For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the provision for (benefit from) income taxes is comprised of the following:

	2019			2018			2017
Current income tax provision (benefit)	(In thousands)
Federal	$	(77	)	$	(99	)	$	(66	)
State		1,580			1,113			1,525
Foreign		27			7			12
Total current income tax provision		1,530			1,021			1,471
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal		21,825			13,019			(74,312	)
State		16,173			3,875			(12,165	)
Total deferred income tax provision (benefit)		37,998			16,894			(86,477	)
Total income tax provision (benefit)	$	39,528		$	17,915		$	(85,006	)

The deferred income tax provision (benefit) represents the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Cash paid for income taxes totaled $1.4 million, $0.8 million and $0.5 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

	2019			2018
Deferred income tax assets:	(In thousands)
Acquisition and debt related costs	$	5,550		$	5,814
Net operating losses		180,693			180,658
Goodwill impairment		54,271			53,972
Self-insurance		7,308			6,847
Deferred revenue		2,546			2,718
Cash flow hedge		571			—
Restricted stock		4,411			4,472
Tax credits		10,230			9,317
Legal settlements		8,590			—
Lease obligations		32,078			—
Other		5,200			7,779
Total deferred income tax assets		311,448			271,577
Valuation allowance		(5,216	)		(2,762	)
Net deferred tax assets		306,232			268,815
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(225,827	)		(192,224	)
Amortization - Goodwill		(46,688	)		(41,803	)
Amortization - Other intangibles		(22,979	)		(18,144	)
Right of use assets		(31,940	)		—
Cash flow hedge		—			(836	)
Other		(2,558	)		(2,992	)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		(329,992	)		(255,999	)
Net deferred income tax (liabilities) assets	$	(23,760	)	$	12,816

The Company files federal, state and provincial income tax returns in various jurisdictions with varying statute of limitation expiration dates. Under the tax statute of limitations applicable to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by the Internal Revenue Service for years before 2015. However, because the Company is carrying forward income tax attributes, such as net operating losses and tax credits from 2009 and subsequent years, these attributes can still be audited when utilized on returns filed in the future. The Company has determined that there are no positions currently taken that would rise to a level requiring an amount to be recorded or disclosed as an unrecognized tax benefit. If such positions do arise, it is the Company’s intent that any interest or penalty amount related to such positions will be recorded as a component of the income tax provision in the applicable period.

The Company has federal tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $659.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and state net operating loss carryforwards spread across various jurisdictions with a combined total of approximately $849.0 million as of December 31, 2019. These net operating loss carryforwards, if not used to reduce taxable income in future periods, will begin to expire in 2029, for both federal and state tax purposes.

Realization of the deferred income tax assets, primarily arising from these net operating loss carryforwards and charitable contribution carryforwards, is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to expiration of the carryforwards, which may include the reversal of deferred tax liability components.

Due to the uncertainty of realizing the benefit from the deferred tax asset recorded for state net operating loss carryforwards, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of approximately $5.2 million and $2.8 million, net of federal tax benefit, respectively, on the deferred tax assets related to those state net operating losses.

During 2017, an ownership shift of more than 50 percent as defined by the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382 occurred. The Company determined that, while an ownership shift occurred and limits were determined under Section 382 and the regulations and guidance thereunder, the applicable limits would not impair the value or anticipated use of the Company’s federal and state net operating losses. Although realization is not assured, after consideration of the current valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards, management believes it is more likely than not that any limitation under IRC Section 382 will not impair the realizability of the net deferred income tax assets related to federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards. However, the annual limitations may impact the timeframe over which the net operating loss carryforwards can be used, potentially impacting the cash tax liabilities in a future period.

The reconciliation between the statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax provision (benefit) rate for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is as follows:

	2019							2018							2017
	Amount			%				Amount			%				Amount			%
	(In thousands)
Income tax at federal statutory rates	$	27,091			21.00		%	$	13,167			21.00		%	$	(100,587	)		35.00		%
State taxes, net of federal benefit		7,645			5.93				4,640			7.40				(5,800	)		2.02
Equity-based compensation		(1,776	)		(1.38	)			668			1.07				2,901			(1.01	)
Tax credits		(795	)		(0.62	)			(1,221	)		(1.95	)			(730	)		0.25
Goodwill impairment		—			—				—			—				17,584			(6.12	)
Remeasurement of deferred income tax liabilities resulting from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act		—			—				—			—				(1,808	)		0.63
Impact of state rate changes		3,770			2.92				(379	)		(0.60	)			(53	)		(0.02	)
Nondeductible settlement		—			—				840			1.34				—			—
Valuation allowance - state		2,455			1.90				—			—				1,688			(0.59	)
Other		1,138			0.89				200			0.31				1,799			(0.58	)
Income tax provision (benefit)	$	39,528			30.64		%	$	17,915			28.57		%	$	(85,006	)		29.58		%

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act makes significant modifications to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, including but not limited to a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective as of January 1, 2018. The Company’s net deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate in the year of enactment.