For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the provision for (benefit from) income taxes is comprised of the following:

	2018			2017			2016
Current income tax provision (benefit)	(In thousands)
Federal	$	(99	)	$	(66	)	$	(72	)
State		1,113			1,525			442
Foreign		7			12			23
Total current income tax provision		1,021			1,471			393
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal		13,019			(74,312	)		5,169
State		3,875			(12,165	)		3,768
Total deferred income tax provision (benefit)		16,894			(86,477	)		8,937
Total income tax provision (benefit)	$	17,915		$	(85,006	)	$	9,330

The deferred income tax provision (benefit) represents the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Cash paid for income taxes totaled $0.8 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

	2018			2017
Deferred income tax assets:	(In thousands)
Acquisition and debt related costs	$	5,814		$	5,557
Net operating losses		180,658			201,604
Goodwill impairment		53,972			54,207
Self-insurance		6,847			6,992
Deferred revenue		2,718			2,627
Cash flow hedge		—			2,282
Restricted stock		4,472			4,097
Tax credits		9,317			7,922
Other		7,779			7,263
Total deferred income tax assets		271,577			292,551
Valuation allowance		(2,762	)		(2,762	)
Net deferred tax assets		268,815			289,789
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(192,224	)		(201,019	)
Amortization - Goodwill		(41,803	)		(37,291	)
Amortization - Other Intangibles		(18,144	)		(15,193	)
Cash flow hedge		(836	)		—
Other		(2,992	)		(3,466	)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		(255,999	)		(256,969	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	12,816		$	32,820

The Company files federal, state and provincial income tax returns in various jurisdictions with varying statute of limitation expiration dates. Under the tax statute of limitations applicable to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by the Internal Revenue Service for years before 2013. However, because the Company is carrying forward income tax attributes, such as net operating losses and tax credits from 2009 and subsequent years, these attributes can still be audited when utilized on returns filed in the future. The Company has determined that there are no positions currently taken that would rise to a level requiring an amount to be recorded or disclosed as an unrecognized tax benefit. If such positions do arise, it is the Company’s intent that any interest or penalty amount related to such positions will be recorded as a component of the income tax provision in the applicable period.

The Company has federal tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $615.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and state net operating loss carryforwards spread across various jurisdictions with a combined total of approximately $990.5 million as of December 31, 2018. These net operating loss carryforwards, if not used to reduce taxable income in future periods, will begin to expire in 2029, for both federal and state tax purposes.

Realization of the deferred income tax assets, primarily arising from these net operating loss carryforwards and charitable contribution carryforwards, is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to expiration of the carryforwards, which may include the reversal of deferred tax liability components.

Due to the uncertainty of realizing the benefit from the deferred tax asset recorded for state net operating loss carryforwards, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of approximately $2.8 million, net of federal tax benefit, on the deferred tax assets related to those state net operating losses as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had approximately $0.4 million of charitable contributions which expired unused.

During 2017, an ownership shift of more than 50 percent as defined by the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382 occurred. The Company determined that, while an ownership shift occurred and limits were determined under Section 382 and the regulations and guidance thereunder, the applicable limits would not impair the value or anticipated use of the Company’s federal and state net operating losses. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that any limitation under IRC Section 382 will not impair the realizability of the deferred income tax assets related to federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards. However, the annual limitations may impact the timeframe over which the net operating loss carryforwards can be used, potentially impacting the cash tax liabilities in a future period.

The reconciliation between the statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax provision (benefit) rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, is as follows:

	2018							2017							2016
	Amount			%				Amount			%				Amount			%
	(In thousands)
Income tax at federal statutory rates	$	13,167			21.00		%	$	(100,587	)		35.00		%	$	(1,120	)		35.00		%
Federal net operating loss adjustment		—			—				—			—				422			(13.18	)
State taxes, net of federal benefit		4,640			7.40				(5,800	)		2.02				1,870			(58.42	)
Nondeductible equity-based compensation		668			1.07				2,901			(1.01	)			8,806			(275.10	)
Tax credits		(1,221	)		(1.95	)			(730	)		0.25				(1,881	)		58.75
Goodwill impairment		—			—				17,584			(6.12	)			—			—
Remeasurement of deferred income tax liabilities resulting from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act		—			—				(1,808	)		0.63				—			—
Nondeductible settlement		840			1.34				—			—				—			—
Valuation allowance		—			—				1,688			(0.59	)			(882	)		27.55
Other		(179	)		(0.29	)			1,746			(0.60	)			2,115			(66.07	)
Income tax provision (benefit)	$	17,915			28.57		%	$	(85,006	)		29.58		%	$	9,330			(291.47	)	%

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act makes significant modifications to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, including but not limited to a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective as of January 1, 2018. The Company’s net deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate in the year of enactment.