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Business Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Feb. 03, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Business Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
Overview
Description of Business. Science Applications International Corporation (collectively, with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a leading provider of technical, engineering and enterprise information technology (IT) services primarily to the U.S. government. The Company provides these services for large, complex projects with a targeted emphasis on higher-end, differentiated technology services and solutions that accelerate and transform secure and resilient digital environments through system development, modernization, integration, and sustainment to drive enterprise and mission outcomes.
The Company is organized as a matrix comprised of two customer facing operating sectors supported by an enterprise solutions and operations organization. Each of the Company’s two customer facing operating sectors is focused on providing both (1) growth and technology accelerating solutions and (2) core IT service offerings to one or more agencies of the U.S. federal government. Growth and technology accelerating solutions include the delivery of secure cloud modernization, outcome based enterprise IT as-a-service, and the integration, production and modernization of defense systems. Core IT services include systems engineering, the operation and maintenance of existing IT systems and networks, and logistics and supply chain solutions. The Company's operating sectors are aggregated into one reportable segment for financial reporting purposes. See Note 16 for additional information.
Acquisitions. On July 2, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Halfaker and Associates, LLC (Halfaker), a mission focused, pure-play health IT company. On May 3, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Koverse, a software company that provides a data management platform enabling artificial intelligence and machine learning on complex sensitive data. On March 13, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of Unisys Federal, a former operating unit of Unisys Corporation, which enhances our capabilities in government priority areas, expands our portfolio of intellectual property and technology-driven offerings, and increases our access to current and new customers. See Note 4 for additional information.
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
References to “financial statements” refer to the consolidated financial statements of the Company, which include the statements of income and comprehensive income, balance sheets, statements of equity and statements of cash flows. These financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All intercompany transactions and account balances within the Company have been eliminated.
Non-controlling Interest. As of February 3, 2023, the Company held a 50.1% majority interest in Forfeiture Support Associates J.V. (FSA). The results of operations of FSA are included in the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and statements of cash flows. The non-controlling interest reported on the consolidated balance sheets represents the portion of FSA’s equity that is attributable to the non-controlling interest.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the financial statements may include, but are not limited to, estimated profitability of long-term contracts, income taxes, fair value measurements, fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets, pension and defined benefit plan obligations, and contingencies. Estimates have been prepared by management on the basis of the most current and best available information at the time of estimation and actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reporting Periods
The Company utilizes a 52/53 week fiscal year ending on the Friday closest to January 31, with fiscal quarters typically consisting of 13 weeks. Fiscal 2023 began on January 29, 2022 and ended on February 3, 2023, fiscal 2022 began on January 30, 2021 and ended on January 28, 2022, and fiscal 2021 began on February 1, 2020 and
ended on January 29, 2021. Fiscal 2023 consisted of 53 weeks with the extra week occurring in the fourth quarter, while fiscal 2022 and 2021 consisted of 52 weeks.
Revenue Recognition
The Company provides technical, engineering and enterprise IT services under long-term service arrangements primarily with the U.S. government, including subcontracts with other contractors engaged in work for the U.S. government. The Company also serves a number of state and local governments, foreign governments and U.S. commercial customers.
The Company provides services under various contract types, including firm-fixed price (FFP), time-and-materials (T&M), cost-plus-fixed-fee, cost-plus-award-fee and cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts. Our service arrangements typically involve an annual base period of performance followed by renewal option periods that upon exercise are generally accounted for as separate contracts.
To determine the proper revenue recognition, the Company first evaluates whether we have a duly approved and enforceable contract with a customer, in which rights of parties and payment terms are identified and collectability is probable. We also evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether modifications to existing contracts should be accounted for as part of the original contract or as a separate contract. Contract modifications that create new enforceable rights and obligations are accounted for prospectively. Contract modifications that do not add distinct goods or services are accounted for through cumulative catch-up adjustments. Contract modifications that add distinct goods or services and increase the contract value by an amount that reflects the standalone selling price are accounted for as separate contracts.
The Company recognizes revenue when, or as, we satisfy our performance obligations under a contract. A performance obligation is the unit of account for revenue recognition and refers to a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service or good to the customer. The majority of the Company’s contracts contain a single performance obligation involving a significant integration of various activities that are performed together to deliver a combined service or solution. Performance obligations may be satisfied over time or at a point in time, but the majority of the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied over time. The Company selects the appropriate measure of progress for revenue recognition based on the nature of the performance obligation, contract type and other pertinent contract terms.
Performance obligations satisfied over time may involve a series of recurring services, such as network operations and maintenance, operation and program support services, IT outsourcing services, and other IT arrangements where the Company is standing ready to provide support, when-and-if needed. Such performance obligations are satisfied over time because the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of our performance as services are provided. Alternatively, performance obligations satisfied over time may involve the completion of a contract deliverable. Examples include systems integration, network engineering, network design, and engineering and build services. Deliverable-based performance obligations are satisfied over time when the Company’s performance creates or enhances an asset that is controlled by the customer, or when the Company’s performance creates an asset that is customized to the customer’s specifications and the Company has a right to payment, including a reasonable profit margin, for work performed to date.
For series-services performance obligations, the Company measures progress using either a cost input measure (cost-to-cost), a time-elapsed output measure, or the as-invoiced practical expedient. A cost input measure typically is applied to the Company’s cost-reimbursable contracts. Revenue is recognized based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. Award or incentive fees are allocated to the distinct periods to which they relate. For fixed-price contracts, a time-elapsed output measure is applied to fixed consideration, such that revenue is recognized ratably over the period of performance. Where fixed-price contracts also provide for reimbursement of certain costs, such as travel or other direct costs, consideration may be attributed only to a distinct subset of time within the performance period. The Company’s time-and-material and fixed price-level of effort contracts generally qualify for the as-invoiced practical expedient. Revenue on these contracts is recognized in the amount to which the Company has a contractual right to invoice.
For deliverable-based performance obligations satisfied over time, the Company recognizes revenue using a cost input measure of progress (cost-to-cost), regardless of contract type. Revenue is recognized based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion.
The Company may incur costs associated with significant materials or hardware procurements that are not proportionate to the Company’s progress in satisfying its performance obligations. For these contracts, costs are excluded from the measure of progress, and revenue is recognized equal to the costs incurred.
For performance obligations in which the Company does not transfer control over time, we recognize revenue at the point-in-time when the customer obtains control of the related asset, usually at the time of shipment or upon delivery. The Company accrues for shipping and handling costs occurring after the point-in-time control transfers to the customer.
Recognizing revenue on long-term contracts involves significant estimates and judgments. The transaction price is the estimated amount of consideration we expect to receive for performance under our contracts. Contract terms may include variable consideration, such as reimbursable costs, award and incentive fees, usage-based fees, service-level penalties, performance bonuses, or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. Variable amounts are generally determined upon our achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and may be based upon customer discretion. When making our estimates, the Company considers the customer, contract terms, the complexity of the work and related risks, the extent of customer discretion, historical experience and the potential of a significant reversal of revenue. The Company includes variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved.
Many of the Company's contracts recognize revenue using a cost input measure (cost-to-cost), which requires estimates of total costs at completion. Estimating costs at completion is complex due to the nature of the services being performed and the length of certain contracts. Contract costs generally include direct costs, such as labor, subcontract costs and materials, and indirect costs identifiable with or allocable to a specific contract. Management must make assumptions regarding the complexity of the work to be performed, the schedule and associated tasks, labor productivity and availability, increases in wages and prices of materials, execution by our subcontractors, overhead cost rates, and other variables. For contracts using a cost input measure, when total expected contract costs exceed total estimated contract revenues, the Company recognizes the total estimated loss in the quarter identified. Total estimated losses are inclusive of any unexercised options that are probable of award, only if they increase the amount of the loss. Contract costs incurred for U.S. government contracts, including indirect costs, are subject to audit and adjustment by the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA).
For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation within the contract. Since the Company typically provides customized services and solutions that are specific to a single customer’s requirements, standalone selling price is most often estimated based on expected costs plus a reasonable profit margin.
Changes in Estimates on Contracts
Changes in estimates of revenues, cost of revenues or profits related to performance obligations satisfied over time are recognized in operating income in the period in which such changes are made for the inception-to-date effect of the changes. Changes in these estimates can occur routinely over the performance period for a variety of reasons, which include: changes in scope; changes in cost estimates due to unanticipated cost growth or reassessments of risks impacting costs; changes in the estimated transaction price, such as variable amounts for incentive or award fees; and performance being better or worse than previously estimated.
Many of the Company's contracts recognize revenue on performance obligations using a cost input measure (cost-to-cost), which requires estimates of total costs at completion. In cases when total expected costs exceed total estimated revenues for a performance obligation, the Company recognizes the total estimated loss in the quarter identified. Total estimated losses are inclusive of any unexercised options that are probable of award, only if they increase the amount of the loss.
Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of billing and cash receipts from customers. Amounts are invoiced as work progresses, typically biweekly or monthly in arrears, or upon achievement of contractual milestones. We record a contract asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or a contract liability when cash is received in advance of recognizing revenue. A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets include unbillable receivables and contract retentions, but exclude billed and billable receivables. Billed and billable receivables are rights to consideration, which are unconditional other than to the passage of time. Contract liabilities include customer advances, billings in excess of revenues and deferred revenue. Contract assets and liabilities are recorded net on a contract-by-contract basis and are generally classified as current based on our contract operating cycle. Deferred revenue attributable to long-term contract material renewal options may be classified as non-current when the option renewal period will not occur within one year of the balance sheet date.
Deferred Costs
Certain eligible costs, such as costs to obtain and costs to fulfill our service contracts, are capitalized when the costs relate directly to the contract, are expected to be recovered, and generate or enhance resources to be used in satisfying the performance obligation. These costs primarily consist of commissions, transition and set-up costs. Capitalized costs to obtain and fulfill a contract are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which generally includes the contract base period and anticipated renewals.
The Company performs periodic reviews to assess the recoverability of deferred contract transition and setup costs. The carrying amount of the asset is compared to the remaining amount of consideration the Company expects to receive for the services to which the asset relates, less the costs that relate directly to providing those services that have not yet been recognized. If the carrying amount is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized.
Costs Allocated to Contracts
The Company classifies indirect costs as overhead (included in cost of revenues) or general and administrative expenses in the same manner as such costs are defined in the Company’s Disclosure Statements under U.S. government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS).
Stock-based Compensation
The Company issues stock-based awards as compensation to employees and directors. Stock-based awards include stock options, vesting stock awards and performance share awards. These awards are accounted for as equity awards. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the underlying award’s requisite service period, as measured using the award’s grant date fair value. For performance share awards, the Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance conditions at each reporting period end and adjusts compensation expense based on the number of shares the Company expects to ultimately issue.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method of accounting, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Under this method, changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in income in the period such changes are enacted. The provision for federal, state, local and foreign income taxes is calculated on income before income taxes based on current tax law and includes the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those used previously in determining deferred tax assets and liabilities. Such provision differs from the amounts currently payable because certain items of income and expense are recognized in different reporting periods for financial reporting purposes than for income tax purposes.
Recording the provision for income taxes requires management to make significant judgments and estimates for matters for which the ultimate resolution may not become known until the final resolution of an examination by taxing authorities or the statute of limitations lapses. Additionally, recording liabilities for uncertainty in income taxes
involves significant judgment in evaluating the Company’s tax positions and developing the best estimate of the taxes ultimately expected to be paid. Tax penalties and interest are included in income tax expense.
The Company has also recognized liabilities for uncertainty in income taxes when it is more likely than not that a tax position will not be sustained on examination and settlement with various taxing authorities. The Company records the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized when the tax position is settled. To the extent we prevail in matters for which accruals have been established or are required to pay amounts in excess of reserves, our effective tax rate in a given financial period may be materially impacted.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted by taxable jurisdiction and classified as noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheets.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash in banks and highly liquid instruments, which primarily consist of bank deposits and investments in institutional money market funds. The Company includes outstanding payments within cash and cash equivalents and accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheets and as of February 3, 2023 and January 28, 2022 these amounts were $49 million and $54 million, respectively. The Company does not invest in high yield or high risk securities. The cash in bank accounts at times may exceed federally insured limits.
Restricted cash consists of cash on deposit in rabbi trusts that are contractually restricted from use in operations, but are subject to future claims of creditors. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to amounts reported within the consolidated balance sheets for the periods presented:
 February 3, 2023January 28, 2022
 (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents$109 $106 
Restricted cash included in other current assets5 
Restricted cash included in other assets4 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$118 $115 
Receivables
Receivables include billed and billable receivables, and unbilled receivables. The Company’s receivables are primarily due from the U.S. government, or from prime contractors on which we are subcontractors and the end customer is the U.S. government, and are generally considered collectable from the perspective of the customer’s ability to pay. The Company does not have a material credit risk exposure.
Unbilled receivables, substantially all of which are expected to be billed and collected within one year, are stated at their estimated realizable value and consist of costs and fees billable on contract completion or the occurrence of a specified event, other than the passage of time. Legal title to the related accumulated costs of contracts in progress generally vests with the U.S. government on the Company’s receipt of progress payments. Progress payments received of $42 million and $76 million offset unbilled receivables as of February 3, 2023 and January 28, 2022, respectively. Contract retentions are billed when contract conditions have been met and may relate to uncompleted indirect cost negotiations with the U.S. government. Based on historical experience, the majority of retention balances are expected to be collected beyond one year. Retention is presented in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, see Note 3. Write-offs of retention balances have not been significant.
Receivable balances are written-off in the period during which management determines they are uncollectable, and, at that time, such balances are removed from billed receivables and, if previously reserved, from the allowance.
Inventory
Inventory is substantially comprised of finished goods inventory purchased for resale to customers, such as tires and lubricants, and is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, generally using the average cost method. The Company evaluates current inventory against historical and planned usage to estimate the appropriate provision for obsolete inventory.
Business Combinations
The Company records all tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at fair value as of the acquisition date, which is determined using a cost, market or income approach. The excess amount of the aggregated purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition date fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as measured on the acquisition date.
The valuations are based on information that existed as of the acquisition date. During the measurement period that shall not exceed one year from the acquisition date, the Company may adjust provisional amounts recorded for assets acquired and liabilities assumed to reflect new information that the Company has subsequently obtained regarding facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.
Acquisition and Integration Costs
Acquisition-related costs that are not part of the purchase price consideration are generally expensed as incurred, except for certain costs that are deferred in connection with the issuance of debt. These costs typically include transaction-related costs, such as finder’s fees, legal, accounting and other professional costs. Integration-related costs represent costs directly related to combining the Company and its acquired businesses. Integration-related costs typically include strategic consulting services, facility consolidation, employee related costs, such as retention and severance, costs to integrate information technology infrastructure, enterprise planning systems, processes, and other non-recurring integration-related costs. Acquisition and integration costs are presented together as acquisition and integration costs on the consolidated statements of income.
The amounts recognized in acquisition and integration costs on the consolidated statements of income are as follows:
Year Ended
February 3,
2023
January 28,
2022
January 29,
2021
(in millions)
Acquisition(1)
$(2)$$20 
Integration(2)(3)
15 53 34 
Total acquisition and integration costs$13 $56 $54 
(1)    Acquisition expenses in fiscal 2023 reflect adjustments to the fair value of the Koverse earnout liability. Acquisition expenses recognized for fiscal 2022 were related to the acquisitions of Halfaker and Koverse. Acquisition expenses recognized for fiscal 2021 were related to the acquisition of Unisys Federal. See Note 4 for additional information related to the acquisitions.
(2)    Integration expenses for fiscal 2021 include an $11 million loss associated with the sale of certain non-strategic international operations.
(3)    Integration expenses include $6 million of restructuring costs for fiscal 2021 and $17 million and $1 million for the impairment of assets for fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 5 for additional information related to restructuring and impairment costs.
Restructuring Costs
The Company periodically initiates restructuring activities to support business strategies, realign resources, and enhance its operational efficiency. Restructuring costs may include severance and other employee related termination costs, and costs associated with consolidating or closing facilities.
One-time involuntary employee termination benefits are recognized as a liability and measured at fair value when the plan of termination has been communicated to employees and certain other criteria are met. Ongoing employee termination benefit arrangements are recognized as a liability and measured at fair value when it is probable that amounts will be paid and such amounts are reasonably estimable.
Costs to consolidate or close facilities primarily include lease obligation charges for exited facilities, including the impact of accelerated lease expense for right of use assets and accelerated depreciation expense for leasehold improvements with reductions in their estimated useful lives due to exited facilities.
Leases
The Company occupies most of its facilities under operating leases. Certain equipment is also leased under short-term or cancelable operating leases.
The Company recognizes a right of use (ROU) asset and a lease liability upon the commencement of its operating leases. The initial lease liability is equal to the future fixed minimum lease payments discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate on a secured basis. The lease term includes option renewal periods and early termination payments when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those rights. The initial measurement of the ROU asset is equal to the initial lease liability plus any initial direct costs and prepayments, less any lease incentives.
The Company recognizes lease costs on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term, except for variable lease payments that are expensed in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.
For its facility leases, the Company combines and accounts for lease and non-lease components together as a single component. The Company does not recognize lease liabilities and ROU assets for leases with original terms of 12 months or less. ROU assets are evaluated for impairment as a long-lived asset.
The Company leases IT equipment and hardware to its customers. All of the Company’s lessor arrangements are operating leases. Operating lease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and is reported as revenue on the consolidated statements of income.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but rather are tested for potential impairment annually at the beginning of the Company's fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. There were no impairments during the periods presented.
The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. The Company estimates and compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying value including goodwill. The fair value of the Company’s reporting units are determined using either a market approach, income approach, or a combination of both, which involves the use of estimates and assumptions, including projected future operating results and cash flows, the cost of capital, and financial measures derived from observable market data of comparable public companies. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the amount of impairment expense is equal to the difference between the reporting unit’s fair value and the reporting unit’s carrying value.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the method that best reflects how their economic benefits are utilized or, if a pattern of economic benefits cannot be reliably determined, on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with finite lives are assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable at the asset group level.
Property, Plant, and Equipment
Property, plant, and equipment are carried at cost net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Purchases of property, plant, and equipment, as well as costs associated with major renewals and betterments, are capitalized. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals and betterments are expensed as incurred. When assets are sold or
otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed and any resulting gain or loss is recognized. See Note 7 for depreciation and amortization methods and estimated useful lives by major asset class.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
The Company evaluates its long-lived assets (including right of use lease assets) for potential impairment whenever there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable and the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows (including sublease income) at the asset group level. When the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the asset’s carrying amount to its estimated fair value based on the present value of its estimated future cash flows.
In circumstances in which the Company has the ability and intent to sublease an exited facility, the Company performs an impairment test of the asset group (mainly consisting of right of use lease assets and leasehold improvements) on the earlier of the cease use date or sublease inception date by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to the undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset group (mainly sublease income). When the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the asset group’s carrying amount to its estimated fair value based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. In circumstances in which the Company does not have the ability or intent to sublease an exited facility, the Company adjusts the estimated useful life of the facility related assets to end on the cease use date and recognizes accelerated depreciation and amortization.
Commitments and Contingencies
Accruals for commitments and loss contingencies are recorded when it is both probable that they will occur and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. In addition, legal fees are accrued for cases where a loss is probable and the related fees can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both the probability and the estimated amount of loss. The Company reviews these accruals quarterly and adjusts the accruals to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other updated information.
Pension and Defined Benefit Plans
The Company measures plan assets and benefit obligations as of the month-end that is closest to its fiscal year-end. Accounting and reporting for the Company's pension and defined benefit plans requires the use of assumptions, including but not limited to, a discount rate and an expected return on assets. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually based on reviews of current plan information and consultation with the Company's independent actuary and the plans’ investment advisor. If these assumptions differ materially from actual results, the Company's obligations under the pension and defined benefit plans could also differ materially, potentially requiring the Company to record an additional liability. The Company's pension and defined benefit plan liabilities are developed from actuarial valuations performed each year.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company utilizes fair value measurement guidance prescribed by GAAP to value its financial instruments. The accounting standard for fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets (Level 1); inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2); and unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions (Level 3).
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and other amounts included in other current assets and current liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these amounts. The carrying value of the Company’s outstanding debt obligations approximates its fair value, which is calculated using Level 2 inputs, based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company’s existing debt arrangements.
Non-financial assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination were measured at fair value using income, market and cost valuation methodologies. See Note 4 for additional information. The fair value measurements were estimated using significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent a Level 3 measurement.
Marketable Securities
Investments in marketable securities consist of equity securities, which are recorded at fair value using observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets (Level 1). As of February 3, 2023 and January 28, 2022, the fair value of our investments total $28 million, and was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's investments are primarily held in a custodial account, which includes investments to fund our deferred compensation plan liabilities.
Derivative Instruments Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to earnings in a manner that matches the timing of the earnings impact of the hedged transactions.
The Company’s fixed interest rate swaps are considered over-the-counter derivatives, and their fair value is calculated using a standard pricing model for interest rate swaps with contractual terms for maturities, amortization and interest rates. Level 2, or market observable inputs (such as yield and credit curves), are used within the standard pricing models in order to determine fair value. The fair value is an estimate of the amount that the Company would pay or receive as of a measurement date if the agreements were transferred to a third party. See Note 12 for further discussion on the Company’s derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges.
Operating Cycle
The Company’s operating cycle may be greater than one year and is measured by the average time intervening between the inception and the completion of contracts.
Research and Development
The Company conducts research and development activities under customer-funded contracts and with company-funded independent research and development (IR&D) funds. IR&D efforts consist of projects involving basic research, applied research, development, and systems and other concept formulation studies. Company-funded IR&D expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) and was $1 million, $4 million and $6 million in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Customer-funded research and development activities performed under customer contracts are charged directly to cost of revenues for those particular contracts.
Accounting Standards Updates
In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50), which requires annual and interim disclosures for entities that use supplier finance programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services. The new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. These amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the requirement to provide rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured at the acquisition date in accordance with Topic 606 as if the acquirer had originated the contracts. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and must be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the requirements of ASU 2021-08 on a prospective basis effective the first day of fiscal 2023.