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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
The Company

The Company - Headquartered in Charlottesville, Virginia, Virginia National Bankshares Corporation (the Company) (NASDAQ: VABK) is a bank holding company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Company is authorized to issue (a) 10,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $2.50 per share and (b) 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock at a par value $2.50 per share. There is currently no preferred stock outstanding. The Company is regulated under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended and is subject to inspection, examination, and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board.

Virginia National Bank (the Bank) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and was organized in 1998 under federal law as a national banking association to engage in a general commercial and retail banking business. The Bank is also headquartered in Charlottesville, Virginia and primarily serves the Virginia communities in and around the cities of Charlottesville, Winchester, Manassas and Richmond, and the counties of Albemarle, Fauquier, Frederick and Prince William. As a national bank, the Bank is subject to the supervision, examination and regulation of the OCC.

The Bank offers a full range of banking and related financial services to meet the needs of individuals, businesses and charitable organizations, including the fiduciary services of VNB Trust and Estate Services. Until the sale of the business line on December 19, 2022, the Bank also offered, through networking agreements with third parties, investment advisory and other investment services under Sturman Wealth Advisors. Refer to Note 27 - Sale of Sturman Wealth Advisors for more information regarding the sale of such business line. Investment management services are offered through Masonry Capital Management, LLC, a registered investment adviser and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Bank, through its financial subsidiary Fauquier Bank Services, Inc., has equity ownership interests in Bankers Insurance, LLC, a Virginia independent insurance company, and Bankers Title Shenandoah, LLC, a title insurance company, both of which are owned by a consortium of Virginia community banks.

The Bank has another subsidiary, Special Properties Acquisition - VA, LLC, which was originally formed by Fauquier to hold other real estate owned; however, there are no assets currently held by this subsidiary.

In addition, the Company owns Fauquier Statutory Trust II (“Trust II”), which is an unconsolidated subsidiary. The subordinated debt owed to Trust II is reported as a liability of the Company.

On April 1, 2021, the Company completed the Merger with Fauquier with and into the Company for total consideration paid of $78.0 million. In connection with the transaction, TFB, Fauquier's wholly-owned bank subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Financial Information - The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and to the reporting guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities. The following is a description of the more significant of those policies and practices.

Principles of consolidation Principles of consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank and Masonry Capital. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of estimates

Use of estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (including individually evaluated loans), acquisition accounting, intangible assets, income taxes, and fair value measurements.

Cash flow reporting

Cash flow reporting – For purposes of the statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, funds due from banks, interest bearing deposits in other banks and federal funds sold.

Securities

Securities – Unrestricted investments are classified in two categories as described below.

Securities held to maturity – Securities classified as held to maturity are those debt securities the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity regardless of changes in market conditions, liquidity needs or changes in general economic conditions. Currently the Company has no securities classified as held to maturity because of Management’s desire to have more flexibility in managing the investment portfolio.
Securities available for sale – Securities classified as AFS are those debt securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as AFS would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company’s assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations, and other similar factors. AFS securities are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities or to “call” dates, whichever occurs first. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

For AFS securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

 

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an ACL, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.

 

Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes an AFS security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At December 31, 2023, there was no ACL related to the AFS securities portfolio.

Restricted securities

Restricted securities As members of the FRB and the FHLB, the Company is required to maintain certain minimum investments in the common stock of the FRB and FHLB. Required levels of investments are based upon the Bank’s capital and a percentage of qualifying assets. Additionally, the Company has purchased common stock in CBBFC, the holding company for Community Bankers’ Bank and an investment in an SBA loan fund. These restricted securities are carried at cost.

Loans

Loans – Loans are reported at the principal balance outstanding net of unearned discounts and of the allowance for credit losses. Interest income on loans is reported on the level-yield method and includes amortization of deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term.

Loans acquired in a business combination are recorded at estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. In the case of loans that have experienced more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination as of the acquisition date, the loan’s amortized cost basis is increased above estimated fair value by the amount of expected credit losses as of the acquisition date, and a corresponding ACL is also

recorded. Any remaining non-credit discount or premium for such purchased loans with credit deterioration (or PCD loans) and any fair value discount or premium for non-PCD loans is accreted or amortized as an adjustment to yield over the estimated lives of the loans using the level-yield method. There is no allowance for credit losses established for non-PCD loans as part of a business combination.

Further information regarding the Company’s accounting policies related to past due loans, non-accrual loans and impaired loans is presented in Note 4 - Loans.

Allowance for loan losses

Allowance for credit losses The allowance for credit losses on loans is established through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for credit losses. Loan losses are charged against the ACL for the difference between the carrying value of the loan and the estimated net realizable value or fair value of the collateral, if collateral dependent, when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL.

The ACL represents management’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual term of loans held for investment, and is recorded at an amount that, in management’s judgment, reduces the recorded investment in loans to the net amount expected to be collected. No ACL is recorded on accrued interest receivable and amounts written-off are reversed by an adjustment to interest income. Management’s judgment in determining the level of the ACL is based on evaluations of historical loan losses, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts relevant to the collectability of loans. Loans that share common risk characteristics are evaluated collectively using a discounted cash flow approach for all loans except for student loans and Minute Lender loans, which are evaluated using a remaining life methodology. The discounted cash flow approach used by the Company utilizes loan-level cash flow projections and pool-level assumptions. Further information regarding the Company’s policies and methodology used to estimate the ACL is presented in Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses.

Management’s estimate of the ACL on loans that are collectively evaluated also includes a qualitative assessment of available information relevant to assessing collectability that is not captured in the loss estimation process. Factors considered by management are detailed in Note 2 - Adoption of New Accounting Standards. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.
Transfers of financial assets

Transfers of financial assetsTransfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company or its subsidiaries – put presumptively beyond reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company or its subsidiaries does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets.

Premises and equipment Premises and equipment – Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of assets, which range from 3 to 40 years. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. The costs of major renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Upon disposition, the asset and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the books and any resulting gain or loss is charged to income. More information regarding premises and equipment is presented in Note 6 – Premises and Equipment.
Leases

Leases – The Company recognizes a lease liability and a right-of-use asset in connection with leases in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less. A lease liability represents the Company’s obligation to make future payments under lease contracts, and a right-of-use asset represents the Company’s right to control the use of the underlying property during the lease term. Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets are recognized upon commencement of a lease and measured as the present value of lease payments over the lease term, discounted at the incremental borrowing rate of the lessee. Further information regarding leases is presented in Note 7 – Leases.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets – Goodwill is determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in a business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful

life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company performs the test as of December 31 of each year whereby the estimated fair value is compared to the carrying value. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range from 3 to 10 years, to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life included on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Management has concluded that no impairment of these assets existed as of the balance sheet date. More information regarding intangible assets is presented in Note 8 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.

Bank owned life insurance BOLI – The Company has purchased life insurance on certain key employees and acquired BOLI policies as part of the Merger. These policies are recorded at their cash surrender value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income generated from polices is recorded as noninterest income.
Other Real Estate Owned Other Real Estate Owned – Assets acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosures are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. When the carrying amount exceeds the acquisition date fair value less selling costs, the excess is charged off against the ACL. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and any valuation adjustments occurring from post-acquisition reviews are charged to expense as incurred. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in other expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Fair value measurements

Fair value measurements ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. In general, fair values of financial instruments are based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. Additional information on fair value measurements is presented in Note 17 – Fair Value Measurements.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation – The Company accounts for all plans under recognition and measurement accounting principles which require that the compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions be recognized in the financial statements. Stock-based compensation arrangements include stock options and unrestricted or restricted stock grants. For stock options, compensation is estimated at the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option valuation model for determining fair value. The model employs the following assumptions:

Dividend yield - calculated as the ratio of historical cash dividends paid per share of common stock to the stock price on the date of grant;
Expected life (term of the option) - based on the average of the contractual life and vesting schedule for the respective option;
Expected volatility - based on the monthly historical volatility of the Company’s stock price over the expected life of the options;
Risk-free interest rate - based upon the U.S. Treasury bill yield curve, for periods within the contractual life of the option, in effect at the time of grant.

The Company has elected to estimate forfeitures when recognizing compensation expense, and this estimate of forfeitures is adjusted over the requisite service period or vesting schedule based on the extent to which actual forfeitures differ from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment, which is recognized in the period of change, and also will impact the amount of estimated unamortized compensation expense to be recognized in future periods. Further information on stock-based compensation is presented in Note 19 – Stock Incentive Plans.

Net income per common share

Net income per common share – Basic net income per share, commonly referred to as earnings per share, represent income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including restricted shares that have not yet vested as these are considered participating securities during the vesting period. Diluted net income per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been

issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and are determined using the treasury stock method. Additional information on net income per share is presented in Note 20 – Net Income per Share.

Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income – Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities and interest rate swaps, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income (loss). Further information on the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments The Company recognizes derivative financial instruments in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The fair value of a derivative is determined by quoted market prices and mathematical models using current and historical data. If certain hedging criteria are met, including testing for hedge effectiveness, special hedge accounting may be applied. The Company assesses each hedge, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, to determine whether the derivative used in a hedging transaction is effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item and whether the derivative is expected to remain effective during subsequent periods. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when (i) it determines that a derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; (iii) probability exists that the forecasted transaction will no longer occur or; (iv) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate. When hedge accounting is discontinued and a derivative remains outstanding, the Company recognizes the derivative in the balance sheet at its fair value and changes in the fair value are recognized in net income.

At inception, the Company designates a derivative as (i) a fair value hedge of recognized assets or liabilities or of unrecognized firm commitments (fair value hedge) or (ii) a hedge of forecasted transactions or variable cash flows to be received or paid in conjunction with recognized assets or liabilities (cash flow hedge). For a derivative treated as a fair value hedge, a change in fair value is recorded as an adjustment to the hedged item and recognized in net income. For a derivative treated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of a change in fair value is recorded as an adjustment to the hedged item and recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity. For a derivative treated as a cash flow hedge, the ineffective portion of a change in fair value is recorded as an adjustment to the hedged item and recognized in net income. Further information on the Company's derivative financial instruments is presented in Note 23 -Derivatives Instruments and Hedging Activities.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs – The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as they are incurred.

Income taxes

Income taxes – Deferred taxes are provided on the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, operating loss carry forwards, and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

When tax returns are filed, it is highly probable that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax

benefits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination.

Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits, if any, are classified as additional income taxes in the statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no such interest or penalties recognized. Further information on the Company’s accounting policies for income taxes is presented in Note 11 – Income Taxes.

Securities and other property held in a fiduciary capacity

Securities and other property held in a fiduciary capacity Securities and other property held by VNB Trust and Estate Services or Masonry Capital in a fiduciary or agency capacity are not assets of the Company and are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition – ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, and all subsequent amendments to the ASU (collectively “Topic 606”), (i) creates a single framework for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers that fall within its scope and (ii) revises when it is appropriate to recognize a gain (loss) from the transfer of nonfinancial assets, such as OREO. The majority of the Company’s revenue is from interest income, including loans and securities, which are outside the scope of the standard. The services that fall within the scope of the standard are presented within noninterest income on the consolidated statement of income and are recognized as revenue as the Company satisfies its obligations to the customer. The revenue that falls within the scope of Topic 606 is primarily related to service charges on deposit accounts, debit/credit card and ATM fees, asset management fees and sales of other real estate owned, when applicable.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications – Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year financial statements to conform to current year presentation. The results of the reclassifications are not considered material.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures – In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, which is greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the entity’s applicable statutory rate, on an annual basis. Additionally, the amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions that are equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). Lastly, the amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Segment Reporting In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in this ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition, all annual disclosures required by FASB ASU Topic 280 in interim periods as well, and the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measures. Additionally, this ASU requires that at least one of the reported segment profit and loss measures should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in an entity’s consolidated financial statements. Lastly, this ASU requires public business entities with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by these amendments in this ASU and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-07 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

LIBOR and Other Reference Rates In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”. ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the LIBOR would cease being published. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023.

To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The ASU is effective for all entities upon issuance.

The Company has identified all loans that are directly or indirectly impacted by LIBOR.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not currently expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2 - Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Financial Instruments – Credit Losses - On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," and ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,” collectively referred to as ASC 326. This standard, in part, replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology. ASC 326 requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial assets using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses. Purchased credit deteriorated loans will receive an initial allowance at the acquisition date that represents an adjustment to the amortized cost basis of the loan, with no impact to earnings.

In addition, ASU 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. One change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available for sale debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not, they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 and all related subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The transition adjustment of the adoption included an increase in the ACL on loans of $2.5 million, which is presented as a reduction to net loans outstanding, and an increase in the ACL for unfunded loan commitments of $253 thousand, which is recorded within Accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded a net decrease to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2023 of $1.9 million, for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326, which reflects the transition adjustments noted above, net of the applicable deferred tax assets recorded. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards ("Incurred Loss"). Subsequent to adoption, the Company will record adjustments to its ACL and reserve for unfunded commitments through the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

ASC 326 also replaced the Company's previous accounting policies for PCI loans and TDRs. With the adoption of ASC 326, loans previously designated as PCI loans were designated as purchased loans with credit deterioration (PCD loans). The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for PCD loans that were previously identified as PCI and accounted for under ASC 310-30. On January 1, 2023, the Company's PCD loans were adjusted to reflect the addition of $355 thousand of expected credit losses to the amortized cost basis of the loans and a corresponding increase to the ACL. The remaining noncredit discount, the difference between the adjusted amortized cost basis and the outstanding principal

balance on PCD loans, will be accreted into interest income over the estimated remaining lives of the loans using the effective interest rate method. The evaluation of the ACL will include PCD loans together with other loans that share similar risk characteristics, rather than using the separate pools that were used under PCI accounting. The adoption of ASC 326 also replaced previous TDR accounting guidance, and the evaluation of the ACL will include loans previously designated as TDRs together with other loans that share similar risk characteristics.

 

The adoption of ASC 326 did not affect the carrying value of debt securities or the amount of unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company did not have any securities included in its portfolio where OTTI had previously been recognized or that required an ACL. Therefore, the Company determined that an ACL on AFS securities was not deemed material.

 

The following table illustrates the impact of adopting ASC 326:

 

 

 

December 31, 2022

 

 

January 1, 2023

 

 

January 1, 2023

 

(Dollars in thousands)

 

As Previously Reported
(Incurred Loss)

 

 

Impact of
ASC 326

 

 

As Reported Under ASC 326

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Loans, gross

 

$

936,415

 

 

$

355

 

 

$

936,770

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Allowance for credit losses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Commercial

 

 

194

 

 

 

(11

)

 

 

183

 

  Real estate construction and land

 

 

221

 

 

 

440

 

 

 

661

 

  1-4 family residential mortgages

 

 

1,618

 

 

 

14

 

 

 

1,632

 

  Commercial mortgages

 

 

2,820

 

 

 

1,577

 

 

 

4,397

 

  Consumer

 

 

699

 

 

 

471

 

 

 

1,170

 

   Allowance for credit losses

 

$

5,552

 

 

$

2,491

 

 

$

8,043

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Loans, net

 

$

930,863

 

 

$

(2,136

)

 

$

928,727

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net deferred tax asset

 

$

17,315

 

 

$

499

 

 

$

17,814

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reserve for credit losses on unfunded commitments

 

 

60

 

 

 

253

 

 

 

313

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total equity

 

$

133,416

 

 

$

(1,890

)

 

$

131,526

 

 

Available for Sale Securities - For AFS securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

 

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an ACL, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes an AFS security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either

of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At December 31, 2023, there was no ACL related to the AFS securities portfolio.

Loans - Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts and deferred fees and costs. Accrued interest receivable related to loans totaled $4.3 million at December 31, 2023 and was reported in Accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using methods that approximate a level yield without anticipating prepayments.

The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due and is not well collateralized and in the process of collection, or when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, that the principal or interest will not be collectible in the normal course of business. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. A loan is considered to be past due when a scheduled payment has not been received 30 days after the contractual due date.

All accrued interest is reversed against interest income when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest received on such loans is accounted for using the cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, there is a sustained period of repayment performance, and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans - Upon adoption of ASC 326, loans that were designated as PCI loans under the previous accounting guidance were classified as PCD loans without reassessment.

In future acquisitions, the Company may purchase loans, some of which may have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. In those cases, the Company will consider internal loan grades, delinquency status and other relevant factors in assessing whether purchased loans are PCD. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An initial ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment, but with no impact to earnings. The initial ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan's purchase price and ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent to initial recognition, PCD loans are subject to the same interest income recognition and impairment model as non-PCD loans, with changes to the ACL recorded through provision expense.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans - The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The ACL represents management’s estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in loans as of the balance sheet date. The ACL is estimated by management using relevant available information, from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company measures expected credit losses for loans on a pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified ten portfolio segments and calculates the ACL for each using the methodology specified below (with the major classification noted in italics):

Discounted cash flow methodology:

1.
Commercial and industrial (Commercial)
2.
Construction (Real estate construction and land)
3.
Consumer (Consumer)
4.
Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied (Commercial mortgage)
5.
Commercial real estate, owner occupied (Commercial mortgage)
6.
Home equity and junior liens (1-4 family residential mortgage)
7.
Multifamily (Commercial mortgage)
8.
Residential first lien (1-4 family residential mortgage)

Remaining life methodology:

9.
Minute lender (Consumer/Commercial)
10.
Student loans (Consumer)

Additionally, the ACL calculation includes adjustments for qualitative risk factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical experience. These qualitative adjustments may increase reserve levels and include: adjustments for changes in lending policies and procedures and underwriting practices; changes in national, regional and local economic conditions; changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; changes in the experience, depth and ability of credit and loan operations staff; changes in the volume and severity of past due, special mention and substandard loans; changes in the quality of the loan review system; changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans that are not collateral dependent; the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements, on the level of estimated credit losses.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not included in the collective analysis. The ACL on loans that are individually evaluated may be estimated based on their expected cash flows, or in the case of loans for which repayment is expected substantially through the sale of collateral, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of collateral at the reporting dated adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Reserve for Unfunded Commitments - The Company records an ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, through a charge to provision for credit losses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit loss model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur as well as any third-party guarantees. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in Accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Accrued Interest Receivable - The Company elected not to measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on loans that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest.