As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had trade receivables of $172 million and $192 million, respectively. Trade receivables are shown net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $23 million and $24 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively. Trade accounts have significant concentrations of credit risk in the Agriculture and Construction segments. There is not a disproportionate concentration of credit risk in any geographic region.

CNH Industrial provides and administers retail note and lease financing to end use customers for the purchase of new and used equipment and components sold through its dealer network, as well as revolving charge account financing. The terms of retail notes and finance leases generally range from two to six years, and interest rates vary depending on prevailing market interest rates and certain incentive programs offered on behalf of and sustained by Industrial Activities. Revolving charge accounts are generally accompanied by higher interest rates than the Company’s other retail financing products, require minimum monthly payments, and do not have pre-determined maturity dates.

Wholesale receivables arise primarily from dealer floorplan financing, and to a lesser extent, the financing of dealer operations. Under the standard terms of the wholesale receivable agreements, these receivables typically have “interest-free” periods of up to twelve months and stated original maturities of up to twenty-four months, with repayment accelerated upon the sale of the underlying equipment by the dealer. During the “interest-free” period, Financial Services is compensated by Industrial Activities based on market interest rates. After the expiration of any “interest-free” period, interest is charged to dealers on outstanding balances until CNH Industrial receives payment in full. The “interest-free” periods are determined based on the type of equipment sold and the time of year of the sale. The Company evaluates and assesses dealers on an ongoing basis as to their creditworthiness. CNH Industrial may be obligated to repurchase the dealer’s equipment upon cancellation or termination of the dealer’s contract for such causes as change in ownership, closeout of the business, or default. There were no significant losses in 2022, 2021 or 2020 relating to the termination of dealer contracts.

It has been the Company’s experience that substantial portions of retail, which include retail notes and finance leases, are repaid before their contractual maturity dates. As a result, the above table should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Financing receivables have significant concentrations of credit risk in the agriculture and construction business sectors. On a geographic basis, there is not a disproportionate concentration of credit risk in any area. The Company typically retains, as collateral, a security interest in the equipment associated with retail and wholesale receivables, while revolving charge accounts are generally unsecured.

SPEs utilized in the securitization programs differ from other entities included in the Company's consolidated financial statements because the assets they hold are legally isolated from the Company's assets. For bankruptcy analysis purposes, the Company has sold the receivables to the SPEs in a true sale and the SPEs are separate legal entities. Upon transfer of the receivables to the SPEs, the receivables and certain cash flows derived from them become restricted for use in meeting obligations to the SPEs' creditors. The SPEs have ownership of cash balances that also have restrictions for the benefit of the SPEs' investors. The Company's interests in the SPEs' receivables are subordinate to the interests of third-party investors. None of the receivables that are directly or indirectly sold or

Certain securitization trusts are also VIEs and consequently, the VIEs are consolidated since the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIEs.

The Company may retain all or a portion of the subordinated interests in the SPEs. No recourse provisions exist that allow holders of the asset-backed securities issued by the trusts to put those securities back to the Company, although the Company provides customary representations and warranties that could give rise to an obligation to repurchase from the trusts any receivables for which there is a breach of the representations and warranties. Moreover, the Company does not guarantee any securities issued by the trusts. The trusts have a limited life and generally terminate upon final distribution of amounts owed to investors or upon exercise of a cleanup-call option by the Company, in its role as servicer.

Factoring transactions may be either with recourse or without recourse; certain without recourse transfers include deferred payment clauses (for example, when the payment by the factor of a minor part of the purchase price is dependent on the total amount collected from the receivables), requiring first loss cover, meaning that the transferor takes priority participation in the losses, or requires a significant exposure to the cash flows arising from the transferred receivables to be retained. These types of transactions do not qualify for the derecognition of the assets since the risks and rewards connected with collection are not substantially transferred, and accordingly the Company continues to recognize the receivables transferred by this means in its balance sheet and a financial liability of the same amount under asset-backed financing.

The secured borrowings related to the transferred receivables are obligations that are payable as the receivables are collected. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the carrying amount of such restricted receivables included in financing receivables are the following (in millions):

CNH Industrial''s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments: retail and wholesale. A portfolio segment is the level at which CNH Industrial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Further, the class of receivables by which CNH Industrial evaluates its portfolio segments is by geographic region. Typically, CNH Industrial's receivables within a geographic area have similar risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring risk. The classes align with management reporting.

At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses included increases in reserves due to growth in the retail portfolio and additionally included $15 million for domestic Russian receivables, $9 million for the addition of revolving charge accounts in North America and $7 million in China related to Construction. CNH Industrial will update the macroeconomic factors and qualitative factors in future periods, as warranted. The provision for credit losses is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.


	December 31, 2020
	Retail		Wholesale
Opening balance, as previously reported	$	147	$	71
Adoption of ASC 326	34		(4)
Opening balance, as recast	$	181	$	67
Provision	93		4
Charge-offs, net of recoveries	(31)		(5)
Foreign currency translation and other	(12)		(4)
Ending balance	$	231	$	62

CNH Industrial assesses and monitors the credit quality of its financing receivables based on whether a receivable is classified as Performing or Non-Performing. Receivables are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not yet been received as of the date such payments were due. Delinquency is reported on financing receivables greater than 30 days past due. Non-performing financing receivables represent loans for which CNH Industrial has ceased accruing finance income. These receivables are generally 90 days past due. Accrued interest is charged-off to interest income. Interest income charged-off was not material for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest accrual is resumed if the receivable becomes contractually current and collection becomes probable. Previously suspended income is recognized at that time. As the terms for retail financing receivables are greater than one year, the performing/non-performing information is presented by year of origination for North America, South America and Asia Pacific.


	2022
	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Performing		Non- Performing		Total
Retail

North America
2022									$	3,558	$	—	$	3,558
2021									2,035		1		2,036
2020									994		—		994
2019									472		—		472
2018									225		—		225
Prior to 2018									65		—		65
Total	$	42	$	16	$	58	$	7,291	$	7,349	$	1	$	7,350
South America
2022									$	1,179	$	2	$	1,181
2021									725		3		728
2020									408		2		410
2019									207		1		208
2018									116		—		116
Prior to 2018									95		—		95
Total	$	12	$	—	$	12	$	2,718	$	2,730	$	8	$	2,738
Asia Pacific
2022									$	601	$	—	$	601
2021									400		1		401
2020									220		1		221
2019									84		—		84
2018									35		—		35
Prior to 2018									3		—		3
Total	$	8	$	8	$	16	$	1,327	$	1,343	$	2	$	1,345
Europe, Middle East, Africa	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	2	$	11	$	13
Total Retail	$	62	$	24	$	86	$	11,338	$	11,424	$	22	$	11,446
Wholesale
North America	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,378	$	3,378	$	—	$	3,378
South America	—		—		—		1,416		1,416		—		1,416
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		494		494		—		494
Europe, Middle East, Africa	7		2		9		2,488		2,497		—		2,497
Total Wholesale	$	7	$	2	$	9	$	7,776	$	7,785	$	—	$	7,785


	2021
	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Performing		Non- Performing		Total
Retail

North America
2021									$	3,159	$	—	$	3,159
2020									1,688		1		1,689
2019									901		1		902
2018									531		—		531
2017									229		—		229
Prior to 2017									73		—		73
Total	$	13	$	—	$	13	$	6,568	$	6,581	$	2	$	6,583
South America
2021									$	881	$	—	$	881
2020									524		—		524
2019									295		—		295
2018									190		—		190
2017									105		—		105
Prior to 2017									72		—		72
Total	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	2,066	$	2,067	$	—	$	2,067
Asia Pacific
2021									$	579	$	—	$	579
2020									357		4		361
2019									167		1		168
2018									99		1		100
2017									45		—		45
Prior to 2017									5		—		5
Total	$	10	$	8	$	18	$	1,234	$	1,252	$	6	$	1,258
Europe, Middle East, Africa	$	4	$	—	$	4	$	43	$	47	$	—	$	47
Total Retail	$	28	$	8	$	36	$	9,911	$	9,947	$	8	$	9,955
Wholesale
North America	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,339	$	2,339	$	—	$	2,339
South America	—		—		—		633		633		22		655
Asia Pacific	2		1		3		446		449		—		449
Europe, Middle East, Africa	5		1		6		1,924		1,930		—		1,930
Total Wholesale	$	7	$	2	$	9	$	5,342	$	5,351	$	22	$	5,373

A restructuring of a receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulties. As a collateral based lender, CNH Industrial typically will repossess collateral in lieu of restructuring receivables. As such, for retail receivables, concessions are typically provided based on bankruptcy court proceedings. For wholesale receivables, concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest-only periods, modification of a contractual interest rate to a below market interest rate and waiving of interest and principal.

TDRs are reviewed along with other receivables as part of management’s ongoing evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses attributable to TDRs is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of the collateral. In determining collateral value, the Company estimates the current fair market value of the equipment collateral and considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and third-party guarantees.

Before removing a receivable from TDR classification, a review of the borrower is conducted. If concerns exist about the future ability of the borrower to meet its obligations based on a credit review, the TDR classification is not removed from the receivable.