Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s existing or new contracts as of January 1, 2018; therefore, no cumulative adjustment to beginning retained earnings was required as a result of adoption.

The Company recognizes revenue upon admission into a park for single day tickets and when products are received by customers for merchandise, culinary or other in-park spending. For annual or season passes and other multi-use admission products, deferred revenue is recorded and the related revenue is recognized over the terms of the admission product and its estimated redemption rates, which is adjusted periodically. Total revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) are recorded net of sales-related taxes collected from guests and remitted or payable to government taxing authorities. See further discussion in Note 2–Summary of Significant Accounting Policies-Revenue Recognition.

Deferred revenue primarily includes revenue associated with pass products and contract liability balances related to licensing and international agreements collected in advance of the Company satisfying its performance obligations and is expected to be recognized in future periods. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, $10.0 million and $10.1 million, respectively, is included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets related to the long-term portion of deferred revenue, which primarily relates to the Company’s international agreement, as discussed in the following section. The Company expects to recognize this revenue over the term of the respective license agreement beginning when substantially all of the services have been performed, which is expected to be upon opening.

The following table reflects the Company’s deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

	2019		2018
	(In thousands)
Deferred revenue, including long-term portion	$	114,416	$	111,181
Less: Deferred revenue, long-term portion, included in other liabilities		10,000		10,071
Deferred revenue, short-term portion	$	104,416	$	101,110

All of the $101.1 million of deferred revenue, short term portion, balance outstanding as of January 1, 2019 was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019. The change in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2019 compared to the prior period primarily relates to additional pass product sales during the year ended December 31, 2019, offset by revenue recognized during 2019.

The Company has received $10.0 million in deferred revenue recorded in other liabilities related to a nonrefundable payment received from a partner in connection with a project in the Middle East (the “Middle East Project”) to provide certain services pertaining to the planning and design of the Middle East Project, with funding received expected to offset internal expenses. Approximately $5.0 million and $3.8 million of costs incurred related to the Middle East Project are recorded in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company has recognized an asset for the costs incurred to fulfill the contract as the costs are specifically identifiable, enhance resources that will be used to satisfy performance obligations in the future and are expected to be recovered. The related deferred revenue and expense will begin to be recognized when substantially all of the services have been performed, which is expected to be upon opening of the park. The Company continually monitors performance on the contract and will make adjustments, if necessary. The Middle East Project is subject to various conditions, including, but not limited to, the parties completing the design development and there is no assurance that the Middle East Project will be completed or advance to the next stages.

In March 2017, the Company entered into a Park Exclusivity and Concept Design Agreement and a Center Concept and Preliminary Design Support Agreement (collectively, the “ZHG Agreements”) with an affiliate of Zhonghong Zhuoye Group Co., Ltd. (“ZHG Group”), to provide design, support and advisory services for various potential projects and grant exclusive rights in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. In April 2019, the Company terminated the ZHG Agreements for non-payment of undisputed amounts owed. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $2.4 million was recorded in deferred revenue related to the ZHG Agreements in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded revenue related to the ZHG Agreements of approximately $1.7 million, $5.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively, which is included in food, merchandise and other revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). See Note 17–Related-Party Transactions for further details.