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Accounting Changes and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]  
Accounting Changes and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Changes and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Changes

ASU 2014-09

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of goods or services to customers. We adopted ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 by recording the cumulative effect of the adoption to our accumulated deficit. We applied the new standard to contracts that were not complete at January 1, 2018. The comparative information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 contained within these consolidated financial statements and notes has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for such periods. The implementation of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial
statements.

The principal impacts of ASU 2014-09 on our revenue recognition policies relate to our accounting for (i) time-limited discounts and free service periods provided to our customers and (ii) certain upfront fees charged to our customers, as follows:

When we enter into contracts to provide services to our customers, we often provide time-limited discounts or free service periods. Under previous accounting rules, we recognized revenue, net of discounts, during the promotional periods and did not recognize any revenue during free service periods. Under ASU 2014-09, revenue recognition for those contracts that contain substantive termination penalties is recognized uniformly over the contractual period. For contracts that do not have substantive termination penalties, we continue to record the impacts of partial or full discounts during the applicable promotional periods.

When we enter into contracts to provide services to our customers, we often charge installation or other upfront fees. Under previous accounting rules, installation fees related to services provided over our cable networks were recognized as revenue during the period in which the installation occurred to the extent these fees were equal to or less than direct selling costs. Under ASU 2014-09, these fees are generally deferred and recognized as revenue over the contractual period, or longer if the upfront fee results in a material renewal right.

ASU 2014-09 also impacted our accounting for certain upfront costs directly associated with obtaining and fulfilling customer contracts. Under our previous policy, these costs were expensed as incurred unless the costs were in the scope of another accounting topic that allowed for capitalization. Under ASU 2014-09, certain upfront costs associated with contracts that have substantive termination penalties and a term of one year or more are recognized as assets and amortized to operating costs and expenses over the applicable period benefited.

For additional information regarding the impact of our adoption of ASU 2014-09, see note 4.

The cumulative effect of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our summary balance sheet information as of January 1, 2018 is as follows:
 
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
ASU 2014-09 Adjustments
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
 
in millions
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Trade receivables, net
$
1,404.5

 
(0.7
)
 
$
1,403.8

Current assets of discontinued operations
$
276.0

 
98.2

 
$
374.2

Other current assets
$
351.2

 
76.6

 
$
427.8

Investments and related note receivables (a)
$
6,671.4

 
191.2

 
$
6,862.6

Deferred tax assets
$
3,133.1

 
(16.0
)
 
$
3,117.1

Long-term assets of discontinued operations
$
11,237.4

 
29.1

 
$
11,266.5

Other assets, net
$
3,720.2

 
21.4

 
$
3,741.6

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred revenue
$
936.6

 
5.6

 
$
942.2

Current liabilities of discontinued operations
$
1,635.9

 
26.7

 
$
1,662.6

Other accrued and current liabilities
$
2,219.0

 
1.2

 
$
2,220.2

Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations
$
10,014.4

 
39.1

 
$
10,053.5

Other long-term liabilities
$
2,246.6

 
2.7

 
$
2,249.3

 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity:
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated deficit (a)
$
(6,217.6
)
 
320.1

 
$
(5,897.5
)
Noncontrolling interests
$
(412.0
)
 
4.4

 
$
(407.6
)

_______________

(a)
The ASU 2014-09 adjustment amounts include the impact of our share of the VodafoneZiggo JV’s adjustment to its owners’ equity.

The impact of our adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 was not materially different from the impacts set forth in the above January 1, 2018 summary balance sheet information. Similarly, the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

ASU 2017-07

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of the Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07), which changes the presentation of periodic benefit cost components. Under ASU 2017-07, we continue to present the service component of our net periodic pension cost as a component of operating income but present the other components of our net periodic pension cost, which can include credits, within non-operating income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations. We adopted ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis, which resulted in the reclassification of credits from SG&A expense to other non-operating income, net of $18.2 million and $14.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For information regarding our defined benefit plans, see note 16.
ASU 2016-01

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01), which updates certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 primarily impacts our accounting for certain equity investments that were previously accounted for under the cost method. Under ASU 2016-01, these investments, which do not have readily determinable fair values, are accounted for at cost minus impairment, adjusted for any observable price changes of similar investments of the same issuer. We adopted the amendments of ASU 2016-01 related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis.

ASU 2016-18

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash (ASU 2016-18), which requires the change in restricted cash to be included together with the change in cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis.

ASU 2016-09

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation Stock Compensation, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification within the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017. As a result of adopting this standard, we (i) recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017 and (ii) retrospectively revised the presentation of our consolidated statements of cash flows to remove the operating cash outflows and financing cash inflows associated with excess tax benefits from share-based compensation. The cumulative effect adjustment, which totaled $15.3 million, represents the tax effect of deductions in excess of the financial reporting expense for share-based compensation that were not previously recognized for financial reporting purposes as these tax benefits were not realized as a reduction of income taxes payable.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2016-02

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (ASU 2016-02), which, for most leases, will result in lessees recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and additional disclosures. ASU 2016-02, as amended by ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using one of two modified retrospective approaches. A number of optional practical expedients may be applied in transition. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 by recording the cumulative effect of adoption to our accumulated deficit.

The main impact of the adoption of this standard will be the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (U.S. GAAP). We will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less, as permitted by the short-term lease practical expedient in the standard. We generally do not plan to apply the practical expedient that permits a lessee to account for lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single lease component and, accordingly, we will continue to account for these components separately. In transition, we will apply the practical expedients that permit us not to reassess (i) whether expired or existing contracts contain a lease under the new standard, (ii) the lease classification for expired or existing leases or (iii) whether previously-capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under the new standard. In addition, we will not use hindsight during transition.

We are in the process of implementing a new lease accounting system and related internal controls to meet the requirements of ASU 2016-02. While we are still evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated balance sheet, we expect to record significant right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities upon adoption. We do not expect our adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our consolidated statement of operations or cash flows.
Our current operating lease portfolio primarily includes leases related to network equipment, real estate and mobile site sharing. For a summary of our undiscounted future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2018, see note 18.

ASU 2018-15

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract (ASU 2018-15), which requires entities to defer implementation costs incurred that are related to the application development stage in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. Deferred implementation costs will be amortized over the term of the cloud computing arrangement and presented in the same expense line item as the cloud computing arrangement. All other implementation costs will be expensed as incurred. ASU 2018-15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2018-15 will have on our consolidated financial statements.