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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

4. INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense or benefit is recognized based on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate which is based upon the tax rate expected for the full calendar year applied to the pretax income or loss of the interim period. The Company’s consolidated effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was -6.4% and 6.2%, respectively, and differs from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to valuation allowance adjustments on federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, a valuation adjustment on certain federal tax credits and charitable contributions, changes in state tax rates, and other permanent items including equity-based compensation.  The Company’s consolidated effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 29.4% and 30.3%, respectively, and differs from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes, a valuation allowance adjustment on state net operating loss carryforwards and other permanent items including equity-based compensation.   

Due to the uncertainty of realizing the benefit from deferred tax assets, tax positions are reviewed at least quarterly by assessing future expected taxable income from all sources.  The Company has recorded a valuation allowance of approximately $7.0 million for federal tax credits and approximately $1.0 million for charitable contributions as of June 30, 2020. Separately, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance for certain state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $7.8 million and $5.2 million, net of federal tax benefit, on the deferred tax assets related to those state net operating losses as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The Company has determined that there are no positions currently taken that would rise to a level requiring an amount to be recorded or disclosed as an unrecognized tax benefit. If such positions do arise, it is the Company’s intent that any interest or penalty amount related to such positions will be recorded as a component of the income tax provision (benefit) in the applicable period.

The computation of the estimated annual effective tax rate at each interim period requires certain estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the forecasted pre-tax income or loss for the year, projections of the proportion of income and/or loss earned and taxed in respective jurisdictions, permanent and temporary differences, and the likelihood of the realizability of deferred tax assets generated in the current year. The volatile global economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the impacts of which are difficult to predict, may cause fluctuations in the Company’s forecasted pre-tax income or loss for the year, which could create volatility in its estimated annual effective tax rate. The estimates used to compute the provision or benefit for income taxes may change as new events occur, additional information is obtained or as the Company’s tax environment changes. To the extent that the estimated annual effective tax rate changes, the effect of the change on prior interim periods is included in the income tax provision in the period in which the change in estimate occurs.