairs within 60 days of receiving sufficient insurance proceeds to complete such work, or fail to complete such repairs within 240 days of the casualty, the manager may terminate the agreement. We have no obligation to restore the premises, however, if the casualty occurs in the last five years of the third renewal term or thereafter.
Early Termination for Condemnation. If all or substantially all of the applicable hotel is taken in any condemnation or similar proceeding which, in our reasonable opinion, makes it infeasible to restore or continue to operate the hotel in accordance with the hotel management agreement, the hotel management agreement shall terminate. If it is reasonably feasible to restore the premises and operate the hotel and we fail to complete the restoration within two years of the taking, the manager may terminate the

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agreement. We have no obligation to restore the premises, however, if the taking occurs in the last five years of the third renewal term or thereafter.
Assignment and Sale. Each Hilton management agreement provides that we cannot sell the applicable hotel to any unrelated third party, which includes the transfer of an equity interest, or engage in certain change of control actions (i) if such party has an ownership interest, either directly or indirectly, in a brand of hotels totaling at least 10 hotels and such brand competes with the manager or Hilton or any affiliate thereof; (ii) if such party is known to be of ill repute or an unsuitable business associate (per gaming industry regulations where the manager holds a gaming license); (iii) if such party does not have the ability to fulfill our financial obligations under the hotel management agreement; or (iv) if certain conditions are not satisfied, including cure of any existing or potential defaults, receipt of evidence of proper insurance coverage, payment of fees and expenses which will accrue to the manager through the date of closing, and provision of sufficient notice of the contemplated sale to the manager.
Right of First Offer. Each of the Hilton management agreements provides the manager with a right of first negotiation with respect to a sale of the hotel (which includes any equity transfer, whether directly or indirectly) or lease of the hotel (if applicable). After notice of a proposed sale or lease to the manager, the manager has 30 days to elect or decline to exercise its right to purchase or lease. If the manager makes an election to purchase or lease, the parties have 30 days to execute an agreement for purchase (or lease, if applicable) and an additional 30 days to consummate the purchase or lease (if applicable). If the manager declines to exercise its right to purchase or lease, the sale or lease must occur within 180 days at greater than 90% of the price or the notice of sale must be renewed to manager.
Accor Management Agreement
In connection with our acquisition of the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, our TRS lessee, as lessee of the hotel, assumed a management agreement with Accor that allows us to operate under the Sofitel brand name and utilize Accor’s services and experience in connection with the management and operation of the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile. The material terms of the agreement are summarized as follows:
Term. The initial term of the management agreement expires on December 31, 2030 and automatically renews for three consecutive 10-year renewal terms, unless the manager terminates the agreement by written notice at least 180 days prior to the expiration of the then-current term.
Events of Default. An “Event of Default” is generally defined to include the failure to make a payment under the management agreement and failure to cure such non-payment after the applicable notice and cure period, the bankruptcy or insolvency of either party, a failure by either party to maintain at all times all of the insurance required to be maintained by such party and failure to cure such default after the applicable notice and cure period, the failure by either party to perform any of the material covenants in the hotel management agreement which continues beyond the applicable notice and cure period and a transfer of the agreement by either party in violation of the provisions of the agreement. The occurrence of an Event of Default prevents the defaulting party from transferring the agreement without the consent of the non-defaulting party.
Termination. A non-defaulting party may terminate the hotel management agreement if the defaulting party (i) has breached any material representation or fails to perform any material provision of the agreement or (ii) becomes insolvent or bankrupt, in each case after the expiration of any applicable notice and cure period. In addition, the manager may terminate the agreement if we default under a mortgage relating to the hotel and fail to cure such default within the times provided.
Performance Termination. We have the right to terminate the hotel management agreement without the payment of a termination fee if the manager fails to achieve certain criteria relating to the performance of the hotel managed by Accor. The performance period is measured with respect to any two consecutive operating years. The performance criteria are: (i) the RevPAR for the hotel is less than 90% of the RevPAR for the hotel’s competitive set for each such operating year and (ii) the adjusted net operating income less the hurdle amount of $9.0 million plus 8% of any amounts we spent on capital expenditures is a negative number (i.e. less than zero) for each such operating year, provided that for any operating year in which the operation of the hotel is materially and adversely affected by a force majeure event, a refurbishing program or major capital improvements, the RevPAR for the hotel and the adjusted net operating income for such operating years shall be adjusted equitably. The manager will have a right up to three times in any eight-year period to avoid a performance termination by paying to us a cure amount that equals, for any operating year, the lower of (i) the amount by which the adjusted net operating income is less than zero and (ii) the amount that we would have been entitled to receive as a distribution from the hotel had the hotel not had a RevPAR shortfall.
Early Termination for Condemnation. If all of the hotel, or a portion of the hotel that in our reasonable opinion makes it imprudent or unsuitable to use and operate the remaining portion of the hotel in accordance with the standards maintained by the Sofitel brand, is taken in any condemnation or similar proceeding, we may terminate the agreement.

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Early Termination for Casualty. If a material part of the hotel is damaged or destroyed by fire or other casualty, then we may terminate the agreement and elect not to restore the hotel. If we elect to restore the hotel, we must commence such process within 120 days after the date of the casualty and diligently proceed with the restoration of the hotel so that it meets the standards maintained by the Sofitel brand. If we fail to complete the restoration within two years after the date of the casualty, then for so long as such failure continues, the manager may terminate the management agreement. If we or the manager terminate the management agreement because of a casualty, if we have not restored the hotel and desire to lease or sell it, we must first offer to sell the hotel to the manager. If we repair, rebuild or replace the premises within five years, the manager may reinstate the agreement.
Assignment and Sale. So long as we are not in default under the management agreement and any advances made by the manager on our behalf would be repaid in connection with the sale, we may sell the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and assign the management agreement (including as a result of a change of control) without the consent of the manager to any of our affiliates or to any person that (i) is not a competitor of the manager (as defined in the management agreement), (ii) is not generally recognized in the community as being a person of ill repute or with whom a prudent business person would not wish to associate in a commercial venture and (iii) has a minimum net worth required by the management agreement, if the assignee expressly assumes the management agreement.
Remington Master Management Agreement
As described below under “Mutual Exclusivity Agreement,” we entered into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging upon completion of the spin-off. Remington Lodging manages the Pier House Resort and the Bardessono Hotel. Remington Lodging is owned 100% by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, chairman of our board of directors and the chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Ashford Trust, and his father, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. Pursuant to this agreement, we have agreed to engage Remington Lodging for the property management, project management, development and certain other work for all hotels we acquire, unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote not to engage Remington Lodging, or (ii) based on special circumstances or past performance, by a majority vote elect not to engage Remington Lodging because, in their reasonable business judgment, they have determined that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging or that another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. We believe Remington Lodging to be one of the premier third-party property managers in the country, and our mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging offers us a unique competitive advantage over other lodging REITs.
On September 17, 2015, Remington Lodging and Ashford Inc. entered into an agreement pursuant to which Ashford Inc. will acquire all of the general partner interest and 80% of the limited partner interests in Remington Lodging. The acquisition is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including the approval of Ashford Inc.’s stockholders. On April 12, 2016, Ashford Inc.’s stockholders approved the acquisition. The agreement was subsequently amended to extend the date by which each of Ashford Inc. and Remington Lodging may unilaterally terminate the agreement if the acquisition has not yet been consummated prior to April 7, 2017. The acquisition is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, and if completed, will not impact our management agreements with Remington Lodging.
The following summarizes the terms of the master management agreement that we have agreed will control to the extent that Remington Lodging manages future properties that we acquire and that will control with respect to the project management of each of our properties, unless otherwise provided for in a hotel’s management agreement, including our eight initial properties contributed to us in connection with the spin-off. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the master management agreement filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Term. The master management agreement provides for an initial term of 10 years as to each hotel governed by the agreement. The term may be renewed by Remington Lodging, at its option, subject to certain performance tests, for three successive periods of seven years each and, thereafter, a final term of four years, provided that at the time the option to renew is exercised, Remington Lodging is not then in default under the master management agreement. If at the time of the exercise of any renewal period, Remington Lodging is in default, then the exercise of the renewal option will be conditional on timely cure of such default, and if such default is not timely cured, then our TRS lessee may terminate the management agreement regardless of the exercise of such option and without the payment of any fee or liquidated damages. If Remington Lodging desires to exercise any option to renew, it must give our TRS lessee written notice of its election to renew the master management agreement no less than 90 days before the expiration of the then current term of the master management agreement.
Amounts Payable under the Remington Master Management Agreement. Remington Lodging receives a base management fee, and if the hotels meet and exceed certain thresholds, an additional incentive fee. The base management fee for each hotel will be due monthly and will be equal to the greater of:
•
$13,252.62 (increased annually based on consumer price index adjustments); or
•
3% of the gross revenues associated with that hotel for the related month.

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The incentive management fee, if any, for each hotel will be due annually in arrears within 90 days of the end of the fiscal year and will be equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of gross revenues and (ii) the amount by which the actual house profit (gross operating profit of the applicable hotel before deducting management fees or franchise fees) exceeds the target house profit as set forth in the annual operating budget approved for the applicable fiscal year. If, however, based on actual operations and revised forecasts from time to time, it is reasonably anticipated that the incentive fee is reasonably expected to be earned, the applicable TRS lessee will consider payment of the incentive fee pro rata on a quarterly basis.
The incentive fee is designed to encourage Remington Lodging to generate higher house profit at each hotel by increasing the fee due to Remington Lodging when the hotels generate house profit above certain threshold levels. Any increased revenues will generate increased lease payments under the percentage leases and should thereby benefit our stockholders.
Termination. The master management agreement may be terminated as to one or more of the hotels earlier than the stated term if certain events occur, including:
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a sale of a hotel;
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the failure of Remington Lodging to satisfy certain performance standards;
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for the convenience of our TRS lessee;
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in the event of a casualty to, condemnation of, or force majeure involving a hotel; or
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upon a default by Remington Lodging or us that is not cured prior to the expiration of any applicable cure periods.
In certain cases of early termination of the master management agreement with respect to one or more of the hotels, we must pay Remington Lodging termination fees, plus any amounts otherwise due to Remington Lodging pursuant to the terms of the master management agreement. We will be obligated to pay termination fees in the circumstances described below, provided that Remington Lodging is not then in default, subject to certain cure and grace periods:
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Sale. If any hotel subject to the Remington master management agreement is sold during the first 12 months of the date such hotel becomes subject to the master management agreement, our TRS lessee may terminate the master management agreement with respect to such sold hotel, provided that it pays to Remington Lodging an amount equal to the management fee (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be payable to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget for the balance of the first year of the term. If any hotel subject to the Remington master management agreement is sold at any time after the first year of the term and the TRS lessee terminates the master management agreement with respect to such hotel, our TRS lessee will have no obligation to pay any termination fees.
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Casualty. If any hotel subject to the Remington master management agreement is the subject of a casualty during the first year of the initial 10-year term and the TRS lessee elects not to rebuild, then we must pay to Remington Lodging the termination fee, if any, that would be owed if the hotel had been sold. However, after the first year of the initial 10-year term, if a hotel is the subject of a casualty and the TRS lessee elects not to rebuild the hotel even though sufficient casualty insurance proceeds are available to do so, then the TRS lessee must pay to Remington Lodging a termination fee equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) nine.
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Condemnation or Force Majeure. In the event of a condemnation of, or the occurrence of any force majeure event with respect to, any of the hotels, the TRS lessee has no obligation to pay any termination fees if the master management agreement terminates as to those hotels.
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Failure to Satisfy Performance Test. If any hotel subject to the Remington master management agreement fails to satisfy a certain performance test, the TRS lessee may terminate the master management agreement with respect to such hotel, and in such case, the TRS lessee must pay to Remington Lodging an amount equal to 60% of the product obtained by multiplying (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) nine. Remington Lodging will have failed the performance test with respect to a particular hotel if during any fiscal year during the term (i) such hotel’s gross operating profit margin for such fiscal year is less than 75% of the average gross operating profit margins of comparable hotels in similar markets and geographical locations, as reasonably determined by Remington Lodging and the TRS lessee, and (ii) such hotel’s RevPAR yield penetration is less than 80%. Upon a performance test failure, the TRS lessee must give Remington Lodging two years to cure. If, after the first year, the performance test failure has not been cured, then the TRS lessee may, in order not to waive any such failure, require Remington Lodging to engage a consultant with significant hotel lodging experience reasonably acceptable to both Remington Lodging and the TRS lessee, to make a determination as to whether or not another management company could manage the hotel in a materially more efficient manner. If the consultant’s determination is in the affirmative, then Remington Lodging must engage such consultant to

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assist with the cure of such performance failure for the second year of the cure period after that failure. If the consultant’s determination is in the negative, then Remington Lodging will be deemed not to be in default under the performance test. The cost of such consultant will be shared by the TRS lessee and Remington Lodging equally. If Remington Lodging fails the performance test for the second year of the cure period and, after that failure, the consultant again makes a finding that another management company could manage the hotel in a materially more efficient manner than Remington Lodging, then the TRS lessee has the right to terminate the management agreement with respect to such hotel upon 45 days’ written notice to Remington Lodging and to pay to Remington Lodging the termination fee described above. Further, if any hotel subject to the Remington management agreement is within a cure period due to a failure of the performance test, an exercise of a renewal option shall be conditioned upon timely cure of the performance test failure, and if the performance failure is not timely cured, the TRS lessee may elect to terminate the management agreement without paying any termination fee.
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For Convenience. With respect to any hotel managed by Remington Lodging pursuant to the Remington master management agreement, if the TRS lessee elects for convenience to terminate the management of such hotel, at any time, including during any renewal term, the TRS lessee must pay a termination fee to Remington Lodging, equal to the product of (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees for such hotel (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be payable to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) and (ii) nine. With respect to any non-managed hotel for which services are provided pursuant to the Remington master management agreement, if the TRS lessee elects for convenience to terminate the master management agreement with respect to such non-managed hotel, at any time, including during any renewal term, the TRS lessee must pay a termination fee to Remington Lodging, equal to the product of (i) 65% of the aggregate project management fees and market service fees estimated for the non-managed hotel for the then current fiscal year in which such termination is to occur (but in no event less than the project management fees and market service fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) nine.
If the master management agreement terminates as to all of the hotels covered in connection with a default under the master management agreement, the mutual exclusivity agreement can also be terminated at the non-defaulting party’s election. See “Mutual Exclusivity Agreement.”
Maintenance and Modifications. Remington Lodging must maintain each hotel in good repair and condition and make such routine maintenance, repairs and minor alterations as it deems reasonably necessary. The cost of all such maintenance, repairs and alterations will be paid by the TRS lessee.
Insurance. Remington Lodging must coordinate with the TRS lessee the procurement and maintenance of all workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, and other appropriate and customary insurance related to its operations as a property manager, the cost of which is the responsibility of the TRS lessee.
Assignment and Subleasing. Neither Remington Lodging nor the TRS lessee may assign or transfer the master management agreement without the other party’s prior written consent. However, Remington Lodging may assign its rights and obligations to an affiliate that satisfies the eligible independent contractor requirements and is “controlled” by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, his father Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., or their respective family partnerships or trusts, the sole members or beneficiaries of which are at all times lineal descendants of Messrs. Monty or Archie Bennett, Jr. (including step children) and spouses. “Controlled” means (i) the possession of a majority of the capital stock (or ownership interest) and voting power of such affiliate, directly or indirectly, or (ii) the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such affiliate in the capacity of chief executive officer, president, chairman, or other similar capacity where they are actively engaged or involved in providing such direction or control and spend a substantial amount of time managing such affiliate. No assignment will release Remington Lodging from any of its obligations under the master management agreement.
Damage to Hotels. If any of our insured properties is destroyed or damaged, the TRS lessee is obligated, subject to the requirements of the underlying lease, to repair or replace the damaged or destroyed portion of the hotel to the same condition as existed prior to such damage or destruction. If the lease relating to such damaged hotel is terminated pursuant to the terms of the lease, the TRS lessee has the right to terminate the master management agreement with respect to such damaged hotel upon 60 days’ written notice. In the event of a termination, neither the TRS lessee nor Remington Lodging will have any further liabilities or obligations under the master management agreement with respect to such damaged hotel, except that we may be obligated to pay to Remington Lodging a termination fee, as described above. If the management agreement remains in effect with respect to such damaged hotel, and the damage does not result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, the TRS lessee’s obligation to pay management fees will be unabated. If, however, the master management agreement remains in effect with respect to such damaged hotel, but the damage does result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, the TRS lessee will be entitled to partial, pro rata abatement of the management fees while the hotel is being repaired.

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Condemnation of a Property or Force Majeure. If all or substantially all of a hotel is subject to a total condemnation or a partial taking that prevents use of the property as a hotel, the Remington master management agreement, with respect to such hotel, will terminate, subject to the requirements of the applicable lease. In the event of termination, neither the TRS lessee nor Remington Lodging will have any further rights, remedies, liabilities or obligations under the Remington master management agreement with respect to such hotel. If any partial taking of a property does not make it unreasonable to continue to operate the hotel, there is no right to terminate the master management agreement. If there is an event of force majeure or any other cause beyond the control of Remington Lodging that directly involves a hotel and has a significant adverse effect upon the continued operations of that hotel, then the Remington management agreement may be terminated by the TRS lessee. In the event of such a termination, neither the TRS lessee nor Remington Lodging will have any further rights, remedies, liabilities or obligations under the Remington master management agreement with respect to such hotel.
Annual Operating Budget. The master management agreement provides that not less than 45 days prior to the beginning of each fiscal year during the term of the master management agreement, Remington Lodging will submit to the TRS lessee for each of the hotels, an annual operating budget setting forth in detail an estimated profit and loss statement for each of the next 12 months (or for the balance of the fiscal year in the event of a partial first fiscal year), including a schedule of hotel room rentals and other rentals and a marketing and business plan for each of the hotels. The budget is subject to the TRS lessee approval, which may not be unreasonably withheld. The budget may be revised from time to time, taking into account such circumstances as the TRS lessee deems appropriate or as business and operating conditions shall demand, subject to the reasonable approval of Remington Lodging.
Capital Improvement Budget. Remington Lodging must prepare a capital improvement budget of the expenditures necessary for replacement of furniture, fixtures and equipment and building repairs for the hotels during the following fiscal year and provide such budget to the relevant TRS lessee and landlord for approval at the same time Remington Lodging submits the proposed annual operating budget for approval by TRS lessee. Remington Lodging will, in accordance with the capital improvement budget, make such substitutions and replacements of or renewals to furniture, fixtures and equipment and non-routine repairs and maintenance as it deems necessary to maintain our hotels. Remington Lodging may not make any other expenditures for these items without the relevant TRS lessee and landlord approval, except expenditures which are provided in the capital improvements budget or are required by reason of any (i) emergency, (ii) applicable legal requirements, (iii) the terms of any franchise agreement or (iv) are otherwise required for the continued safe and orderly operation of our hotels. The cost of all such changes, repairs, alterations, improvements, renewals, or replacements will be paid from the capital improvement reserve or other monies advanced by the TRS lessee.
Service and Project Management Fees. The master management agreement provides that each TRS lessee will pay Remington Lodging a project management fee equal to 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the approved capital improvement budget for a hotel until such time that the capital improvement budget and/or renovation project costs involve expenditures in excess of 5% of gross revenues of such hotel, whereupon the project management fee will be 3% of total project costs in excess of the 5% of gross revenue threshold. In addition, each TRS lessee will pay Remington Lodging additional fees at then-current market rates for other services beyond managing the hotels or implementing the capital improvement budget. These other services include: (i) construction management, (ii) interior design assistance involved in implementing the capital improvement budget, (iii) managing architects for the implementation of the capital improvement budget, overseeing all conceptual designs and reviewing plans, drawings, shop drawings and other matters necessary for the proper implementation of the capital improvement budget, (iv) purchasing of furniture, fixtures, and equipment, (v) managing freight selection and shipping processes of furniture, fixtures, and equipment, (vi) the warehousing of goods delivered at the job site, inspection of materials delivered, and the filing of claims associated with the delivery of defective or damaged goods and (vii) management and oversight of the installation of furniture, fixtures and equipment.
The fees for the additional services will be consistent with the approved capital improvement budget and will be deemed approved by the TRS lessee and landlord unless a majority of our independent directors determine that such fees for the additional services are not in line with market rates for similar services. In the event that the majority of our independent directors determine that the fees for the additional services are not market, the TRS lessee and Remington Lodging will engage a consultant reasonably satisfactory to both parties to provide then current market information with respect to the proposed fees and a written recommendation as to whether such fees are market rates or not. If the consultant determines that such fees as proposed by Remington Lodging are market, then the landlord will pay any consultant fees incurred by such consultant in making the determination. If the consultant’s recommendation does not support the fees as proposed by Remington Lodging, then Remington Lodging will pay the consultant’s fees incurred in connection with the determination and may, at its election, perform such service for fees consistent with the market research and recommendation of the consultant or elect not to provide such services and no termination fee will be payable. If Remington Lodging elects not to provide project related services for a non-managed hotel, no termination fee will be payable.
If the TRS lessee elects, for convenience, to terminate the project management and other market services being provided by Remington Lodging with respect to a hotel property (not taking into consideration any property management services), we must

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pay a termination fee to Remington Lodging equal to the product of (i) 65% of the project management fees and market service fees estimated to be payable to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current capital budget (but in no event less than the aggregate project management fees and market services fees for the preceding full fiscal year) and (ii) nine.
Indemnity Provisions. Remington Lodging has agreed to indemnify each TRS lessee against all damages not covered by insurance that arise from: (i) the fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence of Remington Lodging subject to certain limitations; (ii) infringement by Remington Lodging of any third party’s intellectual property rights; (iii) employee claims based on a substantial violation by Remington Lodging of employment laws or that are a direct result of the corporate policies of Remington Lodging; (iv) the knowing or reckless placing, discharge, leakage, use or storage of hazardous materials in violation of applicable environmental laws on or in any of our hotels by Remington Lodging; or (v) the breach by Remington Lodging of the master management agreement, including action taken by Remington Lodging beyond the scope of its authority under the master management agreement, which is not cured.
Except to the extent indemnified by Remington Lodging as described in the preceding paragraph, each TRS lessee will indemnify Remington Lodging against all damages not covered by insurance and that arise from: (i) the performance of Remington Lodging’s services under the master management agreement; (ii) the condition or use of our hotels; (iii) certain liabilities to which Remington Lodging is subjected, including pursuant to the WARN Act, in connection with the termination of the master management agreement; (iv) all employee cost and expenses; or (v) any claims made by an employee of Remington Lodging against Remington Lodging that are based on a violation or alleged violation of the employment laws.
Events of Default. Events of default under the Remington master management agreement include:
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The TRS lessee or Remington Lodging files a voluntary bankruptcy petition, or experiences a bankruptcy-related event not discharged within 90 days.
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The TRS lessee or Remington Lodging fails to make any payment due under the master management agreement, subject to a 10-day notice and cure period.
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The TRS lessee or Remington Lodging fails to observe or perform any other term of the management agreement, subject to a 30-day notice and cure period. There are certain instances in which the 30-day notice and cure period can be extended to up to 120 days.
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Remington Lodging does not qualify as an “eligible independent contractor” as such term is defined in Section 856(d)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code.
If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any grace period, the non-defaulting party will have the option of terminating the Remington management agreement, on 30 days’ notice to the other party.
To minimize conflicts between us and Remington Lodging on matters arising under the Remington Management Agreement, the Company's Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that any waiver, consent, approval, modification, enforcement matters or elections which the Company may make pursuant to the terms of the Remington Management Agreement shall be within the exclusive discretion and control of a majority of the Independent Directors (or higher vote thresholds specifically set forth in such agreements). In addition, our board of directors has established a Related Party Transaction Committee (Conflicts Committee) comprised solely of independent directors to review all related party transactions that involve conflicts which committee may make recommendations to the independent members of our board (including rejection of any proposed transaction).
Right of First Offer Agreement
The right of first offer agreement provides us the first right to acquire each of the subject hotels, to the extent the board of directors of Ashford Trust determines to market and sell the hotel, subject to any prior rights of the managers of the hotel or other third parties and the limitation noted in the footnote to the table above with respect to hotels in a joint venture. In addition, so long as we do not materially change our initial investment guidelines without the express consent of Ashford LLC, the right of first offer agreement extends to hotels later acquired by Ashford Trust that satisfy our initial investment guidelines. We believe this right of first offer provides us with significant external growth opportunities.
If Ashford Trust decides to offer for sale an asset that fits our investment guidelines, it must give us a written notice describing the sale terms and granting us the right to purchase the asset at a purchase price equal to the price set forth in the offer. We will have 30 days to agree to the terms of the sale. If terms are not met, Ashford Trust will be free to sell the asset to any person upon substantially the same terms as those contained in the written notice for 180 days, but not for a price less than 95% of the offered purchase price. If during such 180-day period, Ashford Trust desires to accept an offer that is not on substantially the same terms as those contained in the written notice or that is less than 95% of the offered purchase price, Ashford Trust must give us written notice of the new terms and we will have 10 days in which to agree to the terms of the sale. If Ashford Trust does not close on the

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sale or refinancing of the asset within 180 days following the expiration of the initial 30-day period, the right to purchase the asset will be reinstated on the same terms.
Likewise, we have agreed to give Ashford Trust a right of first offer with respect to any properties that we acquire in a portfolio transaction, to the extent our board of directors determines it is appropriate to market and sell such assets and we control the disposition, provided such assets satisfy Ashford Trust’s investment guidelines. Any such right of first offer granted to Ashford Trust will be subject to certain prior rights, if any, granted to the managers of the related properties or other third parties.
The right of first offer agreement has an initial term of 10 years and is subject to automatic one year renewal periods unless one party notifies the other at least 180 days prior to the expiration of the current term that it does not intend to renew the agreement. The agreement may be terminated by either party (i) upon a default of the other party upon giving notice of such default and the defaulting party fails to cure within 45, or in some circumstances up to 90, days subject to certain exclusions, and (ii) if the other party experiences specified bankruptcy events. Also, if we materially modify our initial investment guidelines without consent of Ashford Trust (which consent may be withheld in its sole discretion), our right of first refusal for any assets owned or later acquired by Ashford Trust and its affiliates, other than the initial assets subject to the right of first offer agreement, will terminate unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Further, the agreement will automatically terminate upon a termination of our advisory agreement or upon a change of control of either us or Ashford Trust, excluding any change of control that may occur as a result of a spin-off, carve-out, split-off or other similar event.
TRS Leases
Five of the hotels we acquired from Ashford Trust in connection with the spin-off are owned by our operating partnership and leased to subsidiaries of Ashford Prime TRS. Two of our hotels are held in a joint venture in which we have a 75% equity interest. The two hotels owned by the joint venture are leased to subsidiaries of the joint venture, which two subsidiaries we have elected to treat as TRSs. In 2014, Ashford Prime TRS formed two new subsidiaries to lease the two hotels acquired during the year. Similarly in 2015, Ashford Prime TRS formed an additional new subsidiary to lease one of the hotels acquired during the year. Ashford Prime TRS has elected to be treated as a TRS. Generally, we intend to lease all hotels we acquire in the future, other than pursuant to sale-leaseback transactions with unrelated third parties, to a TRS lessee, pursuant to the terms of leases that are generally similar to the terms of the existing leases, unless not appropriate based on relevant regulatory factors. Ashford LLC will negotiate the terms and provisions of each future lease, considering such things as the purchase price paid for the hotel, then current economic conditions and any other factors deemed relevant at the time.
Term. The leases for each of the hotels we acquired from Ashford Trust in connection with the spin-off includes a term of five years, which began on January 1, 2013, except in the case of the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, the term began on December 2, 2011 and expires on December 31, 2017. The lease for the Pier House Resort began on May 14, 2013 and expires on December 31, 2017 and the lease for the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile began on February 24, 2014 and expires on December 31, 2018. The lease for the Bardessono Hotel began on July 9, 2015 and expires on December 31, 2020. The leases may be terminated earlier than the stated term if certain events occur, including specified damages to the related hotel, a condemnation of the related hotel or the sale of the related hotel, or an event of default that is not cured within any applicable cure or grace periods. The lessor must pay a termination fee to the TRS lessee if and to the extent the TRS lessee is obligated to pay a termination fee to the managers as a result of the termination of the lease.
Amounts Payable Under Leases. The leases generally provide for each TRS lessee to pay in each calendar month the base rent plus, in each calendar quarter, percentage rent, if any. The percentage rent for each hotel equals: (i) an agreed percentage of gross revenue that exceeds a threshold amount, less (ii) all prior percentage rent payments.
Maintenance and Modifications. Each TRS lessee is required to establish and fund, in respect of each fiscal year during the terms of the leases, a reserve account, in the amount of at least 4% of gross revenues per year to cover the cost of capital expenditures, which costs will be paid by our operating partnership. Each TRS lessee shall be required to make (at our sole cost and expense) all capital expenditures required in connection with emergency situations, legal requirements, maintenance of the applicable franchise agreement, the performance by lessee of its obligations under the lease and other permitted additions to the leased property. We also have the right to make additions, modifications or improvements so long as our actions do not significantly alter the character or purposes of the property, significantly detract from the value or operating efficiency of the property, significantly impair the revenue producing capability of the property or affect the ability of the lessee to comply with the terms of their lease. All capital expenditures relating to material structural components involving expenditures of $1 million or more are subject to the approval of our operating partnership. Each TRS lessee is responsible for all routine repair and maintenance of the hotels, and our operating partnership will be responsible for non-routine capital expenditures.
We own substantially all personal property (other than inventory, linens, key money furniture, fixtures and equipment and other nondepreciable personal property) not affixed to, or deemed a part of, the real estate or improvements on our hotels, unless

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ownership of such personal property would cause the rent under a lease not to qualify as “rents from real property” for REIT income test purposes. See “Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT—Income Tests.”
Insurance and Property Taxes. We pay real estate and personal property taxes on the hotels (except to the extent that personal property associated with the hotels is owned by the applicable TRS lessee). We pay for property and casualty insurance relating to the hotel properties and any personal property owned by us. Each TRS lessee pays for all insurance on its personal property, comprehensive general public liability, workers’ compensation, vehicle, and other appropriate and customary insurance. Each TRS lessee must name us as an additional insured on any policies it carries.
Assignment and Subleasing. The TRS lessees are not permitted to sublet any part of the hotels or assign their respective interests under any of the leases without our prior written consent, which cannot be unreasonably withheld. No assignment or subletting will release any TRS lessee from any of its obligations under the leases.
Damage to Hotels. If any of our insured hotels is destroyed or damaged, whether or not such destruction or damage prevents use of the property as a hotel, the applicable TRS lessee will have the obligation, but only to the extent of insurance proceeds that are made available, to restore the hotel. All insurance proceeds will be paid to our operating partnership (except such proceeds payable for loss or damage to the TRS lessee’s personal property) and be paid to the applicable TRS lessee for the reasonable costs of restoration or repair. Any excess insurance proceeds remaining after the cost of repair or restoration will be retained by us. If the insurance proceeds are not sufficient to restore the hotel, the TRS lessee or we have the right to terminate the lease upon written notice. In that event, neither we nor the TRS lessee will have any further liabilities or obligations under the lease, except that, if we terminate the lease, we have to pay the TRS lessee termination fees, if any, within 45 days that become due under the management agreement. If the lease is so terminated, we will keep all insurance proceeds received as a result of such destruction or damage. If the lease is terminated by a TRS lessee, we have the right to reject the termination of the lease and to require the TRS lessee to restore the hotel, provided we agree to pay for all restoration costs in excess of available insurance proceeds. In that event, the related lease will not terminate and we will pay all insurance proceeds to the TRS lessee.
If the cost of restoration exceeds the amount of insurance proceeds, we will contribute any excess amounts necessary to complete the restoration to the TRS lessee before requiring the work to begin. In the event of damage or destruction not covered by insurance, our obligations, as well as those of the applicable TRS lessee, will be the same as in the case of inadequate insurance proceeds. However, regardless of insurance coverage, if damage or destruction rendering the property unsuitable for its primary intended purpose occurs within 24 months of the end of the lease term, we may terminate the lease with 30 days’ notice. If the lease remains in effect and the damage does not result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, the TRS lessee’s obligation to pay rent will be unabated. If, however, the lease remains in effect but the damage does result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, the TRS lessee will be entitled to a certain amount of rent abatement while the hotel is being repaired. We will keep all proceeds from loss of income insurance.
Condemnation. If any of our hotels is subject to a total condemnation or a partial taking that prevents use of the property as a hotel, we and the TRS lessee each have the option to terminate the related lease. We will share in the condemnation award with the TRS lessee in accordance with the provisions of the related lease. If any partial taking of a hotel does not prevent use of the property as a hotel, the TRS lessee is obligated to restore the untaken portion of the hotel to a complete architectural unit but only to the extent of any available condemnation award. If the condemnation award is not sufficient to restore the hotel, the TRS lessee or we have the right to terminate the lease upon written notice. If the lease is terminated by the TRS lessee, we have the right to reject the termination of the lease within 30 days and to require the TRS lessee to restore the hotel, provided we agree to pay for all restoration costs in excess of the available condemnation award. We will contribute the cost of such restoration to the TRS lessee. If a partial taking occurs, the base rent will be abated to some extent, taking into consideration, among other factors, the number of usable rooms, the amount of square footage, or the revenues affected by the partial taking.
Events of Default. Events of Default under the leases include:
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The TRS lessee fails to pay rent or other amounts due under the lease, provided that the TRS lessee has a 10-day cure period after receiving a written notice from us that such amounts are due and payable before an event of default would occur.
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The TRS lessee does not observe or perform any other term of a lease, provided that the TRS lessee has a 30-day cure period after receiving a written notice from us that a term of the lease has been violated before an event of default of default would occur. There are certain instances in which the 30-day grace period can be extended to a maximum of 120 days.
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The TRS lessee is the subject of a bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, liquidation or dissolution event.
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The TRS lessee voluntarily ceases operations of the hotels for a period of more than 30 days, except as a result of damage, destruction, condemnation, or certain specified unavoidable delays.

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•
The default of the TRS lessee under the management agreement for the related hotel because of any action or failure to act by the TRS lessee and the TRS lessee has failed to cure the default within 30 days.
If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any grace period, we have the option of terminating the related lease. If we decide to terminate a lease, we must give the TRS lessee 10 days’ written notice. Unless the event of default is cured before the termination date we specify in the termination notice, the lease will terminate on the specified termination notice. In that event, the TRS lessee will be required to surrender possession of the related hotel and pay liquidated damages at our option, as provided by the applicable lease.
Termination of Leases. Our operating partnership generally has the right to terminate any lease prior to the expiration date so long as we pay a termination fee. The termination fee is equal to any termination fee due to a manager under the management agreement.
Indemnification. Each TRS lessee is required to indemnify us for claims arising out of (i) accidents occurring on or about the leased property, (ii) any past, present or future use or condition of the hotel by TRS lessee or any of its agents, employees or invitees, (iii) any impositions that are the obligation of the TRS hotel by lessee, (iv) any failure of the TRS lessee to perform under the lease, and (v) the non-performance of obligations under any sub-lease by the landlord thereunder. We are required to indemnify each TRS lessee for any claim arising out of our gross negligence or willful misconduct arising in connection with the lease and for any failure to perform our obligations under the lease. All indemnification amounts must be paid within 10 days of a determination of liability.
Breach by Us. If we breach any of the leases, we will have 30 days from the time we receive written notice of the breach from the TRS lessee to cure the breach. This cure period may be extended in the event of certain specified, unavoidable delays.
Ground Leases
Three of our hotels are subject to ground leases that cover the land underlying the respective hotels.
Renaissance Tampa International Plaza. The Renaissance Tampa International Plaza is subject to a land sublease with an initial term that expires December 30, 2080. We paid minimum rent of $300,000 per year through July 31, 2014, and effective as of August 1, 2014, our annual rent increased to $350,000 per year. In addition, we paid percentage rent in the amount of 2% of gross revenues (less the minimum rent paid) through July 31, 2014 and this amount increased to 3% beginning August 1, 2014. The lease may be assigned at any time to an affiliate, a successor corporation by merger, or a third party which has a net worth of at least $10 million, provided that we give landlord notice of any such assignment, which notice shall include the name of the assignee.
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines. The Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines is subject to a ground lease with the City of San Diego and expires June 30, 2043. Rent is payable monthly and is the greater of minimum rent or percentage rent, determined monthly, with an annual true-up. Commencing January 1, 1993 and every five years thereafter, minimum rent is adjusted to be 80% of the annual average of actual rents paid or accrued during the preceding five-year period, but in no event may such rent be adjusted downwards. Percentage rent is determined from a percentage of room and banquet rental revenue, food and beverage sales, alcohol sales, lobby, gift shop and coin operated machine and telephone sales and other authorized uses. Percentage rent is adjusted at least six months prior to the end of the 30th lease year (December 31, 2017) and thereafter at least six months prior to each 10th year by mutual agreement to provide fair rental to landlord. The lease may be assigned with the landlord’s prior written consent (not to be unreasonably withheld), provided that the hotel is operated by a competent manager. The landlord will not withhold its consent if the assignee is a qualified assignee (defined to be a party, including a successor, who has a net worth not less than us and who is in good standing and has a good reputation within the community) and we satisfy certain other conditions, including that we provide 30 days’ notice of such assignment, certain financial and other information regarding assignee and an acceptable form of assumption agreement, and that there are no uncured defaults under the lease.

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Bardessono Hotel. The Bardessono Hotel is subject to a ground lease with Bardessono Brothers LLC and expires October 31, 2055, with two 25-year extension options. Rent is payable monthly and is the greater of minimum rent or percentage rent with an annual true-up on October 1. Each year, annual base minimum rent is increased (but never decreased) by an amount equal to the percentage increase in CPI Index during the prior 12-month period that starts on September 1 and ends on August 31. In no event will the index percentage be less than 101.5% nor more than 103.5% multiplied by the annual base minimum rent payable by tenant during the lease year just ending. A percentage rent, which is calculated on the positive difference (if any) between the greater of 8% of net room revenues OR 4.5% of net operating revenues and the aggregate base minimum rent actually paid by the tenant during the same calendar year will be paid on a calendar year basis. Within 90 days after end of calendar year tenant must provide landlord an officer’s certificate containing tenant’s financial statements and percentage rent payment, if any. The lease may be assigned with the landlord’s prior written consent at least 60 days but not more than 90 days before the effective date of the proposed assignment. Tenant must submit to landlord a statement containing contact and financial information, operating and property ownership history, and other information with respect to the proposed assignee or subtenant as landlord may reasonably require, the type of use proposed for the inn parcel or resort, and all of the principal terms of the proposed assignment; copy of proposed assignment; and a copy of the landlord’s consent to assignment.
Mutual Exclusivity Agreement
Upon completion of the spin-off, we and Ashford Prime OP entered into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging that was consented and agreed to by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, regarding lodging investment opportunities any of us identifies in the future.
Term. The initial term of the mutual exclusivity agreement is 10 years. This term automatically extends for three additional renewal periods of seven years each and a final renewal period of four years, for a total of up to 35 years. The agreement may be sooner terminated because of:
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an event of default (see “Events of Default”),
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a party’s early termination rights (see “Early Termination”), or
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a termination of all Remington management agreements between the TRS lessee and Remington Lodging because of an event of default under the management agreements that affects all properties (see “Relationship with Management Agreement”).
Modification of Investment Guidelines. In the event that we materially modify our initial investment guidelines without the written consent of Remington Lodging, which consent may be withheld at its sole and absolute discretion, and may further be subject to the consent of Ashford Trust parties, the Remington Lodging parties will have no obligation to present or offer us investment opportunities at any time thereafter. Instead, the Remington Lodging parties, subject to the superior rights of the Ashford Trust parties or any other party with which the Remington Lodging parties may have an existing agreement, shall use their reasonable discretion to determine how to allocate investment opportunities it identifies. In the event we materially modify our investment guidelines without the written consent of Remington Lodging, the Ashford Trust parties will have superior rights to investment opportunities identified by the Remington Lodging parties, and we will no longer retain preferential treatment to investment opportunities identified by the Remington Lodging parties. A material modification for this purpose means any modification of our initial investment guidelines to be competitive with Ashford Trust’s investment guidelines.
Our Exclusivity Rights. Remington Lodging and Mr. Monty Bennett have granted us a first right of refusal to pursue certain lodging investment opportunities identified by Remington Lodging or its affiliates (including Mr. Bennett), including opportunities to buy hotel properties, to buy land and build hotels, or to otherwise invest in hotel properties that satisfy our initial investment guidelines and are not considered excluded transactions pursuant to the mutual exclusivity agreement. If investment opportunities are identified and are subject to the mutual exclusivity agreement, and we have not materially modified our initial investment guidelines without the written consent of Remington Lodging, then Remington Lodging, Mr. Bennett and their affiliates, as the case may be, will not pursue those opportunities (except as described below) and will give us a written notice and description of the investment opportunity, and we will have 10 business days to either accept or reject the investment opportunity. If we reject the opportunity, Remington Lodging may then pursue such investment opportunity, subject to a right of first refusal in favor of Ashford Trust pursuant to an existing agreement between Ashford Trust and Remington Lodging, on materially the same terms and conditions as offered to us. If the terms of such investment opportunity materially change, then Remington Lodging must offer the revised investment opportunity to us, whereupon we will have 10 business days to either accept or reject the opportunity on the revised terms.
Reimbursement of Costs. If we accept an investment opportunity from Remington Lodging, we will be obligated to reimburse Remington Lodging or its affiliates for the actual out-of-pocket and third-party costs and expenses paid by Remington Lodging or its affiliates in connection with such investment opportunity, including any earnest money deposits, but excluding any finder’s

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fee, brokerage fee, development fee or other compensation paid by Remington Lodging or its affiliates. Remington Lodging must submit to us an accounting of the costs in reasonable detail.
Exclusivity Rights of Remington Lodging. If we elect to pursue an investment opportunity that consists of the management and operation of a hotel property, and/or the construction, development, project management or the performance of project related services, we will hire Remington Lodging to provide such services unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously elect not to engage Remington Lodging, or (ii) by a majority vote, elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined, in their reasonable business judgment, (A) special circumstances exist such that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging for the particular hotel, or (B) based on the prior performance of Remington Lodging, another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better than Remington Lodging for the particular hotel. In return, Remington Lodging has agreed that it will provide those services.
Excluded Investment Opportunities. The following are excluded from the mutual exclusivity agreement and are not subject to any exclusivity rights or right of first refusal:
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With respect to Remington Lodging, an investment opportunity where our independent directors have unanimously voted not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer.
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With respect to Remington Lodging, an investment opportunity where our independent directors, by a majority vote, have elected not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer based on their determination, in their reasonable business judgment, that special circumstances exist such that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging with respect to the particular hotel.
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With respect to Remington Lodging, an investment opportunity where our independent directors, by a majority vote, have elected not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer because they have determined, in their reasonable business judgment, that another manager or developer could perform the management, development or other duties materially better than Remington Lodging for the particular hotel, based on Remington Lodging’s prior performance.
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Existing hotel investments of Remington Lodging or its affiliates with any of their existing joint venture partners, investors or property owners.
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Existing bona fide arm’s length third-party management arrangements (or arrangements for other services such as project management) of Remington Lodging or any of its affiliates with third parties other than us and our affiliates.
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Like-kind exchanges made pursuant to existing contractual obligations by any of the existing joint venture partners, investors or property owners in which Remington Lodging or its affiliates have an ownership interest, provided that Remington Lodging provides us with notice 10 days’ prior to such transaction.
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Any hotel investment that does not satisfy our initial investment guidelines.
Management or Development. If we hire Remington Lodging to manage or operate a hotel or construct hotel improvements, it will be pursuant to the terms of the form of management agreement agreed to between us and Remington Lodging. If we hire Remington Lodging to develop and construct a hotel, the terms of the development and construction will be pursuant to a form of development agreement that has been agreed to by us and Remington Lodging.
Events of Default. Each of the following is a default under the mutual exclusivity agreement:
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we or Remington Lodging experience a bankruptcy-related event;
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we fail to reimburse Remington Lodging as described under “Reimbursement of Costs,” subject to a 30-day cure period; and
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we or Remington Lodging does not observe or perform any other term of the agreement, subject to a 30-day cure period (which may be increased to a maximum of 120 days in certain instances).
If a default occurs, the non-defaulting party will have the option of terminating the mutual exclusivity agreement subject to 30 days’ written notice and pursuing its rights and remedies under applicable law.
Early Termination. Remington Lodging has the right to terminate the exclusivity rights granted to us if:
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Mr. Monty J. Bennett is removed as our chief executive officer or as chairman of our board of directors or is not re-appointed to either position, or he resigns as chief executive officer or chairman of our board of directors;
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we terminate the Remington Lodging exclusivity rights pursuant to the terms of the mutual exclusivity agreement; or
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our advisory agreement with Ashford LLC is terminated for any reason pursuant to its terms and Mr. Monty J. Bennett is no longer serving as our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors.

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We may terminate the exclusivity rights granted to Remington Lodging if:
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Remington Lodging fails to qualify as an “eligible independent contractor” as defined in Section 856(d)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code and for that reason, we terminate the master management agreement with Remington Lodging;
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Remington Lodging is no longer “controlled” by Mr. Monty Bennett or his father Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. or their respective family partnership or trusts, the sole members of which are at all times lineal descendants of Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. or Mr. Monty Bennett (including step children) and spouses;
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we experience a change in control and terminate the master management agreement between us and Remington Lodging and have paid a termination fee equal to the greater of (a) the product of (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees for such hotel (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be payable to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) and (ii) nine, or (b) the product of (i) 65% of the project management fees and market services fees estimated to be payable to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotel pursuant to the then current capital improvement budget (but in no event less than the aggregate project management fees and market service fees, for the preceding full fiscal year) and (ii) nine;
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the Remington Lodging parties terminate our exclusivity rights pursuant to the terms of the mutual exclusivity agreement; or
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our advisory agreement with Ashford LLC is terminated for any reason pursuant to its terms and Mr. Monty J. Bennett is no longer serving as our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors.
Assignment. The mutual exclusivity agreement may not be assigned by any of the parties to the agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties, provided that Remington Lodging can assign its interest in the mutual exclusivity agreement, without the written consent of the other parties, to a “manager affiliate entity” as that term is defined in the agreement, so long as such affiliate qualifies as an “eligible independent contractor” at the time of such transfer.
Relationship with Management Agreement. The rights provided to us and to Remington Lodging in the mutual exclusivity agreement may be terminated if the master management agreement between us and Remington Lodging terminates in its entirety because of an event of default as to all of the then-managed properties. A termination of Remington Lodging’s management rights with respect to one or more hotels (but not all hotels) does not terminate the mutual exclusivity agreement. A termination of the mutual exclusivity agreement does not terminate any management agreement either in part or in whole, and the management agreements would continue in accordance with their terms as to the hotels covered, despite a termination of the mutual exclusivity agreement.
Licensing Agreement
Upon completion of the spin-off, we entered into a licensing agreement with Ashford Trust pursuant to which Ashford Trust has granted us a non-exclusive, perpetual, royalty-free license to use certain trademarks associated with the “Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc.” name. The license agreement terminates immediately if we end our advisory relationship with Ashford LLC or one of its affiliates.
Investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund
On June 1, 2015, AHP SMA, LP, our wholly-owned subsidiary (“AHP SMA”), invested all of its assets in the AQUA U.S. Fund, formerly known as the AIM Real Estate Hedged Equity (U.S.) Fund, an investment fund managed by Ashford Investment Management, LLC (“AIM”), an indirect subsidiary of Ashford Inc. AIM serves as the investment manager of the AQUA U.S. Fund and is responsible for the investment and reinvestment of its assets in accordance with certain investment guidelines set forth in the governing documents of the AQUA U.S. Fund.
AHP SMA, by way of its investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund, has delegated to AIM all of its powers, duties and responsibilities with regard to the investment and reinvestment of the assets it has invested in the AQUA U.S. Fund. The AQUA U.S. Fund has appointed AIM as its agent in fact with full authority to buy, sell or otherwise effect investment transactions for the assets it has invested in the AQUA U.S. Fund. AHP SMA retains no rights to dispose or vote the securities held by the AQUA U.S. Fund.
AIM is not compensated for its services pursuant to the investment management agreement with respect to any assets invested by AHP SMA; however, the AQUA U.S. Fund does reimburse AIM for certain expenses related to the investment management services provided by AIM to the AQUA U.S. Fund and those expenses are indirectly borne by AHP SMA.
During the second quarter of 2016, we liquidated our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund subject to a 5% hold back which is expected to be paid upon completion of the audit of the AQUA U.S. Fund’s financial statements, or sooner at the discretion of the AQUA U.S. Fund’s general partner. As of December 31, 2016, we held a receivable from the AQUA U.S. Fund of $2.3 million, included in “due from AQUA U.S. Fund” on our consolidated balance sheet.

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Relationship with Our Chairman of our Board of Directors, Executive Officers and Ashford LLC. Mr. Monty J. Bennett owns 25% of AIM Performance Holdco, L.P. (“AIM Performance Holdco”), a Delaware limited partnership that owns a 99.99% limited partnership interest in the general partner of the private investment funds managed by AIM. Mr. J. Robison Hays III owns 15% of AIM Performance Holdco. Ashford LLC holds the remaining equity interests in AIM Performance Holdco and owns 100% of AIM Management Holdco, LLC (“AIM Management Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company that is the sole member of AIM. The collective 40% equity interest held by Messrs. Bennett and Hays in AIM Performance Holdco results in an indirect ownership of a 40% equity interest in the general partner of the private investment funds managed by AIM, or any affiliates that are created by Ashford LLC to serve as the general partner of such private investment funds. The equity interests held by Messrs. Bennett and Hays are economically equivalent to the equity interests held by Ashford LLC in such entities.
Regulation
General
Our hotels are subject to various U.S. federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas and fire and safety requirements. We believe that each of our hotels has the necessary permits and approvals to operate its business.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Our hotels must comply with applicable provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), to the extent that such hotels are “public accommodations” as defined by the ADA. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our hotels where such removal is readily achievable as well as the provision to persons with disabilities of services equivalent to those provide to guests without disabilities. We believe that our hotels are in substantial compliance with the ADA and that we will not be required to make substantial capital expenditures to address the requirements of the ADA. However, non-compliance with the ADA could result in imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our hotels and to make alterations as appropriate in this respect.
Environmental Matters
Under various laws relating to the protection of the environment, a current or previous owner or operator (including tenants) of real estate may be liable for contamination resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances at that property and may be required to investigate and clean up such contamination at that property or emanating from that property. These costs could be substantial and liability under these laws may attach without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the contaminants, and the liability may be joint and several. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our hotels may expose us to third-party liability or materially and adversely affect our ability to sell, lease or develop the real estate or to incur debt using the real estate as collateral.
Our hotels are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that address a wide variety of issues, including, but not limited to, storage tanks, air emissions from emergency generators, storm water and wastewater discharges, lead-based paint, mold and mildew and waste management. Our hotels incur costs to comply with these laws and regulations and could be subject to fines and penalties for non-compliance.
Some of our hotels may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other adverse conditions, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediation. The presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our hotels could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected hotel or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from guests or employees at our hotels and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
Insurance
We carry comprehensive general liability, “All Risk” property, business interruption, rental loss coverage and umbrella liability coverage on all of our hotels and earthquake, wind, flood and hurricane coverage on hotels in areas where we believe such coverage is warranted, in each case with limits of liability that we deem adequate. Similarly, we are insured against the risk of direct physical damage in amounts we believe to be adequate to reimburse us, on a replacement basis, for costs incurred to repair or rebuild each hotel, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period. We have selected policy specifications and insured limits which we believe to be appropriate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and industry practice. We do not carry insurance for generally uninsured losses, including, but not limited to losses caused by riots, war or acts of God. In the opinion of our management, our hotels are adequately insured.

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Competition
The hotel industry is highly competitive and the hotels in which we invest are subject to competition from other hotels for guests. Competition is based on a number of factors, most notably convenience of location, brand affiliation, price, range of services, guest amenities or accommodations offered and quality of customer service. Competition is often specific to the individual markets in which our properties are located and includes competition from existing and new hotels. We believe that hotels, such as our hotels that are affiliated with leading national brands, such as the Marriott, Hilton or Accor brands, will enjoy the competitive advantages associated with operating under such brands. Increased competition could have a material adverse effect on the occupancy rate, average daily room rate and rooms revenue per available room of our hotels or may require us to make capital improvements that we otherwise would not have to make, which may result in decreases in our profitability.
Our principal competitors include other hotel operating companies, ownership companies (including hotel REITs) and national and international hotel brands. We face increased competition from providers of less expensive accommodations, such as select service hotels or independent owner-managed hotels, during periods of economic downturn when leisure and business travelers become more sensitive to room rates. We may also experience competition from alternative types of accommodations such as AirBnb.
We face competition for the acquisition of hotels from institutional pension funds, private equity funds, REITs, hotel companies and others who are engaged in the acquisition of hotels. Some of these competitors have substantially greater financial and operational resources and access to capital than we have and may have greater knowledge of the markets in which we seek to invest. This competition may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us and decrease the attractiveness of the terms on which we may acquire our targeted hotel investments, including the cost thereof.
Employees
We have no employees. Our appointed officers and employees are provided by Ashford LLC. Services which would otherwise be provided by employees are provided by Ashford LLC and by our executive officers. Ashford LLC has approximately 103 full time employees. These employees directly or indirectly perform various acquisition, development, asset management, capital markets, accounting, tax, risk management, legal, redevelopment, and corporate management functions pursuant to the terms of our advisory agreement.
Seasonality
Our properties’ operations historically have been seasonal as certain properties maintain higher occupancy rates during the summer months and some during the winter months. This seasonality pattern can cause fluctuations in our quarterly lease revenue under our percentage leases. We anticipate that our cash flows from the operations of our properties will be sufficient to enable us to make quarterly distributions to maintain our REIT status. To the extent that cash flows from operations are insufficient during any quarter due to temporary or seasonal fluctuations in lease revenue, we expect to utilize other cash on hand or borrowings to fund required distributions. However, we cannot make any assurances that we will make distributions in the future.
Access to Reports and Other Information
We maintain a website at www.ahpreit.com. On our website, we make available free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In addition, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer, Corporate Governance Guidelines, and Board Committee Charters are also available free-of-charge on our website or can be made available in print upon request.
All reports filed with the SEC may also be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 20549-1090. Further information regarding the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, all of our filed reports can be obtained at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Business and Properties
Our business is significantly influenced by the economies and other conditions in the specific markets in which we operate, particularly in the metropolitan areas where we have high concentrations of hotels.
Our hotels are located in the Washington D.C., San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Dallas, Philadelphia, Tampa, Chicago, Key West and St. Thomas metropolitan areas. As a result, we are particularly susceptible to adverse market conditions in these areas, including industry downturns, relocation of businesses and any oversupply of hotel rooms or a reduction in lodging demand. Adverse economic developments in the markets in which we have a concentration of hotels, or in any of the other markets in which we operate, or any increase in hotel supply or decrease in lodging demand resulting from the local, regional or national business climate, could adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.
Our investments are concentrated in the hotel industry, and our business would be adversely affected by an economic downturn in that sector.
Our investments are concentrated in the hotel industry. This concentration may expose us to the risk of economic downturns in the hotel real estate sector to a greater extent than if our properties were more diversified across other sectors of the real estate industry.
The financial crisis and general economic slowdown, which began in late 2007, harmed the operating performance of the hotel industry generally. If these or similar events recur, our business may be harmed by declines in occupancy, average daily room rates and/or other operating revenues.
The performance of the lodging industry has been closely linked with the performance of the general economy and, specifically, growth in the U.S. GDP. We invest in hotels that are classified as luxury. In an economic downturn, these types of hotels may be more susceptible to a decrease in revenue, as compared to hotels in other categories that have lower room rates. This characteristic may result from the fact that luxury hotels generally target business and high-end leisure travelers. In periods of economic difficulties, business and leisure travelers may seek to reduce travel costs by limiting travel or seeking to reduce costs on their trips. Any economic recession will likely have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.
We face risks related to changes in the global economic and political environment, including capital and credit markets.
Our business may be harmed by global economic conditions, which recently have been volatile. Political crises in individual countries or regions, including sovereign risk related to a deterioration in the creditworthiness of or a default by local governments, has contributed to this volatility. If the global economy experiences continued volatility or significant disruptions, such disruptions or volatility could hurt the U.S. economy and our business. More specifically, in addition to experiencing reduced demand for business and leisure travel because of a slow-down in the general economy, we could be harmed by disruptions resulting from tighter credit markets or by illiquidity resulting from an inability to access credit markets to obtain cash to support operations or make distributions to our stockholders as a result of global or international developments.
Failure of the hotel industry to exhibit sustained improvement or to improve as expected may adversely affect us.
A substantial part of our business plan is based on our belief that the lodging markets in which we invest will experience improving economic fundamentals in the future, despite the fact that fundamentals have already substantially improved over the last several years. In particular, our business strategy is dependent on our expectation that key industry performance indicators, especially RevPAR, will continue to improve. However, hotel industry fundamentals may not continue to improve and could deteriorate. In the event conditions in the industry do not sustain improvement or improve as we expect, or deteriorate, we may be adversely affected.
We invest in the luxury segments of the lodging market, which are highly competitive and generally subject to greater volatility than most other market segments and could negatively affect our profitability.
The luxury segments of the hotel business are highly competitive. Our hotel properties compete on the basis of location, room rates, quality, amenities, service levels, reputation and reservations systems, among many factors. There are many competitors in the luxury segments, and many of these competitors may have substantially greater marketing and financial resources than we have. This competition could reduce occupancy levels and rooms revenue at our hotels. Over-building in the lodging industry may increase the number of rooms available and may decrease occupancy and room rates. In addition, in periods of weak demand, as may occur during a general economic recession, our profitability may be negatively affected by the relatively high fixed costs of operating luxury hotels. If our hotels cannot compete effectively for guests, they will earn less revenue, which would result in lower cash available for us to meet debt service obligations, operating expenses, and make requisite distributions to stockholders.

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Because we depend upon Ashford LLC and its affiliates to conduct our operations, any adverse changes in the financial condition of Ashford LLC or its affiliates or our relationship with them could hinder our operating performance.
We depend on Ashford LLC to manage our assets and operations. Any adverse changes in the financial condition of Ashford LLC, or its affiliates or our relationship with Ashford LLC could hinder its ability to manage us successfully.
We depend on Ashford LLC’s key personnel with long-standing business relationships. The loss of Ashford LLC’s key personnel could threaten our ability to operate our business successfully.
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued services of Ashford LLC’s management team. In particular, the hotel industry experience of Messrs. Monty J. Bennett, Richard J. Stockton, Douglas A. Kessler, David A. Brooks, Deric S. Eubanks, Jeremy Welter, Mark L. Nunneley, and J. Robison Hays III, and the extent and nature of the relationships they have developed with hotel franchisors, operators, and owners and hotel lending and other financial institutions are critically important to the success of our business. The loss of services of one or more members of Ashford LLC’s management team could harm our business and our prospects.
The aggregate amount of fees and expense reimbursements paid to our advisor will exceed the average of internalized expenses of our industry peers (as provided in our advisory agreement), as a percentage of total market capitalization. As a part of these fees, we must pay a minimum advisory fee to our advisor regardless of our performance.
Pursuant to the advisory agreement between us and our advisor, we must pay our advisor a quarterly base management fee(subject to a minimum fee described below), that is based on a declining scale percentage of our total market capitalization (as defined in our advisory agreement) plus the Key Money Asset Management Fee (as defined in our advisory agreement), an annual incentive fee that will be based on our achievement of certain minimum performance thresholds and certain expense reimbursements. The quarterly minimum base management fee will be equal to the greater of (i) 90% of the base fee paid for the same quarter in the prior year; and (ii) the “G&A Ratio” multiplied by our total market capitalization for such quarter. The “G&A Ratio” will be calculated as the simple average of the ratios of total general and administrative expenses paid, less any non-cash expenses but including any dead-deal costs, in the applicable quarter by each member of a select peer group, divided by the total market capitalization of such peer group member (as provided in our advisory agreement.) Since the base management fee is subject to this minimum amount and because a portion of such fees are contingent on our performance, the fees we pay to our advisor may fluctuate over time. However, regardless of our advisor’s performance, the total amount of fees and reimbursements paid to our advisor as a percentage of market capitalization will never be less than the average of internalized expenses of our industry peers (as provided in our advisory agreement), and there may be times when the total amount of fees and incentives paid to our advisor greatly exceeds the average of internalized expenses of our industry peers.
Our advisor’s entitlement to non-performance-based compensation, including the minimum base management fee, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. Further, our incentive fee structure may induce our advisor to encourage us to acquire certain assets, including speculative or high risk assets, or to acquire assets with increased leverage, which could increase the risk to our portfolio. While the calculation of both our base management fee and incentive fee will change if the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement is approved by our shareholders, we will still be subject to the same risks described herein.
Our prior operating history is limited, and the prior performance of Ashford Trust is not indicative of our future performance.
We have no operating history prior to November 19, 2013, the date the spin-off was completed. The performance of Ashford Trust or other real estate programs operated by Ashford LLC should not be relied on to predict our future performance. The historical results of Ashford Trust are not indicative of our future results or market prices of our common stock. There are significant differences between Ashford Trust and us, and our financial condition and results of operations could vary significantly for the following reasons, among others:
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Ashford Trust did not contribute all of the hotels and other assets it owns to us.
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Our investment, financing and other strategies differ from those of Ashford Trust.
The operating performance of the hotels Ashford Trust contributed to us may decline and could adversely affect us. As described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our future results are subject to many uncertainties and other factors that could cause our financial condition and results of operations to be materially different than that of Ashford Trust.
Our business strategy depends on acquiring additional hotel properties on attractive terms and the failure to do so or to otherwise manage our planned growth successfully may adversely affect our business and operating results.
We intend to acquire additional hotel properties in the future. We face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from other well-capitalized investors, some of which have greater financial resources and greater access to debt and

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equity capital than we have. This competition increases as investments in real estate become increasingly attractive relative to other forms of investment. This competition could limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us. It may also increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell to us, making it more difficult for us to acquire new properties on attractive terms or on the terms contemplated in our business plan. As a result of such competition, we may be unable to acquire hotel properties that we deem attractive at prices that we consider appropriate or on terms that are satisfactory to us. If we do identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be able to successfully negotiate the terms of the acquisition. In addition, we expect to finance future acquisitions through a combination of borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility, the use of retained cash flows, property-level debt, and offerings of equity and debt securities, which may result in additional leverage or dilution to our stockholders. Any delay or failure on our part to identify, negotiate, finance on favorable terms, consummate and integrate such acquisitions could materially impede our growth.
In addition, we expect to compete to sell hotel properties. Availability of capital, the number of hotel properties available for sale and market conditions, all affect prices. We may not be able to sell hotel assets at our targeted price.
There is no guarantee that Ashford Trust will sell us any of the properties that are subject to the right of first offer agreement.
We may not be able to acquire any of the properties that are subject to the right of first offer agreement, either because Ashford Trust does not elect to sell such properties or we are not in a position to acquire the properties when Ashford Trust elects to sell. Further, if we materially change our investment guidelines without the express consent of Ashford LLC, no hotels acquired by Ashford Trust after the date of such change will be subject to the right of first offer.
We may be unable to successfully integrate and operate acquired properties, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Even if we are able to make acquisitions on favorable terms, we may not be able to successfully integrate and operate them. We may be required to invest significant capital and resources after an acquisition to maintain or grow the properties that we acquire. In addition, we may need to adapt our management, administrative, accounting, and operational systems, or hire and retain sufficient operational staff, to integrate and manage successfully any future acquisitions of additional assets. These and other integration efforts may disrupt our operations, divert Ashford LLC’s attention away from day-to-day operations and cause us to incur unanticipated costs. The difficulties of integration may be increased by the necessity of coordinating operations in geographically dispersed locations. Our failure to integrate successfully any acquisitions into our portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Further, acquired properties may have liabilities or adverse operating issues that we fail to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition. The failure to discover such issues prior to such acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Because our board of directors and Ashford LLC have broad discretion to make future investments, we may make investments that result in returns that are substantially below expectations or in net operating losses. In addition, our investment policies may be revised from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors, without a vote of our stockholders. Such discretion could result in investments with yield returns inconsistent with stockholders’ expectations.
Our joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on a co-venturer’s financial condition and disputes between us and our co-venturers.
We own interests in two hotels through a joint venture and we do not have sole decision-making authority regarding these two properties. In addition, we may continue to co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring controlling or noncontrolling interests in, or sharing responsibility for, managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. We may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding any future properties that we may hold in a partnership or joint venture. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt, suffer a deterioration in their financial condition or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale, budgets, or financing, because neither we nor the partner or co-venturer have full control over the partnership or joint venture. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by, or disputes with, partners or co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers.

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Hotel franchise management agreement requirements or the loss of such an agreement could adversely affect us.
We must comply with operating standards, terms, and conditions imposed by the franchisors or managers of the hotel brands under which our hotels operate. Franchisors periodically inspect their licensed hotels to confirm adherence to their operating standards. The failure of a hotel to maintain these standards could result in the loss or cancellation of a franchise license or other authority pursuant to which our hotels are branded and operated. With respect to operational standards, we rely on our property managers to conform to such standards. Franchisors or managers may also require us to make certain capital improvements to maintain the hotel in accordance with system standards, the cost of which can be substantial. A franchisor or manager could condition the continuation of branding and operational support based on the completion of capital improvements that Ashford LLC or our board of directors determines is not economically feasible in light of general economic conditions, the operating results or prospects of the affected hotel or other circumstances. In that event, Ashford LLC or our board of directors may elect to allow the franchise or management agreement to lapse or be terminated, which could result in a termination charge as well as a change in branding or operation of the hotel as an independent hotel. In addition, when the term of such agreement expires there is no obligation to issue a new franchise.
The loss of a franchise or management agreement could have a material adverse effect on the operations and/or the underlying value of the affected hotel because of the loss of associated name recognition, marketing support and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor or manager. Any such material adverse effect on one or more of our hotels may, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Our reliance on third-party property managers, including Remington Lodging, to operate our hotels and for a substantial majority of our cash flow may adversely affect us.
Because federal income tax laws restrict REITs and their subsidiaries from operating or managing hotels, third parties must operate our hotels. A REIT may lease its hotels to taxable REIT subsidiaries in which the REIT can own up to a 100% interest. A TRS pays corporate-level income tax and may retain any after-tax income. A REIT must satisfy certain conditions to use the TRS structure. One of those conditions is that the TRS must hire, to manage the hotels, an “eligible independent contractor” (“EIC”) that is actively engaged in the trade or business of managing hotels for parties other than the REIT. An EIC cannot (i) own more than 35% of the REIT, (ii) be owned more than 35% by persons owning more than 35% of the REIT, or (iii) provide any income to the REIT (i.e., the EIC cannot pay fees to the REIT, and the REIT cannot own any debt or equity securities of the EIC). Accordingly, while we may lease hotels to a TRS that we own, the TRS must engage a third-party operator to manage the hotels. Thus, our ability to direct and control how our hotels are operated is less than if we were able to manage our hotels directly.
We are parties to hotel management agreements under which unaffiliated third-party property managers manage our hotels. We have also entered into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging contemplating Remington Lodging’s management of hotels we acquire in the future, pursuant to which Remington Lodging currently manages the Pier House Resort. We do not supervise any of the property managers or their respective personnel on a day-to-day basis. Without such supervision, our property managers may not manage our properties in a manner that is consistent with their respective obligations under the applicable management agreement or our obligations under our hotel management agreements, which are similar to franchise agreements, be negligent in their performance, engage in criminal or fraudulent activity, or otherwise default on their respective management obligations to us. If any of these events occur, our relationships with any managers may be damaged, we may be in breach of our management agreement, and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to our property or to persons at our properties. In addition, from time to time, disputes may arise between us and our third-party managers regarding their performance or compliance with the terms of the hotel management agreements, which in turn could adversely affect us. If we are unable to resolve such disputes through discussions and negotiations, we may choose to terminate our management agreement, litigate the dispute or submit the matter to third-party dispute resolution, the expense of which may be material and the outcome of which may harm our business, operating results or prospects.
Our management agreements could adversely affect our ability to sell or finance our hotel properties.
Our management agreements do not allow us to replace hotel managers on relatively short notice or with limited cost and also contain other restrictive covenants. We may enter into additional such agreements or acquire properties subject to such agreements in the future. For example, the terms of a management agreement may restrict our ability to sell a property unless the purchaser is not a competitor of the manager, assumes the management agreement and meets other conditions. Also, the terms of a long-term management agreement encumbering our property may reduce the value of the property. When we enter into or acquire properties subject to any such management agreements, we may be precluded from taking actions that we believe to be in our best interest and could incur substantial expense as a result.

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Eight of our hotels currently operate under Marriott or Hilton brands; therefore, we are subject to risks associated with concentrating our portfolio in just two brand families.
Eight of our eleven hotels utilize brands owned by Marriott or Hilton. As a result, our success is dependent in part on the continued success of Marriott and Hilton and their respective brands. We believe that building brand value is critical to increase demand and build customer loyalty. Consequently, if market recognition or the positive perception of Marriott and/or Hilton is reduced or compromised, the goodwill associated with the Marriott- and Hilton-branded hotels in our portfolio may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if our relationship with Marriott or Hilton were to deteriorate as a result of disputes regarding the management of our hotels or for other reasons, Marriott and/or Hilton might terminate its current management agreements or franchise licenses with us or decline to manage or provide franchise licenses for hotels we may acquire in the future.
If we cannot obtain additional capital, our growth will be limited.
We are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains, each year to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT. As a result, our retained earnings, if any, available to fund acquisitions, development, or other capital expenditures are nominal. As such, we rely upon the availability of additional debt or equity capital to fund these activities. Our long-term ability to grow through acquisitions or development, which is an important strategy for us, will be limited if we cannot obtain additional financing or equity capital. Market conditions may make it difficult to obtain financing or equity capital, and we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing or obtain it on favorable terms.
Three of our hotels are subject to ground leases; if we are found to be in breach of a ground lease or are unable to renew a ground lease, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Three of our hotels are on land subject to ground leases. Accordingly, we only own a long-term leasehold or similar interest in those three hotels. If we are found to be in breach of a ground lease, we could lose the right to use the hotel. In addition, unless we can purchase a fee interest in the underlying land and improvements or extend the terms of these leases before their expiration, we will lose our right to operate these properties and our interest in the improvements upon expiration of the leases. We may not be able to renew any ground lease upon its expiration. Our ability to exercise any extension options relating to our ground leases is subject to the condition that we are not in default under the terms of the ground lease at the time that we exercise such options. If we lose the right to use a hotel due to a breach or non-renewal of the ground lease, we would be unable to derive income from such hotel and would be required to purchase an interest in another hotel to attempt to replace that income, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.
We will not recognize any increase in the value of the land or improvements subject to our ground leases and may only receive a portion of compensation paid in any eminent domain proceeding with respect to the hotel.
Unless we purchase a fee interest in the land and improvements subject to our ground leases, we will not have any economic interest in the land or improvements at the expiration of our ground leases. As a result, we will not share in any increase in value of the land or improvements beyond the term of a ground lease, notwithstanding our capital outlay to purchase our interest in the hotel or fund improvements thereon, and will lose our right to use the hotel. Furthermore, if the state or federal government seizes a hotel subject to a ground lease under its eminent domain power, we may only be entitled to a portion of any compensation awarded for the seizure.
The expansion of our business into new markets outside of the United States will expose us to risks relating to owning hotels in those international markets.
As part of our business strategy, we may acquire hotels that meet our investment criteria and are located in international markets. We may have difficulty managing our expansion into new geographic markets where we have limited knowledge and understanding of the local economy, an absence of business relationships in the area, or unfamiliarity with local governmental and permitting procedures and regulations. There are risks inherent in conducting business outside of the United States, which include risks related to:
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foreign employment laws and practices, which may increase the reimbursable costs incurred under our advisory agreement associated with international employees;
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foreign tax laws, which may provide for income or other taxes or tax rates that exceed those of the U.S. and which may provide that foreign earnings that are repatriated, directly or indirectly, are subject to dividend withholding tax requirements or other restrictions;
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compliance with and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements or monetary policy;
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the willingness of domestic or international lenders to provide financing and changes in the availability, cost and terms of such financing;
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adverse changes in local, political, economic and market conditions;

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increased costs of insurance coverage related to terrorist events;
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changes in interest rates and/or currency exchange rates;
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regulations regarding the incurrence of debt; and
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difficulties in complying with U.S. rules governing REITs while operating outside of the United States.
Any of these factors could affect adversely our ability to obtain all of the intended benefits of expanding internationally. If we do not effectively manage this expansion and successfully integrate the international hotels into our organization, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.
Compliance with international laws and regulations may require us to incur substantial costs.
The operations of our international properties, if any, will be subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). Before we invest in international markets, we will adopt policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws, but we may not continue to be found to be operating in compliance with, or be able to detect violations of, any such laws or regulations. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international properties might be subject and the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.
Exchange rate fluctuations could affect adversely our financial results.
If we acquire hotels or conduct operations in an international jurisdiction, currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. If we have international operations, a portion of our revenue and expenses could be generated in foreign currencies such as the Euro, the Canadian dollar and the British pound sterling. Any steps we take to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies, such as entering into foreign exchange agreements or currency exchange hedging arrangements will not eliminate such risk entirely. To the extent that we are unable to match revenue received in foreign currencies with expenses paid in the same currency, exchange rate fluctuations could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, because our consolidated financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, if we generate revenues or earnings in other currencies, the conversion of such amounts into U.S. dollars can result in an increase or decrease in the amount of our revenues or earnings.
For as long as we are an emerging growth company, we will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, including those relating to accounting standards and disclosure about our executive compensation, that apply to other public companies.
Upon the completion of the spin-off, we became subject to reporting and other obligations under the Exchange Act. In April 2012, the Jump Start Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”) was enacted into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for “emerging growth companies,” including certain requirements relating to accounting standards and compensation disclosure. We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we are an emerging growth company, which may be up to five full fiscal years, unlike other public companies, we will not be required to:
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provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
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comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are also applicable to private companies under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act;
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comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer;
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comply with any new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012 unless the SEC determines otherwise;
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provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation; or
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hold stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation.
Because we are an "emerging growth company" under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b). We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

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Our status as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act may make it more difficult to raise capital as and when we need it.
Because of the exemptions from various reporting requirements provided to us as an “emerging growth company” and because we will have an extended transition period for complying with accounting standards that are newly issued or revised after April 5, 2012, our common stock may be less attractive to investors and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. Without access to additional capital, we may not be able to expand our business or take other actions we determine to be in our best interests. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We are increasingly dependent on information technology, and potential cyber attacks, security problems or other disruption and expanding social media vehicles present new risks.
Ashford LLC and our hotel managers rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, personal identifying information, reservations, billing and operating data. Ashford LLC and our hotel managers may purchase some of our information technology from vendors, on whom our systems will depend, and Ashford LLC relies on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of confidential operator and other customer information. We depend upon the secure transmission of this information over public networks. Ashford LLC’s and hotel managers’ networks and storage applications could be subject to unauthorized access by hackers or others through cyber attacks, which are rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated, or by other means, or may be breached due to operator error, malfeasance or other system disruptions. In some cases, it will be difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage they cause. Any significant breakdown, invasion, destruction, interruption or leakage of information from Ashford LLC’s or hotel managers’ systems could harm our reputation and business.
In addition, the use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or information leakage. Negative posts or comments about us, our hotel managers or our hotels on any social networking website could damage our or our hotels’ reputations. In addition, employees or others might disclose non-public sensitive information relating to our business through external media channels. The continuing evolution of social media will present us with new challenges and risks.
Changes in laws, regulations, or policies may adversely affect our business.
The laws and regulations governing our business or the regulatory or enforcement environment at the federal level or in any of the states in which we operate may change at any time and may have an adverse effect on our business. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as it is phased in over time, will significantly affect the administration of health care services and could significantly impact our hotel managers’ cost of providing employees with health care insurance. We are unable to predict how this or any other future legislative or regulatory proposals or programs will be administered or implemented or in what form, or whether any additional or similar changes to statutes or regulations, including the interpretation or implementation thereof, will occur in the future. Any such action could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our inability to remain in compliance with regulatory requirements in a particular jurisdiction could have a material adverse effect on our operations in that market and on our reputation generally. Applicable laws or regulations may be amended or construed differently and new laws and regulations may be adopted, either of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We may from time to time be subject to litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and trading price of our common stock.
We may from time to time be subject to litigation. Some of these claims may result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which may not be covered by insurance. Payment of any such costs, settlements, fines or judgments that are not insured could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations. Negative publicity regarding claims or judgments made against us or involving our hotels may damage our, or our hotels’, reputations. In addition, certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and/or adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.

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Risks Related to our Debt Financing
Increases in interest rates could increase our debt payments.
As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $767.0 million of outstanding indebtedness, including approximately $424.8 million of variable interest rate debt, and we expect to incur additional indebtedness, including additional variable-rate debt. Increases in interest rates increase our interest costs on our variable-rate debt as well as any future fixed rate debt we may incur at higher interest rates, and interest we pay reduces our cash available for distributions, expansion, working capital and other uses. Moreover, periods of rising interest rates heighten the risks described immediately below under “We may be unable to make required payments on our debt, and our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount of debt we may incur.”
We may be unable to make required payments on our debt, and our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount of debt we may incur.
Our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur, and we are subject to risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that we may not be able to meet our debt service obligations or refinance our debt as it becomes due. We may not be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness, and any such refinancing may not be on terms as favorable as the terms of the maturing indebtedness. In addition, we may not be able to obtain funds by selling assets or raising equity to repay maturing indebtedness.
If we do not meet our debt service obligations, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on the foreclosure but would not receive any cash proceeds. As a result, we may be required to identify and utilize other sources of cash for distributions to our stockholders of that income.
Our future indebtedness may be cross-collateralized and, consequently, a default on any such indebtedness could cause us to lose part or all of our investment in multiple properties.
Under our advisory agreement, Ashford LLC is entitled to receive a quarterly base fee from us that is based on a declining sliding scale percentage of our total market capitalization plus the Key Money Asset Management Fee, which is defined in the advisory agreement to include our indebtedness and other factors. This fee increases as the aggregate principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness (including our proportionate share of debt of any entity that is not consolidated but excluding our joint venture partners’ proportionate share of consolidated debt) increases. As a result, any increase in our consolidated indebtedness will also increase the fees we pay to Ashford LLC. The structure of this fee may incentivize Ashford LLC to increase our indebtedness, thereby increasing the fee, when it is not in the best interest of our stockholders to do so. We will be subject to these risks even if the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement is approved by our stockholders.
In addition, changes in economic conditions, our financial condition or operating results or prospects could:
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result in higher interest rates on our variable-rate debt,
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reduce the availability of debt financing generally or debt financing at favorable rates,
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reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders, or
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increase the risk that we could be forced to liquidate assets to repay debt.
Covenants, “cash trap” provisions or other terms in our mortgage loans and our secured revolving credit facility, as well as any future credit facility, could limit our flexibility and adversely affect our financial condition or our qualification as a REIT.
Some of our loan agreements and our secured revolving credit facility contain financial and other covenants. If we violate covenants in any debt agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of certain debt covenants may also prohibit us from borrowing unused amounts under our lines of credit, even if repayment of some or all the borrowings is not required. In addition, financial covenants under our current or future debt obligations could impair our planned business strategies by limiting our ability to borrow beyond certain amounts or for certain purposes.
Some of our loan agreements also contain cash trap provisions that are triggered if the performance of our hotels decline. When these provisions are triggered, substantially all of the profit generated by our hotels is deposited directly into lockbox accounts and then swept into cash management accounts for the benefit of our various lenders. Cash is not distributed to us at any time after the cash trap provisions have been triggered until we have cured performance issues. This could affect our liquidity and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. If we are not able to make distributions to our stockholders, we may not qualify as a REIT.

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Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with interest rates and could reduce the overall returns on an investment in our company.
We use various derivative financial instruments to protect us against interest rate risks. The use of derivative financial instruments to hedge against such risk involves numerous uncertainties, such as the risk that the counterparties fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes and that a court could rule that such agreements are not legally enforceable. These instruments may also generate income that may not be treated as qualifying REIT income. In addition, the nature and timing of hedging transactions may influence the effectiveness of our hedging strategies. Poorly designed strategies or improperly executed transactions could actually increase our risk and losses. Moreover, hedging strategies involve transaction and other costs. Our hedging strategy and the derivatives that we use may not adequately offset the risk of interest rate volatility and our hedging transactions could result in losses that may reduce the overall return on our stockholders’ investment in our company.
Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest
Our separation and distribution agreement, our advisory agreement, the mutual exclusivity agreement, the master management agreement and other agreements entered into in connection with the spin-off, as well as the investment management agreement, were not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis, and we may pursue less vigorous enforcement of their terms because of conflicts of interest with certain of our executive officers and directors and key employees of Ashford LLC.
Because our officers and two of our directors are also key employees of Ashford LLC or its affiliates and have ownership interests in Ashford Trust, our separation and distribution agreement, our advisory agreement, mutual exclusivity agreement and other agreements entered into in connection with the spin-off, as well as our investment management agreement, were not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis, and we did not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiations of the type normally conducted with an unaffiliated third party. Due to the subsequent spin-off of Ashford Inc., the parent company of Ashford LLC in November 2014, these officers and directors also have ownership interests in the parent company of Ashford LLC and its subsidiaries, including AIM. As a result of our affiliations with Ashford Trust, Ashford LLC and Remington Lodging, the terms, including fees and other amounts payable, of agreements between us and Ashford Trust, Ashford LLC, AIM or Remington Lodging may not be as favorable to us as the terms under an arm’s-length agreement. Furthermore, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under these agreements because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with Ashford Trust, Ashford LLC, AIM and Remington Lodging.
Ashford LLC may also manage other entities or assets in the future. Our officers and certain of our directors may also be key officers or directors of such future entities or their affiliates and may have ownership interests in such entities. Any such positions or interests could present additional conflicts of interest for our officers and certain of our directors.
Termination of our advisory agreement with Ashford LLC may be difficult and costly.
The initial term of our advisory agreement with Ashford LLC ends on June 10, 2025, and will be extended automatically for five-year renewal terms unless previously terminated. Following the ten-year initial term the advisory agreement may be terminated by us with 180 days’ prior notice upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors based upon a good faith finding that either: (1) there has been unsatisfactory performance by Ashford LLC that is materially detrimental to us and our subsidiaries taken as a whole, or (2) the base fee and/or incentive fee (each as defined in the advisory agreement) is not fair based on the then current market for such fees (and Ashford LLC does not offer to negotiate a lower fee that a majority of our independent directors determine is fair).
Upon termination of the advisory agreement, Ashford LLC will be paid all Accrued Fees (as defined in the advisory agreement), which includes all due and owing base and incentive fees, through the date of termination. Additionally, we may be required to pay Ashford LLC a Termination Fee (as defined below) if the advisory agreement is terminated based on: (i) unsatisfactory performance by Ashford LLC or unfair fees, as described above; or (ii) a Company Change of Control (as defined in the advisory agreement), which includes a majority of the incumbent board of directors no longer constituting at least a majority of the board of directors.
The fees payable by the Company to Ashford LLC at any given time fluctuate. We currently estimate the amount of the fees payable to Ashford LLC upon termination of the advisory agreement to be up to hundreds of millions of dollars. In addition, our calculation of such fees may differ from the amount calculated by Ashford LLC at any time. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, the “Termination Fee” payable by the Company to Ashford LLC shall be equal to 1.1 times the greater of either:

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12 multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of our advisory agreement. For purposes of this calculation, “Net Earnings” is defined as (A) our advisor’s reported Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in our advisory agreement) for the 12-month period preceding the termination of our advisory agreement (adjusting assuming our advisory agreement was in place for the full 12-month period if it otherwise was not), as reported in our advisor’s earnings releases less (B) our advisor’s pro forma Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in our advisory agreement) assuming our advisory agreement was not in place during such period plus (C) all EBITDA (Net Income (per GAAP) plus interest expenses, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) of our advisor and any of its affiliates and subsidiaries from providing any service or product to the Company, our operating partnership or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries, exclusive of EBITDA directly resulting from our advisory agreement;
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the earnings multiple for the 12-month period preceding the termination date (calculated as our advisor’s total enterprise value divided by Ashford LLC’s adjusted EBITDA) for Ashford Inc. common stock for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of the advisory agreement multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor (as defined above) for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of this advisory agreement; or
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the simple average of our earnings multiples for the three preceding fiscal years (calculated as our advisor’s total enterprise value divided by, in each case, Ashford LLC’s adjusted EBITDA for such periods) multiplied by the Net Earnings of the advisor (as defined above) for the 12-month period preceding the termination date of this advisory agreement;
plus, in either case, a gross-up amount for assumed federal and state tax liability, based on an assumed combined tax rate of 40%.
Any such Termination Fee will be payable on or before the applicable termination date. The obligation to pay this Termination Fee, together with all accrued base and incentive fees, may result in substantial costs to us in the event that our advisory agreement is terminated. If our Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement is approved, the 1.1x multiplier and gross-up amount will be eliminated from the calculation of the Termination Fee, but the costs of such fee may still be substantial. Such costs may adversely affect our ability to terminate Ashford LLC as our advisor, and may adversely affect our ability to consummate certain transactions that would result in a change of control of the Company.
Ashford LLC was a subsidiary of Ashford Trust until its spin-off and may be able to direct attractive investment opportunities to Ashford Trust and away from us.
Until its spin-off on November 12, 2014, Ashford LLC was a subsidiary of Ashford Trust, a publicly-traded hotel REIT, with investment objectives that are similar to ours. As of December 31, 2016, Ashford Trust holds approximately 29.7% of the equity of Ashford Inc., Ashford LLC’s parent company, on a fully diluted basis. So long as Ashford LLC is our external advisor, our governing documents require us to include two persons designated by Ashford LLC as candidates for election as director at any stockholder meeting at which directors are to be elected. If the size of our board of directors is increased at any time to more than seven directors, the Ashford LLC’s right to nominate shall be increased by such number of directors as shall be necessary to maintain the ratio of directors nominated by Ashford LLC to the directors otherwise nominated, as nearly as possible (rounding to the next larger whole number), equal to the ratio that would have existed if our board of directors consisted of seven members. Each of our executive officers and two of our directors also serve as key employees and as officers of Ashford LLC and Ashford Trust. Furthermore, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, our previous chief executive officer and current chairman, is also the chairman of Ashford Trust. Our advisory agreement requires Ashford LLC to present investments that satisfy our investment guidelines to us before presenting them to Ashford Trust or any future client of Ashford LLC. Our board may modify or supplement our investment guidelines from time to time so long as we do not change our investment guidelines in such a way as to be directly competitive with all or any portion of Ashford Trust’s investment guidelines as of the date of the advisory agreement. If we materially change our investment guidelines without the express consent of Ashford LLC, then Ashford LLC will not have an obligation to present investment opportunities to us and instead Ashford LLC will use its best judgment to allocate investment opportunities and other entities it advises, taking into account such factors as Ashford LLC deems relevant, in its discretion, subject to any then existing obligations of Ashford LLC to such other entities.

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However, some portfolio investment opportunities may include hotels that satisfy our investment objectives as well as hotels that satisfy the investment objectives of Ashford Trust or other entities advised by Ashford LLC. If the portfolio cannot be equitably divided, Ashford LLC will necessarily have to make a determination as to which entity will be presented with the opportunity. In such a circumstance, our advisory agreement requires Ashford LLC to allocate portfolio investment opportunities between us and Ashford Trust or other entities advised by Ashford LLC in a fair and equitable manner, consistent with our, Ashford Trust’s and such other entities’ investment objectives. In making this determination, Ashford LLC, using substantial discretion, is required to consider the investment strategy and guidelines of each entity with respect to acquisition of properties, portfolio concentrations, tax consequences, regulatory restrictions, liquidity requirements, leverage and other factors deemed appropriate. In making the allocation determination, Ashford LLC has no obligation to make any such investment opportunity available to us. Ashford LLC and Ashford Trust have agreed that any new investment opportunities that satisfy our investment guidelines will be presented to our board of directors; however, our board will have only ten business days to make a determination with respect to such opportunity prior to it being available to Ashford Trust. The above mentioned dual responsibilities may create conflicts of interest for our officers that could result in decisions or allocations of investments that may benefit Ashford Trust more than they benefit our company, and Ashford Trust may compete with us with respect to certain investments that we may want to acquire.
Ashford LLC and its key employees, who are our executive officers, face competing demands relating to their time and this may adversely affect our operations.
We rely on Ashford LLC, its subsidiaries and its employees for the day-to-day operation of our business and management of our assets. Until its spin-off, Ashford LLC was wholly-owned by Ashford Trust. Ashford LLC is led by our current management team, which is also the current management team of Ashford Trust. Because Ashford LLC’s key employees have duties to Ashford Trust as well as to our company, we do not have their undivided attention and they face conflicts in allocating their time and resources between our company and Ashford Trust. If Ashford LLC advises and/or leads any additional entities, or manages additional assets, in the future, this could present additional conflicts with respect to the allocation of the time and resources of our management team. As a result of the spin-off of Ashford LLC, its employees have additional responsibilities relating to Ashford Inc.'s status as a public company. During turbulent market conditions or other times when we need focused support and assistance from Ashford LLC, other entities for which Ashford LLC also acts as an external advisor or Ashford Trust may likewise require greater focus and attention, placing competing high levels of demand on the limited time and resources of Ashford LLC’s key employees. We may not receive the necessary support and assistance we require or would otherwise receive if we were internally managed by persons working exclusively for us.
Conflicts of interest with Remington Lodging could result in our hotel-level management acting other than in our stockholders’ best interest.
Remington Lodging currently manages the Pier House Resort and the Bardessono Hotel, and we expect Remington Lodging will manage certain of the hotels we acquire in the future. Conflicts of interest in general and specifically relating to Remington Lodging may lead to management decisions that are not in our stockholders’ best interest. The chairman of our board, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, serves as the chief executive officer of Remington Lodging. Mr. Monty J. Bennett and his father, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., beneficially own 100% of Remington Lodging.
We have entered into a mutual exclusivity agreement and a master management agreement with Remington Lodging. To the extent we have the right or control the right to direct such matters, the exclusivity agreement requires us to engage Remington Lodging to provide certain project management and development services for our properties and to engage Remington Lodging to provide, under the master management agreement, property management, project management and development services for all future properties that we acquire, unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote not to hire Remington Lodging, or (ii) based on special circumstances or past performance, by a majority vote, elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined, in their reasonable business judgment, that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging or that another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. As one of the two beneficial owners of Remington Lodging, which would receive any property management, project management, development and termination fees payable by us under the master management agreement, Mr. Monty J. Bennett may influence our decisions to sell, acquire, or develop hotels when it is not in the best interest of our stockholders to do so.
Mr. Monty J. Bennett’s ownership interests in and management obligations to Remington Lodging present him with conflicts of interest in making management decisions related to the commercial arrangements between us and Remington Lodging, and his management obligations to Remington Lodging reduce the time and effort he spends managing our company. Our board of directors has adopted a policy that requires all material approvals, actions or decisions which we have the right to make under the master management agreement with Remington Lodging be approved by a majority or, in certain circumstances, all, of our independent directors. However, given the authority and/or operational latitude provided to Remington Lodging under the master management agreement, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, as the chief executive officer of Remington Lodging, could take actions or make decisions that

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are not in our stockholders’ best interest or that are otherwise inconsistent with his obligations to us under the master management agreement or our obligations under the applicable franchise agreements.
Remington Lodging’s ability to exercise significant influence over the determination of the competitive set for any hotels managed by Remington Lodging could artificially enhance the perception of the performance of a hotel, making it more difficult to use managers other than Remington Lodging for future properties.
Under our master management agreement with Remington Lodging, we have the right to terminate Remington Lodging based on the performance of the applicable hotel, subject to the payment of a termination fee. The determination of performance is based on the applicable hotel’s gross operating profit margin and its RevPAR penetration index, which provides the relative revenue per room generated by a specified property as compared to its competitive set. For each hotel managed by Remington Lodging, its competitive set consists of a small group of hotels in the relevant market that we and Remington Lodging believe are comparable for purposes of benchmarking the performance of such hotel. Remington Lodging has significant influence over the determination of the competitive set for any of our hotels that it manages. Remington Lodging could artificially enhance the perception of the performance of a hotel by selecting a competitive set that is not performing well or is not comparable to the Remington Lodging-managed hotel, thereby making it more difficult for us to elect not to use Remington Lodging for future hotel management.
Remington Lodging may be able to pursue lodging investment opportunities that compete with us.
Pursuant to the terms of our mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging, if investment opportunities that satisfy our investment criteria are identified by Remington Lodging or its affiliates, Remington Lodging will give us a written notice and description of the investment opportunity. We will have 10 business days to either accept or reject the investment opportunity. If we reject the opportunity, Remington Lodging may then pursue such investment opportunity, subject to a right of first refusal in favor of Ashford Trust pursuant to an existing agreement between Ashford Trust and Remington Lodging, on materially the same terms and conditions as offered to us. If we reject such an investment opportunity, either Ashford Trust or Remington Lodging could pursue the opportunity and compete with us. In such a case, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, chairman of our board, in his capacity as chairman and chief executive officer of Ashford Trust or as chief executive officer of Remington Lodging could be in a position of directly competing with us, and Remington Lodging may compete with us with respect to certain investments that we may want to acquire.
Our fiduciary duties as the general partner of our operating partnership could create conflicts of interest, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.
As the general partner of our operating partnership, we have fiduciary duties to the other limited partners in our operating partnership, the discharge of which may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. The limited partners of our operating partnership have agreed that, in the event of a conflict in the fiduciary duties owed by us to our stockholders and, in our capacity as general partner of our operating partnership, to such limited partners, we are under no obligation to give priority to the interests of such limited partners. In addition, persons holding common units have the right to vote on certain amendments to the operating partnership agreement (which require approval by a majority in interest of the limited partners, including us) and individually to approve certain amendments that would adversely affect their rights. These voting rights may be exercised in a manner that conflicts with the interests of our stockholders. For example, we cannot modify the rights of limited partners to receive distributions as set forth in the operating partnership agreement in a manner that adversely affects their rights without their consent, even though such modification might be in the best interest of our stockholders.
In addition, conflicts may arise when the interests of our stockholders and the limited partners of our operating partnership diverge, particularly in circumstances in which there may be an adverse tax consequence to the limited partners. Tax consequences to holders of common units upon a sale or refinancing of our properties may cause the interests of Ashford Trust or the key employees of Ashford LLC (who are executive officers of Ashford Trust and have ownership interests in Ashford Trust) to differ from our stockholders. As a result of unrealized built-in gain attributable to contributed property at the time of contribution, some holders of common units, including Ashford Trust, may suffer different and more adverse tax consequences than holders of our common stock upon the sale or refinancing of the properties owned by our operating partnership, including disproportionately greater allocations of items of taxable income and gain upon a realization event. As those holders will not receive a correspondingly greater distribution of cash proceeds, they may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing, timing and other material terms of any sale or refinancing of certain properties, or whether to sell or refinance such properties at all. As a result, Ashford LLC may cause us to sell, not sell or refinance certain properties, even if such actions or inactions might be financially advantageous to our stockholders, or to enter into tax deferred exchanges with the proceeds of such sales when such a reinvestment might not otherwise be in our best interest.

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Our conflicts of interest policy may not adequately address all of the conflicts of interest that may arise with respect to our activities.
We have adopted a conflicts of interest policy to address specifically some of the conflicts relating to our activities which requires the approval of a majority of our disinterested directors to approve any transaction, agreement or relationship in which any of our directors or officers, Ashford LLC or its employees or Ashford Trust has an interest. This policy may not be adequate to address all of the conflicts that may arise. In addition, it may not address such conflicts in a manner that is favorable to us.
The potential for conflicts of interest as a result of our management structure may provoke dissident stockholder activities that result in significant costs.
Other REITs, particularly following periods of volatility in the overall market or declines in the market price of the company’s securities, have been targets of stockholder litigation, stockholder director nominations and stockholder proposals by dissident stockholders that allege conflicts of interest in business dealings with affiliated and related persons and entities. Our relationships with Ashford LLC, Ashford Inc., Ashford Trust, AIM, Remington Lodging, the other businesses and entities to which Ashford LLC, Ashford Inc., AIM and Remington Lodging provide management or other services, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. and with other related parties of Ashford Inc. and Ashford Trust may precipitate such activities. These activities, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention even if the action is unfounded.
Responding to actions by activist investors can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of management and our employees. Stockholder activism could create perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, which could result in the loss of potential business opportunities and make it more difficult for our advisor to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners. Furthermore, the election of individuals to our board of directors with a specific agenda could adversely affect our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plans. See “Risk Factors- Our business could be adversely affected as a result of the proxy contest and related stockholder litigation.”
Risks Related to Hotel Investments
We are subject to general risks associated with operating hotels.
We own hotel properties, which have different economic characteristics than many other real estate assets and a hotel REIT is structured differently than many other types of REITs. A typical office property, for example, has long-term leases with third-party tenants, which provides a relatively stable long-term stream of revenue. Hotels, on the other hand, generate revenue from guests that typically stay at the hotel for only a few nights, which causes the room rate and occupancy levels at each of our hotels to change every day, and results in earnings that can be highly volatile.
In addition, our hotels are subject to various operating risks common to the hotel industry, many of which are beyond our control, including, among others, the following:
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competition from other hotel properties in our markets;
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over-building of hotels in our markets, which results in increased supply and adversely affects occupancy and revenues at our hotels;
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dependence on business and commercial travelers and tourism;
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increases in operating costs due to inflation, increased energy costs and other factors that may not be offset by increased room rates;
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changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of debt financing;
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increases in assessed property taxes from changes in valuation or real estate tax rates;
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increases in the cost of property insurance;
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning ordinances and the related costs of compliance;
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unforeseen events beyond our control, such as terrorist attacks, travel related health concerns which could reduce travel, including pandemics and epidemics such as Ebola, H1N1 influenza (swine flu), avian bird flu, SARS and the Zika virus, imposition of taxes or surcharges by regulatory authorities, travel-related accidents, travel infrastructure interruptions and unusual weather patterns, including natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis or earthquakes;
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adverse effects of international, national, regional and local economic and market conditions and increases in energy costs or labor costs and other expenses affecting travel, which may affect travel patterns and reduce the number of business and commercial travelers and tourists;
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adverse effects of a downturn in the lodging industry; and
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risks generally associated with the ownership of hotel properties and real estate, as we discuss in more detail below.

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These factors could adversely affect our hotel revenues and expenses, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may have to make significant capital expenditures to maintain our hotel properties, and any development activities we undertake may be more costly than we anticipate.
Our hotels have an ongoing need for renovations and other capital improvements, including replacements, from time to time, of furniture, fixtures, and equipment. Managers or franchisors of our hotels also require that we make periodic capital improvements pursuant to our management agreements or as a condition of maintaining franchise licenses. Generally, we are responsible for the cost of these capital improvements. As part of our long-term growth strategy, we may also develop hotels. Hotel renovation and development involves substantial risks, including:
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construction cost overruns and delays;
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the disruption of operations and displacement of revenue at operating hotels, including revenue lost while rooms, restaurants or meeting space under renovation are out of service;
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the cost of funding renovations or developments and inability to obtain financing on attractive terms;
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the return on our investment in these capital improvements or developments failing to meet expectations;
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inability to obtain all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy, and construction permits;
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loss of substantial investment in a development project if a project is abandoned before completion;
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environmental problems; and
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disputes with franchisors or property managers regarding compliance with relevant franchise agreements or management agreements.
If we have insufficient cash flow from operations to fund needed capital expenditures, then we will need to borrow, sell assets or sell additional equity securities to fund future capital improvements.
The hotel business is seasonal, which affects our results of operations from quarter to quarter.
The hotel industry is seasonal in nature. This seasonality can cause quarterly fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, including in the amount available for distributions on our common stock. Our quarterly operating results may be adversely affected by factors outside our control, including weather conditions and poor economic factors in certain markets in which we operate. Our cash flows may not be sufficient to offset any shortfalls that occur as a result of these fluctuations. As a result, we may have to reduce distributions or enter into short-term borrowings in certain quarters in order to make distributions to our stockholders. Such borrowings may not be available on favorable terms, if at all.
The cyclical nature of the lodging industry may cause fluctuations in our operating performance, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
The lodging industry historically has been highly cyclical in nature. Fluctuations in lodging demand and, therefore, hotel operating performance, are caused largely by general economic and local market conditions, which subsequently affect levels of business and leisure travel. In addition to general economic conditions, new hotel room supply is an important factor that can affect the lodging industry’s performance, and overbuilding has the potential to further exacerbate the negative impact of an economic recession. Room rates and occupancy, and thus RevPAR, tend to increase when demand growth exceeds supply growth. An adverse change in lodging fundamentals could result in returns that are substantially below our expectations or result in losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Many of our real estate-related costs are fixed, and will not decrease even if revenue from our hotels decreases.
Many costs, such as real estate taxes, insurance premiums and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced even when a hotel is not fully occupied, room rates decrease or other circumstances cause a reduction in revenues. In addition, newly acquired or renovated hotels may not produce the revenues we anticipate immediately, or at all, and the hotel’s operating cash flow may be insufficient to pay the operating expenses and debt service associated with these new hotels. If we are unable to offset real estate costs with sufficient revenues across our portfolio, our operating results and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.
The increasing use of Internet travel intermediaries by consumers may adversely affect our profitability.
Some of our hotel rooms are booked through Internet travel intermediaries, including, but not limited to, Travelocity.com, Expedia.com and Priceline.com. As Internet bookings increase, these intermediaries may be able to obtain higher commissions, reduced room rates or other significant contract concessions from our management companies. Moreover, some of these Internet

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travel intermediaries are attempting to offer hotel rooms as a commodity, by increasing the importance of price and general indicators of quality (such as “three-star downtown hotel”) at the expense of brand identification. These intermediaries hope that consumers will eventually develop brand loyalties to their reservations system rather than to the brands under which our properties are franchised. If the amount of sales made through Internet intermediaries increases significantly and results in a decrease in consumer loyalty to the brands under which our hotels are franchised, our rooms revenues may be lower than expected, and our profitability may be adversely affected.
Our revenues and profitability may be adversely affected by increased use of business-related technology, which may reduce the need for business-related travel.
The increased use of teleconference and video-conference technology by businesses could result in decreased business travel as companies increase the use of technologies that allow multiple parties from different locations to participate at meetings without traveling to a centralized meeting location. To the extent that such technologies play an increased role in day-to-day business and the necessity for business-related travel decreases, hotel room demand may decrease and our revenues, profitability and ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.
Future terrorist attacks or changes in terror alert levels could materially and adversely affect our business.
Previous terrorist attacks and subsequent terrorist alerts have adversely affected the U.S. travel and hospitality industries since 2001, often disproportionately to the effect on the overall economy. The extent of the impact that actual or threatened terrorist attacks in the U.S. or elsewhere could have on domestic and international travel and our business in particular cannot be determined, but any such attacks or the threat of such attacks could have a material adverse effect on travel and hotel demand, our ability to finance our business and our ability to insure our hotels. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, our operating results and our prospects.
We are subject to risks associated with the employment of hotel personnel, particularly with respect to hotels that employ unionized labor.
Our third-party managers are responsible for hiring and maintaining the labor force at each of our hotels. Although we do not directly employ or manage employees at our hotels, we still are subject to many of the costs and risks generally associated with the hotel labor force, particularly with respect to hotels with unionized labor. From time to time, hotel operations may be disrupted as a result of strikes, lockouts, public demonstrations or other negative actions and publicity. We also may incur increased legal costs and indirect labor costs as a result of contract disputes or other events. The resolution of labor disputes or re-negotiated labor contracts could lead to increased labor costs, either by increases in wages or benefits or by changes in work rules that raise hotel operating costs. We do not have the ability to affect the outcome of these disputes.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our hotel properties and harm our financial condition.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to sell promptly one or more hotel properties for reasonable prices in response to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions is limited.
The real estate market is affected by many factors that are beyond our control, including:
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adverse changes in international, national, regional and local economic and market conditions;
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changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost, and terms of debt financing;
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies, and zoning and other ordinances, and the related costs of compliance with laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning and other ordinances;
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the ongoing need for capital improvements, particularly in older structures;
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changes in operating expenses; and
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civil unrest, acts of war or terrorism, and acts of God, including earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters, which may result in uninsured and underinsured losses.
We may decide to sell hotel properties in the future. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any hotel property for the price or on the terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a hotel property.
We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold. We may not have funds available to correct those defects or to make those improvements. In addition, when we acquire a hotel property, we

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may agree to lock-out provisions that materially restrict us from selling that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that property. These and other factors could impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our hotel properties or a need for liquidity.
Increases in property taxes would increase our operating costs, reduce our income and adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Each of our hotel properties is subject to real and personal property taxes. These taxes may increase as tax rates change and as the properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. If property taxes increase, our financial condition, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially and adversely affected and the market price of our common stock could decline.
The costs of compliance with or liabilities under environmental laws may harm our operating results.
Operating expenses at our hotels could be higher than anticipated due to the cost of complying with existing or future environmental laws and regulations. In addition, our hotel properties may be subject to environmental liabilities. An owner or operator of real property can face liability for environmental contamination created by the presence or discharge of hazardous substances on the property. We may face liability regardless of:
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our knowledge of the contamination;
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the timing of the contamination;
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the cause of the contamination; or
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the party responsible for the contamination.
There may be environmental problems associated with our hotel properties of which we are unaware. Some of our hotel properties use, or may have used in the past, underground tanks for the storage of petroleum-based or waste products that could create a potential for release of hazardous substances. If environmental contamination exists on a hotel property, we could become subject to strict, joint and several liabilities for the contamination if we own the property.
The discovery of material environmental liabilities at our properties could subject us to unanticipated significant costs. The presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our ability to sell the property on favorable terms or at all, and we may incur substantial remediation costs.
Our environmental insurance policies may not provide sufficient coverage for any environmental liabilities at our properties. In addition, if environmental liabilities are discovered during the underwriting of the insurance policies for any property that we acquire in the future, we may be unable to obtain insurance coverage for the liabilities at commercially reasonable rates or at all. We may experience losses as a result of any of these events.
Numerous treaties, laws and regulations have been enacted to regulate or limit carbon emissions. Changes in the regulations and legislation relating to climate change, and complying with such laws and regulations, may require us to make significant investments in our hotels and could result in increased energy costs at our properties.
Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating the problem.
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern about indoor exposure to mold has been increasing as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. Some of the properties in our portfolio may contain microbial matter such as mold and mildew. As a result, the presence of significant mold at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property. In addition, the presence of significant mold could expose us to liability from hotel guests, hotel employees, and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety, and other regulations may require us to incur substantial costs.
All of our properties are required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (the “ADA”). The ADA requires that “public accommodations,” such as hotels, be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. In addition, we are required to operate our properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes, and other land use regulations as they may be adopted by governmental agencies

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and bodies and become applicable to our properties. Any requirement to make substantial modifications to our hotel properties, whether to comply with the ADA or other changes in governmental rules and regulations, could be costly.
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses.
We maintain property and casualty insurance with respect to our hotel properties and other insurance, in each case, with loss limits and coverage thresholds deemed reasonable by our management team (and to satisfy the requirements of lenders and franchisors). In doing so, we make decisions with respect to what deductibles, policy limits, and terms are reasonable based on management’s experience, our risk profile, the loss history of our property managers and our properties, the nature of our properties and our businesses, our loss prevention efforts, and the cost of insurance.
Various types of catastrophic losses may not be insurable or may not be economically insurable. In the event of a substantial loss, our insurance coverage may not cover the full current market value or replacement cost of our lost investment. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations, and other factors might cause insurance proceeds to be insufficient to fully replace or renovate a hotel after it has been damaged or destroyed. Accordingly, it is possible that:
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the insurance coverage thresholds that we have obtained may not fully protect us against insurable losses (i.e., losses may exceed coverage limits);
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we may incur large deductibles that adversely affect our earnings;
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we may incur losses from risks that are not insurable or that are not economically insurable; and
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current coverage thresholds may not continue to be available at reasonable rates.
In the future, we may choose not to maintain terrorism insurance on any of our properties. As a result, one or more large uninsured or underinsured losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Each of our current lenders requires us to maintain certain insurance coverage thresholds. If a lender does not believe we have complied with these requirements, the lender could obtain additional coverage thresholds and seek payment from us, or declare us in default under the loan documents. In the former case, we could spend more for insurance than we otherwise deem reasonable or necessary or, in the latter case, the hotels collateralizing one or more loans could be foreclosed upon. In addition, a material casualty to one or more hotels collateralizing loans may result in the insurance company applying to the outstanding loan balance insurance proceeds that otherwise would be available to repair the damage caused by the casualty, which would require us to fund the repairs through other sources. The lender may also foreclose on the hotels if there is a material loss that is not insured.
Risks Related to Derivative Transactions
We are subject to the risk of default or insolvency by the hospitality entities underlying our investments.
The leveraged capital structure of the hospitality entities underlying our investments will increase their exposure to adverse economic factors (such as rising interest rates, competitive pressures, downturns in the economy or deterioration in the condition of the real estate industry) and to the risk of unforeseen events. If an underlying entity cannot generate adequate cash flow to meet such entity’s debt obligations (which may include leveraged obligations in excess of its aggregate assets), it may default on its loan agreements or be forced into bankruptcy. As a result, we may suffer a partial or total loss of the capital we have invested in the securities and other investments of such entity.
Risks Related to Investments in Securities
Our earnings are dependent, in part, upon the performance of our investment portfolio.
To the extent permitted by the Internal Revenue Code, we may invest in and own securities of other public companies and REITs (including Ashford Inc.). To the extent that the value of those investments declines or those investments do not provide an attractive return, our earnings and cash flow could be adversely affected.
Our prior investment performance is not indicative of future results.
The performance of our prior investments is not necessarily indicative of the results that can be expected for the investments to be made by our investment subsidiary. On any given investment, total loss of the investment is possible. Although our management team has experience and has had success in making investments in real estate-related lodging debt and hotel assets, the past performance of these investments is not necessarily indicative of the results of our future investments.

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Our investment portfolio will contain investments concentrated in a single industry and will not be fully diversified.
Currently, our only investment is in Ashford Inc. and to the extent we seek other investments, we would expect that they will be in lodging-related entities. As such, our investment portfolio will contain investments concentrated in a single industry and may not be fully diversified by asset class, geographic region or other criteria, which will expose us to significant loss due to concentration risk. Investors have no assurance that the degree of diversification in our investment portfolio will increase at any time in the future.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Our charter contains provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control transaction.
Our charter contains 9.8% ownership limits. For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or constructive ownership by any person of more than:
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9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or
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9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our preferred stock or any other stock of our company, unless our board of directors grants a waiver.
Our charter’s constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause stock owned actually or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our common stock by an individual or entity could nevertheless cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of the outstanding common stock, and thus be subject to our charter’s ownership limit. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock in excess of the ownership limit without the consent of our board of directors will be void, and could result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust.
Our board of directors may create and issue a class or series of preferred stock without stockholder approval.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock in one or more classes and to establish the preferences and rights of any class of preferred stock issued. Subject to the terms of any outstanding classes or series of preferred stock, these actions can be taken without obtaining stockholder approval. Our preferred stock issuances could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of us, even if our stockholders believe that a change in control was in their best interests.
Certain provisions in the partnership agreement for our operating partnership may delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us.
Provisions in the partnership agreement of our operating partnership may delay or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes in our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:
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redemption rights of qualifying parties;
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transfer restrictions on our common units;
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the ability of the general partner in some cases to amend the partnership agreement without the consent of the limited partners; and
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the right of the limited partners to consent to transfers of the general partnership interest and mergers of the operating partnership under specified circumstances.
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”) may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock, including:
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“business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate thereof) for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose special stockholder voting requirements on these business combinations, unless certain fair price requirements set forth in the MGCL are satisfied; and
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“control share” provisions that provide that “control shares” of our company (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of

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ownership or control of outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
Our charter opts out of each of these requirements, but we may later amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate these opt-out provisions.
Our charter provides that a director may be removed only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors. Our charter defines cause to mean, with respect to any particular director, conviction of a felony or a final judgment of court of competent jurisdiction holding that such director caused demonstrable, material harm to us through bad faith or active deliberate dishonesty. Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of the following five provisions: a classified board; a two-thirds stockholder vote requirement for removal of a director; a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors; a requirement that a vacancy on the board of directors be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and a requirement that the holders of at least a majority of all votes entitled to be cast request a special meeting of stockholders. Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already require that the number of directors be fixed only by our board of directors and require, unless called by the Chairman of our board of directors, our president or chief executive officer or a majority of our board of directors, the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all votes entitled to be cast at such meeting to call a special meeting. Our board of directors has made an election that prohibits us from making any of the elections permitted by Subtitle 8 unless such election is first approved by a stockholder vote.
Our charter, bylaws, the partnership agreement for our operating partnership and Maryland law contain other provisions that may delay, deter or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Our board of directors can take many actions without stockholder approval.
Our board of directors has overall authority to oversee our business and affairs and determine our major corporate policies. This authority includes significant flexibility. For example, our board of directors can do the following without stockholder approval:
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terminate Ashford LLC under certain conditions pursuant to our advisory agreement;
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amend or revise at any time and from time to time our investment, financing, borrowing and dividend policies and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, debt, capitalization and operations;
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amend our policies with respect to conflicts of interest provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal requirements;
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subject to the terms of our charter, prevent the ownership, transfer and/or accumulation of shares in order to protect our status as a REIT or for any other reason deemed to be in the best interests of us and our stockholders;
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subject to the terms of any outstanding classes or series of preferred stock, issue additional shares without obtaining stockholder approval, which could dilute the ownership of our then-current stockholders;
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subject to the terms of any outstanding classes or series of preferred stock, amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series, without obtaining stockholder approval;
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subject to the terms of any outstanding classes or series of preferred stock, classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of such classified or reclassified shares, including provisions that may have an anti-takeover effect, without obtaining stockholder approval;
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employ and compensate affiliates;
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direct our resources toward investments that do not ultimately appreciate over time; and
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determine that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Any of these actions could increase our operating expenses, impact our ability to make distributions or reduce the value of our assets without giving our stockholders the right to vote on whether we should take such actions.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.
Maryland law provides that a director or officer has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a

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like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter eliminates our directors’ and officers’ liability to us and our stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or a judgment of active and deliberate dishonesty that was material to the cause of action. Our charter requires us to indemnify our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law for liability actually incurred in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or threatened to be made, a party, except to the extent that the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was either committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services, or, in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist under common law. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers, prior to any determination regarding the availability of indemnification if actions are taken against them in their capacity as directors and officers.
Future issuances of securities, including our common stock and preferred stock, could reduce existing investors’ relative voting power and percentage of ownership and may dilute our share value.
Our charter authorizes the issuance of up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of February 24, 2017, we had 26,026,515 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding and 2,890,850 shares of our 5.50% Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) outstanding. No shares of our Series C Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) were outstanding as of February 24, 2017. Accordingly, we may issue up to an additional 173,973,485 shares of common stock and 4,859,150 shares of preferred stock, including up to 4,750,000 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock.
Each limited partner of Ashford Prime OP and each person that becomes a limited partner of Ashford Prime OP has the right to purchase at any time one share of Series C Preferred Stock for each share of common stock of the Company that the Partnership Units (as defined herein) held by such limited partner may be converted into. Limited partners of Ashford Prime OP that elect to purchase shares of Series C Preferred Stock are required to pay the applicable subscription price of $0.01 per share of Series C Preferred Stock and deliver to the Company an executed subscription agreement in the form provided by the Company. Ashford Prime OP limited partners collectively hold Partnership Units representing approximately 13.3% of Ashford Prime’s outstanding common stock on a fully-diluted, as-converted basis.
Future issuances of common stock or preferred stock, including our Series C Preferred Stock, could decrease the relative voting power of our common stock or preferred stock and may cause substantial dilution in the ownership percentage of our then existing holders of common or preferred stock. We may value any common stock or preferred stock issued in the future on an arbitrary basis including for services or acquisitions or other corporate actions that may have the effect of reducing investors' relative voting power and/or diluting the net tangible book value of the shares held by our stockholders, and might have an adverse effect on any trading market for our securities. Our board of directors may designate the rights, terms and preferences of our authorized but unissued preferred shares at its discretion, including conversion and voting preferences without notice to our stockholders. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Recent Developments-Second Amended and Restated Partnership Agreement” and note 15 to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016.
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
Failure to qualify as a REIT, or failure to remain qualified as a REIT, would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distributions to our stockholders.
We intend to operate in a manner intended to allow us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We believe that our organization and current and proposed method of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. However, we may not qualify or remain qualified as a REIT.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for distributions to our stockholders because:
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we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
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we could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local income taxes; and
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unless we are entitled to relief under certain U.S. federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

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In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our common stock.
If Ashford Trust failed to qualify as a REIT in any of its 2009 through 2013 taxable years, we would be prevented from electing to qualify as a REIT under applicable Treasury Regulations until the fifth year after such failure.
Under applicable Treasury Regulations, if Ashford Trust failed to qualify as a REIT in any of its 2009 through 2013 taxable years, unless Ashford Trust’s failure to qualify as a REIT was subject to relief under U.S. federal income tax laws, we would be prevented from electing to qualify as a REIT prior to the fifth calendar year following the year in which Ashford Trust failed to qualify.
Even if we qualify and remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we qualify and remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state, and local taxes on our income and assets, as well as foreign taxes to the extent that we own assets or conduct operations in international jurisdictions. For example:
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We will be required to pay tax on undistributed REIT taxable income.
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We may be required to pay the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax preference.
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If we have net income from the disposition of foreclosure property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay tax on that income at the highest corporate rate.
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If we sell a property in a “prohibited transaction,” our gain from the sale would be subject to a 100% penalty tax.
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Each of our taxable REIT subsidiaries is a fully taxable corporation and will be subject to federal and state taxes on its income.
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We may experience increases in our state and local income tax burden. Over the past several years, certain states have significantly changed their income tax regimes in order to raise revenues. The changes enacted include the taxation of modified gross receipts (as opposed to net taxable income), the suspension of and/or limitation on the use of net operating loss deductions, increases in tax rates and fees, the addition of surcharges, and the taxation of our partnership income at the entity level. Facing mounting budget deficits, more state and local taxing authorities have indicated that they are going to revise their income tax regimes in this fashion and/or eliminate certain federally allowed tax deductions such as the REIT dividends paid deduction.
Failure to make required distributions would subject us to U.S. federal corporate income tax.
We intend to operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In order to qualify as a REIT, we generally are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain, each year to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under the Internal Revenue Code.
Our TRS structure increases our overall tax liability.
Our TRSs are subject to federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, which consists of the revenues from the hotel properties leased by our TRS lessees, or, in the case of the Ritz Carlton St. Thomas hotel, owned by our TRS, net of the operating expenses for such hotel properties and, in the case of hotel properties leased by our TRS lessees, rent payments to us. Accordingly, although our ownership of our TRS allows us to participate in the operating income from our hotel properties in addition to receiving rent, that operating income is fully subject to income tax. The after-tax net income of our TRS is available for distribution to us, subject to applicable withholding requirements.
If our leases with our TRS lessees are not respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes, we would fail to qualify as a REIT.
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to satisfy two gross income tests, pursuant to which specified percentages of our gross income must be passive income, such as rent. For the rent paid pursuant to the hotel leases with our TRS lessees, which constitutes substantially all of our gross income, to qualify for purposes of the gross income tests, the leases must be respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes and must not be treated as service contracts, joint ventures or some other type of arrangement. We have structured our leases, and intend to structure any future leases, so that the leases will be respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes, but the IRS may not agree with this characterization. If the leases were not respected as true leases for federal

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income tax purposes, we would not be able to satisfy either of the two gross income tests applicable to REITs and likely would fail to qualify as a REIT.
Our ownership of TRSs is limited and our transactions with our TRSs will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may hold assets and earn income that would not be qualifying assets or income if held or earned directly by a REIT, including gross operating income from hotels that are operated by eligible independent contractors pursuant to hotel management agreements. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 25% (20% with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017) of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Finally, for taxable years ending after December 31, 2015, the 100% excise tax also applies to the underpricing of services by a TRS to its parent REIT in contexts where the services are unrelated to services for REIT tenants.
Our TRSs are subject to federal, foreign, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income is available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us. We believe that the aggregate value of the stock and securities of our TRSs is less than 20% of the value of our total assets (including our TRS stock and securities).
We monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRSs for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations. In addition, we scrutinize all of our transactions with our TRSs to ensure that they are entered into on arm’s-length terms to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. For example, in determining the amounts payable by our TRSs under our leases, we engaged a third party to prepare transfer pricing studies to ascertain whether the lease terms we established are on an arm’s-length basis as required by applicable Treasury Regulations. However, the receipt of a transfer pricing study does not prevent the IRS from challenging the arm’s length nature of the lease terms between a REIT and its TRS lessees. Consequently, we may not be able to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above. Moreover, the IRS may impose excise taxes and penalties based on transactions that occurred prior to the spin-off.
If our hotel managers do not qualify as “eligible independent contractors,” we would fail to qualify as a REIT.
Rent paid by a lessee that is a “related party tenant” of ours will not be qualifying income for purposes of the two gross income tests applicable to REITs. We lease all of our hotels to our TRS lessees, except for the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas hotel, which is owned by one of our TRSs. A TRS lessee will not be treated as a “related party tenant,” and will not be treated as directly operating a lodging facility, which is prohibited, to the extent the TRS lessee leases properties from us that are managed by an “eligible independent contractor.”
We believe that the rent paid by our TRS lessees is qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests and that our TRSs qualify to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries for federal income tax purposes, but the IRS could challenge this treatment and a court could sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in challenging this treatment, it is possible that we would fail to meet the asset tests applicable to REITs and substantially all of our income would fail to qualify for the gross income tests. If we failed to meet either the asset or gross income tests, we would likely lose our REIT qualification for federal income tax purposes, unless certain relief provisions applied. If our hotel managers do not qualify as “eligible independent contractors,” we would fail to qualify as a REIT. Each of the hotel management companies that enters into a management contract with our TRS lessees must qualify as an “eligible independent contractor” under the REIT rules in order for the rent paid to us by our TRS lessees to be qualifying income for our REIT income test requirements. Among other requirements, in order to qualify as an eligible independent contractor a manager must not own more than 35% of our outstanding shares (by value) and no person or group of persons can own more than 35% of our outstanding shares and the ownership interests of the manager, taking into account only owners of more than 5% of our shares and, with respect to ownership interests in such managers that are publicly-traded, only holders of more than 5% of such ownership interests. Complex ownership attribution rules apply for purposes of these 35% thresholds. Although we intend to monitor ownership of our shares by our property managers and their owners, it is possible that these ownership levels could be exceeded.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our shares of beneficial interest. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may have a material adverse effect on our performance.

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Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities, and qualified REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 25% (20% with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017) of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries and, beginning after December 31, 2015, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by certain publicly offered REIT debt instruments.
If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow to make distributions to stockholders.
As a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains, (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income for financial reporting purposes or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices, or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce the value of our equity.
We may elect to pay dividends on our common stock in cash or a combination of cash and shares of securities as permitted under federal income tax laws governing REIT distribution requirements. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital. To the extent that we make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for federal income tax purposes), such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the holder's adjusted tax basis in its shares. A return of capital is not taxable, but it has the effect of reducing the holder's adjusted tax basis in its investment. To the extent that distributions exceed the adjusted tax basis of a holder's shares, they will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such stock.
We may pay taxable dividends in our common stock and cash, in which case stockholders may sell our common stock to pay tax on such dividends, placing downward pressure on the market price of our common stock.
We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and common stock at the election of each stockholder. The IRS has issued private letter rulings to other REITs treating certain distributions that are paid partly in cash and partly in stock as taxable dividends that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Those rulings may be relied upon only by taxpayers to whom they were issued. Accordingly, it is unclear whether and to what extent we will be able to make taxable dividends payable in cash and common stock.
If we made a taxable dividend payable in cash and common stock, taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, stockholders may be required to pay income tax with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the common stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock. If we made a taxable dividend payable in cash and our common stock and a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. We do not currently intend to pay taxable dividends of our common stock and cash, although we may choose to do so in the future.

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The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of net gain upon a disposition of real property. We may not be able to comply with the safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or we may conduct such sales through our TRS, which would be subject to federal and state income taxation.
The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.
Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal and state and local income taxes on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total return received by our stockholders.
Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.
The maximum federal income tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income” payable to U.S. stockholders that are taxed at individual rates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividend income. Individuals, trusts and estates whose income exceeds certain thresholds are also subject to a 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends received from us. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are taxed at individual rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our common stock.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could effectively reduce the market price of our common stock.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation, or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in the U.S. federal income tax laws, regulations or administrative interpretations. These changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our assets. It is possible that future legislation would result in a REIT having fewer advantages, and it could become more advantageous for a company that invests in real estate to elect to be taxed, for federal income tax purposes, as a corporation.
If our operating partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences.
We believe that our operating partnership will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, our operating partnership is not subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners, including us, is allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our operating partnership’s income. The IRS could challenge the status of our operating partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and a court could sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating our operating partnership or any such other subsidiary partnership as an entity taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, we would likely cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of our operating partnership or any subsidiary partnerships to qualify as a partnership could cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and for distribution to its partners, including us.
Note that although partnerships have traditionally not been subject to federal income tax at the entity level as described above, new audit rules, currently scheduled to become effective for tax years ending after December 31, 2017, will generally apply to the partnership. Under the new rules, unless an entity elects otherwise, taxes arising from audit adjustments are required to be paid by the entity rather than by its partners or members. We will have the authority to utilize, and intend to utilize, any exceptions available under the new provisions (including any changes) and Treasury Regulations so that the partners, to the fullest extent possible, rather than the partnership itself, will be liable for any taxes arising from audit adjustments to the issuing entity’s taxable income. It is unclear to what extent these elections will be available to the partnership and how any such elections may affect the

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procedural rules available to challenge any audit adjustment that would otherwise be available in the absence of any such elections. Proposed Treasury Regulations were recently promulgated implementing portions of these new partnership audit rules, but these proposed Treasury Regulations were withdrawn without legal effect by the Trump Administration. Investors are urged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the possible effect of the new rules.
Qualifying as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which, in certain instances, only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. New legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (the “PATH Act”) contained a number of changes to the Internal Revenue Code provisions applicable to REITs (with various effective dates), including, among others, (1) a reduction from 25% to 20% of the maximum permitted value of a REIT’s assets that can consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs, (2) treatment of debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs as “real estate assets” (however, unless such a debt instrument is secured by a mortgage or otherwise would have qualified as a real estate asset under prior law, (i) interest income and gain from such a debt instrument is not qualifying income for purposes of one of the REIT gross income tests, the 75% gross income test, and (ii) all such debt instruments may represent no more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets), and (3) a new 100% excise tax that applies to the extent it is determined that a REIT has been undercharged for certain services provided by a taxable REIT subsidiary. We expect that the changes will not materially impact our operations, but will continue to monitor as regulatory guidance is issued. We strongly urge our stockholders to consult their tax advisors concerning the effects of federal, state, and local income tax law on an investment in our common stock.
Declines in the values of our investments may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or exemption from the Investment Company Act.
If the market value or income potential of real estate-related investments declines as a result of increased interest rates or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate-related investments and income or liquidate our non-qualifying assets in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exemption from the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”). If the decline in real estate asset values and/or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of any non-qualifying assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the REIT and Investment Company Act considerations.
Risks Related to our Common Stock
Broad market fluctuations could negatively impact the market price of our stock.
The market price of our common stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. Some of the factors that could affect our stock price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include:
•
actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results;
•
changes in our operations or earnings estimates or publication of research reports about us or the industry;
•
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•
adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future;
•
additions or departures of key management personnel;
•
actions by institutional stockholders;
•
failure to meet and maintain REIT qualification;
•
speculation in the press or investment community; and
•
general market and economic conditions.
In addition, the stock market has experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices of many companies in industries similar or related to ours and may have been unrelated to operating performances of these companies. These broad market fluctuations could reduce the market price of our common stock.

68

Future offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, convertible securities, and classes of preferred stock or common stock or classes of preferred units. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and preferred stock or preferred units and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Preferred stock and preferred units, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to make a distribution to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our securities and diluting their securities holdings in us.
The number of shares available for future sale could adversely affect the per share trading price of our common stock.
We cannot predict whether future issuances of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will decrease the per share trading price of our common stock. The issuance of substantial numbers of shares of our common stock in the public market, or upon exchange of common units of our operating partnership, or the perception that such issuances might occur, could adversely affect the per share trading price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or upon exchange of the common units, or speculation that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the liquidity of the market for our common stock or the prevailing market price of our common stock. In addition, the exchange of common units for common stock, the exercise of any stock options or the vesting of any restricted stock granted under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and the Advisor Equity Incentive Plan, the issuance of our common stock or common units in connection with property, portfolio or business acquisitions and other issuances of our common stock or common units could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As of February 24, 2017, we have 4,061,728 common units outstanding, representing 13.1% of our Company on a fully diluted basis, and our directors and executive officers as a group own 2,269,999 common units representing 7.3% of our Company, on a fully diluted basis. Such common units may be redeemed by the holders for cash or, at our option, shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis. The holders of these common units may sell shares issued to them, if any, upon redemption of the common units. So long as the holders of common units retain significant ownership in us and are able to sell such shares in the public markets, the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected. Moreover, the existence of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance as restricted shares or upon exchange of options or common units may adversely affect the terms upon which we may be able to obtain additional capital through the sale of equity securities. Any future sales by us of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock may be dilutive to existing stockholders.
Our cash available for distribution to stockholders may be insufficient to pay distributions at any particular levels or in amounts sufficient to maintain our REIT qualification, and we may borrow funds to make distributions.
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains, to our stockholders. However, all distributions will be authorized and determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion out of funds legally available therefor and will depend upon a number of factors, including restrictions under applicable law, actual and projected financial condition, liquidity, EBITDA, which is defined as our net income (loss) before interest expense and amortization of loan costs, interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and redeemable noncontrolling interests in our operating partnership, funds from operations, or FFO, and results of operations, the revenue we actually receive from our properties, our operating expenses, our debt service requirements, our capital expenditures, prohibitions and other limitations under our financing arrangements, our REIT taxable income, the annual REIT distribution requirements and such other factors as our board deems relevant. Our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors included herein.
In the event of downturns in our financial condition or operating results, economic conditions or otherwise, we may be unable to declare or pay distributions to our stockholders to the extent required to maintain our REIT qualification. We may be required either to fund distributions from borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility or to reduce our distributions. If we borrow to fund distributions, our interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been.
The market price of our common stock could be adversely affected by our level of cash distributions.
The market value of the equity securities of a REIT is based primarily upon the market's perception of the REIT's growth potential and its current and potential future cash distributions, whether from operations, sales or refinancings, and is secondarily based upon the real estate market value of the underlying assets. For that reason, our common stock may trade at prices that are

69

higher or lower than our net asset value per share. To the extent we retain operating cash flow for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes, these retained funds, while increasing the value of our underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our common stock. Our failure to meet the market's expectations with regard to future earnings and cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Our stock repurchase program could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock.
Our board of directors has approved a share repurchase program under which we may purchase up to $100 million of our common stock from time to time. The specific timing, manner, price, amount and other terms of the repurchases will be at management's discretion and will depend on market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements and other factors. We are not required to repurchase shares under the repurchase program, and we may modify, suspend or terminate the repurchase program at any time for any reason. As of February 24, 2017, $36.8 million remains available for repurchases under the current stock repurchase program. We cannot predict the impact that future repurchases, if any, of our common stock under this program will have on our stock price or earnings per share. Important factors that could cause us to discontinue or decrease our share repurchases include, among others, unfavorable market conditions, the market price of our common stock, the nature of other investment or strategic opportunities presented to us from time to time, the rate of dilution of our equity compensation programs, our ability to make appropriate, timely, and beneficial decisions as to when, how, and whether to purchase shares under the stock repurchase program, and the availability of funds necessary to continue purchasing stock. If we curtail our repurchase program, our stock price may be negatively affected.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Offices
We lease our headquarters located at 14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas 75254.
Hotel Properties
As of December 31, 2016, we had ownership interests in eleven hotel properties that were included in our consolidated operations, which included direct ownership in nine hotel properties and 75% ownership in two hotel properties through equity investments with our partner. Currently, ten of our hotel properties are located in the United States and one is located in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Each of the eleven hotel properties is encumbered by loans as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Indebtedness.”

70

The following table presents certain information related to our hotel properties:
Hotel Property
 
Location
 
Service Type
 
Total Rooms
 
% Owned
 
Owned Rooms
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Occupancy
 
ADR
 
RevPAR
Fee Simple Properties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hilton
 
Washington D.C.
 
Full
 
550

 
75
%
 
413

 
88.59
%
 
$
230.69

 
$
204.36

Marriott
 
Seattle, WA
 
Full
 
358

 
100
%
 
358

 
83.07
%
 
264.10

 
219.40

Marriott
 
Plano, TX
 
Full
 
404

 
100
%
 
404

 
70.57
%
 
190.70

 
134.58

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Philadelphia, PA
 
Select
 
499

 
100
%
 
499

 
81.80
%
 
182.46

 
149.26

Courtyard by Marriott
 
San Francisco, CA
 
Select
 
405

 
100
%
 
405

 
89.55
%
 
273.07

 
244.54

Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Chicago, IL
 
Full
 
415

 
100
%
 
415

 
82.42
%
 
215.89

 
177.93

Pier House Resort
 
Key West, FL
 
Full
 
142

 
100
%
 
142

 
87.90
%
 
410.79

 
361.08

Ritz Carlton St. Thomas
 
St. Thomas, USVI
 
Full
 
180

 
100
%
 
180

 
78.46
%
 
537.75

 
421.90

Ground Lease Properties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hilton (1)
 
La Jolla, CA
 
Full
 
394

 
75
%
 
296

 
83.83
%
 
194.93

 
163.41

Renaissance (2)
 
Tampa, FL
 
Full
 
293

 
100
%
 
293

 
81.22
%
 
188.12

 
152.79

Bardessono (3)
 
Yountville, CA
 
Full
 
62

 
100
%
 
62

 
84.37
%
 
733.66

 
619.02

Total
 
 
 
 
 
3,702

 
 
 
3,467

 
82.91
%
 
$
250.03

 
$
207.30

________
(1) The ground lease expires in 2043.
(2) The ground lease expires in 2080.
(3) The initial ground lease expires in 2055. The ground lease contains two 25-year extension options, at our election.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Sessa Litigation
On February 3, 2016, Sessa Capital (Master), L.P. (“Sessa”) filed an action (the “Maryland Action”) in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, captioned Sessa Capital (Master) L.P. v. Bennett, et al., Case No. 24-C-16-000557 (Baltimore City Cir. Ct. 2016), against Ashford Prime, the members of the Ashford Prime board of directors, Ashford LLC and Ashford Inc. The Maryland Action generally alleged that the directors of Ashford Prime breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the June Amendments to the Company’s advisory agreement with Ashford LLC. The Maryland Action also alleged that Ashford Inc. aided and abetted those breaches of fiduciary duties. On February 29, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Maryland Action. On March 14, 2016, Sessa voluntarily dismissed the Maryland Action.
On February 25, 2016, Ashford Prime filed a lawsuit (the “Texas Federal Action”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, captioned Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. v. Sessa Capital (Master), L.P., et al., No. 16-cv-00527 (N.D. Texas 2016) (DCG), against Sessa, related entities, and Sessa’s proposed director nominees John E. Petry, Philip B. Livingston, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Daniel B. Silvers and Chris D. Wheeler. The Texas Federal Action generally alleged that the defendants violated federal securities laws because Sessa’s proxy materials contain numerous false claims, material misrepresentations and omissions relating to, among other things, the proposed nominees, the financial risks associated with Sessa’s efforts to gain control of the board and Sessa’s plans and strategy for the Company and its assets. Among other remedies, the Texas Federal Action sought to enjoin Sessa from proceeding with its proxy contest.
On March 8, 2016, Ashford Prime filed a lawsuit (the “Texas State Action”) in the District Court of Dallas County, Texas, captioned Ashford Hospital Prime, Inc. v. Sessa Capital (Master) L.P., et al., Cause No. DC-16-02738, against Sessa, related entities, and Sessa’s proposed director nominees John E. Petry, Philip B. Livingston, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Daniel B. Silvers and Chris D. Wheeler. The Texas State Action generally alleges that Sessa’s purported notice of proposed nominees for election to the Ashford Prime board of directors is invalid due to numerous failures by the defendants to comply with material provisions in the Company’s bylaws. Among other things, the Texas State Action sought a declaratory judgment confirming the inability of Sessa’s proposed director nominees to stand for election at the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. On March 14, 2016, Sessa removed the Texas State Action from state court to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas with Cause No. 16-cv-00713.
On March 14, 2016, Sessa filed counterclaims and a motion for a preliminary injunction in the Texas Federal Action. These counterclaims include substantially the same claims as previously asserted by Sessa in the Maryland Action, and also allege that the directors of Ashford Prime breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the approval of the Series C Preferred Stock for issuance and the February 2016 amendments to the Amended Partnership Agreement (as defined below). Among other things,

71

Sessa sought an injunction prohibiting the issuance of shares of Series C Preferred Stock and requiring the board to approve the Sessa candidates, or in the alternative, prohibiting the solicitation of proxies until the board approves the Sessa candidates. On April 2, 2016, Sessa amended its counterclaims alleging that the Company had violated federal proxy solicitation laws by, among other things, stating that Sessa had not complied with the Company’s bylaws and that its purported director nominations are invalid. Sessa did not seek monetary damages, but it sought reimbursement of its attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 6, 2016, the Court granted expedited discovery in connection with Sessa’s motion for preliminary injunction and the Company’s anticipated motion for preliminary injunction in the Texas State Action. On April 8, 2016, the Company notified the court that Sessa’s claims relating to the Series C Preferred Stock were moot after the Company unwound the OP Unit enfranchisement preferred equity transaction for the Company’s OP unitholders. On April 13, 2016, the Company filed its motion for preliminary injunction seeking an order declaring that Sessa’s slate of nominees is invalid and enjoining Sessa from submitting the nominees to stockholders for election to the board. On May 20, 2016, the court denied Sessa’s motion for a preliminary injunction and granted the Company’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Sessa appealed the district court’s decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on May 23, 2016. On December 16, 2016, the Fifth Circuit dismissed Sessa’s appeal of the preliminary injunction as moot. On February 17, 2017, the District Court consolidated the Texas State Action into the Texas Federal Action (the “Consolidated Texas Federal Action”). On the same day, the District Court also dismissed all of Sessa’s counterclaims, except for its claim for violation of federal proxy solicitation laws, which the Company did not move to dismiss. The District Court granted Sessa’s motion to dismiss the Company claim for prima facie tort, but denied Sessa’s motion to dismiss the Company’s remaining claims.
On February 16, 2017, the Company, Ashford Trust and Ashford Inc., and together with the Company, Ashford Trust and each affiliate of the Company, Ashford Trust and Ashford Inc., (the “Ashford Entities”), entered into a Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Sessa, Sessa Capital GP, LLC, Sessa Capital IM, L.P., Sessa Capital IM GP, LLC and John Petry (collectively, the “Sessa Entities”) regarding the composition of the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”), dismissal of pending litigation involving the parties and certain other matters.
Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company has agreed to appoint to the Company’s board of directors two of the five individuals Sessa previously sought to nominate as directors of the Company (“Independent Designees”). The Company is required to make such appointments within two weeks of the date of the Settlement Agreement. Additionally, the Settlement Agreement provides that the Company and the Sessa Entities will work together in good faith to identify one additional director who will be independent of both the Company and Sessa (“Additional Independent Director”).
So long as the Sessa Entities satisfy certain ownership thresholds with respect to the Company’s common stock, the Company has agreed to nominate: (i) the Independent Designees; (ii) the Additional Independent Director; and (iii) Montgomery J. Bennett, Stefani D. Carter, Kenneth H. Fearn, Douglas A. Kessler, Curtis B. McWilliams and Matthew D. Rinaldi (or their successors) at each of the 2017 and 2018 annual meetings of Company’s stockholders. In the case of any contested election of directors of the Company, the Sessa Entities have agreed to cause one or both of the Independent Designees to resign from the Board if the preliminary results provided by the inspector of elections at any meeting of stockholders of the Company prior to the closing of the polls indicates with reasonable certainty that any of the incumbent directors or their successors (other than the Independent Designees) will not be elected at such meeting but for the resignation of one or more of the Independent Designees.
Under the Settlement Agreement, the Sessa Entities are subject to specified standstill restrictions relating to the Ashford Entities and lasting generally until the earlier of (x) the date that is fifteen business days prior to the deadline for the submission of stockholder nominations for the 2019 annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders pursuant to the Company’s bylaws or (y) the date that is one hundred fifty days prior to the first anniversary of the 2018 annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders. During the standstill period, the Sessa Entities have agreed to cause all of its shares of the Company to be present for quorum purposes at any meeting of the Company’s stockholders and voted in accordance with the board’s recommendations, subject to certain exceptions. The Settlement Agreement contains various other obligations and provisions applicable to the Ashford Entities and Sessa Entities.
On February 20, 2017, the parties submitted a Joint Stipulation of Dismissal, which dismissed each of the parties’ remaining claims in the Consolidated Texas Federal Action with prejudice.
Additionally, the Company has agreed to pay the Sessa Entities $2.5 million, of which the Company will be reimbursed $2.0 million by its insurance carrier. The net $500,000 expense is included in “corporate general and administrative” expense on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, and the $2.5 million payable and the $2.0 million receivable are included in “due to affiliate” and “accounts receivable, net,” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.
Jesse Small v. Monty J. Bennett, et al., Case No. 24-C-16006020 (Md. Cir. Ct.) On November 16, 2016, Jesse Small, a purported shareholder of Ashford Prime, commenced a derivative action in Maryland Circuit Court for Baltimore City asserting causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, and declaratory relief against the members of the Ashford Prime board of

72

directors, David Brooks (collectively, the “Individual Defendants”), Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC. Ashford Prime is named as a nominal defendant. The complaint alleges that the Individual Defendants breached their fiduciary duties to Ashford Prime by negotiating and approving the termination fee provision set forth in Ashford Prime’s advisory agreement with Ashford LLC, that Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC aided and abetted the Individual Defendants’ fiduciary duty breaches, and that the Ashford Prime board of directors committed corporate waste in connection with Ashford Prime’s purchase of 175,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock. The complaint seeks monetary damages and declaratory and injunctive relief, including a declaration that the termination fee provision is unenforceable. Defendants’ response to the complaint is due March 1, 2017.
We are engaged in other various legal proceedings which have arisen but have not been fully adjudicated. The likelihood of loss from these legal proceedings, based on definitions within contingency accounting literature, ranges from remote to reasonably possible and to probable. Based on estimates of the range of potential losses associated with these matters, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, the final results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and if we fail to prevail in one or more of these legal matters, and the associated realized losses exceed our current estimates of the range of potential losses, our consolidated financial position or results of operations could be materially adversely affected in future periods.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Price and Dividend Information
Our common stock has been listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “AHP” since November 20, 2013. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. On February 24, 2017, there were 414 holders of record. In order to comply with certain requirements related to our qualification as a REIT, our charter limits the number of shares of capital stock that may be owned by any single person or affiliated group without our permission to 9.8% of the outstanding shares of any class of our capital stock.
The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices of our common stock for the period beginning on January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2016:
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High
$
14.53

 
$
17.34

 
$
17.64

 
$
14.73

Low
8.37

 
10.21

 
13.91

 
12.17

Close
11.67

 
14.14

 
14.10

 
13.65

Cash dividends declared per share
0.10

 
0.12

 
0.12

 
0.12

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High
$
18.08

 
$
17.25

 
$
16.22

 
$
15.84

Low
15.64

 
14.38

 
10.52

 
12.65

Close
16.77

 
15.02

 
14.03

 
14.50

Cash dividends declared per share
0.05

 
0.10

 
0.10

 
0.10

Distributions and Our Distribution Policy
For the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, we declared dividends of $0.46 per share and $0.35 per share, respectively. In January 2017, the Board of Directors approved our dividend policy for 2017 and we expect to pay a quarterly dividend of $0.16 per share for 2017. The adoption of a dividend policy does not commit our Board of Directors to declare future dividends or the amount thereof. The board of directors will continue to review our dividend policy on a quarterly basis. For income tax purposes, distributions paid consist of ordinary income, capital gains, return of capital or a combination thereof.

73

We intend to make quarterly distributions to our common stockholders. To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders an amount at least equal to:
(i)
90% of our REIT taxable income, determined before the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain (which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP); plus
(ii)
90% of the excess of our net income from foreclosure property over the tax imposed on such income by the Internal Revenue Code; less
(iii)
any excess non-cash income (as determined under the Internal Revenue Code).
Distributions made by us are authorized and determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion out of funds legally available therefor and are dependent upon a number of factors, including restrictions under applicable law, actual and projected financial condition, liquidity, EBITDA, FFO and results of operations, the revenue we actually receive from our properties, our operating expenses, our debt service requirements, our capital expenditures, prohibitions and other limitations under our financing arrangements, our REIT taxable income, the annual REIT distribution requirements and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. For more information regarding risk factors that could materially and adversely affect our ability to make distributions. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT.” We expect that, at least initially, our distributions may exceed our net income under GAAP because of non-cash expenses included in net income. To the extent that our cash available for distribution is less than 90% of our REIT taxable income, we may consider various means to cover any such shortfall, including borrowing under our secured revolving credit facility or other loans, selling certain of our assets or using a portion of the net proceeds we receive from future offerings of equity, equity-related or debt securities or declaring taxable stock dividends. In addition, our charter allows us to issue preferred stock that could have a preference on distributions, and, if we elect such issuance, the distribution preference on the preferred stock could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock. We cannot assure our stockholders that our distribution policy will not change in the future.
Characterization of Distributions
For income tax purposes, distributions paid consist of ordinary income or capital gains. Distributions paid per share were characterized as follows:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
Amount
 
 
%
 
Amount
 
 
%
 
Amount
 
 
%
Common Stock (cash):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ordinary income
$
—

 
 
—
%
 
$
0.3500

(1) 
 
100.00
%
 
$
0.2500

(1) 
 
100.00
%
Capital gain
0.4600

(1) (2) 
 
100.00

 
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
—

Total
$
0.4600

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
0.3500

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
0.2500

 
 
100.00
%
Preferred Stock – Series A:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ordinary income
$
—

 
 
—
%
 
$
0.7181

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
—

 
 
—
%
Capital gain
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
—

Total
$
—

 
 
—
%
 
$
0.7181

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
—

 
 
—
%
Preferred Stock – Series B:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ordinary income
$
—

 
 
—
%
 
$
0.0458

(1) 
 
100.00
%
 
$
—

 
 
—
%
Capital gain
1.3750

(1) (2) 
 
100.00

 
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
—

Total
$
1.3750

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
0.0458

 
 
100.00
%
 
$
—

 
 
—
%
____________________
(1) 
The fourth quarter 2014 distributions paid January 15, 2015 to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2014 are treated as 2014 distributions for tax purposes.
The fourth quarter 2015 distributions paid January 15, 2016 to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2015 are treated as 2015 distributions for tax purposes.
The fourth quarter 2016 distributions paid January 17, 2017 to stockholders of record as of December 30, 2016 are treated as 2016 distributions for tax purposes.
(2) 
63.949% of the total capital gain distribution represents unrecaptured Section 1250 gain.

74

Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to securities authorized and available for issuance under our equity compensation plans.
 
Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of
Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Of Outstanding Options, Warrants, And Rights
 
Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance
 
 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
None
 
N/A
 
1,758,658

 
(1) 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
None
 
N/A
 
None

 
 
Total
None
 
N/A
 
1,758,658

 
 
____________________
(1) As of December 31, 2016, 158,658 shares of our common stock, or securities convertible into 158,658 shares of our common stock, remained available for issuance under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and 1,600,000 shares of our common stock, or securities convertible into 1,600,000 shares of our common stock, remained available for issuance under our Advisor Equity Incentive Plan.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
On October 27, 2014, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $100 million of the Company’s common stock from time to time. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date. The specific timing, manner, price, amount and other terms of the repurchases are at management’s discretion and depend on market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements and other factors. The Company is not required to repurchase shares under the repurchase program, and may modify, suspend or terminate the repurchase program at any time for any reason. Under the repurchase program, we repurchased 2.9 million shares of our common stock, for approximately $39.0 million, during the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we have purchased a cumulative 4.3 million shares of our common stock, for approximately $63.2 million, since the program’s inception on November 4, 2014.
The following table provides the information with respect to purchases of our common stock during each of the months in the quarter ended December 31, 2016:
Period
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) (2)
 
Average Price Paid Per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Plan
 
Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan
Common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
October 1 to October 31
 
98

 
$
14.14

 
—

 
$
36,787,500

November 1 to November 30
 
66

 
$
12.39

 
—

 
$
36,787,500

December 1 to December 31
 
1,260

 
$
13.67

 
—

 
$
36,787,500

Total
 
1,424

 
$
13.65

 
—

 
 
__________________
(1) 
Includes shares that were repurchased from Ashford Trust when former Ashford Trust employees who held restricted shares of Ashford Prime common stock they received in the spin-off, forfeited the shares to Ashford Trust upon termination of employment.
(2) 
Includes restricted shares of our common stock, with no associated cost, that were forfeited upon termination of employment.

75

Performance Graph
The following graph compares the percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Stock Index and the FTSE NAREIT Lodging & Resorts Index for the period from November 20, 2013, the date our stock began trading on the NYSE through December 31, 2016, assuming an initial investment of $100 in stock on November 20, 2013 with reinvestment of dividends. The NAREIT Lodging Resorts Index is not a published index; however, we believe the companies included in this index provide a representative example of enterprises in the lodging resort line of business in which we engage. Stockholders who wish to request a list of companies in the FTSE NAREIT Lodging & Resorts Index may send written requests to Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc., Attention: Investor Relations, 14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas 75254.
The stock price performance shown below on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
 COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURNS
Among Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc., the S&P Index and the FTSE NAREIT Lodging & Resorts Index
ahp2015q41_chart-31319a04.jpg


76

Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following sets forth our selected consolidated financial and operating information on a historical basis and should be read together with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
The historical financial information of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. prior to completion of the spin-off on November 19, 2013 is not presented because prior to the completion of the spin-off it had no activity other than the issuance to Ashford TRS of 100 shares of common stock in connection with the initial capitalization of our company and activity in connection with the separation and distribution. Therefore, we do not believe a discussion of the historical results would be meaningful.
The selected historical consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 has been derived from the audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected historical combined consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 have been derived from the related audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected historical information in this section is not intended to replace these audited financial statements.
The selected financial information below do not necessarily reflect what our results of operations, financial position and cash flows would have been if we had operated our initial eight properties as a stand-alone publicly traded company during all periods presented, and, accordingly, this historical information should not be relied upon as an indicator of our future performance.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Statements of Operations Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenue
$
405,857

 
$
349,545

 
$
307,308

 
$
233,496

 
$
221,188

Total operating expenses
$
358,716

 
$
303,569

 
$
263,558

 
$
214,086

 
$
189,382

Operating income
$
47,141

 
$
45,976

 
$
43,750

 
$
19,410

 
$
31,806

Net income (loss)
$
24,320

 
$
(4,691
)
 
$
3,538

 
$
(17,928
)
 
$
(3,793
)
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
19,316

 
$
(6,712
)
 
$
1,939

 
$
(11,782
)
 
$
(4,545
)
Diluted income (loss) per common share
$
0.55

 
$
(0.34
)
 
$
0.07

 
$
(0.73
)
 
$
(0.28
)
Weighted average diluted common shares
31,195

 
25,888

 
33,325

 
16,045

 
16,045

 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments in hotel properties, gross
$
1,258,412

 
$
1,315,621

 
$
1,179,345

 
$
925,507

 
$
920,968

Accumulated depreciation
$
(243,880
)
 
$
(224,142
)
 
$
(189,042
)
 
$
(160,181
)
 
$
(149,032
)
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
1,014,532

 
$
1,091,479

 
$
990,303

 
$
765,326

 
$
771,936

Cash and cash equivalents
$
126,790

 
$
105,039

 
$
171,439

 
$
143,776

 
$
20,313

Restricted cash
$
37,855

 
$
33,135

 
$
29,646

 
$
5,951

 
$
16,891

Note receivable
$
8,098

 
$
8,098

 
$
8,098

 
$
8,098

 
$
8,098

Total assets
$
1,256,997

 
$
1,352,750

 
$
1,226,005

 
$
960,189

 
$
845,216

Indebtedness, net
$
764,616

 
$
835,592

 
$
761,727

 
$
619,652

 
$
568,745

Total stockholders’ equity of the Company
$
308,796

 
$
338,859

 
$
278,904

 
$
146,027

 
$
239,863


77

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
2012
 
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Other Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
$
57,091

 
$
9,390

 
$
54,854

 
$
34,085

 
$
27,852

Cash provided by (used in) investing activities
$
100,285

 
$
(183,254
)
 
$
(212,763
)
 
$
(28,354
)
 
$
(11,944
)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities
$
(135,625
)
 
$
107,464

 
$
185,572

 
$
117,732

 
$
(12,046
)
Cash dividends declared per common share
$
0.46

 
$
0.35

 
$
0.20

 
$
0.05

 
$
—

EBITDA (unaudited) (1)
$
104,908

 
$
70,383

 
$
78,187

 
$
42,332

 
$
56,353

Hotel EBITDA (unaudited) (1)
$
124,239

 
$
114,535

 
$
103,287

 
$
77,907

 
$
73,040

Funds From Operations (FFO) (unaudited) (1)
$
34,050

 
$
31,859

 
$
39,928

 
$
8,829

 
$
22,080

____________________
(1) A more detailed description and computation of EBITDA, Hotel EBITDA and FFO is contained in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition. This MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in Item 8. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See “Forward-Looking Statements.”
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation formed in April 2013. We became a public company on November 19, 2013 when Ashford Trust, a NYSE-listed REIT, completed the spin-off of our company through the distribution of our outstanding common stock to the Ashford Trust stockholders. We invest primarily in high revenue per available room (“RevPAR”), luxury hotels and resorts. High RevPAR, for purposes of our investment strategy, means RevPAR of at least twice the U.S. national average RevPAR for all hotels as determined by Smith Travel Research. Two times the U.S. national average was $162 for the year ended December 31, 2016. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code beginning in the year ended December 31, 2013. We conduct our business and own substantially all of our assets through our operating partnership, Ashford Prime OP.
We operate in the direct hotel investment segment of the hotel lodging industry. As of February 24, 2017, we own interests in eleven hotel properties in six states, the District of Columbia and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands with 3,702 total rooms, or 3,467 net rooms, excluding those attributable to our joint venture partner. The hotel properties in our current portfolio are predominantly located in U.S. urban markets with favorable growth characteristics resulting from multiple demand generators. We own nine of our hotel properties directly, and the remaining two hotel properties through an investment in a majority-owned consolidated entity.
We are advised by Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., and an affiliate of Ashford Trust, through an advisory agreement. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.
Recent Developments
On April 8, 2016, the Company announced a number of immediate and longer-term initiatives designed to enhance value for its stockholders, which include:
•
Utilizing up to $50 million to initiate a stock repurchase program;
•
Amending the Company’s 2016 dividend policy commencing with the second quarter by increasing the expected quarterly cash dividend for the Company’s common stock by 20%, from $0.10 per diluted share to $0.12 per diluted share. This equates to an annual rate of $0.48 per diluted share, representing a 4.4% yield based on the Company’s closing stock price on April 7, 2016;
•
Liquidating our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund and utilizing the cash to fund the share repurchase plan;

78

•
Immediately unwinding the OP Unit enfranchisement preferred equity transaction for the Company’s OP unit holders, previously announced on February 2, 2016; and
•
Commencing the sale process for up to four of the Company’s assets that do not have the RevPAR level and product quality consistent with the long-term vision of Ashford Prime. The assets include the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown Hotel, Courtyard Seattle Downtown Hotel, Renaissance Tampa Hotel and Marriott Legacy Center Hotel in Plano, Texas.
On April 26, 2016, in connection with a previously announced required public offering, we issued 290,850 shares of our 5.50% Series B Preferred Stock at $17.24 per share for gross proceeds of $5.0 million. The Series B preferred stock offering includes accrued and unpaid dividends since April 15, 2016. Dividends on the Preferred Stock accrue at a rate of 5.50% on the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The offering closed on April 29, 2016. The net proceeds from the sale of the shares after underwriting discounts and commissions were approximately $4.2 million.
On May 23, 2016, the Company announced it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell the Courtyard Seattle Downtown for $84.5 million in cash. The sale closed on July 1, 2016. The Company received net proceeds from the disposition of approximately $13.9 million following the repayment of approximately $65 million of debt and other transaction costs.
On June 7, 2016, the Weisman Group sent a letter to Mr. Monty J. Bennett, Chairman of our board of directors, which outlined a non-binding proposal to acquire the assets of the Company for a total consideration of $1.48 billion (including refinancing of all existing debt of the Company). On June 27, 2016, the Company delivered a letter to the Weisman Group in response to the Weisman Group’s proposal. On July 21, 2016, in a letter to Mr. Monty J. Bennett, the Weisman Group proposed a revised non-binding proposal to acquire the Company for $1.54 billion.
On August 9, 2016, the Company announced that its board of directors took a series of actions, in response to the board’s on-going dialogue with its shareholders, which were intended to enhance the Company’s corporate governance. The enhanced governance measures, which were unanimously approved by the board of directors, included:
•Adoption of a majority voting standard for uncontested director elections and a plurality voting standard in contested director elections;
•Separate the roles of Chairman of our board of directors and Chief Executive Officer;
•Prohibit share recycling with respect to share forfeitures, stock options and stock appreciation rights under the Company’s stock plan by executives and directors;
•Implementation of a mandatory equity award retention period for executives and directors;
•Adoption of a proxy access resolution which would enable a shareholder, or a group of not more than 20 shareholders, who have continuously owned 3% or more of the Company’s common stock for a minimum of 3 years to include nominees in its proxy materials for the greater of two or 20% of the board; and
•Addition of two independent directors to the board. As part of this initiative, the Company announced that Ken Fearn joined the board of directors, bringing the total number of directors to eight and the total independent directors to six.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, as part of the $50 million stock repurchase program we repurchased 2.9 million shares of our common stock for approximately $39.0 million.
On October 13, 2016, the Company adopted and approved an amendment and restatement to each of the Company’s Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (the “Original PSU Agreement” and, as amended and restated, the “Amended PSU Agreement”) and the Company’s Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement (the “Original LTIP Agreement” and, as amended and restated, the “Amended LTIP Agreement”). The Amended PSU Agreement replaces the Original PSU Agreement under which PSUs were granted to certain officers on June 8, 2015. The Amended PSU Agreement and the Amended LTIP Agreement modified certain provisions of the Original PSU Agreement and the Original LTIP Agreement, respectively, and do not represent a grant of new awards.
Pursuant to the Amended PSU Agreement and the Amended LTIP Agreement, the PSUs will be settled in shares of common stock of the Company and the performance LTIP units will be settled in LTIP units of Ashford Prime OP, if and when the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance period, which began on January 1, 2015 and ends on December 31, 2017, unless shortened pursuant to the Amended PSU Agreement or the Amended LTIP Agreement, as applicable. In addition, the Amended PSU Agreement and the Amended LTIP Agreement, among other things, modified the definition of “Termination of Service,” and modified the vesting method in the event of a change of control of the Company or the participant’s involuntary termination, death or disability. Furthermore, the Company amended the Original PSU Agreement to clarify that the grant of PSUs will be made in connection with the participant’s service to the Company only and not to Ashford Inc. and/or their respective affiliates.

79

Also on October 13, 2016, the board of directors of the Company approved the recommendations of the Compensation Committee of the board of directors with respect to the grant of PSUs and LTIP units to certain executive officers pursuant to the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. The grant of the PSUs and the LTIP units are evidenced by the Amended PSU Agreement or the Amended LTIP Agreement entered into by the Company and each executive officer, as applicable.
On November 2, 2016, the Company announced that its board of directors appointed Richard J. Stockton as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, effective November 14, 2016. Monty J. Bennett, the Company’s previous Chief Executive Officer, remains Chairman of the Company’s board of directors. In connection with the appointment of Mr. Stockton, on November 2, 2016, the Company and Mr. Stockton entered into a Restricted Stock Award Agreement (the “Award Agreement”), pursuant to which Mr. Stockton received 239,234 shares of the Restricted Stock (as defined in the Award Agreement), which will vest in five (5) substantially equal installments on the first five (5) anniversaries of the date of the grant, subject to certain forfeiture and acceleration requirements as set forth in the Award Agreement and the Employment Agreement between Mr. Stockton and the Company’s external advisor, Ashford Inc. Also on November 2, 2016, Mr. Stockton entered into the Company’s form indemnification agreement for directors and executive officers, which provides for indemnification by the Company to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and is in addition to protections provided in the Company’s charter and bylaws. Under the form indemnification agreement, directors and executive officers will be indemnified for certain liabilities and will be advanced certain expenses that have been incurred as a result of actions brought, or threatened to be brought, against such directors and executive officers in connection with their duties.
On January 18, 2017, the Company refinanced three mortgage loans with existing outstanding balances totaling approximately $333.7 million. For more information, please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Indebtedness” herein.
On January 24, 2017, the Company announced refinements to its strategy in an effort to enhance shareholder value. The refinements, which have been unanimously endorsed by the Board of Directors, include the following:
•
Focused Portfolio: Going forward, the Company's portfolio will be predominantly focused on investing in the luxury chain scale segment. Empirical evidence has shown the luxury segment has had greater RevPAR growth over the long term. The Company will continue to target acquisitions of hotels with a RevPAR of at least 2.0x the national average. As a result, four hotel properties have been designated as non-core to the portfolio, including the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown Hotel, Courtyard San Francisco Downtown Hotel, Renaissance Tampa Hotel and Marriott Legacy Center Hotel in Plano, Texas. The Company intends to either reposition or opportunistically sell these hotel properties in the future if conditions warrant. The Company will also simultaneously pursue new acquisitions in order to grow the portfolio consistent with its stated strategy. Luxury hotels have proven to have superior long-term RevPAR growth versus other chain scales, and the Company believes its exclusive focus of investing in luxury hotels should generate attractive returns for its shareholders.
•
Increased Dividend: The Company's 2017 dividend policy will be amended commencing with the first quarter by increasing the expected quarterly cash dividend for the Company's common stock by 33%, from $0.12 per diluted share to $0.16 per diluted share. This equates to an annual rate of $0.64 per diluted share, representing a 4.5% yield based on the Company's closing stock price on January 23, 2017;
•
Reaffirming Conservative Leverage: The Company will continue to target conservative leverage, with a target leverage level of 45% net debt to gross assets;
•
Strong Liquidity: The Company will continue to focus on having access to liquidity for both opportunistic investments and as a hedge against economic uncertainty. The Company will target holding 10-15% of its gross debt balance in cash.
On January 24, 2017, we entered into the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement with Ashford Inc. that amended and restated our current advisory agreement. For more information, please see “Business- Certain Agreements—Fourth Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement” herein. Although our board of directors, through the action of the independent directors only, may amend the advisory agreement without stockholder approval, the independent directors have elected to seek stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. Accordingly, the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement will not become effective until is approved by our stockholders.
On February 16, 2017, the Ashford Entities entered into a Settlement Agreement with the Sessa Entities regarding the composition of the Company’s board of directors, dismissal of pending litigation involving the parties and certain other matters. For more information, please see “Legal Proceedings” herein.

80

Key Indicators of Operating Performance
We use a variety of operating and other information to evaluate the operating performance of our business. These key indicators include financial information that is prepared in accordance with GAAP as well as other financial measures that are non-GAAP measures. In addition, we use other information that may not be financial in nature, including statistical information and comparative data. We use this information to measure the operating performance of our individual hotels, groups of hotels and/or business as a whole. We also use these metrics to evaluate the hotels in our portfolio and potential acquisitions to determine each hotel’s contribution to cash flow and its potential to provide attractive long-term total returns. These key indicators include:
•
Occupancy-Occupancy means the total number of hotel rooms sold in a given period divided by the total number of rooms available. Occupancy measures the utilization of our hotels’ available capacity. We use occupancy to measure demand at a specific hotel or group of hotels in a given period.
•
ADR-ADR means average daily rate and is calculated by dividing total hotel rooms revenues by total number of rooms sold in a given period. ADR measures average room price attained by a hotel and ADR trends provide useful information concerning the pricing environment and the nature of the customer base of a hotel or group of hotels. We use ADR to assess the pricing levels that we are able to generate.
•
RevPAR-RevPAR means revenue per available room and is calculated by multiplying ADR by the average daily occupancy. RevPAR is one of the commonly used measures within the hotel industry to evaluate hotel operations. RevPAR does not include revenues from food and beverage sales or parking, telephone or other non-rooms revenues generated by the property. Although RevPAR does not include these ancillary revenues, it is generally considered the leading indicator of core revenues for many hotels. We also use RevPAR to compare the results of our hotels between periods and to analyze results of our comparable hotels (comparable hotels represent hotels we have owned for the entire period). RevPAR improvements attributable to increases in occupancy are generally accompanied by increases in most categories of variable operating costs. RevPAR improvements attributable to increases in ADR are generally accompanied by increases in limited categories of operating costs, such as management fees and franchise fees.
RevPAR changes that are primarily driven by changes in occupancy have different implications for overall revenues and profitability than changes that are driven primarily by changes in ADR. For example, an increase in occupancy at a hotel would lead to additional variable operating costs (including housekeeping services, utilities and room supplies) and could also result in increased other operating department revenue and expense. Changes in ADR typically have a greater impact on operating margins and profitability as they do not have a substantial effect on variable operating costs.
Occupancy, ADR and RevPAR are commonly used measures within the lodging industry to evaluate operating performance. RevPAR is an important statistic for monitoring operating performance at the individual hotel level and across our entire business. We evaluate individual hotel RevPAR performance on an absolute basis with comparisons to budget and prior periods, as well as on a regional and company-wide basis. ADR and RevPAR include only rooms revenue. Rooms revenue comprised approximately 71% of our total hotel revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 and is dictated by demand (as measured by occupancy), pricing (as measured by ADR) and our available supply of hotel rooms.
We also use FFO, AFFO, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Hotel EBITDA as measures of the operating performance of our business. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
The principal factors affecting our operating results include overall demand for hotel rooms compared to the supply of available hotel rooms, and the ability of our third-party management companies to increase or maintain revenues while controlling expenses.
Demand. The demand for lodging, including business travel, is directly correlated to the overall economy; as GDP increases, lodging demand typically increases. Historically, periods of declining demand are followed by extended periods of relatively strong demand, which typically occurs during the growth phase of the lodging cycle.
Following the recession that commenced in 2008, the lodging industry has experienced improvement in fundamentals, including demand, which has continued through 2016. We believe that industry fundamentals continue to show growth albeit at a slower pace.
Supply. The development of new hotels is driven largely by construction costs, the availability of financing and expected performance of existing hotels. Short-term supply is also expected to be below long-term averages. While the industry is expected to have supply growth below historical averages, we may experience supply growth, in certain markets, in excess of national averages that may negatively impact performance. 

81

We expect that our ADR, occupancy and RevPAR performance will be impacted by macroeconomic factors such as national and local employment growth, personal income and corporate earnings, GDP, consumer confidence, office vacancy rates and business relocation decisions, airport and other business and leisure travel, new hotel construction, the pricing strategies of competitors and currency fluctuations. In addition, our ADR, occupancy and RevPAR performance are dependent on the continued success of the Marriott, Hilton and Sofitel brands.
Revenue. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from the operation of hotels. Specifically, our revenue is comprised of:
•
Rooms revenue-Occupancy and ADR are the major drivers of rooms revenue. Rooms revenue accounts for the substantial majority of our total revenue.
•
Food and beverage revenue-Occupancy and the type of customer staying at the hotel are the major drivers of food and beverage revenue (i.e., group business typically generates more food and beverage business through catering functions when compared to transient business, which may or may not utilize the hotel’s food and beverage outlets or meeting and banquet facilities).
•
Other hotel revenue-Occupancy and the nature of the property are the main drivers of other ancillary revenue, such as telecommunications, parking and leasing services.
Hotel Operating Expenses. The following presents the components of our hotel operating expenses:
•
Rooms expense-These costs include housekeeping wages and payroll taxes, reservation systems, room supplies, laundry services and front desk costs. Like rooms revenue, occupancy is the major driver of rooms expense and, therefore, rooms expense has a significant correlation to rooms revenue. These costs can increase based on increases in salaries and wages, as well as the level of service and amenities that are provided.
•
Food and beverage expense-These expenses primarily include food, beverage and labor costs. Occupancy and the type of customer staying at the hotel (i.e., catered functions generally are more profitable than restaurant, bar or other on-property food and beverage outlets) are the major drivers of food and beverage expense, which correlates closely with food and beverage revenue.
•
Management fees-Base management fees are computed as a percentage of gross revenue. Incentive management fees generally are paid when operating profits exceed certain threshold levels.
•
Other hotel expenses-These expenses include labor and other costs associated with the other operating department revenues, as well as labor and other costs associated with administrative departments, franchise fees, sales and marketing, repairs and maintenance and utility costs.
Most categories of variable operating expenses, including labor costs such as housekeeping, fluctuate with changes in occupancy. Increases in occupancy are accompanied by increases in most categories of variable operating expenses, while increases in ADR typically only result in increases in limited categories of operating costs and expenses, such as franchise fees, management fees and credit card processing fee expenses which are based on hotel revenues. Thus, changes in ADR have a more significant impact on operating margins than changes in occupancy.

82

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015
The following table summarizes the changes in key line items from our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands except percentages):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
$ Change
 
% Change
Revenue
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
$
287,844

 
$
255,443

 
$
32,401

 
12.7
 %
Food and beverage
95,618

 
79,894

 
15,724

 
19.7

Other
22,267

 
14,061

 
8,206

 
58.4

Total hotel revenue
405,729

 
349,398

 
56,331

 
16.1

Other
128

 
147

 
(19
)
 
(12.9
)
Total revenue
405,857

 
349,545

 
56,312

 
16.1

Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hotel operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
65,541

 
56,341

 
9,200

 
16.3

Food and beverage
68,471

 
53,535

 
14,936

 
27.9

Other expenses
113,114

 
93,742

 
19,372

 
20.7

Management fees
15,456

 
14,049

 
1,407

 
10.0

Total hotel expenses
262,582

 
217,667

 
44,915

 
20.6

Property taxes, insurance and other
20,539

 
18,517

 
2,022

 
10.9

Depreciation and amortization
45,897

 
43,824

 
2,073

 
4.7

Advisory services fee
14,955

 
17,889

 
(2,934
)
 
(16.4
)
Transaction costs
457

 
538

 
(81
)
 
(15.1
)
Corporate general and administrative
14,286

 
5,134

 
9,152

 
178.3

Total expenses
358,716

 
303,569

 
55,147

 
18.2

Operating income (loss)
47,141

 
45,976

 
1,165

 
2.5

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entity
(2,587
)
 
(2,927
)
 
(340
)
 
(11.6
)
Interest income
167

 
34

 
133

 
391.2

Gain (loss) on sale of hotel property
26,359

 
—

 
26,359

 
 
Other income (expense)
(165
)
 
1,233

 
1,398

 
113.4

Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
(40,881
)
 
(37,829
)
 
3,052

 
8.1

Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
(2,595
)
 
(54
)
 
2,541

 
4,705.6

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment in Ashford Inc.
(1,970
)
 
(7,609
)
 
(5,639
)
 
(74.1
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
425

 
(3,252
)
 
3,677

 
113.1

Income (loss) before income taxes
25,894

 
(4,428
)
 
30,322

 
684.8

Income tax (expense) benefit
(1,574
)
 
(263
)
 
1,311

 
498.5

Net income (loss)
24,320

 
(4,691
)
 
29,011

 
618.4

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
(3,105
)
 
(2,414
)
 
691

 
28.6

Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(1,899
)
 
393

 
2,292

 
583.2

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
19,316

 
$
(6,712
)
 
$
26,028

 
387.8
 %

83

All hotel properties owned during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 have been included in our results of operations during the respective periods in which they were owned. Based on when a hotel property was acquired or disposed of, operating results for certain hotel properties are not comparable for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The hotel properties listed below are not comparable hotel properties for the periods indicated and all other hotel properties are considered comparable hotel properties. The following acquisitions and dispositions affect reporting comparability related to our consolidated financial statements:
Hotel Properties
 
Location
 
Acquisition/Disposition
 
Acquisition/Disposition Date
Bardessono Hotel
 
Yountville, CA
 
Acquisition
 
July 9, 2015
Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas
 
St. Thomas, USVI
 
Acquisition
 
December 15, 2015
Seattle Courtyard Downtown
 
Seattle, WA
 
Disposition
 
July 1, 2016
The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of our hotel properties for the periods indicated:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Occupancy
82.94
%
 
82.32
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
247.83

 
$
226.87

RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
205.54

 
$
186.76

Rooms revenue (in thousands)
$
287,844

 
$
255,443

Total hotel revenue (in thousands)
$
405,729

 
$
349,398

The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of the nine comparable hotel properties that were included for the entire years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Occupancy
83.11
%
 
82.58
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
227.11

 
$
222.33

RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
188.76

 
$
183.60

Rooms revenue (in thousands)
$
239,034

 
$
231,793

Total hotel revenue (in thousands)
$
328,522

 
$
319,571

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company. Net income attributable to the Company increased $26.0 million, to $19.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 (“2016”) compared to a net loss attributable to the Company of $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 (“2015”) as a result of the factors discussed below.
Rooms Revenue. Rooms revenue from our hotel properties increased $32.4 million, or 12.7% to $287.8 million during 2016 compared to 2015. During 2016, we experienced a 62 basis point increase in occupancy and a 9.2% increase in room rates. Rooms revenue from our nine comparable hotel properties increased $7.2 million due to higher room rates of 2.1% and a 53 basis point increase in occupancy. Rooms revenue increased (i) $25.2 million at the Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas as a result of its acquisition in December 2015; (ii) $7.2 million at the Bardessono Hotel as a result of its acquisition in July 2015; (iii) $3.1 million at the Capital Hilton as a result of 3.8% higher room rates and a 315 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (iv) $1.8 million at the Tampa Renaissance as a result of 7.3% higher room rates and a 325 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (v) $1.3 million at the Seattle Marriott Waterfront as a result of 3.5% higher room rates as well as an 85 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (vi) $799,000 at the Philadelphia Courtyard as a result of 3.8% higher room rates partially offset by a 81 basis point decrease in occupancy at the hotel; (vii) $260,000 at the San Francisco Courtyard Downtown as a result of 2.2% higher room rates partially offset by a 154 basis point decrease in occupancy at the hotel; (viii) $217,000 at the Key West Pier House as a result of 3.5% higher room rates partially offset by a 225 basis point decrease in occupancy at the hotel; and (iv) $101,000 at the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines as a result of 2.0% higher room rates partially offset by a 152 basis point decrease in occupancy at the hotel; and (x) $46,000 at the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile as a result of a 239 basis point increase in occupancy partially offset by a 3.0% decrease in room rates at the hotel. These increases were partially offset by decreases of (i) $7.2 million at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown as a result of the sale of the hotel property on July 1, 2016 and (ii) $364,000 at the Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center as a result of 1.4% lower room rates as well as a 46 basis point decrease in occupancy at the hotel.

84

Food and Beverage Revenue. Food and beverage revenues from our hotel properties increased $15.7 million, or 19.7%, to $95.6 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. This increase is primarily attributable to increases of $13.8 million at the Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas and $1.3 million at the Bardessono Hotel as a result of their acquisitions in 2015. We experienced an additional aggregate increase in food and beverage revenue of $2.3 million at the Capital Hilton, Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Key West Pier House, Tampa Renaissance and Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center. These increases were partially offset by a lower aggregate food and beverage revenue of $1.1 million at the San Francisco Courtyard Downtown and Philadelphia Courtyard as well as lower food and beverage revenue of $555,000 at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown due to its sale on July 1, 2016.
Other Hotel Revenue. Other hotel revenue, which consists mainly of telecommunications, parking, spa and rentals, increased $8.2 million, or 58.4%, to $22.3 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. This increase is attributable to an increase of $7.5 million at the Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas and $725,000 at the Bardessono Hotel due to their acquisitions in 2015. There was also an aggregate increase of $1.5 million at the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center, Tampa Renaissance, Philadelphia Courtyard and Seattle Marriott Waterfront. These increases were partially offset by lower aggregate other hotel revenue at the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, Key West Pier House, San Francisco Courtyard Downtown and Capital Hilton of approximately $923,000 and of $526,000 at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown due to its sale on July 1, 2016.
Other Non-Hotel Revenue. Other non-hotel revenue decreased $19,000, or 12.9%, to $128,000 in 2016 as compared to 2015. The decrease is attributable to lower Texas margin tax recoveries from guests.
Rooms Expense. Rooms expense increased $9.2 million, or 16.3%, to $65.5 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in rooms revenue at our nine comparable hotel properties and the acquisitions of the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas and the Bardessono Hotel in 2015, partially offset by lower rooms expense at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown due to its sale on July 1, 2016.
Food and Beverage Expense. Food and beverage expense increased $14.9 million, or 27.9%, to $68.5 million during 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase is primarily attributable to the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015 and higher revenue at our nine comparable hotel properties. These increases were partially offset by the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown.
Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses increased $19.4 million, or 20.7%, to $113.1 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. Other operating expenses consist of direct expenses from departments associated with revenue streams and indirect expenses associated with support departments and incentive management fees. We experienced an increase of $2.6 million in direct expenses and an increase of $16.8 million in indirect expenses and incentive management fees in 2016 as compared to 2015. Direct expenses were 1.7% of total hotel revenue for 2016 and 1.3% for 2015. The increase in direct expenses is comprised of an increase of a $3.8 million as a result of the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015 partially offset by decreases of $1.2 million at our nine comparable hotel properties and $47,000 from the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016. The increase in indirect expenses is primarily attributable to increases in (i) general and administrative costs of $8.1 million, including $2.2 million from our nine comparable hotel properties and $6.4 million from the two hotel properties acquired in 2015, partially offset by a decrease of $483,000 from the sold hotel property; (ii) marketing costs of $3.5 million, comprised of $889,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties and $3.2 million from the two acquired hotel properties, partially offset by a decrease of $563,000 from the sold hotel property; (iii) repairs and maintenance of $2.9 million, including $3.4 million from our two acquired hotel properties partially offset by a decrease of $199,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties and $229,000 from the sold hotel property; (iv) lease expense of $1.0 million, comprised of $1.0 million from our two acquired hotel properties and $33,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties, partially offset by a decrease of $5,000 from the sold hotel property; and (v) energy costs of $2.0 million, comprised of $2.2 million from our two acquired hotel properties, partially offset by a decrease of $84,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties as well as $156,000 from the sold hotel property. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in incentive management fees of $736,000 which is comprised of $863,000 from our sold hotel property and $78,000 from our two acquired hotel properties, partially offset by an increase of $205,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties.
Management Fees. Base management fees increased $1.4 million, or 10.0%, to $15.5 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase is comprised of an increase of $1.7 million as a result of the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015 and $245,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties due to higher hotel revenue in 2016, partially offset by a decrease of $579,000 from the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016.
Property Taxes, Insurance and Other. Property taxes, insurance and other increased $2.0 million, or 10.9%, to $20.5 million in 2016 as compared to 2015, which is comprised of an increase of $1.3 million from the two acquired hotel properties and $933,000 from our nine comparable hotel properties, partially offset by a decrease of $294,000 from the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016.

85

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $2.1 million, or 4.7%, to $45.9 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase is due to $4.3 million of depreciation and amortization associated with the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015 and higher depreciation of $1.7 million attributable to capital expenditures that have occurred during 2016, partially offset by lower depreciation of $2.6 million as a result of fully depreciated furniture, fixtures and equipment and $1.3 million from the sale of the Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016.
Advisory Services Fee. Advisory services fee decreased $2.9 million, or 16.4%, to $15.0 million in 2016 as compared to 2015 as a result of a decrease in the incentive fee of $3.8 million and base advisory fee of $305,000, partially offset by increases in reimbursable expenses of $971,000 and equity-based compensation of $222,000. In 2016, we recorded an advisory services fee of $15.0 million which included a base advisory fee of $8.3 million, reimbursable expenses of $2.8 million and equity-based compensation of $3.8 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc. in connection with providing advisory services. In 2015, we incurred an advisory services fee of $17.9 million, which included a base advisory fee of $8.6 million, reimbursable expenses of $1.8 million, equity-based compensation of $3.6 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc. in connection with providing advisory services and an incentive fee of $3.8 million.
Transaction Costs. In 2016, we recorded transaction costs of $457,000 related to payment of transfer taxes. In 2015, we recorded transaction costs of $538,000 related to the acquisition of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas.
Corporate General and Administrative. Corporate general and administrative expenses increased $9.2 million, or 178.3%, to $14.3 million in 2016 as compared to 2015 as a result of increases in professional fees of $13.9 million, primarily related to the proxy contest and litigation, legal settlement of $2.5 million, higher public company costs of $84,000 and higher equity-based compensation to non-employee directors of $17,000. These increases were partially offset by insurance recoveries of $5.3 million related to the proxy contest and litigation and $2.0 million related to the legal settlement and lower miscellaneous expenses of $62,000. For more information on the proxy contest, litigation and settlement, please see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings” herein.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of unconsolidated entity. We recorded equity in loss of unconsolidated entity of $2.6 million in 2016 and $2.9 million in 2015 related to our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund. This investment was liquidated in April 2016.
Interest Income. Interest income increased $133,000, or 391.2%, to $167,000 in 2016 as compared to 2015.
Gain (Loss) on sale of hotel property. In 2016, we recorded a gain of $26.4 million related the sale of the Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016.
Other Income (Expense). Other income (expense) changed $1.4 million, from other income of $1.2 million in 2015 to other expense of $165,000 in 2016. In 2016, we recognized a realized loss of $156,000 related to the maturity of options on futures contracts and $9,000 of commissions paid upon purchasing options on futures contracts. In 2015, we recognized a realized gain of $1.2 million comprised of a realized gain on marketable securities of $1.1 million and $218,000 of dividends related to marketable securities, partially offset by $59,000 of commissions paid upon purchasing options on futures contracts.
Interest Expense and Amortization of Loan Costs. Interest expense and amortization of loan costs increased $3.1 million, or 8.1%, to $40.9 million in 2016 as a result of the increase in interest expense and amortization of loan costs from the financings associated with the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015, partially offset by lower interest expense and amortization of loan costs from the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown on July 1, 2016. The average LIBOR rates for 2016 and 2015 were 0.45% and 0.20%, respectively.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investment in Ashford Inc. Unrealized loss on investment in Ashford Inc. decreased $5.6 million, or 74.1%, to $2.0 million for 2016 compared to 2015. The fair value is based on the closing market price of Ashford Inc. common stock at the end of the period.
Write-off of Loan Costs and Exit Fees. Write-off of loan costs and exit fees was $2.6 million for 2016, resulting from the write-off of unamortized loan costs of $2.5 million and exit fees of $108,000 related to the sale of the Seattle Courtyard Downtown. In 2015, we incurred fees of $54,000 in connection with the refinancing of our $69.0 million mortgage loan due September 2015, which had an outstanding balance of $69.0 million. The mortgage loan was replaced with a $70.0 million mortgage loan due March 2017.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives. Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives was an unrealized gain of $425,000 and an unrealized loss of $3.3 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2016, we had an unrealized gain of $513,000 on interest floors, a $78,000 unrealized gain associated with the maturity of options on futures contracts, partially offset by unrealized losses of $71,000 and $95,000 on interest rate caps and options on futures contracts, respectively. In 2015, we had an unrealized loss of $3.3 million that consisted of a $3.0 million unrealized loss on interest rate floors, an unrealized loss on interest rate caps of $94,000

86

and a $195,000 unrealized loss on options on futures contracts. The fair value of the interest rate caps and floors are primarily based on movements in the LIBOR forward curve and the passage of time. The fair value of options on futures contracts is the last reported settlement price as of the measurement date.
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. Income tax expense increased $1.3 million, or 498.5%, to $1.6 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase in income tax expense in 2016 is primarily due to the partial release of the valuation allowance for our wholly-owned TRS in 2015 that was previously recorded on the deferred tax assets of the TRS, and that resulted in a non-cash deferred tax benefit in 2015.
Income (Loss) from Consolidated Entity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. The noncontrolling interest partner in consolidated entity was allocated income of $3.1 million and $2.4 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities represented an ownership interest of 25% in two hotel properties held by one entity.
Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership. Noncontrolling interests in operating partnership were allocated net income of $1.9 million and net loss of $393,000 for 2016 and 2015, respectively. Redeemable noncontrolling interests represented ownership interests in Ashford Prime OP of 13.90% and 12.75% as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

87

Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
The following table summarizes the changes in key line items from our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands except percentages):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
 
2015
 
2014
 
$ Change
 
% Change
Revenue
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
$
255,443

 
$
226,495

 
$
28,948

 
12.8
 %
Food and beverage
79,894

 
67,854

 
12,040

 
17.7
 %
Other
14,061

 
12,844

 
1,217

 
9.5
 %
Total hotel revenue
349,398

 
307,193

 
42,205

 
13.7
 %
Other
147

 
115

 
32

 
27.8
 %
Total revenue
349,545

 
307,308

 
42,237

 
13.7
 %
Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hotel operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
56,341

 
51,636

 
4,705

 
9.1
 %
Food and beverage
53,535

 
44,297

 
9,238

 
20.9
 %
Other expenses
93,742

 
80,593

 
13,149

 
16.3
 %
Management fees
14,049

 
12,525

 
1,524

 
12.2
 %
Total hotel expenses
217,667

 
189,051

 
28,616

 
15.1
 %
Property taxes, insurance and other
18,517

 
16,174

 
2,343

 
14.5
 %
Depreciation and amortization
43,824

 
40,686

 
3,138

 
7.7
 %
Advisory services fee
17,889

 
12,534

 
5,355

 
42.7
 %
Transaction costs
538

 
1,871

 
(1,333
)
 
(71.2
)%
Corporate general and administrative
5,134

 
3,242

 
1,892

 
58.4
 %
Total expenses
303,569

 
263,558

 
40,011

 
15.2
 %
Operating income (loss)
45,976

 
43,750

 
2,226

 
5.1
 %
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entity
(2,927
)
 
—

 
2,927

 


Interest income
34

 
27

 
7

 
25.9
 %
Other income
1,233

 
—

 
1,233

 


Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
(37,829
)
 
(39,031
)
 
(1,202
)
 
(3.1
)%
Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
(54
)
 
—

 
54

 


Unrealized gain (loss) on investment in Ashford Inc.
(7,609
)
 
—

 
7,609

 


Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
(3,252
)
 
(111
)
 
3,141

 
2,829.7
 %
Income (loss) before income taxes
(4,428
)
 
4,635

 
(9,063
)
 
195.5
 %
Income tax (expense) benefit
(263
)
 
(1,097
)
 
(834
)
 
(76.0
)%
Net income (loss)
(4,691
)
 
3,538

 
8,229

 
232.6
 %
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
(2,414
)
 
(1,103
)
 
1,311

 
118.9
 %
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
393

 
(496
)
 
(889
)
 
179.2
 %
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
(6,712
)
 
$
1,939

 
$
(8,651
)
 
446.2
 %

88

All hotel properties owned during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been included in our results of operations during the respective periods in which they were owned. Based on when a hotel property was acquired or disposed of, operating results for certain hotel properties are not comparable for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The hotel properties listed below are not comparable hotel properties for the periods indicated and all other hotel properties are considered comparable hotel properties. The following acquisitions and dispositions affect reporting comparability related to our consolidated financial statements:
Hotel Properties
 
Location
 
Acquisition/Disposition
 
Acquisition/Disposition Date
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Chicago, IL
 
Acquisition
 
February 24, 2014
Pier House Resort
 
Key West, FL
 
Acquisition
 
March 1, 2014
Bardessono Hotel
 
Yountville, CA
 
Acquisition
 
July 9, 2015
Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas
 
St. Thomas, USVI
 
Acquisition
 
December 15, 2015
The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of our hotel properties for the periods indicated:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2015
 
2014
Occupancy
82.32
%
 
81.62
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
226.87

 
$
209.96

RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
186.76

 
$
171.37

Rooms revenue (in thousands)
$
255,443

 
$
226,495

Total hotel revenue (in thousands)
$
349,398

 
$
307,193

The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of the eight comparable hotel properties that were included for the entire years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2015
 
2014
Occupancy
82.32
%
 
81.19
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
211.62

 
$
200.51

RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
174.21

 
$
162.80

Rooms revenue (in thousands)
$
200,417

 
$
187,084

Total hotel revenue (in thousands)
$
275,316

 
$
252,889

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company. Net income (loss) attributable to the Company changed $8.7 million, or 446.2%, from net income attributable to the Company of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 (“2014”) to net loss attributable to the Company of $6.7 million during 2015 as a result of the factors discussed below.
Rooms Revenue. Rooms revenue from our hotel properties increased $28.9 million, or 12.8%, to $255.4 million during 2015 compared to 2014. During 2015, we experienced a 70 basis point increase in occupancy and a 8.1% increase in room rates. Rooms revenue increased (i) $6.9 million as a result of the acquisition of the Bardessono Hotel in July 2015; (ii) $4.7 million at the Pier House Resort due to the inclusion of its operating results for the entire 2015 period as a result of its acquisition in 2014, higher room rates of 5.9% and a 497 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (iii) $2.6 million at the Ritz Carlton St. Thomas due to the inclusion of its operating results since its acquisition on December 15, 2015; (iv) $2.5 million at the Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown as a result of 5.9% higher room rates and a 322 basis point increase in occupancy due to a renovation during 2014; (v) $2.4 million at the Seattle Marriott Waterfront due to higher room rates of 6.1% and a 255 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (vi) $2.0 million at the Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center as a result of 8.2% higher room rates and a 191 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (vii) $2.0 million at the San Francisco Courtyard Downtown as a result of 4.5% higher room rates and a 121 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (viii) $1.8 million at the La Jolla Hilton Torrey Pines as a result of 7.2% higher room rates and a 85 basis point increase in occupancy at the hotel; (ix) $1.5 million at the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile due to the inclusion of its operating results for the entire 2015 period as a result of its acquisition in 2014; (x) $985,000 at the Capital Hilton as a result of 1.2% higher room rates and higher occupancy of 67 basis points at the hotel; (xi) $960,000 at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown as a result of 8.6% higher room rates at the hotel, partially offset by lower

89

occupancy of 96 basis points at the hotel; and (xii) $710,000 at the Tampa Renaissance as a result of 8.4% higher room rates, partially offset by lower occupancy of 241 basis points at the hotel.
Food and Beverage Revenue. Food and beverage revenues from our hotel properties increased $12.0 million, or 17.7%, to $79.9 million in 2015 as compared to 2014. This increase is primarily attributable to an increases in food and beverage revenue of $1.9 million at the Bardessono Hotel and $898,000 at the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas as a result of their acquisitions in July 2015 and December 15, 2015, respectively. We experienced additional increases in food and beverage revenue of $2.5 million, $2.4 million, $1.9 million and $1.4 million at the Capital Hilton, the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, the Seattle Marriott Waterfront and Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center, respectively as well as aggregate increases of $1.9 million at the Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown, the San Francisco Courtyard Downtown, the Tampa Renaissance and the Key West Pier House. These increases were partially offset by decreases in food and beverage revenue of $81,000 and $755,000 at the Seattle Courtyard Downtown and Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, respectively.
Other Hotel Revenue. Other hotel revenue, which consists mainly of telecommunications, parking, spa and rentals, increased $1.2 million, or 9.5%, to $14.1 million in 2015 as compared to 2014. This increase consisted of $894,000 and $344,000 attributable to the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015. We also experienced higher other hotel revenue of $611,000 in aggregate at the Key West Pier House, San Francisco Courtyard Downtown, Capital Hilton and Seattle Courtyard Downtown. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in other hotel revenue in aggregate of $632,000 at the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown, Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, Tampa Renaissance, Seattle Marriott Waterfront and Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center.
Other Non-Hotel Revenue. Other non-hotel revenue, increased $32,000, or 27.83%, to $147,000 in 2015 as compared to 2014, primarily attributable to increased Texas margin tax recoveries from hotel guests.
Rooms Expense. Rooms expense increased $4.7 million, or 9.1%, to $56.3 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 primarily due to higher rooms revenue at our comparable hotel properties and higher rooms revenue due to the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015, as well as the inclusion of the operating results the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and the Pier House Resort for the entire 2015 period as a result of their acquisition in 2014. Rooms margin increased 74 basis points from 77.2% to 77.9%.
Food and Beverage Expense. Food and beverage expense increased $9.2 million, or 20.9%, to $53.5 million during 2015 as compared to 2014. The increase is attributable to higher food and beverage revenue at our comparable hotel properties, the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in 2015 and increases at the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and the Pier House Resort due to the inclusion of their operating results for the entire 2015 period as a result of their acquisitions in 2014.
Other Operating Expenses. Other operating expenses increased $13.1 million, or 16.3%, to $93.7 million in 2015 as compared to 2014. Hotel operating expenses consist of direct expenses from departments associated with revenue streams and indirect expenses associated with support departments and incentive management fees. We experienced a decrease of $1.0 million in direct expenses and an increase of $14.1 million in indirect expenses and incentive management fees in 2015. Direct expenses were 1.3% of total hotel revenue for 2015 and 1.8% for 2014. The decrease in direct expenses is comprised of a decrease of $1.8 million at our eight comparable hotel properties, partially offset by an increase of $769,000 as a result of the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel in July 2015, the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in December 2015 as well as the inclusion of the operating results the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and the Pier House Resort for the entire 2015 period as a result of their acquisition in 2014. The increase in indirect expenses is primarily attributable to (i) an increase in general and administrative costs of $4.9 million, including $2.6 million from our eight comparable hotel properties and $2.3 million from the four acquired hotel properties; (ii) an increase in marketing costs of $3.4 million, comprised of $2.4 million from our eight comparable hotel properties and $1.0 million from the four acquired hotel properties; (iii) an increase in repairs and maintenance of $1.6 million, including $346,000 from our eight comparable hotel properties and $1.2 million from our four acquired hotel properties; (iv) an increase in lease expense of $1.2 million, comprised of $383,000 from our eight comparable hotel properties and $779,000 from our four acquired hotel properties; (v) an increase of $2.4 million in incentive management fees, including $2.0 million from our eight comparable hotel properties and $382,000 from our four acquired hotel properties; and (vi) an increase in energy cost of $704,000, comprised of $37,000 from our eight comparable hotel properties and $667,000 from our four acquired hotel properties.
Management Fees. Base management fees increased $1.5 million, or 12.2%, to $14.0 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 as a result of higher hotel revenue in 2015 as discussed above.
Property Taxes, Insurance and Other. Property taxes, insurance and other increased $2.3 million, or 14.5%, to $18.5 million in 2015 as compared to 2014. The increase is primarily attributable to higher assessed values at two hotel properties and the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas.

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Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $3.1 million, or 7.7%, to $43.8 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 attributable to the acquisition of the Bardessono Hotel, Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and the Pier House Resort due to the inclusion of their operating results for the entire 2015 period as a result of their acquisitions in 2014 and capital expenditures incurred since December 31, 2014.
Advisory Services Fee. Advisory services fee increased $5.4 million, or 42.7%, to $17.9 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 as a result of an increase in base fees of $91,000, an increase in reimbursable overhead and internal audit, insurance claims advisory and asset management services of $137,000, an increase in equity-based compensation of $1.5 million and a $3.8 million incentive fee in 2015. We are party to an advisory agreement with our advisor, Ashford LLC, which was a subsidiary of Ashford Trust until November 12, 2014, when the spin-off of Ashford Inc. from Ashford Trust was completed. We recorded an advisory services fee of $17.9 million to Ashford Inc., the parent of Ashford LLC, which included a base advisory fee of $8.6 million, reimbursable overhead, internal audit, insurance claims advisory and asset management services of $1.8 million, a $3.8 million incentive fee and equity-based compensation of $3.6 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc. in connection with providing advisory services. For 2014, we incurred an advisory services fee of $12.5 million, which included a base advisory fee of $8.7 million, equity-based compensation of $2.1 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford LLC in connection with providing advisory services and reimbursable overhead, internal audit, insurance claims advisory and asset management services of $1.7 million.
Transaction Costs. In 2015, we recorded transaction costs of $538,000 related to the acquisition of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas. We recorded transaction costs of $1.9 million related to the acquisitions of the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and the Pier House Resort in 2014.
Corporate General and Administrative. Corporate general and administrative expenses increased $1.9 million, or 58.4%, to $5.1 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 primarily due to an increase in professional fees of $1.1 million, an increase in miscellaneous expense of $698,000, an increase in public company costs of $91,000 and an increase in equity-based compensation to non-employee directors of $8,000.
Equity in Earnings ( Loss) of unconsolidated entity. Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity of $2.9 million in 2015 represented our equity in loss of the AQUA U.S. Fund. There was no equity in loss of unconsolidated entity in 2014.
Interest Income. Interest income increased $7,000, or 25.9%, to $34,000 in 2015 as compared to 2014.
Interest Expense and Amortization of Loan Costs. Interest expense and amortization of loan costs decreased $1.2 million, or 3.1%, to $37.8 million in 2015 as compared to 2014 due to the refinancing of our $197.8 million mortgage loan in the fourth quarter of 2014 and our $69.0 million mortgage loan in 2015, partially offset by an increase in interest expense and amortization of loan costs as a result of the financings associated with the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, the effect of having the mortgage loans for the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile and Pier House Resort for the entire year in 2015 as a result of their acquisitions in 2014 and higher average LIBOR rates. The average LIBOR rates for 2015 and 2014 were 0.20% and 0.15%, respectively.
Write-off of Loan Costs and Exit Fees. In 2015, we incurred fees of $54,000 in connection with the refinancing of our $69.0 million mortgage loan due September 2015, which had an outstanding balance of $69.0 million. The mortgage loan was replaced with a $70.0 million mortgage loan due March 2017. In 2014, we did not incur any write-offs of loan costs and exit fees.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investment in Ashford Inc. Unrealized loss on investment in Ashford Inc. of $7.6 million represents the fair value adjustment during 2015 on our investment in Ashford Inc. that was acquired in July 2015. The fair value is based on the closing market price of Ashford Inc. common stock at the end of the period.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives. Unrealized loss on derivatives increased $3.1 million to $3.3 million during 2015 as compared to 2014. In 2015, we had losses consisting of $3.0 million, $94,000 and $195,000 related to interest rate floors, interest rate caps and options on futures contracts, respectively. In 2014, we had losses of $111,000 related to interest rate caps. The fair value of the interest rate caps and floors are primarily based on movements in the LIBOR forward curve and the passage of time. The fair value of options on futures contracts is the last reported settlement price as of the measurement date.
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. Income tax expense decreased $834,000, or 76.0%, to $263,000 in 2015 as compared to 2014. The decrease in income tax expense in 2015 is primarily due to an increase in certain indirect expenses recognized by our TRS entity that operates two hotel properties owned by a consolidated partnership, as well as a partial release in 2015 of the valuation allowance for our wholly-owned TRS previously recorded in the full amount of the deferred tax asset held by our TRS.

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Income (Loss) from Consolidated Entity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. The noncontrolling interest partner in consolidated entity was allocated income of $2.4 million and $1.1 million for 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015, noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities represented an ownership interest of 25% in two hotel properties held by one entity.
Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership. Noncontrolling interests in operating partnership were allocated net loss $393,000 and net income of $496,000 for the 2015 and 2014, respectively. Redeemable noncontrolling interests represented ownership interests in Ashford Prime OP of 12.75% and 25.77% as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in ownership interests is primarily attributable to Ashford Trust’s distribution of its interest in Ashford Prime OP.
Indebtedness
As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $767.0 million in gross outstanding indebtedness. The following table sets forth our indebtedness (in thousands):
Loan/Property(ies)
Number of
Assets
Encumbered
 
Outstanding
Balance at
December 31, 2016
 
Interest Rate at
December 31, 2016
 
Amortization
Period
(Years)
 
Maturity
Date (7)
 
Fully Extended Maturity Date
Aareal Capital Corporation(1)
2

 
$
192,765

 
3.42
%
 
30(8)
 
Nov-2019
 
Nov-2021
The Capital Hilton, Washington, D.C.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo(11)
1

 
32,879

 
5.91
%
 
30(9)
 
Apr-2017
 
Apr-2017
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown,
Philadelphia, PA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo(11)
1

 
55,915

 
5.95
%
 
30(9)
 
Apr-2017
 
Apr-2017
Courtyard San Francisco Downtown, San Francisco, CA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo(11)
3

 
245,307

 
5.95
%
 
30(9)
 
Apr-2017
 
Apr-2017
Marriott Plano Legacy Town Center, Plano, TX
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Seattle, WA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Renaissance Tampa International Plaza, Tampa, FL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit Agricole(2)
1

 
70,000

 
3.02
%
 
Interest only
 
Mar-2017
 
Mar-2020
Pier House Resort, Key West, FL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GACC(3)
1

 
80,000

 
3.07
%
 
Interest only
 
Mar-2017
 
Mar-2019
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, Chicago, IL
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TIF Loan(4)
—

 
8,098

 
12.85
%
 
 Interest only(10)
 
Jun-2018
 
Jun-2018
Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, Philadelphia, PA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Column Financial(5)
1

 
40,000

 
5.72
%
 
Interest only
 
Dec-2017
 
Dec-2020
Bardessono Hotel, Yountville, CA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Apollo(6)
1

 
42,000

 
5.72
%
 
Interest only
 
Dec-2017
 
Dec-2020
Ritz-Carlton, St. Thomas, USVI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total/Weighted Average
11

 
$
766,964

 
4.80
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
__________________
(1)
Interest rate is variable at LIBOR plus 2.65%. In connection with the origination of this loan, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with a counterparty, and the terms of that agreement provide for a LIBOR cap of 5.43% for 75% of the loan balance. This loan includes two one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
(2)
Interest rate is variable at LIBOR plus 2.25%. In connection with the origination of this loan, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with a counterparty, and the terms of that agreement provide for a LIBOR cap of 4.5% for 80% of the loan balance. This loan includes three one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
(3)
Interest rate is variable at LIBOR plus 2.30%. In connection with the origination of this loan, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with a counterparty, and the terms of that agreement provide for a LIBOR cap of 5.78%. This loan includes three one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, of which the first extension option was exercised in March 2016.
(4)
This loan relates to a tax increment financing district in the City of Philadelphia with respect to which we also hold a note receivable in the same principal amount and on the same terms.
(5)
Interest rate is variable at LIBOR plus 4.95%. In connection with the origination of this loan, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with a counterparty, and the terms of that agreement provide for a LIBOR cap of 2.50%. This loan includes three one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.

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(6)
Interest rate is variable at LIBOR plus 4.95%. In connection with the origination of this loan, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement with a counterparty, and the terms of that agreement provide for a LIBOR cap of 2.0%. This loan includes three one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
(7)
Maturity date assumes no extensions
(8)
Principal amortization based on a 6% interest rate.
(9)
Loan was interest only at origination in 2007 but began amortizing in May 2012.
(10)
Principal amortization to the extent of excess tax revenues.
(11)
This loan was refinanced in January 2017. The new loan totals $365.0 million and has a stated maturity of February 2019, with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions.
On July 1, 2016, in connection with the sales of the Courtyard Seattle Downtown, approximately $65 million of the mortgage loan was repaid.
On January 18, 2017, we refinanced three mortgage loans with existing outstanding balances totaling approximately $333.7 million. The previous mortgage loans that were refinanced had final maturity dates in April 2017. The new loan totals $365.0 million and has stated maturity of February 2019 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is interest only and provides for a floating interest rate of LIBOR + 2.58%. The loan is secured by five hotel properties: Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center, Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Tampa Renaissance, San Francisco Courtyard Downtown and Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown. 
The following loans include various financial cash trap triggers. The Aareal Capital Corporation loan has a 1.25x debt service coverage ratio requirement, the Wells Fargo loans each have a 1.10x debt service coverage ratio requirement, the Credit Agricole loan has a 1.25x debt service coverage ratio requirement, the GACC loan has a 7.05% debt yield requirement (which increases to 8.66% during the third extension period), the Column Financial loan has a 1.15x debt service coverage ratio requirement and the Apollo loan has a 10.0% debt yield requirement. This loan also has an increase to 11.0% beginning in year two and 12.0% during extension terms. If we are unable to maintain these levels of debt service coverage or debt yield, as the case may be, substantially all of the net cash flow from the relevant hotel properties will be held as additional collateral in an account for the benefit of the respective lender.
As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with the aforementioned financial covenants.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for operating expenses and other expenditures directly associated with our hotel properties, including:
•
advisory fees payable to Ashford LLC;
•
recurring maintenance necessary to maintain our hotel properties in accordance with brand standards;
•
interest expense and scheduled principal payments on outstanding indebtedness, including our secured revolving credit facility (see “Contractual Obligations and Commitments”);
•
distributions, in the form of dividends on our common stock, necessary to qualify for taxation as a REIT;
•
dividends on preferred stock; and
•
capital expenditures to improve our hotel properties.
We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by operations, existing cash balances and, if necessary, short-term borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility.
Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the costs of acquiring additional hotel properties and redevelopments, renovations, expansions and other capital expenditures that need to be made periodically with respect to our hotel properties and scheduled debt payments. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, including our secured revolving credit facility and future equity and preferred equity issuances, existing working capital, net cash provided by operations, hotel mortgage indebtedness and other secured and unsecured borrowings. However, there are a number of factors that may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including the state of overall equity and credit markets, our degree of leverage, our unencumbered asset base and borrowing restrictions imposed by lenders (including as a result of any failure to comply with financial covenants in our existing and future indebtedness), general market conditions for REITs, our operating performance and liquidity and market perceptions about us. The success of our business strategy will depend, in part, on our ability to access these various capital sources.
Our hotel properties will require periodic capital expenditures and renovation to remain competitive. In addition, acquisitions, redevelopments or expansions of hotel properties may require significant capital outlays. We may not be able to fund such capital

93

improvements solely from net cash provided by operations because we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deductions for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT, and we are subject to tax on any retained income and gains. As a result, our ability to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions or hotel redevelopment through retained earnings is very limited. Consequently, we expect to rely heavily upon the availability of debt or equity capital for these purposes. If we are unable to obtain the necessary capital on favorable terms, or at all, our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Certain of our loan agreements contain cash trap provisions that may be triggered if the performance of our hotel properties decline. When these provisions are triggered, substantially all of the profit generated by our hotel properties is deposited directly into lockbox accounts and then swept into cash management accounts for the benefit of our various lenders. Cash is not distributed to us at any time after the cash trap provisions have been triggered until we have cured the performance issues. Currently, none of the cash trap provisions of our loans are triggered.
On October 27, 2014, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $100 million of the Company’s common stock from time to time. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date. The specific timing, manner, price, amount and other terms of the repurchases are at management’s discretion and depend on market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements and other factors. The Company is not required to repurchase shares under the repurchase program, and may modify, suspend or terminate the repurchase program at any time for any reason. On April 8, 2016, our board of directors authorized utilizing up to $50 million to repurchase common stock. Under the repurchase program, we repurchased 2.9 million shares of our common stock, for approximately $39.0 million, during the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we have purchased a cumulative 4.3 million shares of our common stock, for approximately $63.2 million, since the program’s inception on November 4, 2014.
On April 26, 2016, in connection with a previously announced required public offering, we issued 290,850 shares of our 5.50% Series B Preferred Stock at $17.24 per share for gross proceeds of $5.0 million. The Series B preferred stock offering includes accrued and unpaid dividends since April 15, 2016. Dividends on the Preferred Stock will accrue at a rate of 5.50% on the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The offering closed on April 29, 2016. The net proceeds from the sale of the shares after underwriting discounts and commissions were approximately $4.2 million.
On January 18, 2017, we refinanced three mortgage loans with existing outstanding balances totaling approximately $333.7 million. For more information, please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Indebtedness” herein.
Secured Revolving Credit Facility
We have a three-year, senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $100 million. It includes $15 million available in letters of credit and $15 million available in swingline loans. We believe the secured revolving credit facility will provide us with significant financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions and hotel redevelopments.
The secured credit facility is provided by a syndicate of financial institutions with Bank of America, N.A., serving as the administrative agent to Ashford Prime OP, as the borrower. We and certain of our subsidiaries guarantee the secured revolving credit facility, which is secured by a pledge of 100% of the equity interests we hold in Ashford Prime OP and 100% of the equity interest issued by any guarantor (other than Ashford Prime) or any other subsidiary of ours that is not restricted under its loan documents or organizational documents from having its equity pledged (subject to certain exclusions), all mortgage receivables held by the borrower or any guarantor, and certain deposit accounts and securities accounts held by the borrower and any guarantor. The proceeds of the secured revolving credit facility may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, and any other lawful purposes.
The secured revolving credit facility also contains customary terms, covenants, negative covenants, events of default, limitations and other conditions for credit facilities of this type. Subject to certain exceptions, we are subject to restrictions on incurring additional indebtedness, mergers and fundamental changes, sales or other dispositions of property, changes in the nature of our business, investments, and capital expenditures.
We also are subject to certain financial covenants, as set forth below, which are tested by the borrower on a consolidated basis (net of the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interest held by our partner in a majority owned consolidated entity) and include, but are not limited to, the following:
•
Consolidated indebtedness (less cash and cash equivalents and amounts represented by marketable securities) to EBITDA not to exceed 6.00x initially, with such ratio being reduced beginning October 1, 2017 to 5.75x and beginning October 1, 2019 to 5.50x. Our ratio was 5.44x at December 31, 2016.

94

•
Consolidated recourse indebtedness other than the secured credit facility not to exceed $50,000,000.
•
Consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio not less than 1.40x initially, with such ratio being increased beginning October 1, 2017 to 1.50x. This ratio was 1.82x at December 31, 2016.
•
Indebtedness of the consolidated parties that accrues interest at a variable rate (other than the secured revolving credit facility) that is not subject to a “cap,” “collar,” or other similar arrangement not to exceed 25% of consolidated indebtedness.
•
Consolidated tangible net worth not less than 75% of the consolidated tangible net worth on the closing date of the secured revolving credit facility plus 75% of the net proceeds of any future equity issuances.
•
Secured debt that is secured by real property (excluding the eight hotels we acquired in connection with the spin-off) not to exceed 70% of the as-is appraised value of such real property.
All financial covenants are tested and certified by the borrower on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2016.
The secured revolving credit facility includes customary events of default, and the occurrence of an event of default will permit the lenders to terminate commitments to lend under the secured revolving credit facility and accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding thereunder. If a default occurs and is continuing, we will be precluded from making distributions on our shares of common stock (other than those required to allow us to qualify and maintain our status as a REIT, so long as such default does not arise from a payment default or event of insolvency).
Borrowings under the secured revolving credit facility bear interest, at our option, at either LIBOR for a designated interest period plus an applicable margin, or the base rate (as defined in the credit agreement) plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for borrowings under the secured revolving credit facility for base rate loans range from 1.25% to 2.50% per annum and the applicable margin for borrowings under the secured revolving credit facility for LIBOR loans range from 2.25% to 3.50% per annum, depending on the ratio of consolidated indebtedness to EBITDA described above, with the lowest rate applying if such ratio is less than 4.0x, and the highest rate applying if such ratio is greater than 6.0x.
The secured revolving credit facility is a three-year interest-only facility with all outstanding principal being due at maturity on November 10, 2019, subject to two one-year extension options if certain terms and conditions are satisfied. The secured revolving credit facility has an accordion feature whereby the aggregate commitments may be increased up to $250 million, subject to certain terms and conditions and a 0.25% extension fee. No amounts were drawn under the secured revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2016.
We intend to repay indebtedness incurred under our secured revolving credit facility from time to time out of net cash provided by operations and from the net proceeds of issuances of additional equity and debt securities, as market conditions permit.
Sources and Uses of Cash
As of December 31, 2016, we had $126.8 million of cash and cash equivalents compared to $105.0 million at December 31, 2015. We anticipate that our principal sources of funds to meet our cash requirements will include cash on hand, positive cash flow from operations and capital market activities. We anticipate using funds to pay for (i) capital expenditures for our eleven hotel properties, estimated to be approximately $47.5 million through 2017, and (ii) debt interest and principal payments estimated to be approximately $30.8 million through 2017.
Net Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash flows provided by operating activities were $57.1 million and $9.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Cash flows from operations are impacted by changes in hotel operations of our nine comparable hotel properties as well as operating results of the Bardessono Hotel, which was acquired on July 9, 2015, the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, which was acquired on December 15, 2015 and the Seattle Courtyard Downtown, which was sold on July 1, 2016. Cash flows from operations are also impacted by changes in restricted cash due to the timing of cash deposits for certain loans as well as the timing of collecting receivables from hotel guests, paying vendors, settling with related parties and settling with hotel managers. Cash flows from operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 were negatively impacted by $50.2 million as a result of the net purchases of marketable securities.
Net Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash flows provided by investing activities were $100.3 million. These cash inflows primarily attributable to $82.7 million of net cash proceeds received from the sale of Seattle Courtyard Downtown, $43.5 million of net proceeds received from the liquidation of our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund and a $691,000 of proceeds from property insurance claims. These cash inflows were partially offset by $23.4 million of capital improvements made to various hotel properties and $3.2 million of net deposits to restricted cash for capital expenditures. For the year ended December 31, 2015, investing activities used net cash flows of $183.3 million. These cash outlays were primarily attributable to cash outflows of $19.3 million of capital improvements made to various hotel properties, $16.6 million attributable to our investment in Ashford Inc., $144.1 million attributable to the acquisitions of the Bardessono Hotel and the Ritz-Carlton St.

95

Thomas and $3.4 million of net deposits to restricted cash for capital expenditures. These outflows were partially offset by inflows of $206,000 from the sale of property, plant and equipment and $24,000 of proceeds from property insurance claims.
Net Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash flows used in financing activities were $135.6 million. Cash outflows primarily consisted of $73.3 million for repayments of indebtedness, $39.2 million for the repurchase of common stock under our share repurchase program, $16.9 million for payments of dividends and distributions, $6.4 million for distributions to the holder of a noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities, $4.1 million for payments of loan costs and exit fees and $13,000 for derivatives. These cash outflows were partially offset by cash inflows related to proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock of $4.2 million and $35,000 from the issuance of LTIP units. For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash flows provided by financing activities were $107.5 million. Cash inflows primarily consisted of borrowings on indebtedness of $152.0 million, proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock of $62.3 million and proceeds from a private placement of common stock of $3.1 million. These inflows were partially offset by cash outlays of $77.0 million for repayments of indebtedness, $8.9 million for the repurchase of our common stock, primarily under our share repurchase program, $5.9 million for the redemption of operating partnership units, $11.8 million for payments of dividends and distributions, $2.9 million for distributions to the holder of a noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities, $3.3 million for payment of loan costs and exit fees and payments for derivatives of $117,000.
Inflation
We rely entirely on the performance of our properties and the ability of the properties’ managers to increase revenues to keep pace with inflation. Hotel operators can generally increase room rates rather quickly, but competitive pressures may limit their ability to raise rates faster than inflation. Our general and administrative costs, real estate and personal property taxes, property and casualty insurance, and utilities are subject to inflation as well.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we may form or invest in partnerships or joint ventures. We evaluate each partnership and joint venture to determine whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”). If the entity is determined to be a VIE we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary and need to consolidate the entity. For further discussion see note 2 to our consolidated financial statements. We have no other off-balance sheet arrangements.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The table below summarizes future obligations for principal and estimated interest payments on our debt and future minimum lease payments on our operating leases, each as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
 
 
Payments Due by Period
 
 
< 1 Year
 
1-3 Years
 
3-5 Years
 
> 5 Years
 
Total
Contractual obligations excluding extension options:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term debt obligations
 
$
569,092

 
$
197,872

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
766,964

Estimated interest obligations(1)
 
18,047

 
11,177

 
—

 
—

 
29,224

 Operating lease obligations
 
3,000

 
5,872

 
5,951

 
96,224

 
111,047

Capital commitments
 
10,958

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,958

Total contractual obligations
 
$
601,097

 
$
214,921

 
$
5,951

 
$
96,224

 
$
918,193

____________________
(1) 
For variable-rate indebtedness, interest obligations are estimated based on the LIBOR interest rate as of December 31, 2016.
In addition to the amounts discussed above, we also have management agreements which require us to pay monthly management fees, incentive fees, group service fees and other general fees, if required. These management agreements expire from 2023 through 2065. See note 13 to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016.
Some of our loan agreements contain financial and other covenants. If we violate these covenants, we could be required to repay a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. We were in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2016.

96

Critical Accounting Policies
Our accounting policies are fully described in note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting policies, representing those policies considered most vital to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments.
Investments in Hotel Properties. Hotel properties are generally stated at cost. For hotel properties owned through our majority-owned entities, the carrying basis attributable to the partners’ minority ownership is recorded at historical cost, net of any impairment charges, while the carrying basis attributable to our majority ownership is recorded based on the allocated purchase price of our ownership interests in the entities. All improvements and additions which extend the useful life of the hotel properties are capitalized.
Impairment of Investments in Hotel Properties. Hotel properties are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the hotel is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the hotel to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, which take into account current market conditions and our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the hotel. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the hotel is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the property’s net book value exceeds its estimated fair value, less cost to sell. In evaluating the impairment of hotel properties, we make many assumptions and estimates, including projected cash flows, expected holding period and expected useful life. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including internally developed undiscounted cash flow models, comparable market transactions and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we have not recorded any impairment charges.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense. Depreciation expense is based on the estimated useful life of the assets, while amortization expense for leasehold improvements is based on the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related assets. Presently, hotel properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over lives which range from 7.5 to 39 years for buildings and improvements and 1.5 to 5 years for furniture, fixtures, and equipment. While we believe our estimates are reasonable, a change in estimated lives could affect depreciation expense and net income (loss) as well as resulting gains or losses on potential hotel sales.
Income Taxes. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had a valuation allowance of approximately $27.0 million and $27.0 million, respectively, to partially reserve our deferred tax assets. At each reporting date, we evaluate whether it is more likely than not that we will utilize all or a portion of our deferred tax assets. We consider all available positive and negative evidence, including historical results of operations, projected future taxable income, carryback potential, and scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider three years of consolidated cumulative operating income (loss). At December 31, 2016, we had net operating loss carry forwards for federal income tax purposes of $61.3 million, $5.5 million of which are attributable to the subsidiaries conveyed to us in the spin-off and begin to expire in 2023, and $55.8 million of which are attributable to the USVI TRS acquired in 2015 that begin to expire in 2027. The loss carry forwards may be available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2023 and 2027, respectively; however, there could be substantial limitations on their use imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. Management determined that it is more likely than not that $27.0 million of our net deferred tax assets will not be realized, and a valuation allowance has been recorded accordingly.
The “Income Taxes” Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification addresses the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The guidance requires us to determine whether tax positions we have taken or expect to take in a tax return are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority based on the technical merits of the positions. Tax positions that do not meet the more likely than not threshold would be recorded as additional tax expense in the current period. We analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations for each jurisdiction, which includes the federal jurisdiction and various states. We classify interest and penalties related to underpayment of income taxes as income tax expense. We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and cities. Tax years 2012 through 2016 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.
Investment in Unconsolidated Entity. We hold approximately 195,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which represented an approximate 9.7% ownership interest in Ashford Inc. and had a fair value of $8.4 million at December 31, 2016. This investment would typically be accounted for under the equity method of accounting, under ASC 323-10 - Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. However, we have elected to record our investment in Ashford Inc. using the fair value option under ASC 825-10 - Fair Value Option - Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.

97

Our investments in certain unconsolidated entities are considered to be variable interests in the underlying entities. VIE, as defined by authoritative accounting guidance, must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, (ii) an implicit financial responsibility to ensure that a VIE operates as designed, and (iii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. Because we do not have the power and financial responsibility to direct the unconsolidated entities’ activities and operations, we are not considered to be the primary beneficiary of these entities on an ongoing basis, and therefore such entities should not be consolidated. In evaluating VIEs, our analysis involves considerable management judgment and assumptions.
RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”), to provide guidance on management's responsibility to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 also requires certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 applies to all entities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2016, and the adoption of this standard did not have any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In February 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (“ASU 2015-02”). The ASU amends the consolidation guidance for VIEs and general partners’ investments in limited partnerships and modifies the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are VIEs or voting interest entities. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2016, and the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model, which requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The update will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date to fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The FASB has also issued additional updates that further clarify the requirements of Topic 606 and provide implementation guidance. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are in the initial stages of evaluating the effect of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including as it pertains to accounting for real estate sales, and continue to evaluate the available transition methods. However, we have not yet selected a transition method. Based on our initial and ongoing assessment of ASU 2014-09, we do not currently believe there will be a material impact to the amount or timing of revenue recognition for rooms revenue, food and beverage revenue and other hotel revenue.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which requires an entity to: (i) measure equity investments at fair value through net income, with certain exceptions; (ii) present in OCI the changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured using the fair value option; (iii) present financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset; (iv) calculate the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes based on an exit price and; (v) assess a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to unrealized losses of AFS debt securities in combination with other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-01 provides an election to subsequently measure certain nonmarketable equity investments at cost less any impairment and adjusted for certain observable price changes. It also requires a qualitative impairment assessment of such equity investments and amends certain fair value disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Certain provisions of ASU 2016-01 are eligible for early adoption. We do not expect that ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented

98

in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The accounting for leases under which we are the lessor remains largely unchanged. While we are currently in the initial stages of assessing the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements, we expect the primary impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption will be the recognition, on a discounted basis, of our future minimum rentals due under noncancelable leases on our consolidated balance sheets resulting in the recording of right of use assets and lease obligations. Our current minimum commitments under noncancelable operating leases are disclosed in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements. We have not yet selected a transition method.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). The ASU sets forth an “expected credit loss” impairment model to replace the current “incurred loss” method of recognizing credit losses. The standard requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for most financial assets held. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-13 will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments - a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“ASU 2016-15”). The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. Certain issues addressed in this guidance include - Debt payments or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, distributions received from equity method investments and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-15 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash" (“ASU 2016-18”), which clarifies the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statements of cash flows. Under ASU 2016-18 restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-18 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, "Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Clarifying the Definition of a Business" (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of an asset or a business. ASU 2017-01 is effective for annual reporting beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. While we are currently evaluating the potential impact of the standard, we currently expect that certain future hotel acquisitions may be considered asset acquisitions rather than business combinations, which would affect capitalization of acquisitions costs (such costs are expensed for business combinations and capitalized for asset acquisitions). 
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following non-GAAP presentations of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Hotel EBITDA, Funds From Operations (“FFO”) and Adjusted FFO (“AFFO”) are made to help our investors evaluate our operating performance.
EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) attributable to the Company before interest expense and amortization of loan costs, interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership. We adjust EBITDA to exclude certain additional items such as write-off of loan costs and exit fees, legal, advisory and settlement costs, (gain) loss on insurance settlements, transaction costs, (gain) loss on sale of hotel property, and non-cash items such as amortization of favorable (unfavorable) contract assets (liabilities), unrealized (gain) loss on investments, unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives, other (income) expense, the Company’s portion of unrealized (gain) loss of investment in securities investment fund, compensation adjustment related to modified employment terms and non-employee stock/unit-based compensation. Unless otherwise indicated, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA exclude amounts attributable to the portion of a partnership owned by the third party. We present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because we believe they reflect more accurately the ongoing performance of our hotel assets and other investments and provide more useful information to investors as they are indicators of our ability to meet our future debt payment requirements, working capital requirements and they provide an overall evaluation of our financial condition. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as calculated by us may not be comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA reported by other companies that do not define EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA exactly as we define the terms. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or net income determined in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of performance or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as determined by GAAP as an indicator of liquidity.

99

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. The Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile is included from February 24, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the Pier House Resort is included from March 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the Bardessono Hotel is included from July 9, 2015 through December 31, 2016, the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas is included from December 15, 2015 through December 31, 2016 and the Seattle Courtyard Downtown is included from January 1, 2014 through June 30, 2016 (in thousands) (unaudited):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Net income (loss)
$
24,320

 
$
(4,691
)
 
$
3,538

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(3,105
)
 
(2,414
)
 
(1,103
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(1,899
)
 
393

 
(496
)
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
19,316

 
(6,712
)
 
1,939

Interest income(1)
(167
)
 
(34
)
 
(26
)
Interest expense and amortization of loan costs (1)
39,232

 
36,309

 
37,188

Depreciation and amortization(1)
43,054

 
40,950

 
37,493

 Income tax expense (benefit)
1,574

 
263

 
1,097

 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
1,899

 
(393
)
 
496

EBITDA available to the Company and OP unitholders
104,908

 
70,383

 
78,187

Amortization of favorable (unfavorable) contract assets (liabilities)
106

 
(158
)
 
(158
)
Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
2,595

 
54

 
—

Transaction costs
457

 
633

 
1,871

(Gain) loss on sale of hotel property
(26,359
)
 
—

 
—

(Gain) loss on insurance settlements
—

 
(21
)
 
(23
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on investment in Ashford Inc.
1,970

 
7,609

 
—

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives (1)
(427
)
 
3,248

 
111

Other (income) expense
165

 
(1,233
)
 
—

Legal, advisory and settlement costs
11,194

 
973

 
—

Company’s portion of unrealized (gain) loss of investment in securities investment fund
2,587

 
2,927

 
—

Compensation adjustment related to modified employment terms
—

 
—

 
573

Non-cash, non-employee stock/unit-based compensation
4,156

 
3,846

 
1,778

Adjusted EBITDA available to the Company and OP unitholders
$
101,352

 
$
88,261

 
$
82,339

__________________
(1) 
Net of adjustment for noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities. The following table presents the amounts of the adjustments for noncontrolling interest for each line item:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
$
(1,649
)
 
$
(1,520
)
 
$
(1,843
)
Depreciation and amortization
(2,843
)
 
(2,874
)
 
(3,193
)
Interest income
—

 
—

 
1

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
(2
)
 
(4
)
 
—


100

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders on a property-by-property basis for each of our hotel properties owned and on a corporate basis during the year ended December 31, 2016. The results of the Seattle Courtyard Downtown sold on July 1, 2016 are included from January 1, 2016 through June 30, 2016 (in thousands) (unaudited):
 
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
The Capital Hilton Washington D.C.
 
La Jolla Hilton Torrey Pines
 
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Bardessono Hotel & Spa
 
Key West Pier House Resort
 
Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown
 
Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center
 
San Francisco Courtyard Downtown
 
Seattle Courtyard Downtown
 
Seattle Marriott Waterfront
 
St. Thomas Ritz-Carlton
 
Tampa Renaissance
 
Hotel Total
 
Corporate / Allocated(1)
 
Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc.
Net income (loss)
$
11,234

 
$
6,883

 
$
1,766

 
$
1,942

 
$
7,511

 
$
4,434

 
$
6,649

 
$
10,091

 
$
28,725

 
$
11,288

 
$
2,661

 
$
3,019

 
$
96,203

 
$
(71,883
)
 
$
24,320

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(2,940
)
 
(1,816
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,756
)
 
1,651

 
(3,105
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,899
)
 
(1,899
)
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
8,294

 
5,067

 
1,766

 
1,942

 
7,511

 
4,434

 
6,649

 
10,091

 
28,725

 
11,288

 
2,661

 
3,019

 
91,447

 
(72,131
)
 
19,316

Non-property adjustments (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(26,359
)
 
—

 
43

 
—

 
(26,316
)
 
26,316

 
—

Interest income
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
(2
)
 
(15
)
 
—

 
(10
)
 
(3
)
 
—

 
(35
)
 
(132
)
 
(167
)
Interest expense
—

 
—

 
2,261

 
—

 
—

 
1,977

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,319

 
—

 
6,557

 
31,155

 
37,712

Amortization of loan costs
—

 
—

 
119

 
—

 
—

 
31

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
504

 
—

 
654

 
2,515

 
3,169

Depreciation and amortization
6,269

 
6,008

 
4,152

 
2,398

 
2,703

 
5,853

 
4,324

 
2,676

 
834

 
3,803

 
3,147

 
3,730

 
45,897

 
—

 
45,897

Income tax expense (benefit)
29

 
(121
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
18

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(16
)
 
—

 
(90
)
 
1,664

 
1,574

Non-Hotel EBITDA ownership expense (income)
(109
)
 
153

 
102

 
689

 
15

 
247

 
50

 
38

 
(36
)
 
34

 
158

 
28

 
1,369

 
(1,369
)
 
—

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
2,940

 
1,816

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,756

 
(4,756
)
 
—

EBITDA including amounts attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
17,422

 
12,922

 
8,400

 
5,029

 
10,229

 
12,557

 
11,021

 
12,790

 
3,164

 
15,115

 
8,813

 
6,777

 
124,239

 
(16,738
)
 
107,501

Less: EBITDA adjustments attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
(1,415
)
 
(1,415
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,830
)
 
(1,662
)
 
(4,492
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(2,940
)
 
(1,816
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,756
)
 
4,756

 
—

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,899

 
1,899

EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders
$
13,067

 
$
9,691

 
$
8,400

 
$
5,029

 
$
10,229

 
$
12,557

 
$
11,021

 
$
12,790

 
$
3,164

 
$
15,115

 
$
8,813

 
$
6,777

 
$
116,653

 
$
(11,745
)
 
$
104,908

 
__________________
(1) 
Represents expenses not recorded at the individual hotel property level.
(2) 
Includes allocated amounts which were not specific to hotel properties, such as gain on sale of hotel property, corporate taxes, insurance and legal expenses.

101

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders on a property-by-property basis for each of our hotel properties owned and on a corporate basis for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Bardessono Hotel is included from July 9, 2015, through December 31, 2015, and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas is included from December 15, 2015, through December 31, 2015 (in thousands) (unaudited):
 
Year Ended December 31, 2015
 
The Capital Hilton Washington D.C.
 
La Jolla Hilton Torrey Pines
 
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Bardessono Hotel & Spa
 
Key West Pier House Resort
 
Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown
 
Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center
 
San Francisco Courtyard Downtown
 
Seattle Courtyard Downtown
 
Seattle Marriott Waterfront
 
St. Thomas Ritz-Carlton
 
Tampa Renaissance
 
Hotel Total
 
Corporate / Allocated(1)
 
Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc.
Net income (loss)
$
8,222

 
$
6,684

 
$
(714
)
 
$
1,358

 
$
7,124

 
$
4,691

 
$
6,854

 
$
11,415

 
$
4,453

 
$
10,441

 
$
1,032

 
$
2,820

 
$
64,380

 
$
(69,071
)
 
$
(4,691
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(2,173
)
 
(1,766
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,939
)
 
1,525

 
(2,414
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
393

 
393

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
6,049

 
4,918

 
(714
)
 
1,358

 
7,124

 
4,691

 
6,854

 
11,415

 
4,453

 
10,441

 
1,032

 
2,820

 
60,441

 
(67,153
)
 
(6,712
)
Non-property adjustments(2)
(19
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
4

 
1

 
(17
)
 
17

 
—

Interest income
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
(1
)
 
(13
)
 
—

 
(7
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
(28
)
 
(6
)
 
(34
)
Interest expense
—

 
—

 
2,022

 
—

 
—

 
2,013

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
104

 
—

 
4,139

 
31,115

 
35,254

Amortization of loan costs
—

 
—

 
698

 
—

 
—

 
32

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10

 
—

 
740

 
1,835

 
2,575

Depreciation and amortization
6,524

 
5,819

 
6,296

 
1,177

 
2,629

 
5,761

 
4,109

 
2,278

 
2,091

 
4,004

 
114

 
3,022

 
43,824

 
—

 
43,824

Income tax expense (benefit)
69

 
(25
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
16

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
37

 
—

 
97

 
166

 
263

Non-Hotel EBITDA ownership expense (income)
502

 
45

 
59

 
364

 
(23
)
 
14

 
126

 
14

 
(140
)
 
226

 
188

 
(41
)
 
1,334

 
(1,334
)
 
—

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
2,173

 
1,766

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,939

 
(3,939
)
 
—

EBITDA including amounts attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
15,297

 
12,520

 
8,360

 
2,900

 
9,730

 
12,525

 
11,088

 
13,695

 
6,403

 
14,662

 
1,489

 
5,800

 
114,469

 
(39,299
)
 
75,170

Less: EBITDA adjustments attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
(1,650
)
 
(1,365
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,015
)
 
(1,379
)
 
(4,394
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(2,173
)
 
(1,766
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,939
)
 
3,939

 
—

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(393
)
 
(393
)
EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders
$
11,474

 
$
9,389

 
$
8,360

 
$
2,900

 
$
9,730

 
$
12,525

 
$
11,088

 
$
13,695

 
$
6,403

 
$
14,662

 
$
1,489

 
$
5,800

 
$
107,515

 
$
(37,132
)
 
$
70,383

 
__________________
(1) 
Represents expenses not recorded at the individual hotel property level.
(2) 
Includes allocated amounts which were not specific to hotel properties, such as corporate taxes, insurance and legal expenses.

102

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders on a property-by-property basis for each of our hotel properties owned and on a corporate basis for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile is included from February 24, 2014, through December 31, 2014, and the Pier House Resort is included from March 1, 2014, through December 1, 2014 (in thousands) (unaudited):
 
Year Ended December 31, 2014
 
The Capital Hilton Washington D.C.
 
Hilton
La Jolla
Torrey
Pines
 
Courtyard
San
Francisco
Downtown
 
Courtyard
Seattle
Downtown
 
Marriott
Plano
Legacy
Town
Center
 
Seattle
Marriott
Waterfront
 
Renaissance
Tampa
International
Plaza
 
Courtyard
Philadelphia
Downtown
 
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Pier House Resort
 
Hotel Total
 
Corporate /
Allocated(1)
 
Ashford
Hospitality
Prime,
Inc.
Net income (loss)
$
6,855

 
$
4,454

 
$
10,857

 
$
4,138

 
$
5,828

 
$
9,092

 
$
3,398

 
$
3,489

 
$
3,877

 
$
4,682

 
$
56,670

 
$
(53,132
)
 
$
3,538

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(1,819
)
 
(1,207
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,026
)
 
1,923

 
(1,103
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(496
)
 
(496
)
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
5,036

 
3,247

 
10,857

 
4,138

 
5,828

 
9,092

 
3,398

 
3,489

 
3,877

 
4,682

 
53,644

 
(51,705
)
 
1,939

Non-property adjustments (2)
(11
)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
(11
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(23
)
 
23

 
—

Interest income
1

 
(2
)
 
(8
)
 
(1
)
 
(3
)
 
(6
)
 
(3
)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(23
)
 
(3
)
 
(26
)
Interest expense
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,041

 
1,696

 
—

 
3,737

 
33,466

 
37,203

Amortization of loan costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
32

 
564

 
—

 
596

 
1,232

 
1,828

Depreciation and amortization
7,592

 
5,976

 
2,196

 
1,957

 
3,934

 
3,895

 
2,249

 
5,705

 
5,182

 
1,999

 
40,685

 
1

 
40,686

Income tax expense (benefit)
51

 
483

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15

 
—

 
—

 
549

 
548

 
1,097

Non-Hotel EBITDA ownership expense
695

 
32

 
20

 
126

 
117

 
35

 
5

 
31

 
15

 
20

 
1,096

 
(1,096
)
 
—

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
1,819

 
1,207

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,026

 
(3,026
)
 
—

EBITDA including amounts attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
15,183

 
10,942

 
13,065

 
6,209

 
9,876

 
13,016

 
5,649

 
11,312

 
11,334

 
6,701

 
103,287

 
(20,560
)
 
82,727

Less: EBITDA adjustments attributable to consolidated noncontrolling interest
25

 
(193
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(168
)
 
(4,868
)
 
(5,036
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(1,819
)
 
(1,207
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,026
)
 
3,026

 
—

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
496

 
496

EBITDA attributable to the Company and OP unitholders
$
13,389

 
$
9,542

 
$
13,065

 
$
6,209

 
$
9,876

 
$
13,016

 
$
5,649

 
$
11,312

 
$
11,334

 
$
6,701

 
$
100,093

 
$
(21,906
)
 
$
78,187

__________________
(1) 
Represents expenses not recorded at the individual hotel property level.
(2) 
Includes allocated amounts which were not specific to hotel properties, such as corporate taxes, insurance and legal expenses.


103

We calculate FFO and AFFO in the following table. FFO is calculated on the basis defined by NAREIT, which is net income (loss) attributable to the Company, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses on sales of properties and extraordinary items as defined by GAAP, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and after redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership. NAREIT developed FFO as a relative measure of performance of an equity REIT to recognize that income-producing real estate historically has not depreciated on the basis determined by GAAP. Our calculation of AFFO excludes preferred dividends, legal, advisory and settlement costs, (gain) loss on insurance settlements, transaction costs, write-off of loan costs and exit fees and non-cash items such as unrealized (gain) loss on investments, unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives, other (income) expense, compensation adjustment related to modified employment terms, non-employee stock/unit-based compensation and the Company’s portion of unrealized (gain) loss of investment in securities investment fund. FFO and AFFO exclude amounts attributable to the portion of a partnership owned by the third party. We consider FFO and AFFO to be appropriate measures of our ongoing normalized operating performance as a REIT. We compute FFO in accordance with our interpretation of standards established by NAREIT, which may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs that either do not define the term in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or interpret the NAREIT definition differently than us. FFO and AFFO do not represent cash generated from operating activities as determined by GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to GAAP net income or loss as an indication of our financial performance or GAAP cash flows from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. FFO and AFFO are also not indicative of funds available to satisfy our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. However, to facilitate a clear understanding of our historical operating results, we believe that FFO and AFFO should be considered along with our net income or loss and cash flows reported in the consolidated financial statements.

104

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to FFO and Adjusted FFO. The Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile is included from February 24, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the Pier House Resort is included from March 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the Bardessono Hotel is included from July 9, 2015 through December 31, 2016, the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas is included from December 15, 2015 through December 31, 2016 and the Seattle Courtyard Downtown is included from January 1, 2014 through June 30, 2016 (in thousands) (unaudited):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Net income (loss)
$
24,320

 
$
(4,691
)
 
$
3,538

Income from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(3,105
)
 
(2,414
)
 
(1,103
)
Net (Income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(1,899
)
 
393

 
(496
)
Preferred dividends
(3,860
)
 
(1,986
)
 
—

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
15,456

 
(8,698
)
 
1,939

Depreciation and amortization on real estate(1)
43,054

 
40,950

 
37,493

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
1,899

 
(393
)
 
496

(Gain) loss on sale of hotel property
(26,359
)
 
—

 
—

FFO available to common stockholders and OP unitholders
34,050

 
31,859

 
39,928

Preferred dividends
3,860

 
1,986

 
—

Unrealized (gain) loss on investment in Ashford Inc.
1,970

 
7,609

 
—

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives (1)
(427
)
 
3,248

 
111

Other (income) expense
165

 
(1,233
)
 
—

Transaction costs
457

 
633

 
1,871

Compensation adjustment related to modified employment terms
—

 
—

 
573

Non-cash, non-employee stock/unit-based compensation
4,156

 
3,846

 
1,778

(Gain) loss on insurance settlements
—

 
(21
)
 
(23
)
Legal, advisory and settlement costs
11,194

 
973

 
—

Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
2,595

 
54

 
—

Company’s portion of unrealized (gain) loss of investment in securities investment fund
2,587

 
2,927

 
—

AFFO available to the Company and OP unitholders
$
60,607

 
$
51,881

 
$
44,238

____________________
(1) 
Net of adjustment for noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities. The following table presents the amounts of the adjustments for noncontrolling interests for each line item:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Depreciation and amortization on real estate
$
(2,843
)
 
$
(2,874
)
 
$
(3,193
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
(2
)
 
(4
)
 
—


105

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our primary market risk exposure consists of changes in interest rates on borrowings under our debt instruments that bear interest at variable rates that fluctuate with market interest rates. To the extent that we acquire assets or conduct operations in an international jurisdiction, we will also have currency exchange risk. We may enter into certain hedging arrangements in order to manage interest rate and currency fluctuations. The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market interest rates.
At December 31, 2016, our total indebtedness of $767.0 million included $424.8 million of variable-rate debt. The impact on the results of operations of a 25-basis point change in interest rate on the outstanding balance of variable-rate debt at December 31, 2016, would be approximately $1.1 million per year. Interest rate changes will have no impact on the remaining $342.2 million of fixed rate debt.
The above amounts were determined based on the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our borrowings and assume no changes in our capital structure. The information presented above includes those exposures that existed at December 31, 2016, but it does not consider exposures or positions that could arise after that date. Accordingly, the information presented herein has limited predictive value. As a result, the ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to interest rate fluctuations will depend on exposures that arise during the period, the hedging strategies at the time, and the related interest rates.
In July 2015, we entered into two interest rate floors with an aggregate notional amount and strike rate of $3.0 billion and -0.25%, respectively. Our total exposure is capped at our initial upfront costs of $3.5 million.
We have purchased options on Eurodollar futures, excluding those that have matured, to hedge our cash flow risk for total costs of $310,000. Eurodollar futures prices reflect market expectations for interest rates on three month Eurodollar deposits for specific dates in the future, and the final settlement price is determined by three-month LIBOR on the last trading day. Options on Eurodollar futures provide the ability to limit losses while maintaining the possibility of profiting from favorable changes in the futures prices. As the purchaser, our maximum potential loss is limited to the initial premium paid for the Eurodollar option contracts, while our potential gain has no limit. These exchange-traded options are centrally cleared, and a clearinghouse stands in between all trades to ensure that the obligations involved in the trades are satisfied.


106

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

107

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm



Board of Directors and Stockholders
Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc.
Dallas, Texas

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP
Dallas, Texas
February 28, 2017




108

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. and subsidiaries
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our audit also included the financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) as it relates to information included therein as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated results of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. and subsidiaries’ operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule as it relates to information included therein as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects, the information set forth therein.


/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 16, 2015


109

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
ASSETS
 
 
 
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
1,014,532

 
$
1,091,479

Cash and cash equivalents
126,790

 
105,039

Restricted cash
37,855

 
33,135

Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $96 and $68, respectively
18,194

 
13,370

Inventories
1,479

 
1,451

Note receivable
8,098

 
8,098

Deferred costs, net
1,020

 
755

Prepaid expenses
3,669

 
3,132

Investment in unconsolidated entity
—

 
48,365

Investment in Ashford Inc., at fair value
8,407

 
10,377

Derivative assets
1,149

 
753

Other assets
2,249

 
2,543

Intangible assets, net
22,846

 
23,160

Due from Ashford Trust OP, net
488

 
—

Due from AQUA U.S. Fund
2,289

 
—

Due from related party, net
377

 
371

Due from third-party hotel managers
7,555

 
10,722

Total assets
$
1,256,997

 
$
1,352,750

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Indebtedness, net
$
764,616

 
$
835,592

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
44,791

 
43,568

Dividends and distributions payable
5,038

 
3,439

Unfavorable management contract liabilities
—

 
158

Due to Ashford Trust OP, net
—

 
528

Due to Ashford Inc.
5,085

 
6,369

Due to affiliate
2,500

 
—

Due to third-party hotel managers
973

 
1,158

Intangible liability, net
3,625

 
3,682

Other liabilities
1,432

 
1,181

Total liabilities
828,060

 
895,675

Commitments and contingencies (note 13)

 

5.50% Series B cumulative convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,890,850 and 2,600,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively
65,960

 
62,248

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
59,544

 
61,781

Equity:
 
 
 
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 26,021,552 and 28,471,775 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively
260

 
285

Additional paid-in capital
401,790

 
438,347

Accumulated deficit
(93,254
)
 
(99,773
)
Total stockholders’ equity of the Company
308,796

 
338,859

Noncontrolling interest in consolidated entity
(5,363
)
 
(5,813
)
Total equity
303,433

 
333,046

Total liabilities and equity
$
1,256,997

 
$
1,352,750

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

110

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands)
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
REVENUE
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
$
287,844

 
$
255,443

 
$
226,495

Food and beverage
95,618

 
79,894

 
67,854

Other
22,267

 
14,061

 
12,844

Total hotel revenue
405,729

 
349,398

 
307,193

Other
128

 
147

 
115

Total revenue
405,857

 
349,545

 
307,308

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
Hotel operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
65,541

 
56,341

 
51,636

Food and beverage
68,471

 
53,535

 
44,297

Other expenses
113,114

 
93,742

 
80,593

Management fees
15,456

 
14,049

 
12,525

Total hotel expenses
262,582

 
217,667

 
189,051

Property taxes, insurance and other
20,539

 
18,517

 
16,174

Depreciation and amortization
45,897

 
43,824

 
40,686

Advisory services fee
14,955

 
17,889

 
12,534

Transaction costs
457

 
538

 
1,871

Corporate general and administrative
14,286

 
5,134

 
3,242

Total expenses
358,716

 
303,569

 
263,558

OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)
47,141

 
45,976

 
43,750

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entity
(2,587
)
 
(2,927
)
 
—

Interest income
167

 
34

 
27

Gain (loss) on sale of hotel property
26,359

 
—

 
—

Other income (expense)
(165
)
 
1,233

 
—

Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
(40,881
)
 
(37,829
)
 
(39,031
)
Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
(2,595
)
 
(54
)
 
—

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment in Ashford Inc.
(1,970
)
 
(7,609
)
 
—

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
425

 
(3,252
)
 
(111
)
INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
25,894

 
(4,428
)
 
4,635

Income tax (expense) benefit
(1,574
)
 
(263
)
 
(1,097
)
NET INCOME (LOSS)
24,320

 
(4,691
)
 
3,538

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
(3,105
)
 
(2,414
)
 
(1,103
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(1,899
)
 
393

 
(496
)
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE COMPANY
$
19,316

 
$
(6,712
)
 
$
1,939

Preferred dividends
(3,860
)
 
(1,986
)
 
—

NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS
$
15,456

 
$
(8,698
)
 
$
1,939

INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - BASIC:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
0.57

 
$
(0.34
)
 
$
0.08

Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic
$
26,648

 
$
25,888

 
$
24,473

INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - DILUTED:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
0.55

 
$
(0.34
)
 
$
0.07

Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted
$
31,195

 
$
25,888

 
33,325

Dividends declared per common share
$
0.46

 
$
0.35

 
$
0.20

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

111

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
NET INCOME (LOSS)
$
24,320

 
$
(4,691
)
 
$
3,538

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS), NET OF TAX
 
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
24,320

 
(4,691
)
 
3,538

Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
(3,105
)
 
(2,414
)
 
(1,103
)
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(1,899
)
 
393

 
(496
)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE COMPANY
$
19,316

 
$
(6,712
)
 
$
1,939

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

112

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands)
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated Deficit
 
Noncontrolling
Interests in
Consolidated
Entities
 
Total
 
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Operating Partnership
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2014
16,129

 
$
161

 
$
246,928

 
$
(101,062
)
 
$
(2,626
)
 
$
143,401

 
$
159,726

Purchase of common stock
(928
)
 
(9
)
 
(14,315
)
 
(1,784
)
 
—

 
(16,108
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
413

 
—

 
—

 
413

 
1,938

Issuance of common stock
9,200

 
92

 
143,843

 
—

 
—

 
143,935

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
64

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
18

Forfeiture of restricted common shares
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
—

 
(22
)
 
—

Dividends declared – common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,031
)
 
—

 
(5,031
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,938
)
 
(2,938
)
 
(1,799
)
Redemption of operating partnership units
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,074
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,939

 
1,103

 
3,042

 
496

Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,750

 
—

 
7,750

 
(7,750
)
Balance at December 31, 2014
24,464

 
$
245

 
$
376,869

 
$
(98,210
)
 
$
(4,461
)
 
$
274,443

 
$
149,555

Purchase of common stock
(479
)
 
(4
)
 
(7,336
)
 
(876
)
 
—

 
(8,216
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
2,416

 
—

 
—

 
2,416

 
1,431

Issuance of common stock
200

 
2

 
3,102

 
—

 
—

 
3,104

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
44

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Forfeiture of restricted common shares
(2
)
 
—

 
(5
)
 
(5
)
 
—

 
(10
)
 
—

Dividends declared – common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,428
)
 
—

 
(9,428
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,986
)
 
—

 
(1,986
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,766
)
 
(3,766
)
 
(2,170
)
Redemption/conversion of operating partnership units
4,245

 
42

 
63,301

 
—

 
—

 
63,343

 
(69,198
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
(6,712
)
 
2,414

 
(4,298
)
 
(393
)
Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
17,444

 
—

 
17,444

 
(17,444
)
Balance at December 31, 2015
28,472

 
$
285

 
$
438,347

 
$
(99,773
)
 
$
(5,813
)
 
$
333,046

 
$
61,781

Purchase of common stock
(2,893
)
 
(29
)
 
(39,199
)
 
—

 
—

 
(39,228
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
721

 
—

 
—

 
721

 
3,435

Issuance of restricted shares/units
309

 
3

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
35

Forfeiture of restricted common shares
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Dividends declared – common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
(12,287
)
 
—

 
(12,287
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,860
)
 
—

 
(3,860
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,655
)
 
(2,655
)
 
(2,331
)
Redemption/conversion of operating partnership units
137

 
1

 
1,924

 
(341
)
 
—

 
1,584

 
(1,584
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
19,316

 
3,105

 
22,421

 
1,899

Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,691

 
—

 
3,691

 
(3,691
)
Balance at December 31, 2016
26,022

 
$
260

 
$
401,790

 
$
(93,254
)
 
$
(5,363
)
 
$
303,433

 
$
59,544

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

113

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
24,320

 
$
(4,691
)
 
$
3,538

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
45,897

 
43,824

 
40,686

Equity-based compensation
4,156

 
3,847

 
2,351

Bad debt expense
217

 
117

 
151

Amortization of loan costs
3,169

 
2,575

 
1,828

Write-off of loan costs and exit fees
2,595

 
54

 
—

Amortization of intangibles
107

 
(106
)
 
(214
)
(Gain) loss on sale of hotel property
(26,359
)
 
—

 
—

Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives
(269
)
 
3,252

 
111

Realized (gain) loss on marketable securities
—

 
(1,068
)
 
—

Unrealized (gain) loss on investment in Ashford Inc.
1,970

 
7,609

 
—

Purchases of trading securities
—

 
(105,878
)
 
—

Sales of trading securities
—

 
55,654

 
—

Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entity
2,587

 
2,927

 
—

Deferred tax expense (benefit)
1,089

 
(1,093
)
 
—

Payments for derivatives
(114
)
 
(3,853
)
 
—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, exclusive of the effect of hotel acquisitions and disposition:
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted cash
(2,307
)
 
418

 
(1,291
)
Accounts receivable and inventories
(5,617
)
 
1,923

 
(3,433
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(933
)
 
(338
)
 
19

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
3,277

 
5,416

 
4,360

Due to/from related party, net
(27
)
 
191

 
(497
)
Due to affiliate
2,500

 
—

 
—

Due to/from third-party hotel managers
2,882

 
(5,014
)
 
13,281

Due to/from Ashford Trust OP, net
(1,016
)
 
(119
)
 
(8,794
)
Due from Ashford Inc.
(1,284
)
 
3,823

 
2,546

Other liabilities
251

 
(80
)
 
212

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
57,091

 
9,390

 
54,854

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from property insurance
691

 
24

 
125

Net proceeds from sale of hotel property
82,732

 
—

 
—

Proceeds from sale of furniture, fixtures and equipment
—

 
206

 
—

Proceeds from liquidation of AQUA U.S. Fund
43,489

 
—

 
—

Acquisition of hotel properties, net of cash acquired
—

 
(144,102
)
 
(172,112
)
Investment in Ashford Inc.
—

 
(16,623
)
 
—

Change in restricted cash related to improvements and additions to hotel properties
(3,204
)
 
(3,437
)
 
(19,742
)
Improvements and additions to hotel properties
(23,423
)
 
(19,322
)
 
(21,034
)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
100,285

 
(183,254
)
 
(212,763
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings on indebtedness
—

 
152,000

 
82,299

Repayments of indebtedness
(73,268
)
 
(76,998
)
 
(8,180
)
Payments of loan costs and exit fees
(4,062
)
 
(3,317
)
 
(4,357
)
Payments for derivatives
(13
)
 
(117
)
 
(126
)
Purchase of common stock
(39,228
)
 
(8,876
)
 
(15,448
)
Payments for spin-off costs
—

 
—

 
(1,091
)
Payments for dividends and distributions
(16,879
)
 
(11,819
)
 
(6,402
)
Issuance of preferred stock
4,211

 
62,290

 
—

Issuance of common stock
—

 
3,104

 
143,935


114

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Issuance of restricted shares/units
—

 
—

 
19

Forfeiture of restricted shares/units
—

 
(10
)
 
(22
)
Redemption of operating partnership units
—

 
(5,855
)
 
(3,074
)
Distributions to a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated entity
(6,421
)
 
(2,938
)
 
(1,981
)
Other
35

 
—

 
—

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(135,625
)
 
107,464

 
185,572

Net change in cash and cash equivalents
21,751

 
(66,400
)
 
27,663

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
105,039

 
171,439

 
143,776

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
$
126,790

 
$
105,039

 
$
171,439

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
 
 
 
 
 
Interest paid
$
37,800

 
$
34,687

 
$
36,983

Income taxes paid
380

 
2,145

 
874

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in unconsolidated entity
$
—

 
$
51,292

 
$
—

Net other assets and liabilities acquired
—

 
—

 
(1,473
)
Assumption of debt
—

 
—

 
69,000

Dividends and distributions declared but not paid
5,038

 
3,439

 
1,674

Common stock purchases accrued but not paid
—

 
—

 
660

Capital expenditures accrued but not paid
1,574

 
549

 
140

Non-cash consideration from sale of property, plant and equipment
—

 
1,363

 
—

Investment in Ashford Inc.
—

 
1,363

 
—

Receivable related to liquidation of AQUA U.S. Fund
2,289

 
—

 
—

Distributions declared but not paid to a noncontrolling interest in a consolidated entity
—

 
3,766

 
2,938

Accrued preferred stock offering expenses
—

 
42

 
—

Non-cash preferred stock offering expense
479

 
—

 
—

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

115

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



1. Organization and Description of Business
Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Ashford Prime”), is a Maryland corporation that invests primarily in high revenue per available room (“RevPAR”) luxury hotels and resorts. High RevPAR, for purposes of our investment strategy, means RevPAR of at least twice the then-current U.S. national average RevPAR for all hotels as determined by Smith Travel Research. Ashford Prime has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code. Ashford Prime conducts its business and owns substantially all of its assets through its operating partnership, Ashford Hospitality Prime Limited Partnership (“Ashford Prime OP”). In this report, the terms “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refers to Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. and, as the context may require, all entities included in its consolidated financial statements.
We are advised by Ashford LLC through an advisory agreement. Ashford LLC is a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., which was spun-off from, and remains an affiliate of, Ashford Trust. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.
As of December 31, 2016, Remington Lodging, which is beneficially wholly-owned by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, Chairman of our board of directors, and Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., chairman emeritus of Ashford Trust, managed two of our eleven hotel properties. Third-party management companies managed the remaining hotel properties. On September 17, 2015, Remington Lodging and Ashford Inc. entered into an agreement pursuant to which Ashford Inc. will acquire all of the general partner interest and 80% of the limited partner interests in Remington Lodging. On April 12, 2016, Ashford Inc.’s stockholders approved the acquisition. On June 22, 2016 and on September 22, 2016, Ashford Inc. amended the agreement extending the date with respect to which Ashford Inc. and Remington Lodging have the right to terminate the agreement if the acquisition is not consummated prior to April 7, 2017. The acquisition is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, and if completed, will not impact our management agreements with Remington Lodging.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of such wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries of Ashford Prime OP that as of December 31, 2016, own and operate eleven hotel properties in six states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The portfolio includes nine wholly-owned hotel properties and two hotel properties that are owned through a partnership in which Ashford Prime OP has a controlling interest. These hotel properties represent 3,702 total rooms, or 3,467 net rooms, excluding those attributable to our partner. As a REIT, Ashford Prime needs to comply with limitations imposed by the Internal Revenue Code related to operating hotels. As of December 31, 2016, ten of our eleven hotel properties were leased by wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries that are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”) for federal income tax purposes (collectively the TRS entities are referred to as “Prime TRS”). One hotel property located in the U.S. Virgin Islands is owned by our USVI TRS. Prime TRS then engages third-party or affiliated hotel management companies to operate the hotel properties under management contracts. Hotel operating results related to the hotel properties are included in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2016, eight of the eleven hotel properties were leased by Ashford Prime’s wholly-owned TRS and two hotel properties majority-owned through a consolidated partnership were leased to a TRS wholly-owned by such consolidated partnership. Each leased hotel is leased under a percentage lease that provides for each lessee to pay in each calendar month the base rent plus, in each calendar quarter, percentage rent, if any, based on hotel revenues. Lease revenue from Prime TRS is eliminated in consolidation. The hotel properties are operated under management contracts with Marriott International, Inc. (“Marriott”), Hilton Worldwide (“Hilton”), Accor Business and Leisure Management, LLC (“Accor”) and Remington Lodging, which are eligible independent contractors under the Internal Revenue Code.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc., its majority-owned subsidiaries, and its majority-owned entities in which it has a controlling interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated in these consolidated financial statements.
Ashford Prime OP is considered to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”), as defined by authoritative accounting guidance. A VIE must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. All major decisions related to Ashford Prime OP that most significantly impact its economic performance, including but not limited to operating procedures with respect to business affairs and any acquisitions, dispositions, financings, restructurings or other transactions with sellers, purchasers, lenders, brokers, agents and

116

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


other applicable representatives, are subject to the approval of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Ashford Prime OP General Partner LLC, its general partner. As such, we consolidate Ashford Prime OP.
The following items affect reporting comparability of our historical consolidated financial statements:
•
On February 24, 2014, we acquired the Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile, and on March 1, 2014, we acquired the Pier House Resort. The operating results of these hotel properties are included in our results of operations as of their respective acquisition dates.
•
On July 9, 2015, we acquired the Bardessono Hotel, and on December 15, 2015, we acquired the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, USVI (“Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas”). The operating results of these hotel properties are included in our results of operations as of their acquisition dates.
•
On July 1, 2016, we sold the Courtyard Seattle Downtown.
Use of Estimates—The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand or held in banks and short-term investments with an initial maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase.
Restricted Cash—Restricted cash includes reserves for debt service, real estate taxes, and insurance, as well as excess cash flow deposits and reserves for furniture, fixtures, and equipment replacements of approximately 4% to 5% of property revenue for certain hotel properties, as required by certain management or mortgage debt agreement restrictions and provisions. For purposes of the statements of cash flows, changes in restricted cash caused by using such funds for debt service, real estate taxes, and insurance are shown as operating activities. Changes in restricted cash caused by using such funds for furniture, fixtures, and equipment replacements are included in cash flows from investing activities.
Accounts Receivable—Accounts receivable consists primarily of meeting and banquet room rental and hotel guest receivables. We generally do not require collateral. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of guests to make required payments for services. The allowance is maintained at a level believed adequate to absorb estimated receivable losses. The estimate is based on past receivable loss experience, known and inherent credit risks, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors, including specific reserves for certain accounts.
Inventories—Inventories, which primarily consist of food, beverages, and gift store merchandise, are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method.
Investments in Hotel Properties, net—Hotel properties are generally stated at cost. For hotel properties owned through our majority-owned entities, the carrying basis attributable to the partners’ minority ownership is recorded at historical cost, net of any impairment charges, while the carrying basis attributable to our majority ownership is recorded based on the allocated purchase price of our ownership interests in the entities. All improvements and additions which extend the useful life of the hotel properties are capitalized.
Impairment of Investments in Hotel Properties—Hotel properties are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the hotel is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the hotel to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, which take into account current market conditions and our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the hotel. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the hotel is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the property’s net book value exceeds its estimated fair value, or fair value, less cost to sell. In evaluating the impairment of hotel properties, we make many assumptions and estimates, including projected cash flows, expected holding period and expected useful life. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including internally developed discounted cash flow models, comparable market transactions and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we have not recorded any impairment charges.
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations—We classify assets as held for sale when we have obtained a firm commitment from a buyer, and consummation of the sale is considered probable and expected within one year. The related operations of assets held for sale are reported as discontinued if the disposal is a component of an entity or group of components that represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations and cash flows.

117

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


Investment in Unconsolidated Entity and Ashford Inc.—We held an investment in an unconsolidated entity, in which we had an ownership interest of 45.3% that was accounted for under the equity method of accounting by recording the initial investment and our percentage of interest in the entity’s net income/loss. We liquidated our investment in April 2016. We review the investment in unconsolidated entity for impairment in each reporting period pursuant to the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. An investment is impaired when its estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of our investment. Any impairment is recorded in equity in loss in unconsolidated entity. No such impairment was recorded in the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We also hold approximately 195,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which represented an approximate 9.7% ownership interest in Ashford Inc. and had a fair value of $8.4 million at December 31, 2016. This investment would typically be accounted for under the equity method of accounting, under Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 323-10 - Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures since we exercise significant influence. However, we have elected to record our investment in Ashford Inc. using the fair value option under ASC 825-10 - Fair Value Option - Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.
Our investments in certain unconsolidated entities are considered to be variable interests in the underlying entities. VIEs, as defined by authoritative accounting guidance, must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIEs activities that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. Because we do not have the power and financial responsibility to direct the unconsolidated entities’ activities and operations, we are not considered to be the primary beneficiary of these entities on an ongoing basis, and therefore such entities should not be consolidated. In evaluating VIEs, our analysis involves considerable management judgment and assumptions.
Deferred Costs, net—Debt issuance costs are reflected as a direct reduction to the related debt obligation. Additionally, debt issuance costs associated with our secured revolving credit facility are presented as an asset on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred loan costs are recorded at cost and amortized over the terms of the related indebtedness using the effective interest method. Deferred franchise fees are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related franchise agreements.
Intangible Assets and Intangible Liabilities—Intangible assets and liabilities represent the assets and liabilities recorded on certain hotel properties’ ground lease contracts that were below or above market rates at the date of acquisition. These assets and liabilities are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining terms of the respective lease contracts. See note 8.
Derivative Instruments—We use interest rate derivatives to hedge our risks and to capitalize on the historical correlation between changes in LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) and RevPAR. Interest rate derivatives could include interest rate caps and floors. These derivatives are subject to master netting settlement arrangements. Accordingly, we report derivatives with the same counterparty net on the consolidated balance sheets. We also purchase options on Eurodollar futures as a hedge against our cash flows. Eurodollar futures prices reflect market expectations for interest rates on three month Eurodollar deposits for specific dates in the future, and the final settlement price is determined by three-month LIBOR on the last trading day. Options on Eurodollar futures provide the ability to limit losses while maintaining the possibility of profiting from favorable changes in the futures prices. As the purchaser, our maximum potential loss is limited to the initial premium paid for the Eurodollar option contracts, while our potential gain has no limit. These exchange-traded options are centrally cleared, and a clearinghouse stands in between all trades to ensure that the obligations involved in the trades are satisfied.
All derivatives are recorded at fair value in accordance with the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. Interest rate derivatives and options on futures contracts are reported as “derivative assets” in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value of interest rate derivatives and future are recognized in earnings as “unrealized loss on derivatives” in the consolidated statements of operations.
Due to/from Related Party, net—Due to/from related party, net, represents current receivables related to advances for project management services and payables resulting from transactions related to hotel management, project management and market services with a related party. These receivables and payables are generally settled within a period not exceeding one year.
Due to/from Ashford Trust OP, net—Due to/from Ashford Trust OP, net, represents payables and receivables related to certain expenses. These receivables and payables are generally settled within a period not exceeding one year.
Due to Ashford Inc.—Due to Ashford Inc. represents payables related to the advisory services fee, including reimbursable expenses. These payables are generally settled within a period not exceeding one year.
Due to/from Third-Party Hotel Managers—Due from third-party hotel managers primarily consists of amounts due from Marriott related to cash reserves held at the Marriott corporate level related to operating, real estate taxes, and other items, as well as current receivables and payables resulting from transactions with other third-party managers related to hotel management.

118

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


Noncontrolling Interests—The redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership represent the limited partners’ proportionate share of equity in earnings/losses of the operating partnership, which is an allocation of net income attributable to the common unitholders based on the weighted average ownership percentage of these limited partners’ common unit holdings throughout the period. The redeemable noncontrolling interests in our operating partnership is classified in the mezzanine section of the consolidated balance sheets as these redeemable operating partnership units do not meet the requirements for permanent equity classification prescribed by the authoritative accounting guidance because these redeemable operating partnership units may be redeemed by the holder for cash or registered shares in certain cases outside of the Company’s control. The carrying value of the noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership is based on the greater of the accumulated historical cost or the redemption value.
The noncontrolling interest in a consolidated entity represents an ownership interest of 25% in two hotel properties at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and is reported in equity in the consolidated balance sheets.
Net income/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership and income/loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated entities are reported as deductions/additions from/to net income/loss. Comprehensive income/loss attributable to these noncontrolling interests is reported as reductions/additions from/to comprehensive income/loss.
Revenue Recognition—Hotel revenues, including room, food, beverage, and ancillary revenues such as long-distance telephone service, laundry, parking and space rentals, are recognized when services have been rendered. Taxes collected from customers and submitted to taxing authorities are not recorded in revenue.
Other Expenses—Other expenses include telephone charges, guest laundry, valet parking, hotel-level general and administrative expenses, sales and marketing expenses, repairs and maintenance, franchise fees and utility costs. They are expensed as incurred.
Advertising Costs—Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we incurred advertising costs of $3.1 million, $2.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively. Advertising costs are included in “Other expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations.
Equity-Based Compensation—Stock/unit-based compensation for non-employees is accounted for at fair value based on the market price of the shares at period end in accordance with applicable authoritative accounting guidance that results in recording expense, included in “advisory services fee” and “management fees,” equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period. Performance stock units (“PSUs”) and performance-based Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) units granted to certain executive officers are accounted for at fair value at period end based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model that results in recording expense, included in “advisory services fee,” equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period. Stock/unit grants to independent directors are recorded at fair value based on the market price of the shares at grant date, which amount is fully expensed as the grants of stock/units are fully vested on the date of grant and included in “corporate general and administrative” expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Depreciation and Amortization—Hotel properties are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the assets and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related assets. Presently, hotel properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over lives ranging from 7.5 to 39 years for buildings and improvements and 1.5 to 5 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment. While we believe our estimates are reasonable, a change in estimated useful lives could affect depreciation expense and net income (loss) as well as resulting gains or losses on potential hotel sales.
Income Taxes—As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal corporate income tax on the portion of our net income (loss) that does not relate to taxable REIT subsidiaries. However, Prime TRS and our USVI TRS are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries for federal income tax purposes. In accordance with authoritative accounting guidance, we account for income taxes related to our TRSs using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. In addition, the analysis utilized by us in determining our deferred tax asset valuation allowance involves considerable management judgment and assumptions.
The entities that own ten of our eleven hotel properties are considered partnerships for federal income tax purposes. Partnerships are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes. The partnerships’ revenues and expenses pass through to and are taxed on the owners. The states and cities where the partnerships operate follow the U.S. federal income tax treatment, with the exception of the District

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of Columbia, Texas, and the city of Philadelphia. Accordingly, we provide for income taxes in these jurisdictions for the partnerships. The consolidated entities that operate the eleven hotel properties are considered taxable corporations for U.S. federal, foreign, state, and city income tax purposes and have elected to be taxable REIT subsidiaries of Ashford Prime. The entities that operate the two hotel properties owned by a consolidated partnership elected to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries of Ashford Trust in April 2007, when the partnership was acquired by Ashford Trust. As a result of Ashford Trust’s distribution of its remaining common units of Ashford Prime OP and shares of common stock of Ashford Prime on July 27, 2015, the Prime TRSs revoked their elections to be taxable REIT subsidiaries of Ashford Trust effective July 29, 2015. The Prime TRSs remain taxable REIT subsidiaries of Ashford Prime.
The “Income Taxes” Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification addresses the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The guidance requires us to determine whether tax positions we have taken or expect to take in a tax return are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority based on the technical merits of the positions. Tax positions that do not meet the more likely than not threshold would be recorded as additional tax expense in the current period. We analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations for each jurisdiction, which includes the federal jurisdiction and various states. We classify interest and penalties related to underpayment of income taxes as income tax expense. We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and cities. Tax years 2012 through 2016 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.
Income (Loss) Per Share—Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period using the two-class method prescribed by applicable authoritative accounting guidance. Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method, or the treasury stock method, if more dilutive. Diluted income (loss) per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares, whereby such exercise or conversion would result in lower income per share.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards—In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”), to provide guidance on management's responsibility to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 also requires certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 applies to all entities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2016, and the adoption of this standard did not have any impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In February 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (“ASU 2015-02”). The ASU amends the consolidation guidance for VIEs and general partners’ investments in limited partnerships and modifies the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are VIEs or voting interest entities. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2016, and the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards—In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model, which requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The update will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date to fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The FASB has also issued additional updates that further clarify the requirements of Topic 606 and provide implementation guidance. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are in the initial stages of evaluating the effect of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including as it pertains to accounting for real estate sales, and continue to evaluate the available transition methods. However, we have not yet selected a transition method. Based on our initial and ongoing assessment of ASU 2014-09, we do not currently believe there will be a material impact to the amount or timing of revenue recognition for rooms revenue, food and beverage revenue and other hotel revenue.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which requires an entity to: (i) measure equity investments at fair value through net income, with certain exceptions; (ii) present in OCI the changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured using the fair

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value option; (iii) present financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset; (iv) calculate the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes based on an exit price and; (v) assess a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to unrealized losses of AFS debt securities in combination with other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-01 provides an election to subsequently measure certain nonmarketable equity investments at cost less any impairment and adjusted for certain observable price changes. It also requires a qualitative impairment assessment of such equity investments and amends certain fair value disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Certain provisions of ASU 2016-01 are eligible for early adoption. We do not expect that ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The accounting for leases under which we are the lessor remains largely unchanged. While we are currently in the initial stages of assessing the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements, we expect the primary impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption will be the recognition, on a discounted basis, of our future minimum rentals due under noncancelable leases on our consolidated balance sheets resulting in the recording of ROU assets and lease obligations. Our current minimum commitments under noncancelable operating leases are disclosed in note 13. We have not yet selected a transition method.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). The ASU sets forth an “expected credit loss” impairment model to replace the current “incurred loss” method of recognizing credit losses. The standard requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for most financial assets held. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-13 will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments - a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“ASU 2016-15”). The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. Certain issues addressed in this guidance include - Debt payments or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, distributions received from equity method investments and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-15 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash" (“ASU 2016-18”), which clarifies the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statements of cash flows. Under ASU 2016-18 restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-18 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, "Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Clarifying the Definition of a Business" (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of an asset or a business. ASU 2017-01 is effective for annual reporting beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. While we are currently evaluating the potential impact of the standard, we currently expect that certain future hotel acquisitions may be considered asset acquisitions rather than business combinations, which would affect capitalization of acquisitions costs (such costs are expensed for business combinations and capitalized for asset acquisitions). 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


3. Investments in Hotel Properties, net
Investments in hotel properties, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Land
$
210,696

 
$
227,620

Buildings and improvements
972,412

 
1,017,086

Furniture, fixtures and equipment
70,922

 
68,529

Construction in progress
4,382

 
2,386

Total cost
1,258,412

 
1,315,621

Accumulated depreciation
(243,880
)
 
(224,142
)
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
1,014,532

 
$
1,091,479

The cost of land and depreciable property, net of accumulated depreciation, for federal income tax purposes was approximately $1.0 billion and $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, depreciation expense was $45.7 million, $43.6 million and $40.5 million, respectively.
Final Purchase Price Allocation
Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas
On December 15, 2015, we acquired a 100% interest in the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands for total consideration of $64.0 million. Subsequent to the close of the transaction, we completed the financing of a $42.0 million mortgage loan. See note 9. We prepared a purchase price allocation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The final purchase price allocation was prepared with the assistance of a third-party appraisal firm during the three months ended March 31, 2016. The final purchase price allocation resulted in adjustments to land, buildings and improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment, which resulted in a $25,000 increase in depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016. This valuation is considered a Level 3 valuation technique.
The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition (in thousands):
 
Preliminary Allocations as of December 31, 2015
 
Adjustments
 
Final Allocations as of March 31, 2016
Land
$
25,264

 
$
269

 
$
25,533

Buildings and improvements
34,853

 
(3,100
)
 
31,753

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment
3,883

 
2,831

 
6,714

 
$
64,000

 
$
—

 
$
64,000

4. Hotel Disposition
On July 1, 2016, the Company sold the Courtyard Seattle Downtown for $84.5 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of $26.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and is included in “gain on sale of hotel property” in the consolidated statements of operations. Since the sale of the hotel property does not represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, its results of operations were not reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements.

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We included the results of operations for these assets through the date of disposition in net income (loss) as shown in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The following table includes the condensed financial information from this hotel property (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Total hotel revenue
$
7,995

 
$
16,259

 
$
15,339

Total hotel operating expenses
(4,463
)
 
(9,089
)
 
(8,749
)
Operating income (loss)
3,532

 
7,170

 
6,590

Property taxes, insurance and other
(333
)
 
(627
)
 
(496
)
Depreciation and amortization
(834
)
 
(2,091
)
 
(1,957
)
Gain (loss) on sale of hotel property
26,359

 
—

 
—

Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
(1,709
)
 
(3,503
)
 
(3,551
)
Income before income taxes
27,015

 
949

 
586

(Income) loss before income taxes attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(2,972
)
 
(121
)
 
(152
)
Income (loss) before income taxes attributable to the Company
$
24,043

 
$
828

 
$
434

5. Note Receivable
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we owned a note receivable of $8.1 million from the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note bears interest at a rate of 12.85% and matures in 2018. The interest income recorded on the note receivable is offset against the interest expense recorded on the TIF loan of the same amount. See note 9.
6. Investment in Unconsolidated Entity
Ashford Inc.
On July 31, 2015, we entered into a block trade with an unaffiliated third party pursuant to a sale arrangement between the Company, Ashford Inc. and Ashford Trust. The block trade included the purchase from a third party of approximately 175,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock at $95.00 per share, which approximated the 120-day volume weighted average share price, for a total cost of approximately $16.6 million. The sale arrangement and block trade were evaluated and approved by the independent members of our board of directors. The block trade purchase price and other terms of the sale arrangement were the result of negotiations with the third party, and the board of directors received a fairness opinion from an independent financial advisor that the price paid for the Ashford Inc. shares by the Company was fair to the Company. We did not receive any concessions or economic benefits from Ashford Inc. pertaining to our current contractual arrangements with Ashford Inc. in connection with this block trade. The block trade settled on August 4, 2015, and the loss resulting from the block trade is recorded within “unrealized loss on investment in Ashford Inc.” in our consolidated statement of operations for year ended December 31, 2015.
Separately, on September 14, 2015, we received 19,897 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock from Ashford Inc. as part of our acquisition of the Bardessono Hotel. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we held approximately 195,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which represented an approximate 9.7% ownership interest in Ashford Inc. and had a fair value of $8.4 million and $10.4 million, respectively. See notes 11 and 12.
We have elected to use the fair value option, under the applicable accounting guidance, to account for our investment in Ashford Inc. as the fair value is readily available since Ashford Inc. common stock is traded on a national exchange. The fair value of our investment in Ashford Inc. is included in “investment in Ashford Inc., at fair value” on our consolidated balance sheets, and changes in market value are included in “unrealized loss on investment in Ashford Inc.” on our consolidated statements of operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


The following tables summarize the condensed balance sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the condensed statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, of Ashford Inc. (in thousands):
Ashford Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Total assets
 
$
129,797

 
$
166,991

Total liabilities
 
38,168

 
30,115

Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
1,480

 
240

Total stockholders’ equity of Ashford Inc.
 
37,377

 
32,165

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
 
52,772

 
104,471

Total equity
 
90,149

 
136,636

Total liabilities and equity
 
$
129,797

 
$
166,991

Our investment in Ashford Inc., at fair value
 
$
8,407

 
$
10,377

Ashford Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2016
 
2015
Total revenue
 
$
67,607

 
$
58,981

Total operating expenses
 
(70,064
)
 
(60,332
)
Operating loss
 
(2,457
)
 
(1,351
)
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investment in unconsolidated entity
 
(1,460
)
 
(2,141
)
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments
 
(7,787
)
 
(7,600
)
Other
 
81

 
1,114

Income tax (expense) benefit
 
(780
)
 
(2,066
)
Net income (loss)
 
(12,403
)
 
(12,044
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
8,860

 
10,852

Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
1,147

 
2

Net gain (loss) attributable to Ashford Inc.
 
$
(2,396
)
 
$
(1,190
)
Our unrealized gain (loss) on investment in Ashford Inc.
 
$
(1,970
)
 
$
(7,609
)
AQUA U.S. Fund
In June 2015, for consideration of certain marketable securities, we obtained a 45.3% ownership interest in the AQUA U.S. Fund, previously named the REHE Fund. The AQUA U.S. Fund is managed by Ashford Investment Management, LLC (“AIM”), an indirect subsidiary of Ashford Inc. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the AQUA U.S. Fund was consolidated by Ashford Inc. The AQUA U.S. Fund invests substantially all of its assets in the Ashford Quantitative Alternatives Master Fund, LP (the “Master Fund”), previously named the AIM Real Estate Hedged Equity Master Fund, LP, and as a consequence of our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund, we obtained an indirect interest in the Master Fund. Our maximum exposure of loss was limited to our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund.
During the second quarter of 2016, we liquidated our investment in the AQUA U.S. Fund subject to a 5% hold back which is expected to be paid upon completion of the audit of the AQUA U.S. Fund’s financial statements, or sooner at the general partner’s discretion. As of December 31, 2016, we held a receivable from the AQUA U.S. Fund of $2.3 million, included in Due from AQUA U.S. Fund on our consolidated balance sheet.
The Master Fund generally invests in publicly traded equity securities and put and call options on publicly traded equity securities. The AQUA U.S. Fund records its investment in the Master Fund at its proportionate share of net assets. Income (loss)

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


and distributions are allocated to the AQUA U.S. Fund’s partners based on their ownership percentage of the AQUA U.S. Fund. Our equity in loss in the AQUA U.S. Fund represented our share of the AQUA U.S. Fund’s loss for the four months ended April 30, 2016 and year ended December 31, 2015. We were not obligated to pay any portion of the management fee or the performance allocation in favor of the AQUA U.S. Fund’s investment manager and general partner, respectively, but did share pro-rata in all other applicable expenses of the AQUA U.S. Fund. As of December 31, 2015, we owned an approximate 45.3% ownership interest in the AQUA U.S. Fund.
The following tables summarize the condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, and the condensed statements of operations for the four months ended April 30, 2016 and year ended December 31, 2015, of the AQUA U.S. Fund (in thousands):
Ashford Quantitative Alternative (U.S.) Fund, LP
Condensed Balance Sheet
 
 
December 31, 2015
Total assets
 
$
106,792

Partners’ capital
 
106,792

Total liabilities and partners’ capital
 
$
106,792

Our ownership interest in the AQUA U.S. Fund
 
$
48,365

Ashford Quantitative Alternative (U.S.) Fund, LP
Condensed Statements of Operations
 
 
Four Months Ended
 
Year Ended
 
 
April 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Total investment income
 
$
21

 
$
1,266

Net expenses
 
(208
)
 
(273
)
Net investment income (loss)
 
(187
)

993

Net unrealized gain (loss) on investments
 
2,249

 
(2,308
)
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
 
(7,777
)
 
(5,103
)
Net gain (loss) attributable to the AQUA U.S. Fund
 
$
(5,715
)
 
$
(6,418
)
Our equity in earnings (loss) of the AQUA U.S. Fund
 
$
(2,587
)
 
$
(2,927
)
7. Deferred Costs, net
Deferred costs, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Deferred loan costs
$
1,074

 
$
2,122

Accumulated amortization
(54
)
 
(1,367
)
Deferred costs, net
$
1,020

 
$
755


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


8. Intangible Assets, net and Intangible Liability, net
Intangible assets, net and intangible liability, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
Intangible Assets, net
 
Intangible Liability, net
 
December 31,
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Cost
$
24,050

 
$
24,050

 
$
4,179

 
$
4,179

Accumulated amortization
(1,204
)
 
(890
)
 
(554
)
 
(497
)
 
$
22,846

 
$
23,160

 
$
3,625

 
$
3,682

Intangible assets represents favorable market-rate leases which relate to the acquisitions of the Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines hotel in La Jolla, CA and the Bardessono Hotel in Yountville, CA, which are being amortized over the lease terms with expiration dates of 2043 and 2105, respectively. The intangible liability represents an unfavorable market-rate lease which relates to the acquisition of the Renaissance Tampa International Plaza in Tampa, FL, which is being amortized over the remaining initial lease term that expires in 2080.
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, amortization related to intangible assets was $314,000, $199,000 and $89,000, respectively, and amortization related to the intangible liability was $57,000, $57,000 and $56,000, respectively.
Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets and intangible liabilities for each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):
 
Intangible
Assets
 
Intangible Liabilities
2017
$
296

 
$
57

2018
296

 
57

2019
296

 
57

2020
296

 
57

2021
296

 
57

Thereafter
21,366

 
3,340

Total
$
22,846

 
$
3,625


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


9. Indebtedness, net
Indebtedness and the carrying values of related collateral were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Indebtedness
 
Collateral
 
Maturity
 
Interest
Rate
 
Debt
Balance
 
Book Value of
Collateral
 
Debt
Balance
 
Book Value of
Collateral
Secured revolving credit facility(3)
 
None
 
November 2019
 
Base Rate(2) + 1.25% to 2.50% or LIBOR(1) +2.25% to 3.50%
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Mortgage loan(4)
 
1 hotel
 
March 2017
 
LIBOR(1) +2.30%
 
80,000

 
139,560

 
80,000

 
142,656

Mortgage loan(5)
 
1 hotel
 
March 2017
 
LIBOR(1) +2.25%
 
70,000

 
88,923

 
70,000

 
90,957

Mortgage loan(6) (10)
 
1 hotel
 
April 2017
 
5.91%
 
32,879

 
89,443

 
33,381

 
93,856

Mortgage loan(7) (10)
 
1 hotel
 
April 2017
 
5.95%
 
55,915

 
84,492

 
122,374

 
136,812

Mortgage loan (10)
 
3 hotels
 
April 2017
 
5.95%
 
245,307

 
257,465

 
249,020

 
262,411

Mortgage loan(5)
 
1 hotel
 
December 2017
 
LIBOR(1) + 4.95%
 
40,000

 
59,521

 
40,000

 
61,329

Mortgage loan(5)
 
1 hotel
 
December 2017
 
LIBOR(1) + 4.95%
 
42,000

 
63,306

 
42,000

 
63,886

TIF loan(6) (8)
 
1 hotel
 
June 2018
 
12.85%
 
8,098

 
—

 
8,098

 
—

Mortgage loan(9)
 
2 hotels
 
November 2019
 
LIBOR(1) +2.65%
 
192,765

 
231,822

 
195,359

 
239,572

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
766,964

 
1,014,532

 
840,232

 
1,091,479

Deferred loan costs, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,348
)
 
—

 
(4,640
)
 
—

Indebtedness, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
764,616

 
$
1,014,532

 
$
835,592

 
$
1,091,479

__________________
(1) 
LIBOR rates were 0.772% and 0.430% at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(2) 
Base Rate, as defined in the secured revolving credit facility agreement, is the greater of (i) the prime rate set by Bank of America, or (ii) federal funds rate + 0.5%, or (iii) LIBOR +1.0%.
(3) 
Our borrowing capacity under our secured revolving credit facility is $100.0 million. We have an option, subject to lender approval, to further increase the borrowing capacity to an aggregate of $250.0 million. We may use up to $15.0 million for standby letters of credit. The secured revolving credit facility has two one-year extension options subject to advance notice, satisfaction of certain conditions and a 0.25% extension fee.
(4) 
This loan has three one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, of which the first was exercised in March 2016.
(5) 
This loan has three one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
(6) 
These loans are collateralized by the same property.
(7) 
Approximately $65 million of the mortgage loan was repaid upon the sale of Courtyard Seattle Downtown which occurred on July 1, 2016.
(8) 
The interest expense from the TIF loan is offset against interest income recorded on the note receivable of the same amount. See note 5.
(9) 
This loan has two one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
(10) 
This loan was refinanced subsequent to December 31, 2016. See note 24.
Maturities and scheduled amortization of indebtedness as of December 31, 2016 for each of the following five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):
2017
$
569,092

2018
11,037

2019
186,835

2020
—

2021
—

Thereafter
—

Total
$
766,964

On December 15, 2015, in connection with the acquisition of the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas, we completed the financing of a $42.0 million loan. This loan is interest only and provides for a floating interest rate of LIBOR + 4.95%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is December 2017, with three one-year extension options. The mortgage loan is secured by the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


On November 23, 2015, we completed the financing of a $40.0 million mortgage loan. The mortgage loan bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 4.95%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is December 2017, with three one-year extension options. The mortgage loan is secured by the Bardessono Hotel.
We are required to maintain certain financial ratios under our secured revolving credit facility. If we violate covenants in any debt agreement, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of certain debt covenants may result in our inability to borrow unused amounts under our line of credit, even if repayment of some or all of our borrowings is not required. The assets of certain of our subsidiaries are pledged under non-recourse indebtedness and are not available to satisfy the debts and other obligations of the consolidated group. As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance in all material respects with all covenants or other requirements set forth in our debt agreements as amended.
10. Derivative Instruments
Interest Rate Derivatives—We are exposed to risks arising from our business operations, economic conditions and financial markets. To manage these risks, we primarily use interest rate derivatives to hedge our debt and our cash flows. The interest rate derivatives include interest rate caps and interest rate floors, which are subject to master netting settlement arrangements. All derivatives are recorded at fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we entered into interest rate caps with notional amounts totaling $224.5 million and strike rates ranging from 5.43% to 5.78%. These interest rate caps had effective dates from March 2016 to December 2016, maturity dates from March 2017 to December 2017, and total costs of $13,000. These instruments were not designated as cash flow hedges.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we entered into interest rate caps with notional amounts totaling $139.5 million and strike rates ranging from 2.00% to 4.50%. These interest rate caps had effective dates from March 2015 to December 2015, maturity dates from March 2017 to January 2018 and total costs of $117,000. These instruments were not designated as cash flow hedges. We also entered into two interest rate floors with an aggregate notional amount and strike rate of $3.0 billion and -0.25%, respectively, which had effective dates of July 2015 and maturity dates of July 2020, for a total cost of $3.5 million. The interest rate floors were not designated as cash flow hedges.
As of December 31, 2016, we had interest rate caps with notional amounts totaling $364.0 million and strike rates ranging from 2.00% to 5.78%. These instruments cap the interest rates on our mortgage loans with principal balances of $424.8 million and maturity dates from March 2017 to November 2019. These instruments had maturity dates ranging from March 2017 to January 2018. As of December 31, 2016, we had interest rate floors with notional amounts totaling $3.0 billion and strike rates of -0.25%. These instruments each have a maturity date of July 2020.
Options on Futures Contracts—During the year ended December 31, 2016, we purchased an option on Eurodollar futures for a total cost of $124,000 and a maturity date of June 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we purchased options on Eurodollar futures for total costs of $372,000 and maturity dates ranging from September 2016 to March 2017.
11. Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Hierarchy—Our financial instruments measured at fair value either on a recurring or a non-recurring basis are classified in a hierarchy for disclosure purposes consisting of three levels based on the observability of inputs in the market place as discussed below:
•
Level 1: Fair value measurements that are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets.
•
Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
•
Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
The fair value of interest rate caps is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rates of the caps. The variable interest rates used in

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


the calculation of projected receipts on the caps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves (LIBOR forward curves) and volatilities (the Level 2 inputs). We also incorporate credit valuation adjustments (the Level 3 inputs) to appropriately reflect both our own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk.
The fair value of interest rate floors is calculated using a third-party discounted cash flow model based on future cash flows that are expected to be received over the remaining life of the floor. These expected future cash flows are probability-weighted projections based on the contract terms, accounting for both the magnitude and likelihood of potential payments, which are both computed using the appropriate LIBOR forward curve and market implied volatilities as of the valuation date (Level 2 inputs).
The fair value of options on futures contracts is determined based on the last reported settlement price as of the measurement date (Level 1 inputs). These exchange-traded options are centrally cleared, and a clearinghouse stands in between all trades to ensure that the obligations involved in the trades are satisfied.
When a majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, when the valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counter-parties, which we consider significant (10% or more) to the overall valuation of our derivatives, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers of inputs between levels are determined at the end of each reporting period.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis aggregated by the level within which measurements fall in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
 
 
Quoted Market Prices (Level 1)
 
Significant Other
Observable Inputs (Level 2)
 
Total
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
 
$
—

 
$
1,091

 
$
1,091

 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
Options on futures contracts
 
58

 
—

 
58

 
 
 
58

 
1,091

 
1,149

(1) 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in Ashford Inc.
 
8,407

 
—

 
8,407

 
Total
 
$
8,465

 
$
1,091

 
$
9,556

 
 
 
Quoted Market Prices (Level 1)
 
Significant Other
Observable Inputs (Level 2)
 
Total
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
 
$
—

 
$
578

 
$
578

 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
 
—

 
58

 
58

 
Options on futures contracts
 
117

 
—

 
117

 
 
 
117

 
636

 
753

(1) 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in Ashford Inc.
 
10,377

 
—

 
10,377

 
Total
 
$
10,494

 
$
636

 
$
11,130

 
__________________
(1) 
Reported as “derivative assets” in the consolidated balance sheets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


Effect of Fair Value Measured Assets and Liabilities on Consolidated Statements of Operations
The following table summarizes the effect of fair value measured assets and liabilities on the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
513

 
$
(2,963
)
 
$
—

Interest rate derivatives - caps
(71
)
 
(94
)
 
(111
)
Equity put options
—

 
(1,017
)
 
—

Equity call options
—

 
23

 
—

Options on futures contracts
(173
)
 
(195
)
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in Ashford Inc.
(1,970
)
 
(7,609
)
 
—

Equity - American Depositary Receipt
—

 
(75
)
 
—

Equity securities
—

 
560

 
—

U.S. treasury securities
—

 
53

 
—

Total
(1,701
)
 
(11,317
)
 
(111
)
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Short equity put options
—

 
680

 
—

Short equity call options
—

 
844

 
—

Net
$
(1,701
)
 
$
(9,793
)
 
$
(111
)
Total combined
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
513

 
$
(2,963
)
 
$
—

Interest rate derivatives - caps
(71
)
 
(94
)
 
(111
)
Options on futures contracts
(17
)
 
(195
)
 
—

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
425

 
(3,252
)
 
(111
)
Realized gain (loss) on options on futures contracts
(156
)
(1) 
—

 
—

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment in Ashford Inc.
(1,970
)
 
(7,609
)
 
—

Realized gain (loss) on marketable securities
—

 
1,068

(1) 
—

Net
$
(1,701
)
 
$
(9,793
)
 
$
(111
)
__________________
(1) 
Included in “other income (expense)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


12. Summary of Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Determining the estimated fair values of certain financial instruments such as notes receivable and indebtedness requires considerable judgment to interpret market data. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts at which these instruments could be purchased, sold or settled.
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in Ashford Inc.
 
$
8,407

 
$
8,407

 
$
10,377

 
$
10,377

Derivative assets
 
1,149

 
1,149

 
753

 
753

Financial assets not measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
126,790

 
$
126,790

 
$
105,039

 
$
105,039

Restricted cash
 
37,855

 
37,855

 
33,135

 
33,135

Accounts receivable, net
 
18,194

 
18,194

 
13,370

 
13,370

Note receivable
 
8,098

 
8,511 to 9,407

 
8,098

 
9,157 to 10,120

Due from Ashford Trust OP, net
 
488

 
488

 
—

 
—

Due from AQUA U.S. Fund
 
2,289

 
2,289

 
—

 
—

Due from related party, net
 
377

 
377

 
371

 
371

Due from third-party hotel managers
 
7,555

 
7,555

 
10,722

 
10,722

Financial liabilities not measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indebtedness
 
$
766,964

 
$726,774 to $803,276

 
$
840,232

 
$801,058 to $885,379

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
44,791

 
44,791

 
43,568

 
43,568

Dividends and distributions payable
 
5,038

 
5,038

 
3,439

 
3,439

Due to Ashford Trust OP, net
 
—

 
—

 
528

 
528

Due to Ashford Inc.
 
5,085

 
5,085

 
6,369

 
6,369

Due to affiliate
 
2,500

 
2,500

 
—

 
—

Due to third-party hotel managers
 
973

 
973

 
1,158

 
1,158

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. These financial assets have maturities of less than 90 days and most bear interest at market rates. The carrying value approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.
Accounts receivable, net, due from AQUA U.S. Fund, due from related party, net, accounts payable and accrued expenses, dividends and distributions payable, due to/from Ashford Trust OP, net, due to Ashford Inc., due to affiliate and due to/from third-party hotel managers. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.
Note receivable. Fair value of the note receivable was determined by using similar loans with similar collateral. Since there is very little to no trading activity, we relied on our internal analysis of what we believe a willing buyer would pay for this note at December 31, 2016 and 2015. We estimated the fair value of the note receivable to be approximately 5.1% to 16.2% higher than the carrying value of $8.1 million at December 31, 2016, and approximately 13.1% to 25.0% higher than the carrying value of $8.1 million at December 31, 2015. This is considered a Level 2 valuation technique.
Investment in Ashford Inc. Fair value of the investment in Ashford Inc. is based on the quoted closing price on the balance sheet date. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.
Derivative assets. Fair value of the interest rate derivatives is determined using the net present value of the expected cash flows of each derivative based on the market-based interest rate curve and adjusted for credit spreads of us and the counterparties.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


Fair value of interest rate floors is calculated using a third-party discounted cash flow model based on future cash flows that are expected to be received over the remaining life of the floor. The fair values of options on futures contracts are valued at their last reported settlement price as of the measurement date. See notes 2, 10 and 11 for a complete description of the methodology and assumptions utilized in determining fair values.
Indebtedness. Fair value of indebtedness is determined using future cash flows discounted at current replacement rates for these instruments. Cash flows are determined using a forward interest rate yield curve. The current replacement rates are determined by using the U.S. Treasury yield curve or the index to which these financial instruments are tied, and adjusted for the credit spreads. Credit spreads take into consideration general market conditions, maturity and collateral. We estimated the fair value of the total indebtedness to be approximately 94.8% to 104.7% of the carrying value of $767.0 million at December 31, 2016, and approximately 95.3% to 105.4% of the carrying value of $840.2 million at December 31, 2015. This is considered a Level 2 valuation technique.
13. Commitments and Contingencies
Restricted Cash—Under certain management and debt agreements for our hotel properties existing at December 31, 2016, escrow payments are required for insurance, real estate taxes, and debt service. In addition, for certain properties based on the terms of the underlying debt and management agreements, we escrow 4% to 5% of gross revenues for capital improvements.
Management Fees—Under management agreements for our hotel properties existing at December 31, 2016, we pay a) monthly property management fees equal to the greater of $10,000 (CPI adjusted since 2003) or 3% of gross revenues, or in some cases 3% to 7% of gross revenues, as well as annual incentive management fees, if applicable, b) market service fees on approved capital improvements, including project management fees of up to 4% of project costs, for certain hotels, and c) other general fees at current market rates as approved by our independent directors, if required. These management agreements expire from May 2023 through December 2065, excluding renewal options. If we terminate a management agreement prior to its expiration, we may be liable for estimated management fees through the remaining term, liquidated damages or, in certain circumstances, we may substitute a new management agreement.
Leases—We lease land under three non-cancelable operating ground leases, which expire in 2043, 2080 and 2055, related to our hotel properties in La Jolla, CA, Tampa, FL and Yountville, CA, respectively. The lease in Yountville, CA contains two 25-year extension options. These leases are subject to base rent plus contingent rent based on the related property’s financial results and escalation clauses. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recognized rent expense of $5.7 million, $4.7 million and $3.5 million, respectively, which included contingent rent of $2.0 million, $1.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Rent expense is included in “other” hotel expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Future minimum rentals due under non-cancelable leases are as follows for each of the years ending December 31, (in thousands):
2017
$
3,000

2018
2,940

2019
2,932

2020
2,970

2021
2,981

Thereafter
96,224

Total
$
111,047

Capital Commitments—At December 31, 2016, we had capital commitments of $11.0 million relating to general capital improvements that are expected to be paid in the next twelve months.
Litigation—On February 3, 2016, Sessa Capital (Master), L.P. (“Sessa”) filed an action (the “Maryland Action”) in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, captioned Sessa Capital (Master) L.P. v. Bennett, et al., Case No. 24-C-16-000557 (Baltimore City Cir. Ct. 2016), against Ashford Prime, the members of the Ashford Prime board of directors, Ashford LLC and Ashford Inc. The Maryland Action generally alleged that the directors of Ashford Prime breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the June 2015 amendments to the Company’s advisory agreement with Ashford LLC. The Maryland Action also alleged that Ashford Inc. aided and abetted those breaches of fiduciary duties. On February 29, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Maryland Action. On March 14, 2016, Sessa voluntarily dismissed the Maryland Action.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


On February 25, 2016, Ashford Prime filed a lawsuit (the “Texas Federal Action”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, captioned Ashford Hospitality Prime, Inc. v. Sessa Capital (Master), L.P., et al., No. 16-cv-00527 (N.D. Texas 2016) (DCG), against Sessa, related entities, and Sessa’s proposed director nominees John E. Petry, Philip B. Livingston, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Daniel B. Silvers and Chris D. Wheeler. The Texas Federal Action generally alleges that the defendants violated federal securities laws because Sessa’s proxy materials contain numerous false claims, material misrepresentations and omissions relating to, among other things, the proposed nominees, the financial risks associated with Sessa’s efforts to gain control of the board and Sessa’s plans and strategy for the Company and its assets. Among other remedies, the Texas Federal Action seeks to enjoin Sessa from proceeding with its proxy contest.
On March 8, 2016, Ashford Prime filed a lawsuit (the “Texas State Action”) in the District Court of Dallas County, Texas, captioned Ashford Hospital Prime, Inc. v. Sessa Capital (Master) L.P., et al., Cause No. DC-16-02738, against Sessa, related entities, and Sessa’s proposed director nominees John E. Petry, Philip B. Livingston, Lawrence A. Cunningham, Daniel B. Silvers and Chris D. Wheeler. The Texas State Action generally alleges that Sessa’s purported notice of proposed nominees for election to the Ashford Prime board of directors is invalid due to numerous failures by the defendants to comply with material provisions in the Company’s bylaws. Among other things, the Texas State Action seeks a declaratory judgment confirming the inability of Sessa’s proposed director nominees to stand for election at the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. On March 14, 2016, Sessa removed the Texas State Action from state court to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas with Cause No. 16-cv-00713.
On March 14, 2016, Sessa filed counterclaims and a motion for a preliminary injunction in the Texas Federal Action. These counterclaims include substantially the same claims as previously asserted by Sessa in the Maryland Action, and also allege that the directors of Ashford Prime breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the approval of the Series C Preferred Stock for issuance and the February 2016 amendments to the Amended Partnership Agreement (as defined below). Among other things, Sessa seeks an injunction prohibiting the issuance of shares of Series C Preferred Stock and requiring the board to approve the Sessa candidates, or in the alternative, prohibiting the solicitation of proxies until the board approves the Sessa candidates. On April 2, 2016, Sessa amended its counterclaims alleging that the Company had violated federal proxy solicitation laws by, among other things, stating that Sessa had not complied with the Company’s bylaws and that its purported director nominations are invalid. On April 6, 2016, the Court granted expedited discovery in connection with Sessa’s motion for preliminary injunction and the Company’s anticipated motion for preliminary injunction in the Texas State Action. On April 8, 2016, the Company notified the court that Sessa’s claims relating to the Series C Preferred Stock were moot after the Company unwound the OP Unit enfranchisement preferred equity transaction for the Company’s OP unitholders. On April 13, 2016, the Company filed its motion for preliminary injunction seeking an order declaring that Sessa’s slate of nominees is invalid and enjoining Sessa from submitting the nominees to stockholders for election to the board. On May 20, 2016, the court denied Sessa’s motion for a preliminary injunction and granted the Company’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Sessa appealed the district court’s decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on May 23, 2016. On December 16, 2016, the Fifth Circuit dismissed Sessa’s appeal of the preliminary injunction as moot. On February 17, 2017, the District Court consolidated the Texas State Action into the Texas Federal Action (the “Consolidated Texas Federal Action”). On the same day, the District Court also dismissed all of Sessa’s counterclaims, except for its claim for violation of federal proxy solicitation laws, which the Company did not move to dismiss. The District Court granted Sessa’s motion to dismiss the Company claim for prima facie tort, but denied Sessa’s motion to dismiss the Company’s remaining claims.
On February 16, 2017, the Company, Ashford Trust and Ashford Inc., and together with the Company, Ashford Trust and each affiliate of the Company, Ashford Trust and Ashford Inc., (the “Ashford Entities”), entered into a Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Sessa, Sessa Capital GP, LLC, Sessa Capital IM, L.P., Sessa Capital IM GP, LLC and John Petry (collectively, the “Sessa Entities”) regarding the composition of the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”), dismissal of pending litigation involving the parties and certain other matters.
Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company has agreed to appoint to the Company’s board of directors two of the five individuals Sessa previously sought to nominate as directors of the Company (“Independent Designees”). The Company is required to make such appointments within two weeks of the date of the Settlement Agreement. Additionally, the Settlement Agreement provides that the Company and the Sessa Entities will work together in good faith to identify one additional director who will be independent of both the Company and Sessa (“Additional Independent Director”).
So long as the Sessa Entities satisfy certain ownership thresholds with respect to the Company’s common stock, the Company has agreed to nominate: (i) the Independent Designees; (ii) the Additional Independent Director; and (iii) Montgomery J. Bennett, Stefani D. Carter, Kenneth H. Fearn, Douglas A. Kessler, Curtis B. McWilliams and Matthew D. Rinaldi (or their successors) at each of the 2017 and 2018 annual meetings of Company’s stockholders. In the case of any contested election of directors of the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


Company, the Sessa Entities have agreed to cause one or both of the Independent Designees to resign from the Board if the preliminary results provided by the inspector of elections at any meeting of stockholders of the Company prior to the closing of the polls indicates with reasonable certainty that any of the incumbent directors or their successors (other than the Independent Designees) will not be elected at such meeting but for the resignation of one or more of the Independent Designees.
Under the Settlement Agreement, the Sessa Entities are subject to specified standstill restrictions relating to the Ashford Entities and lasting generally until the earlier of (x) the date that is fifteen business days prior to the deadline for the submission of stockholder nominations for the 2019 annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders pursuant to the Company’s bylaws or (y) the date that is one hundred fifty days prior to the first anniversary of the 2018 annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders. During the standstill period, the Sessa Entities have agreed to cause all of its shares of the Company to be present for quorum purposes at any meeting of the Company’s stockholders and voted in accordance with the board’s recommendations, subject to certain exceptions. The Settlement Agreement contains various other obligations and provisions applicable to the Ashford Entities and Sessa Entities.
Additionally, the Company has agreed to pay the Sessa Entities $2.5 million, of which the Company will be reimbursed $2.0 million by its insurance carrier. The net $500,000 expense is included in “corporate general and administrative” expense on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, and the $2.5 million payable and the $2.0 million receivable are included in “due to affiliate” and “accounts receivable, net,” respectively, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.
On February 20, 2017, the parties submitted a Joint Stipulation of Dismissal, which dismissed each of the parties’ remaining claims in the Consolidated Texas Federal Action with prejudice.
Jesse Small v. Monty J. Bennett, et al., Case No. 24-C-16006020 (Md. Cir. Ct.) On November 16, 2016, Jesse Small, a purported shareholder of Ashford Prime, commenced a derivative action in Maryland Circuit Court for Baltimore City asserting causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, and declaratory relief against the members of the Ashford Prime board of directors, David Brooks (collectively, the “Individual Defendants”), Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC. Ashford Prime is named as a nominal defendant. The complaint alleges that the Individual Defendants breached their fiduciary duties to Ashford Prime by negotiating and approving the termination fee provision set forth in Ashford Prime’s advisory agreement with Ashford LLC, that Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC aided and abetted the Individual Defendants’ fiduciary duty breaches, and that the Ashford Prime board of directors committed corporate waste in connection with Ashford Prime’s purchase of 175,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock. The complaint seeks monetary damages and declaratory and injunctive relief, including a declaration that the termination fee provision is unenforceable. Defendants’ response to the complaint is due March 1, 2017.
We are engaged in other various legal proceedings which have arisen but have not been fully adjudicated. The likelihood of loss from these legal proceedings, based on definitions within contingency accounting literature, ranges from remote to reasonably possible and to probable. Based on estimates of the range of potential losses associated with these matters, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, the final results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and if we fail to prevail in one or more of these legal matters, and the associated realized losses exceed our current estimates of the range of potential losses, our consolidated financial position or results of operations could be materially adversely affected in future periods.
Income Taxes—We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the federal jurisdiction and various states and cities. Tax years 2012 through 2016 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.
14. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership represents the limited partners’ proportionate share of equity and their allocable share of equity in earnings/losses of Ashford Prime OP, which is an allocation of net income/loss attributable to the common unitholders based on the weighted average ownership percentage of these limited partners’ common units of limited partnership interest in the operating partnership (“common units”) and units issued under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP units”) that are vested. Beginning one year after issuance, each common unit may be redeemed, by the holder, for either cash or, at our sole discretion, one share of our common stock.
LTIP units, which are issued to certain executives and employees of Ashford LLC as compensation, have vesting periods of three years. Additionally, certain independent members of the board of directors have elected to receive LTIP units as part of their compensation, which are fully vested upon grant. Upon reaching economic parity with common units, each vested LTIP unit can

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


be converted by the holder into one common unit which can then be redeemed for cash or, at our election, settled in our common stock. An LTIP unit will achieve parity with the common units upon the sale or deemed sale of all or substantially all of the assets of our operating partnership at a time when our stock is trading at a level in excess of the price it was trading on the date of the LTIP issuance. More specifically, LTIP units will achieve full economic parity with common units in connection with (i) the actual sale of all or substantially all of the assets of our operating partnership or (ii) the hypothetical sale of such assets, which results from a capital account revaluation, as defined in the partnership agreement, for our operating partnership.
The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company approves performance-based LTIP units to certain executive officers from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of performance-based LTIP units that will be settled in common units of the Ashford Prime OP, if and when the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period. The target number of performance-based LTIP units may be adjusted from 0% to 200% of the target number based on achievement of a specified relative total stockholder return based on the formula determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee on the grant date. As of December 31, 2016, a total of 701,000 performance-based LTIP units representing 200% of the target were issued. The performance criteria for the performance-based LTIP units are based on market conditions under the relevant literature, and the performance-based LTIP units were granted to non-employees.
The unamortized fair value of performance-based LTIP units of $2.9 million at December 31, 2016 will be expensed over a period of 2.0 years, subject to future mark to market adjustments. Compensation expense of $975,000 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, and is included in “advisory services fee” on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. No compensation expense was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015.
As of December 31, 2016, we have issued a total of 1.1 million LTIP units (including performance-based LTIP units), all of which, other than approximately 3,000 units issued in March 2015 and 6,000 units issued in May 2015, 389,000 issued in June 2015 and 312,000 issued in October 2016, respectively, had reached full economic parity with, and are convertible into, common units. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, compensation expense of $1.4 million, $1.3 million and $1.9 million was recorded related to LTIP units issued to Ashford LLC’s employees, respectively, and is included in “advisory services fee.” Compensation expense of $44,000, $101,000 and $49,000 associated with LTIP units issued to our independent directors was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and is included in “corporate general and administrative” expense in our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the unrecognized cost of LTIP units, which was $406,000 at December 31, 2016, will be amortized over a period of 2.3 years, subject to future mark to market adjustments.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately 137,000 common units with an aggregate fair value of $1.9 million at redemption were redeemed by the holders and, at our election, we issued shares of our common stock to satisfy the redemption price. During the year ended December 31, 2015, approximately 345,000 common units with an aggregate fair value of $5.9 million at redemption were redeemed by the holders and, at our election, we issued cash to satisfy the redemption price. Excluding the Ashford Trust redemption of our OP common units, during the year ended December 31, 2015, approximately 100,000 common units with an aggregate fair value of $1.6 million at redemption were redeemed by the holders and, at our election, we issued shares of our common stock to satisfy the redemption price. During the year ended December 31, 2014, approximately 176,000 operating partnership units with a fair value of $3.1 million were redeemed for cash at our election.
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in Ashford Prime OP as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, were $59.5 million and $61.8 million, respectively, which represented ownership of our operating partnerships of 13.90% and 12.75%, respectively. The carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, included adjustments of $8.9 million and $12.5 million, respectively, to reflect the excess of redemption value over the accumulated historical cost. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we allocated net income of $1.9 million, net loss of $393,000, and net income of $496,000, to the redeemable noncontrolling interests, respectively. We declared aggregate cash distributions to holders of common units and holders of LTIP units of $2.3 million, $2.2 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These distributions are recorded as a reduction of redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


A summary of the activity of the units in our operating partnership is as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Units outstanding at beginning of year
4,375

 
8,955

 
8,776

LTIP units issued
4

 
10

 
355

Performance LTIP units issued
701

 
—

 
—

Units redeemed for shares of common stock
(137
)
 
(4,245
)
 
—

Units redeemed for cash of $5,856 in 2015 and $3,074 in 2014
—

 
(345
)
 
(176
)
Units outstanding at end of year
4,943

 
4,375

 
8,955

Units convertible/redeemable at end of year
4,083

 
3,967

 
8,259

Ashford Trust Distribution of Ashford Prime Common Stock and Ashford Prime OP Common Units—On July 13, 2015, Ashford Trust announced that its board of directors had declared the distribution (1) to its stockholders of approximately 4.1 million shares of common stock of Ashford Prime to be received by Ashford Trust upon redemption of Ashford Prime OP common units and (2) to the common unit holders of Ashford Hospitality Trust Limited Partnership of its remaining common units of Ashford Prime OP. The distribution occurred on July 27, 2015, to stockholders and common unit holders of record as of the close of business of the New York Stock Exchange on July 20, 2015. The distribution had an aggregate fair value of approximately $61.7 million at redemption. As a result of the distribution, Ashford Trust has no ownership interest in Ashford Prime.
15. Equity
Equity Offering—On June 9, 2015, we commenced a private placement of 200,000 shares of common stock at $15.52 per share for gross proceeds of $3.1 million. The offering closed on June 11, 2015. The net proceeds from the sale of the shares after discounts and offering expenses were approximately $3.1 million.
On January 21, 2014, we commenced an underwritten public offering of 8.0 million shares of common stock at $16.50 per share for gross proceeds of $132.0 million. The offering closed on January 29, 2014. We granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 1.2 million shares of common stock. On February 4, 2014, the underwriters fully exercised their option and purchased an additional 1.2 million shares of our common stock at a price of $16.50 per share. The net proceeds from the sale of the shares after underwriting discounts and offering expenses were approximately $143.9 million.
Dividends—Common stock dividends declared for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $12.3 million, $9.4 million and $5.0 million, respectively.
Stock Repurchases—On October 27, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may purchase up to $100 million of the Company’s common stock from time to time. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date. The specific timing, manner, price, amount and other terms of the repurchases is at management’s discretion and depends on market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements and other factors. The Company is not required to repurchase shares under the repurchase program, and may modify, suspend or terminate the repurchase program at any time for any reason. On April 8, 2016, our board of directors authorized utilizing up to $50 million to repurchase common stock.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we repurchased 2.9 million shares of our common stock for approximately $39.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we repurchased 471,000 shares of our common stock for approximately $8.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we repurchased 928,000 shares of our common stock for approximately $16.1 million. As of December 31, 2016, we have purchased a cumulative 4.3 million shares of our common stock, for approximately $63.2 million, since the program’s inception on November 4, 2014.
Series C Preferred Stock—On February 1, 2016, Prime GP, as general partner of Ashford Prime OP, entered into the Amended Partnership Agreement. The Amended Partnership Agreement broadens in various ways the rights of the general partner. As consideration for the limited partners of Ashford Prime OP to approve the Amended Partnership Agreement, we agreed to create and provide qualified limited partners the opportunity to purchase shares of Series C Preferred Stock of the Company.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


On April 7, 2016, in response to feedback from the investor community, the Company determined to refrain from issuing the Series C Preferred Stock unless and until the issuance of the Series C Preferred Stock, in a form and manner that complies with all applicable state and federal laws and stock exchange rules, shall have been approved by the Company’s stockholders. Accordingly, Ashford Prime OP General Partner LLC, Ashford Prime OP’s general partner, has agreed to reverse the amendments in the Amended Partnership Agreement unless and until the Series C Approval has been sought and obtained.
Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities—A partner had noncontrolling ownership interests of 25% in two hotel properties with a total carrying value of $(5.4) million and $(5.8) million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Income from consolidated entities attributable to these noncontrolling interests was $3.1 million, $2.4 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
16. Stock-Based Compensation
Under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, we are authorized to grant 2.1 million restricted stock units or performance stock units of our common stock as incentive stock awards. At December 31, 2016, 159,000 shares were available for future issuance under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan.
Restricted Stock Units—Stock-based compensation expense of $597,000, $343,000 and $216,000 was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in connection with restricted stock units awarded to employees of Ashford LLC and is included in “advisory services fee” on our consolidated statements of operations. Expense of $71,000, $0 and $0 was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in connection with restricted shares granted to certain employees of Remington Lodging, and is recorded as a component of “management fees” on our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, $227,000, $153,000 and $197,000 of stock-based compensation expense was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in connection with common stock issued to our independent directors, which vested immediately, and is included in “corporate general and administrative” expense on our consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2016, the outstanding restricted shares had a fair value of $4.9 million. At December 31, 2016, the unamortized cost of the unvested shares of restricted stock was $3.9 million, which will be amortized over a period of 4.8 years, subject to future mark to market adjustments, and have vesting dates between February 2017 and November 2021.
A summary of our restricted stock activity is as follows (shares in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
Restricted Shares
 
Weighted Average
Price at Grant
 
Restricted Shares
 
Weighted Average
Price at Grant
 
Restricted Shares
 
Weighted Average
Price at Grant
Outstanding at beginning of year
140

 
$
16.01

 
94

 
$
18.11

 
84

 
$
21.35

Restricted shares granted
309

 
12.34

 
45

 
16.50

 
64

 
15.45

Restricted shares issued in connection with Ashford Trust’s distribution
—

 
—

 
60

 
14.90

 
—

 
—

Restricted shares vested
(84
)
 
15.98

 
(57
)
 
18.66

 
(53
)
 
19.91

Restricted shares forfeited
(5
)
 
13.82

 
(2
)
 
17.50

 
(1
)
 
21.35

Outstanding at end of year
360

 
$
12.90

 
140

 
$
16.01

 
94

 
$
18.11

Performance Stock Units— The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company approve grants of PSUs to certain executive officers from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of PSUs that will be settled in shares of common stock of the Company, if and when the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period of three years from the issuance date. The target number of PSUs may be adjusted from 0% to 200% based on achievement of a specified relative total stockholder return based on the formula determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee on the grant date. The performance criteria for the PSUs are based on market conditions under the relevant literature, and the PSUs were granted to non-employees. At December 31, 2016, the outstanding PSUs had a fair value of $5.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $813,000 and $1.9 million of compensation expense was recognized and is included in “advisory services fee” on our consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2016, we had unamortized compensation expense of $3.9 million related to PSUs which is expected to be recognized over a period of 2.0 years, subject to future mark to market adjustments.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


A summary of our PSU activity is as follows (shares in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
PSUs
 
Weighted Average Price at Grant
 
PSUs
 
Weighted Average Price at Grant
Outstanding at beginning of year
155

 
$
18.40

 
—

 
$
—

PSUs granted
262

 
12.67

 
155

 
18.40

PSUs vested
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

PSUs forfeited
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Outstanding at end of year
417

 
$
14.80

 
155

 
$
18.40

17. 5.50% Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock
On June 9, 2015, we entered into a purchase agreement for the sale of 2.6 million shares of our 5.5% Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) to a financial institution, which resold the Series A Preferred Stock to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) at an initial offering price of $25.00 per share, with an aggregate underwriting discount of $1.5 million (net purchase price of $24.4125 per share). The net proceeds from the offering of the Series A Preferred Stock after the underwriting discount and other expenses were $62.2 million.
On December 4, 2015, we entered into an agreement to exchange the 5.50% Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share for an equal number of shares of our 5.50% Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). The terms and conditions of the Series B Preferred Stock are substantially similar to the Series A Preferred Stock for which it is being exchanged, except that, in contemplation of a public offering of the Series B Preferred Stock either pursuant to the terms of the Series B Registration Rights Agreement or the Preemptive Rights Agreement, the Series B Preferred Stock contains certain customary anti-dilution provisions. Also in connection with the Exchange, the Company, together with Ashford Prime OP and Ashford LLC, entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of certain holders of the Series B Preferred Stock.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible at any time, at the option of the holder, into a number of whole shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $18.90 (which represents an initial conversion rate of 1.3228 shares of our common stock, subject to certain adjustments). The Series B Preferred Stock is also subject to conversion upon certain events constituting a change of control. Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock have no voting rights, subject to certain exceptions.
Commencing June 11, 2016, the Company may, at its option, cause the Series B Preferred Stock to be converted in whole or in part, on a pro rata basis, into fully paid and nonassessable shares of the Company’s common stock at the conversion price, provided that the “Closing Bid Price” (as defined in the Articles Supplementary) of the Company’s common stock shall have equaled or exceeded 110% of the conversion price for the immediately preceding 45 consecutive trading days ending three days prior to the date of notice of conversion. In the event of such mandatory conversion, the Company shall pay holders of the Series B Preferred Stock any additional dividend payment to make the holder whole on dividends expected to be received through June 11, 2019, in an amount equal to the net present value, where the discount rate is the dividend rate on the Series B Preferred Stock, of the difference between (i) the annual dividend payments the holders of Series B Preferred Stock would have received in cash from the date of the mandatory conversion to June 11, 2019, and (ii) the common stock quarterly dividend payments the holders of Series B Preferred Stock would have received over the same time period had such holders held common stock.
On April 26, 2016, in connection with a previously announced required public offering, we issued 290,850 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock at $17.24 per share for gross proceeds of $5.0 million. The Series B Preferred Stock offering includes accrued and unpaid dividends since April 15, 2016. The offering closed on April 29, 2016. The net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts, advisory fees, commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by the company, were approximately $4.2 million. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock accrue at a rate of 5.50% on the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share.
At December 31, 2016, we had 2.9 million outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, which do not meet the requirements for permanent equity classification prescribed by the authoritative guidance because these contain certain cash redemption features that are outside our control. As such, the Series B Preferred Stock is classified outside of permanent equity.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


The Series B Preferred Stock dividend for all issued and outstanding shares is set at $1.375 per annum per share. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we declared dividends of $3.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, with respect to shares of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock.
18. Income Taxes
For federal income tax purposes, we elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational stipulations, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains, to our stockholders. We currently intend to adhere to these requirements and maintain our REIT status. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state and local taxes as well as to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income.
At December 31, 2016, ten of our hotel properties were leased to TRS lessees TRS and the Ritz-Carlton St. Thomas hotel was owned by our USVI TRS. The TRS entities recognized net book income before income taxes of $5.5 million, $6.0 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The following table reconciles the income tax expense at statutory rates to the actual income tax expense recorded (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Income tax expense at federal statutory income tax rate of 35%
$
(1,928
)
 
$
(1,727
)
 
$
(2,299
)
State income tax expense, net of federal income tax benefit
(172
)
 
(117
)
 
(279
)
State and local income tax expense on pass-through entity subsidiaries
(62
)
 
(86
)
 
(56
)
Gross receipts and margin taxes
(98
)
 
(170
)
 
(193
)
Benefit of USVI Economic Development Commission credit
619

 
—

 
—

Other
58

 
(40
)
 
(2
)
Valuation allowance
9

 
1,877

 
1,732

Total income tax (expense) benefit
$
(1,574
)
 
$
(263
)
 
$
(1,097
)
The components of income tax expense are as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
(231
)
 
$
(1,067
)
 
$
(824
)
State
(269
)
 
(252
)
 
(315
)
Foreign
15

 
(37
)
 
—

Total current
(485
)
 
(1,356
)
 
(1,139
)
Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
(1,049
)
 
953

 
76

State
(40
)
 
140

 
(34
)
Foreign
—

 
—

 
—

Total deferred
(1,089
)
 
1,093

 
42

Total income tax (expense) benefit
$
(1,574
)
 
$
(263
)
 
$
(1,097
)
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, income tax expense included interest and penalties paid to taxing authorities of $0, $0 and $3,000, respectively. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we determined that there were no amounts to accrue for interest and penalties due to taxing authorities.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


At December 31, 2016 and 2015, our net deferred tax asset, included in “other assets”, and net deferred tax liability, included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses”, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets, consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Tax intangibles basis greater than book basis
$
1,227

 
$
1,214

Allowance for doubtful accounts
30

 
20

Unearned income
92

 
108

Unfavorable management contract liability
28

 
63

Federal and state net operating losses
22,866

 
22,672

Other
80

 
8

Accrued expenses
349

 
256

Tax property basis greater than book basis
4,117

 
4,429

Prepaid expenses
(2,320
)
 
(1,158
)
Net deferred tax asset
26,469

 
27,612

Valuation allowance
(26,968
)
 
(27,022
)
Net deferred tax asset (liability)
$
(499
)
 
$
590

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we recorded a valuation allowance of $27.0 million and $27.0 million, respectively, to partially reserve the deferred tax assets of our TRSs. In 2015, after evaluating positive and negative evidence, including the generation of taxable income during the year ended December 31, 2015, and the carry back potential of certain deferred tax assets, we determined that it is more likely than not that Ashford Prime’s wholly-owned domestic TRS will utilize a portion of its deferred tax assets. As a result, in the year ending December 31, 2015, the valuation allowance decreased by $1.9 million and the related tax effect is included in the non-cash deferred benefit of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Ashford Prime’s wholly-owned domestic TRS continued to generate taxable income in the year ending December 31, 2016 and there continues to be carryback potential of certain deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016. Primarily as a result of the limitation imposed by the Internal Revenue Code on the utilization of net operating losses of acquired subsidiaries and the history of losses of our USVI TRS, we believe it is more likely than not that $27.0 million of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, and therefore, have provided a valuation allowance to reserve against the balances.
At December 31, 2016, the TRSs had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of $61.3 million that are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2023 and 2027, respectively. The $61.3 million of net operating loss carryforwards is attributable to acquired subsidiaries and is subject to substantial limitation on its use. We do not recognize deferred tax assets and a valuation allowance for the REIT since the REIT distributes its taxable income as dividends to stockholders, and in turn, the stockholders incur income taxes on those dividends.
The following table summarizes the changes in the valuation allowance (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Balance at beginning of year
$
27,022

 
$
3,939

 
$
3,920

Additions
31

 
25,043

 
1,945

Deductions
(85
)
 
(1,960
)
 
(1,926
)
Balance at end of year
$
26,968

 
$
27,022

 
$
3,939

The USVI TRS operates under a tax holiday in the U.S. Virgin Islands, which is effective through December 31, 2018, and may be extended if certain additional requirements are satisfied. The tax holiday is conditional upon our meeting certain employment and investment thresholds. The impact of this tax holiday decreased current foreign taxes by $126,000 and $332,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The benefit of the tax holiday on net income (loss) per share was approximately $0.01 for both 2016 and 2015.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


19. Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table reconciles the amounts used in calculating basic and diluted income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders—Basic and diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
19,316

 
$
(6,712
)
 
$
1,939

Less: Dividends on preferred stocks
(3,860
)
 
(1,986
)
 
—

Less: Dividends on common stock
(12,170
)
 
(9,282
)
 
(5,013
)
Less: Dividends on unvested performance stock units
(122
)
 
(105
)
 
—

Less: Dividends on unvested restricted shares
(77
)
 
(41
)
 
(18
)
Less: Net (income) loss allocated to unvested performance stock units
(27
)
 
—

 
—

Less: Net (income) loss allocated to unvested restricted shares
(38
)
 
—

 
—

Undistributed net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders
3,022

 
(18,126
)
 
(3,092
)
Add back: Dividends on common stock
12,170

 
9,282

 
5,013

Distributed and undistributed net income (loss)—basic
$
15,192

 
$
(8,844
)
 
$
1,921

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
1,899

 
—

 
496

Distributed and undistributed net income (loss)—diluted
$
17,091

 
$
(8,844
)
 
$
2,417

 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic
26,648

 
25,888

 
24,473

Effect of assumed conversion of operating partnership units
4,470

 
—

 
8,852

Incentive fee shares
77

 
—

 
—

Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted
31,195

 
25,888

 
33,325

 
 
 
 
 
 
Income (loss) per share—basic:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders per share
$
0.57

 
$
(0.34
)
 
$
0.08

Income (loss) per share—diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders per share
$
0.55

 
$
(0.34
)
 
$
0.07

Due to their anti-dilutive effect, the computation of diluted income (loss) per share does not reflect the adjustments for the following items (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders is not adjusted for:
 
 
 
 
 
Income (loss) allocated to unvested restricted shares
$
115

 
$
41

 
$
18

Income (loss) allocated to unvested performance stock units
149

 
105

 
—

Income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
—

 
(393
)
 
—

Dividends on preferred stock
3,860

 
1,986

 
—

Total
$
4,124

 
$
1,739

 
$
18

Weighted average diluted shares are not adjusted for:
 
 
 
 
 
Effect of unvested restricted shares
87

 
51

 
57

Effect of unvested performance stock units
55

 
52

 
—

Effect of assumed conversion of operating partnership units
—

 
6,642

 
—

Effect of assumed conversion of Preferred Stock
3,662

 
1,909

 
—

Total
3,804

 
8,654

 
57


141

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


20. Segment Reporting
We operate in one business segment within the hotel lodging industry: direct hotel investments. Direct hotel investments refer to owning hotel properties through either acquisition or new development. We report operating results of direct hotel investments on an aggregate basis as substantially all of our hotel investments have similar economic characteristics and exhibit similar long-term financial performance. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, all of our hotel properties were in the U.S. and its territories.
21. Related Party Transactions
We have management agreements with Remington Lodging, a related party, which is owned by our Chairman of our board of directors and Ashford Trust’s Chairman Emeritus. Under the agreements, we pay the related party a) monthly property management fees equal to the greater of $10,000 (CPI adjusted since 2003) or 3% of gross revenues as well as annual incentive management fees, if certain operational criteria are met, b) project management fees of up to 4% of project costs, c) market service fees including purchasing, design and construction management not to exceed 16.5% of project budget cumulatively, including project management fees, and d) other general and administrative expense reimbursements, approved by our independent directors, including accounting services. This related party allocates such charges to us based on various methodologies, including headcount and actual amounts incurred.
At December 31, 2016, Remington Lodging managed two of our eleven hotel properties and we incurred the following fees related to the management agreements with the related party (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Property management fees, including incentive property management fees
$
1,503

 
$
1,313

 
$
747

Market service and project management fees
2,453

 
1,645

 
1,126

Corporate general and administrative expenses
136

 
98

 
50

Total
$
4,092

 
$
3,056

 
$
1,923

Management agreements with Remington Lodging include exclusivity clauses that require us to engage Remington Lodging, unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote to hire a different manager or developer or (ii) by a majority vote elect not to engage Remington because either special circumstances exist such that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington, or, based on Remington’s prior performance, it is believed that another manager or developer could perform the management, development or other duties materially better.
In connection with our spin-off, we entered into an advisory agreement with Ashford LLC, which was a subsidiary of Ashford Trust until November 12, 2014, when it spun off and became a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., acts as our advisor, and as a result, we pay advisory fees to Ashford LLC. We are required to pay Ashford LLC a quarterly base fee that is a percentage of our total market capitalization on a declining sliding scale plus the Key Money Asset Management Fee (defined in our advisory agreement as the aggregate gross asset value of all key money assets multiplied by 0.70%), subject to a minimum quarterly base fee, as payment for managing our day-to-day operations in accordance with our investment guidelines. We are also required to pay Ashford LLC an incentive fee that is based on our total return performance as compared to our peer group as well as to reimburse Ashford LLC for certain reimbursable overhead and internal audit, insurance claims advisory and asset management services, as specified in the advisory agreement. We also record equity-based compensation expense for equity grants of common stock and LTIP units awarded to our officers and employees of Ashford LLC in connection with providing advisory services equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period.
On June 10, 2015, the independent directors of the Company approved an amended and restated advisory agreement with Ashford LLC, effective as of June 10, 2015. The amendments, among other things: permit the Company to engage an asset manager other than Ashford LLC with respect to any new properties acquired by the Company, if the Company and Ashford LLC determine that such property would be uneconomic to the Company without incentives; shorten the initial term of the advisory agreement to ten years; extend the renewal terms to five years; provide for key money investments by Ashford LLC to facilitate the Company’s acquisition of properties under certain conditions, including Ashford LLC becoming the asset manager for the acquired property and receiving related asset management and other fees, as applicable; adjust the base fee payable to Ashford LLC to a declining sliding scale percentage of total market capitalization of the Company above $6.0 billion; clarify the calculation of the termination fee; allow Ashford LLC to terminate the Advisory Agreement upon a Company Change of Control (as defined in the advisory agreement) and require the Company to pay a termination fee to Ashford LLC upon such termination; and grant Ashford LLC repurchase rights with respect to its shares held by the Company upon any termination of the advisory agreement. In connection

142

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


with the agreement between Ashford Inc. and Remington Holdings to combine, on September 17, 2015, we entered into a letter agreement with Ashford Inc. approved by the independent directors of the Company to clarify that for purposes of determining the termination fee under the advisory agreement, Ashford LLC’s earnings shall exclude earnings arising under the master management agreement under which Remington Lodging may manage any of our hotel properties.
On January 24, 2017, the Company entered into an amended and restated advisory agreement. See note 24.
For the period from January 1, 2014 to November 11, 2014, we incurred advisory services fees to Ashford Trust. Beginning November 12, 2014, we incurred advisory services fees to Ashford Inc. The following table summarizes the advisory services fees incurred (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Advisory services fee
 
 
 
 
 
Base advisory fee
$
8,343

 
$
8,648

 
$
8,739

Reimbursable expenses (1)
2,798

 
1,827

 
1,690

Equity-based compensation (2) 
3,814

 
3,592

 
2,105

Incentive fee
—

 
3,822

 
—

 
$
14,955

 
$
17,889

 
$
12,534

________
(1) 
Reimbursable expenses include overhead, internal audit, insurance claims advisory and asset management services.
(2)  
Equity-based compensation is associated with equity grants of Ashford Prime’s common stock and LTIP units awarded to officers and employees of Ashford LLC.
At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we held a due from Ashford Trust OP, net of $488,000 and due to Ashford Trust OP, net, of $528,000, respectively, which are both associated with certain expenses. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the balance in due to Ashford Inc., which is primarily associated with advisory services fee payable, was $5.1 million and $6.4 million, respectively. In addition, at December 31, 2016, we held a receivable from the AQUA U.S. Fund of $2.3 million, associated with the 5% hold back from the AQUA U.S. Fund.
Certain employees of Remington Lodging, who perform work on behalf of Ashford Prime, were granted approximately 21,000 and 1,000 shares of restricted stock under the Ashford Prime Stock Plan on April 1, 2016 and July 1, 2016, respectively. These share grants were accounted for under the applicable accounting guidance related to share-based payments granted to non-employees and are recorded as a component of “management fees” in our consolidated statements of operations. Expense of $71,000 and $0 was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The unamortized fair value of these grants was $213,000 as of December 31, 2016, which will be amortized over a period of 2.3 years.
On July 31, 2015, we entered into a block trade with an unaffiliated third party pursuant to a sale arrangement between the Company, Ashford Inc. and Ashford Trust. The block trade included the purchase from the third party of approximately 175,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock at a price of $95.00 per share, which approximated the 120-day volume weighted average price, for a total cost of approximately $16.6 million. The sale arrangement and block trade were evaluated and approved by the independent members of our board of directors. The block trade purchase price and other terms of the sale arrangement were the result of negotiations with the third party, and the board of directors received a fairness opinion from an independent financial advisor that the price paid for the Ashford Inc. shares by the Company was fair to the Company. We did not receive any concessions or economic benefits from Ashford Inc. pertaining to our current contractual arrangements with Ashford Inc. in connection with this block trade. The block trade settled on August 4, 2015, and the loss resulting from the block trade is recorded within “unrealized loss on investment in Ashford Inc.” in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Subsequent to December 31, 2016, we reached a legal settlement with Sessa. See notes 13 and 24.

143

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


22. Concentration of Risk
Our investments are all concentrated within the hotel industry. All of our hotel properties are located within the U.S. and its territories. For the year ended December 31, 2016, four of our hotel properties generated revenues in excess of 10% of total hotel revenue amounting to 47% of total hotel revenue.
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. We are exposed to credit risk with respect to cash held at various financial institutions and amounts due or payable under our derivative contracts. Our counterparties to our derivative contracts are investment grade financial institutions.
23. Selected Financial Quarterly Data (Unaudited)
The following is a summary of the quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands, except per share data):
 
First
Quarter
 
Second
Quarter
 
Third
Quarter
 
Fourth
Quarter
 
Full
Year
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenue
$
99,797

 
$
112,432

 
$
99,651

 
$
93,977

 
$
405,857

 
Total operating expenses
88,344

 
101,917

 
88,404

 
80,051

 
358,716

 
Operating income (loss)
11,453

 
10,515

 
11,247

 
13,926

 
47,141

 
Net income (loss)
(139
)
 
2,292

 
21,322

 
845

 
24,320

 
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
(134
)
 
2,188

 
16,858

 
404

 
19,316

 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(1,028
)
 
1,210

 
15,864

 
(590
)
 
15,456

 
Diluted income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share
$
(0.04
)
 
$
0.04

 
$
0.55

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.55

(1 
) 
Weighted average diluted common shares
28,343

 
32,418

 
33,874

 
25,532

 
31,195

 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenue
$
77,789

 
$
92,837

 
$
90,759

 
$
88,160

 
$
349,545

 
Total operating expenses
69,530

 
73,763

 
77,503

 
82,773

 
303,569

 
Operating income (loss)
8,259

 
19,074

 
13,256

 
5,387

 
45,976

 
Net income (loss)
(425
)
 
9,124

 
(7,282
)
 
(6,108
)
 
(4,691
)
 
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
(206
)
 
6,724

 
(6,840
)
 
(6,390
)
 
(6,712
)
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(206
)
 
6,526

 
(7,735
)
 
(7,283
)
 
(8,698
)
 
Diluted income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share
$
(0.01
)
 
$
0.27

 
$
(0.29
)
 
$
(0.26
)
 
$
(0.34
)
(1 
) 
Weighted average diluted common shares
24,070

 
24,773

 
27,162

 
28,331

 
25,888

 
_________________
(1) The sum of the diluted income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders per share for the four quarters in 2016 and 2015 differs from the annual diluted income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders per share due to the required method of computing the weighted average diluted common shares in the respective periods.
24. Subsequent Events
On January 18, 2017, the Company refinanced three mortgage loans with existing outstanding balances totaling approximately $333.7 million. The previous mortgage loans that were refinanced had final maturity dates in April 2017. The new mortgage loan totals $365.0 million and has stated maturity of February 2019 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is interest only and provides for a floating interest rate of LIBOR + 2.58%. The mortgage loan is secured by five hotel properties: Plano Marriott Legacy Town Center, Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Tampa Renaissance, San Francisco Courtyard Downtown and Philadelphia Courtyard Downtown.
On January 24, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated advisory agreement with Ashford Inc. (the “Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement”) that amends and restates our advisory agreement discussed herein. Although our board of directors,

144

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


through the action of the independent directors only, may amend the advisory agreement without stockholder approval, the independent directors have elected to seek stockholder approval of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. Accordingly, the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement will not become effective unless and until it is approved by our stockholders. The material terms of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement include:
•
we will make a cash payment to Ashford LLC of $5.0 million at the time the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement becomes effective;
•
the termination fee payable to Ashford LLC has been amended by eliminating the 1.1x multiplier and tax gross up components of the fee;
•
Ashford Inc. will disclose publicly the revenues and expenses used to calculate “Net Earnings” on a quarterly basis which is used to calculate the termination fee; Ashford LLC will retain an accounting firm to provide a quarterly report to us on the reasonableness of Ashford LLC’s determination of expenses, which will be binding on the parties;
•
the right of Ashford LLC to appoint a “Designated CEO” has been eliminated;
•
the right of Ashford LLC to terminate the advisory agreement due to a change in a majority of the “Company Incumbent Board” (as defined in the current advisory agreement) has been eliminated;
•
we will be incentivized to grow our assets under a “growth covenant” in the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement under which we will receive a deemed credit against a base amount of $45.0 million for: 3.75% of the total purchase price of each hotel acquired after the date of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement that was recommended by Ashford LLC, netted against 3.75% of the total sale price of each hotel sold after the date of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement. The difference between $45.0 million and such net credit, if any, is referred to as the “Uninvested Amount.” If the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement is terminated, other than due to certain acts by Ashford LLC, we must pay Ashford LLC the Uninvested Amount, in addition to any termination fee payable under the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement;
•
the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement requires us to maintain a net worth of not less than $390 million plus 75% of the equity proceeds from the sale of securities by us after December 31, 2016 and a covenant prohibiting us from paying dividends except as required to maintain our REIT status if paying the dividend would reduce our net worth below the required minimum net worth;
•
the initial term of the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement ends on the 10th anniversary of its effective date, subject to renewal by Ashford LLC for up to seven additional successive 10-year terms;
•
the base management fee payable to Ashford LLC will be fixed at 70 bps, and the fee will be payable on a monthly basis;
•
reimbursements of expenses to Ashford LLC will be made monthly in advance, based on an annual expense budget, with a quarterly true-up for actual expenses;
•
our right to terminate the advisory agreement due to a change of control of Ashford LLC has been eliminated;
•
our rights to terminate the advisory agreement at the end of each term upon payment of the termination fee based on the parties being unable to agree on new market-based fees or advisor’s performance have been eliminated; however, the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement provides a mechanism for the parties to renegotiate the fees payable to Ashford LLC at the end of each term based on then prevailing market conditions, subject to floors and caps on the changes;
•
if a Change of Control (as defined in the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement) is pending, we have agreed to deposit not less than 50%, and in certain cases 100%, of the applicable termination fee in escrow, with the payment of any remaining amounts owed to Ashford LLC secured by a letter of credit and/or first priority lien on certain assets;
•
our ability to terminate the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement due to a material default by Ashford LLC is limited to instances where a court finally determines that the default had a material adverse effect on us and Ashford LLC fails to pay monetary damages in accordance with the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement; and
•
if we repudiate the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement through actions or omissions that constitute a repudiation as determined by a final non-appealable order from a court of competent jurisdiction, we will be liable to Ashford LLC for a liquidated damages amount.
On February 16, 2017, the Ashford Entities entered into a Settlement Agreement with the Sessa Entities regarding the composition of the Company’s board of directors, dismissal of pending litigation involving the parties and certain other matters. See note 13.


145

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2016. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that (i) information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and our expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making the assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, management has utilized the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, (2013 framework) (“COSO”).
Based on management’s assessment of these criteria, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officer, and Corporate Governance
The information required in response to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required in response to this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

146

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required in response to this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required in response to this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required in response to this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
PART IV
Item 15. Financial Statement Schedules and Exhibits
(a), (c) Financial Statements and Schedules
See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” on pages 107 through 145 hereof, for a list of our consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm.
The following financial statement schedule is included herein on page 154 through page 155 hereof.
Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because such schedules are not required under the related instructions, such schedules are not significant, or the required information has been disclosed elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.
The financial statements of Ashford Inc. are incorporated by reference to Ashford Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-36400) for the year ended December 31, 2016 in Exhibit 99.1 of this Annual Report pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X.
(b) Exhibits
Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K: The exhibits filed in response to this item are listed in the Exhibit Index.
Item 16. 10-K Summary
None.

147

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 28, 2017.
 
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC.
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ RICHARD J. STOCKTON
 
 
Richard J. Stockton
 
 
Chief Executive Officer


Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
 
Title
 
Date
 
 
 
/s/ MONTY J. BENNETT
 
Chairman of the Board of Directors
 
February 28, 2017
Monty J. Bennett
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ RICHARD J. STOCKTON
 
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
February 28, 2017
Richard J. Stockton
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ DOUGLAS A. KESSLER
 
President and Director
 
February 28, 2017
Douglas A. Kessler
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ DERIC S. EUBANKS
 
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
 
February 28, 2017
Deric S. Eubanks
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ MARK L. NUNNELEY
 
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
 
February 28, 2017
Mark L. Nunneley
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ STEFANI D. CARTER
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
Stefani D. Carter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ CURTIS B. MCWILLIAMS
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
Curtis B. McWilliams
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ W. MICHAEL MURPHY
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
W. Michael Murphy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ MATTHEW D. RINALDI
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
Matthew D. Rinaldi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ ANDREW L. STRONG
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
Andrew L. Strong
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ KENNETH H. FEARN, JR.
 
Director
 
February 28, 2017
Kenneth H. Fearn, Jr.
 
 
 
 


148

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Description
2.1
 
2.2
 
2.3
 
3.1
 
3.2
 
3.3
 
3.4
 
3.5
 
3.6
 
3.7
 
4.1
 
4.2
 
4.3
 
4.4
 
10.1
 
10.2
 
10.3
 
10.4
 
10.5†
 

149

Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Description
10.6
 
10.7
 
10.8
 
10.9
 
10.10
 
10.11
 
10.12
 
10.12a
 
10.13
 
First Amendment to Open-End Mortgage, Security Agreement, Financing Statement and Assignment of Rents and to Assignment of Leases and Rents and Security Deposits, by Ashford Philadelphia Annex LP (f/k/a Ashford Philadelphia Annex, LLC) for the benefit of U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, successor-in-interest to Bank of America, N.A., as Trustee, successor-in-interest to Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee for the Registered Holders of Wachovia Bank Commercial Mortgage Trust, Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2007-C32, as successor-in-interest to Wachovia Bank, National Association, effective as of November 19, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed on January 21, 2014) (File No. 001-35972)
10.14
 
10.15
 
10.16
 
10.17
 

150

Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Description
10.18
 
10.19
 
10.20
 
10.21
 
10.22
 
10.23
 
10.24
 
10.25
 
10.26
 
10.27
 
10.28
 
10.29
 
10.30
 
10.31
 
10.32
 
10.33
 

151

Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Description
10.34
 
10.35
 
10.36†
 
10.37†
 
10.38
 
10.39
 
10.40
 
10.41†
 
10.42
 
10.43*†
 
10.44*†
 
10.45†
 
10.46†
 
10.47
 
12*
 
16.1
 
16.2
 
21.1*
 
21.2*
 
23.1*
 
23.2*
 
31.1*
 
31.2*
 
32.1*
 

152

_________________________
* Filed herewith.
† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 are formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity;(iv)Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. In accordance with Rule 402 of Regulation S-T, the XBRL related information in Exhibit 101 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be part of any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
 
 
 
 

153

SCHEDULE III
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY PRIME, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2016
(in thousands)
Column A
 
Column B
 
Column C
 
Column D
 
Column E
 
Column F
 
Column G
 
Column H
 
Column I
 
 
 
 
 
 
Initial Cost
 
Costs Capitalized
Since Acquisition
 
Gross Carrying Amount
At Close of Period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hotel Property
 
Location
 
Encumbrances
 
Land
 
FF&E,
Buildings and
improvements
 
Land
 
FF&E,
Buildings and
improvements
 
Land
 
FF&E,
Buildings and
improvements
 
Total
 
Accumulated
Depreciation
 
Construction
Date
 
Acquisition
Date
 
Income
Statement
Hilton
 
Washington D.C.
 
$
125,370

 
$
45,721

 
$
106,245

 
$
—

 
$
29,611

 
$
45,721

 
$
135,856

 
$
181,577

 
$
42,554

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Hilton
 
La Jolla, CA
 
67,395

 
—

 
114,614

 
—

 
20,015

 
—

 
134,629

 
134,629

 
41,830

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Marriott
 
Seattle, WA
 
127,560

 
31,888

 
112,176

 
—

 
5,995

 
31,888

 
118,171

 
150,059

 
30,792

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Marriott
 
Plano, TX
 
74,796

 
2,725

 
93,044

 
—

 
12,816

 
2,725

 
105,860

 
108,585

 
29,020

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Courtyard by Marriott
 
Philadelphia, PA
 
40,977

 
9,814

 
94,029

 
—

 
20,609

 
9,814

 
114,638

 
124,452

 
35,009

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Courtyard by Marriott
 
San Francisco, CA
 
55,915

 
22,653

 
72,731

 
—

 
8,911

 
22,653

 
81,642

 
104,295

 
19,803

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Pier House Resort
 
Key West, FL
 
70,000

 
59,731

 
33,011

 
—

 
3,178

 
59,731

 
36,189

 
95,920

 
6,997

 
—

 
03/2014
 
(1),(2),(3)
Chicago Sofitel Magnificent Mile
 
Chicago, IL
 
80,000

 
12,631

 
140,369

 
—

 
(3,250
)
 
12,631

 
137,119

 
149,750

 
10,190

 
—

 
02/2014
 
(1),(2),(3)
Renaissance
 
Tampa, FL
 
42,951

 
—

 
69,179

 
—

 
10,374

 
—

 
79,553

 
79,553

 
20,920

 
—

 
04/2007
 
(1),(2),(3)
Bardessono
 
Yountville, CA
 
40,000

 
—

 
64,184

 
—

 
(1,160
)
 
—

 
63,024

 
63,024

 
3,503

 
—

 
07/2015
 
(1),(2),(3),(4)
Ritz Carlton
 
St. Thomas, USVI
 
42,000

 
25,533

 
38,467

 
—

 
2,568

 
25,533

 
41,035

 
66,568

 
3,262

 
—

 
12/2015
 
(1),(2),(3)
Total
 
 
 
$
766,964

 
$
210,696

 
$
938,049

 
$
—

 
$
109,667

 
$
210,696

 
$
1,047,716

 
$
1,258,412

 
$
243,880

 
 
 
 
 
 
__________________
(1) 
Estimated useful life for buildings is 39 years.
(2) 
Estimated useful life for building improvements is 7.5 years.
(3) 
Estimated useful life for furniture and fixtures is 1.5 to 5 years.
(4) 
Amount includes transfer of FF&E to Ashford Inc. in return for the key money consideration.

154

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Investment in Real Estate:
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
1,315,621

 
$
1,179,345

 
$
925,507

Additions
24,280

 
146,828

 
265,484

Write-offs
(11,977
)
 
(8,609
)
 
(11,646
)
Sales/Disposals
(69,512
)
 
(1,943
)
 
—

Ending balance
1,258,412

 
1,315,621

 
1,179,345

Accumulated Depreciation:
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
224,142

 
189,042

 
160,181

Depreciation expense
45,716

 
43,780

 
40,507

Write-offs
(11,977
)
 
(8,609
)
 
(11,646
)
Sales/Disposals
(14,001
)
 
(71
)
 
—

Ending balance
243,880

 
224,142

 
189,042

Investment in Real Estate, net
$
1,014,532

 
$
1,091,479

 
$
990,303


155