UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-36013 (American Homes 4 Rent)

Commission File Number: 333-221878-02 (American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.)

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT, L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 

American Homes 4 Rent	Maryland	46-1229660
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.	Delaware	80-0860173
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

30601 Agoura Road, Suite 200

Agoura Hills, California 91301

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(805) 413-5300

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbols	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH	New York Stock Exchange
Series D perpetual preferred shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH-D	New York Stock Exchange
Series E perpetual preferred shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH-E	New York Stock Exchange
Series F perpetual preferred shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH-F	New York Stock Exchange
Series G perpetual preferred shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH-G	New York Stock Exchange
Series H perpetual preferred shares of beneficial interest, $.01 par value	AMH-H	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

        American Homes 4 Rent ☒  Yes   ☐  No    American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ☒  Yes   ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

        American Homes 4 Rent ☒  Yes   ☐  No    American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ☒  Yes   ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

American Homes 4 Rent
Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

        American Homes 4 Rent  ☐       American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

        American Homes 4 Rent ☐  Yes   ☒  No    American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ☐  Yes   ☒  No

There were 300,599,584 shares of American Homes 4 Rent’s Class A common shares, $0.01 par value per share, and 635,075 shares of American Homes 4 Rent’s Class B common shares, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding on August 5, 2020.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

        This report combines the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020 of American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “AH4R” or the “General Partner” mean American Homes 4 Rent, a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”), and references to the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP” mean American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole. References to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” mean collectively AH4R, the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by AH4R and/or the Operating Partnership.

        AH4R is the general partner of, and as of June 30, 2020 owned approximately 85.2% of the common partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership. The remaining 14.8% of the common partnership interest was owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, AH4R has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Company’s management operates AH4R and the Operating Partnership as one business, and the management of AH4R consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership.

        The Company believes that combining the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q of the Company and the Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits:

•enhances investors’ understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

•eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both the Company and the Operating Partnership; and

•creates time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

        The Company believes it is important to understand the few differences between AH4R and the Operating Partnership in the context of how AH4R and the Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. AH4R’s primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. The only material asset of AH4R is its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, AH4R generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures, either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly traded equity. One difference between the Company and the Operating Partnership is $25.7 million of asset-backed securitization certificates issued by the Operating Partnership and purchased by AH4R. The asset-backed securitization certificates are recorded as an asset-backed securitization certificates receivable by the Company and as an amount due from affiliates by the Operating Partnership. AH4R contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, AH4R receives Operating Partnership units (“OP units”) equal to the number of shares it has issued in the equity offering. Based on the terms of the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, as amended, OP units can be exchanged for shares on a one-for-one basis. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by AH4R, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of OP units.

        Shareholders’ equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of the Company and those of the Operating Partnership. The limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership are accounted for as partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in the Company’s financial statements. The differences between shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from differences in the equity and capital issued at the Company and Operating Partnership levels.

        To help investors understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report provides separate consolidated financial statements for the Company and the Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity’s debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity or partners’ capital, as applicable; and a combined Part I, “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section that includes discrete information related to each entity.

        This report also includes separate Part I, “Item 4. Controls and Procedures” sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been

made and that the Company and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

        In order to highlight the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, the separate sections in this report for the Company and the Operating Partnership specifically refer to the Company and the Operating Partnership. In the sections that combine disclosure of the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report refers to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that directly or indirectly enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the Company is one business and the Company operates that business through the Operating Partnership. The separate discussions of the Company and the Operating Partnership in this report should be read in conjunction with each other to understand the results of the Company on a consolidated basis and how management operates the Company.

American Homes 4 Rent

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	American Homes 4 Rent
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	8
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	9
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	10
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Capital for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	11
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	13
	American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	15
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	48
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	49
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	50
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	50
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
Item 5.	Other Information	50
Item 6.	Exhibits	50
	Signatures	52

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Various statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those that express a belief, expectation or intention, as well as those that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include projections and estimates concerning the timing and success of specific projects and our future operations, revenues, income and capital spending. Our forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “potential,” “plan,” “goal” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control.

Currently, one of the most significant factors that could cause actual outcomes to differ materially from our forward-looking statements is the potential adverse effect of the current pandemic of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) on the financial condition, operating results and cash flows of the Company, our tenants, the real estate market, the global economy and the financial markets. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts us and our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, including potential resurgences, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others.

These and other important factors, including those discussed or incorporated by reference under Part II, “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” Part I, “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, they are not guarantees of future performance, and you should not unduly rely on them. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date of this report. We are not obligated to update or revise these statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by applicable law.

i

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Single-family properties:
Land	$	1,794,943	$	1,756,504
Buildings and improvements	7,904,656		7,691,877
Single-family properties in operation	9,699,599		9,448,381
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,603,376)		(1,462,105)
Single-family properties in operation, net	8,096,223		7,986,276
Single-family properties under development and development land	453,127		355,427
Single-family properties held for sale, net	171,622		209,828
Total real estate assets, net	8,720,972		8,551,531
Cash and cash equivalents	32,010		37,575
Restricted cash	129,235		126,544
Rent and other receivables	32,331		29,618
Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets	141,302		140,961
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures	69,979		67,935
Asset-backed securitization certificates	25,666		25,666
Goodwill	120,279		120,279
Total assets	$	9,271,774	$	9,100,109
Liabilities
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—
Asset-backed securitizations, net	1,935,800		1,945,044
Unsecured senior notes, net	889,129		888,453
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	287,036		243,193
Amounts payable to affiliates	—		4,629
Total liabilities	3,241,965		3,081,319
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15)
Equity
Shareholders’ equity:
Class A common shares ($0.01 par value per share, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 300,512,943 and 300,107,599 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively)	3,005		3,001
Class B common shares ($0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 635,075 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019)	6		6
Preferred shares ($0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 35,350,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019)	354		354
Additional paid-in capital	5,797,384		5,790,775
Accumulated deficit	(461,435)		(465,368)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	6,247		6,658
Total shareholders’ equity	5,345,561		5,335,426
Noncontrolling interest	684,248		683,364
Total equity	6,029,809		6,018,790
Total liabilities and equity	$	9,271,774	$	9,100,109

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Rents and other single-family property revenues	$	280,689	$	279,914	$	568,031	$	557,608
Other	2,409		1,946		4,661		3,456
Total revenues	283,098		281,860		572,692		561,064
Expenses:
Property operating expenses	110,436		104,591		217,933		211,275
Property management expenses	22,260		21,650		45,536		42,359
General and administrative expense	11,493		10,486		22,759		19,921
Interest expense	29,558		32,571		59,273		64,486
Acquisition and other transaction costs	1,956		970		4,103		1,804
Depreciation and amortization	84,836		82,840		167,657		164,001
Other	1,403		1,514		7,513		2,538
Total expenses	261,942		254,622		524,774		506,384
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net	10,651		13,725		21,416		19,374
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(659)		—		(659)
Net income	31,807		40,304		69,334		73,395
Noncontrolling interest	2,656		4,004		6,157		7,030
Dividends on preferred shares	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	15,369	$	22,518	$	35,613	$	38,801
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	301,011,545		299,466,526		300,912,307		298,157,413
Diluted	301,412,243		299,991,084		301,358,769		298,676,788
Net income attributable to common shareholders per share:
Basic	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13
Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304	$	69,334	$	73,395
Other comprehensive loss:
Gain on cash flow hedging instrument:
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income	(240)		(240)		(481)		(481)
Other comprehensive loss	(240)		(240)		(481)		(481)
Comprehensive income	31,567		40,064		68,853		72,914
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	2,621		3,967		6,087		6,955
Dividends on preferred shares	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders	$	15,164	$	22,315	$	35,202	$	38,395

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

	Class A common shares			Class B common shares			Preferred shares
	Number of shares	Amount		Number of shares	Amount		Number of shares	Amount		Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated deficit		Accumulated other comprehensive income		Shareholders’ equity		Noncontrolling interest		Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2018	296,014,546	$	2,960	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,732,466	$	(491,214)	$	7,393	$	5,251,965	$	721,777	$	5,973,742
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		952		—		—		952		—		952
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	77,830	1		—	—		—	—		(761)		—		—		(760)		—		(760)
Redemptions of Class A units	500,000	5		—	—		—	—		6,505		—		12		6,522		(6,522)		—
Distributions to equity holders:
Preferred shares (Note 10)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)
Noncontrolling interests	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(2,741)		(2,741)
Common shares ($0.05 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(14,889)		—		(14,889)		—		(14,889)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		30,065		—		30,065		3,026		33,091
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(203)		(203)		(38)		(241)
Balances at March 31, 2019	296,592,376	$	2,966	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,739,162	$	(489,820)	$	7,202	$	5,259,870	$	715,502	$	5,975,372
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		1,269		—		—		1,269		—		1,269
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	645,567	6		—	—		—	—		10,257		—		—		10,263		—		10,263
Redemptions of Class A units	2,589,846	26		—	—		—	—		33,710		—		63		33,799		(33,799)		—
Distributions to equity holders:
Preferred shares (Note 10)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)
Noncontrolling interests	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(2,611)		(2,611)
Common shares ($0.05 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(15,052)		—		(15,052)		—		(15,052)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		36,300		—		36,300		4,004		40,304
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(203)		(203)		(37)		(240)
Balances at June 30, 2019	299,827,789	$	2,998	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,784,398	$	(482,354)	$	7,062	$	5,312,464	$	683,059	$	5,995,523

4

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (continued)

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

	Class A common shares			Class B common shares			Preferred shares
	Number of shares	Amount		Number of shares	Amount		Number of shares	Amount		Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated deficit		Accumulated other comprehensive income		Shareholders’ equity		Noncontrolling interest		Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2019	300,107,599	$	3,001	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,790,775	$	(465,368)	$	6,658	$	5,335,426	$	683,364	$	6,018,790
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		1,808		—		—		1,808		—		1,808
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	208,010	2		—	—		—	—		(165)		—		—		(163)		—		(163)
Distributions to equity holders:
Preferred shares (Note 10)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)
Noncontrolling interests	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(2,602)		(2,602)
Common shares ($0.05 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(15,088)		—		(15,088)		—		(15,088)
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-13 (Notes 2 and 6)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1,494)		—		(1,494)		—		(1,494)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		34,026		—		34,026		3,501		37,527
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(206)		(206)		(35)		(241)
Balances at March 31, 2020	300,315,609	$	3,003	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,792,418	$	(461,706)	$	6,452	$	5,340,527	$	684,228	$	6,024,755
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—	—		2,090		—		—		2,090		—		2,090
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	197,334	2		—	—		—	—		2,876		—		—		2,878		—		2,878
Distributions to equity holders:
Preferred shares (Note 10)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)		—		(13,782)
Noncontrolling interests	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(2,601)		(2,601)
Common shares ($0.05 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(15,098)		—		(15,098)		—		(15,098)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		29,151		—		29,151		2,656		31,807
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(205)		(205)		(35)		(240)
Balances at June 30, 2020	300,512,943	$	3,005	635,075	$	6	35,350,000	$	354	$	5,797,384	$	(461,435)	$	6,247	$	5,345,561	$	684,248	$	6,029,809

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Operating activities
Net income	$	69,334	$	73,395
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	167,657		164,001
Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and cash flow hedging instrument	3,697		3,712
Noncash share-based compensation	3,898		2,221
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated joint ventures	1,090		147
Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other	(21,416)		(19,374)
Loss on impairment of single-family properties and other	5,100		1,433
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Rent and other receivables	(6,420)		(2,976)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(2,130)		(8,140)
Deferred leasing costs	(1,902)		(2,129)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	60,777		74,493
Amounts due from related parties	(481)		50
Net cash provided by operating activities	279,204		287,492
Investing activities
Cash paid for single-family properties	(136,772)		(71,361)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties	3,344		(198)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other	128,883		87,172
Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims	3,705		—
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures	(5,155)		(2,265)
Distributions from joint ventures	17,239		6,314
Renovations to single-family properties	(8,046)		(16,513)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties	(46,435)		(33,331)
Cash paid for development activity	(271,670)		(139,722)
Other purchases of productive assets	(7,559)		(129)
Net cash used for investing activities	(322,466)		(170,033)
Financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	4,341		10,336
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(1,626)		(2,743)
Payments on asset-backed securitizations	(11,763)		(10,736)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility	130,000		—
Payments on revolving credit facility	—		(250,000)
Payments on term loan facility	—		(100,000)
Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount	—		397,944
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(7,779)		(5,489)
Distributions to common shareholders	(45,221)		(29,721)
Distributions to preferred shareholders	(27,564)		(13,782)
Deferred financing costs paid	—		(3,572)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	40,388		(7,763)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,874)		109,696
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period (see Note 3)	164,119		175,214
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 3)	$	161,245	$	284,910

6

American Homes 4 Rent

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized	$	(55,392)	$	(52,980)
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
Accrued property renovations and development expenditures	$	12,614	$	9,837
Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties	156,367		51,946
Property and land contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures	(18,978)		(5,190)
Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount	—		29,474
Accrued distributions to affiliates	—		4,647
Accrued distributions to non-affiliates	32		26,780

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Amounts in thousands, except unit data)

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Single-family properties:
Land	$	1,794,943	$	1,756,504
Buildings and improvements	7,904,656		7,691,877
Single-family properties in operation	9,699,599		9,448,381
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,603,376)		(1,462,105)
Single-family properties in operation, net	8,096,223		7,986,276
Single-family properties under development and development land	453,127		355,427
Single-family properties held for sale, net	171,622		209,828
Total real estate assets, net	8,720,972		8,551,531
Cash and cash equivalents	32,010		37,575
Restricted cash	129,235		126,544
Rent and other receivables	32,331		29,618
Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets	141,302		140,681
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures	69,979		67,935
Amounts due from affiliates	25,666		25,946
Goodwill	120,279		120,279
Total assets	$	9,271,774	$	9,100,109
Liabilities
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—
Asset-backed securitizations, net	1,935,800		1,945,044
Unsecured senior notes, net	889,129		888,453
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	287,036		243,193
Amounts payable to affiliates	—		4,629
Total liabilities	3,241,965		3,081,319
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15)
Capital
Partners’ capital:
General partner:
Common units (301,148,018 and 300,742,674 units issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively)	4,484,879		4,474,333
Preferred units (35,350,000 units issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019)	854,435		854,435
Limited partner:
Common units (52,026,980 units issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019)	683,153		682,199
Accumulated other comprehensive income	7,342		7,823
Total capital	6,029,809		6,018,790
Total liabilities and capital	$	9,271,774	$	9,100,109

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except unit and per unit data)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues:
Rents and other single-family property revenues	$	280,689	$	279,914	$	568,031	$	557,608
Other	2,409		1,946		4,661		3,456
Total revenues	283,098		281,860		572,692		561,064
Expenses:
Property operating expenses	110,436		104,591		217,933		211,275
Property management expenses	22,260		21,650		45,536		42,359
General and administrative expense	11,493		10,486		22,759		19,921
Interest expense	29,558		32,571		59,273		64,486
Acquisition and other transaction costs	1,956		970		4,103		1,804
Depreciation and amortization	84,836		82,840		167,657		164,001
Other	1,403		1,514		7,513		2,538
Total expenses	261,942		254,622		524,774		506,384
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net	10,651		13,725		21,416		19,374
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(659)		—		(659)
Net income	31,807		40,304		69,334		73,395
Preferred distributions	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Net income attributable to common unitholders	$	18,025	$	26,522	$	41,770	$	45,831
Weighted-average common units outstanding:
Basic	353,038,525		352,363,754		352,939,287		352,183,171
Diluted	353,439,223		352,888,312		353,385,749		352,702,546
Net income attributable to common unitholders per unit:
Basic	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13
Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304	$	69,334	$	73,395
Other comprehensive loss:
Gain on cash flow hedging instrument:
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income	(240)		(240)		(481)		(481)
Other comprehensive loss	(240)		(240)		(481)		(481)
Comprehensive income	31,567		40,064		68,853		72,914
Preferred distributions	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders	$	17,785	$	26,282	$	41,289	$	45,350

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Capital

(Amounts in thousands, except unit data)

(Unaudited)

	General Partner					Limited Partners			Accumulated other comprehensive income		Total capital
	Common capital			Preferred capital amount		Common capital
	Number of units	Amount				Number of units	Amount
Balances at December 31, 2018	296,649,621	$	4,390,137	$	854,435	55,316,826	$	720,384	$	8,786	$	5,973,742
Share-based compensation	—	952		—		—	—		—		952
Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes	77,830	(760)		—		—	—		—		(760)
Redemptions of Class A units	500,000	6,510		—		(500,000)	(6,510)		—		—
Distributions to capital holders:
Preferred units (Note 10)	—	—		(13,782)		—	—		—		(13,782)
Common units ($0.05 per unit)	—	(14,889)		—		—	(2,741)		—		(17,630)
Net income	—	16,283		13,782		—	3,026		—		33,091
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—	—		(241)		(241)
Balances at March 31, 2019	297,227,451	$	4,398,233	$	854,435	54,816,826	$	714,159	$	8,545	$	5,975,372
Share-based compensation	—	1,269		—		—	—		—		1,269
Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes	645,567	10,263		—		—	—		—		10,263
Redemptions of Class A units	2,589,846	33,736		—		(2,589,846)	(33,736)		—		—
Distributions to capital holders:
Preferred units (Note 10)	—	—		(13,782)		—	—		—		(13,782)
Common units ($0.05 per unit)	—	(15,052)		—		—	(2,611)		—		(17,663)
Net income	—	22,518		13,782		—	4,004		—		40,304
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—	—		(240)		(240)
Balances at June 30, 2019	300,462,864	$	4,450,967	$	854,435	52,226,980	$	681,816	$	8,305	$	5,995,523

11

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Capital (continued)

(Amounts in thousands, except unit data)

(Unaudited)

	General Partner					Limited Partners			Accumulated other comprehensive income		Total capital
	Common capital			Preferred capital amount		Common capital
	Number of units	Amount				Number of units	Amount
Balances at December 31, 2019	300,742,674	$	4,474,333	$	854,435	52,026,980	$	682,199	$	7,823	$	6,018,790
Share-based compensation	—	1,808		—		—	—		—		1,808
Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes	208,010	(163)		—		—	—		—		(163)
Distributions to capital holders:
Preferred units (Note 10)	—	—		(13,782)		—	—		—		(13,782)
Common units ($0.05 per unit)	—	(15,088)		—		—	(2,602)		—		(17,690)
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-13 (Notes 2 and 6)	—	(1,494)		—		—	—		—		(1,494)
Net income	—	20,244		13,782		—	3,501		—		37,527
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—	—		(241)		(241)
Balances at March 31, 2020	300,950,684	$	4,479,640	$	854,435	52,026,980	$	683,098	$	7,582	$	6,024,755
Share-based compensation	—	2,090		—		—	—		—		2,090
Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes	197,334	2,878		—		—	—		—		2,878
Distributions to capital holders:
Preferred units (Note 10)	—	—		(13,782)		—	—		—		(13,782)
Common units ($0.05 per unit)	—	(15,098)		—		—	(2,601)		—		(17,699)
Net income	—	15,369		13,782		—	2,656		—		31,807
Total other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—	—		(240)		(240)
Balances at June 30, 2020	301,148,018	$	4,484,879	$	854,435	52,026,980	$	683,153	$	7,342	$	6,029,809

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

12

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Operating activities
Net income	$	69,334	$	73,395
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	167,657		164,001
Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and cash flow hedging instrument	3,697		3,712
Noncash share-based compensation	3,898		2,221
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated joint ventures	1,090		147
Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other	(21,416)		(19,374)
Loss on impairment of single-family properties and other	5,100		1,433
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Rent and other receivables	(6,420)		(2,976)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(2,130)		(8,140)
Deferred leasing costs	(1,902)		(2,129)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	60,777		74,493
Amounts due from related parties	(481)		50
Net cash provided by operating activities	279,204		287,492
Investing activities
Cash paid for single-family properties	(136,772)		(71,361)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties	3,344		(198)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other	128,883		87,172
Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims	3,705		—
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures	(5,155)		(2,265)
Distributions from joint ventures	17,239		6,314
Renovations to single-family properties	(8,046)		(16,513)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties	(46,435)		(33,331)
Cash paid for development activity	(271,670)		(139,722)
Other purchases of productive assets	(7,559)		(129)
Net cash used for investing activities	(322,466)		(170,033)
Financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	4,341		10,336
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(1,626)		(2,743)
Payments on asset-backed securitizations	(11,763)		(10,736)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility	130,000		—
Payments on revolving credit facility	—		(250,000)
Payments on term loan facility	—		(100,000)
Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount	—		397,944
Distributions to common unitholders	(53,000)		(35,210)
Distributions to preferred unitholders	(27,564)		(13,782)
Deferred financing costs paid	—		(3,572)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	40,388		(7,763)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,874)		109,696
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period (see Note 3)	164,119		175,214
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 3)	$	161,245	$	284,910

13

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized	$	(55,392)	$	(52,980)
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
Accrued property renovations and development expenditures	$	12,614	$	9,837
Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties	156,367		51,946
Property and land contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures	(18,978)		(5,190)
Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount	—		29,474
Accrued distributions to affiliates	—		4,647
Accrued distributions to non-affiliates	32		26,780

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

14

American Homes 4 Rent

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization and Operations

        American Homes 4 Rent (“AH4R” or “General Partner”) is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed on October 19, 2012 for the purpose of acquiring, developing, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership formed on October 22, 2012, and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) is the entity through which the Company conducts substantially all of our business and owns, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. References to the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean collectively AH4R, the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by AH4R and/or the Operating Partnership. As of June 30, 2020, the Company held 53,000 single-family properties in 22 states, including 948 properties classified as held for sale.

        AH4R is the general partner of, and as of June 30, 2020 owned approximately 85.2% of the common partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership. The remaining 14.8% of the common partnership interest was owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, AH4R has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Company’s management operates AH4R and the Operating Partnership as one business, and the management of AH4R consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership. AH4R’s primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. The only material asset of AH4R is its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, AH4R generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures, either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly traded equity. One difference between the Company and the Operating Partnership is $25.7 million of asset-backed securitization certificates issued by the Operating Partnership and purchased by AH4R. The asset-backed securitization certificates are recorded as an asset-backed securitization certificates receivable by the Company and as an amount due from affiliates by the Operating Partnership. AH4R contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, AH4R receives Operating Partnership units (“OP units”) equal to the number of shares it has issued in the equity offering. Based on the terms of the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, as amended, OP units can be exchanged for shares on a one-for-one basis. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by AH4R, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of OP units.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

        The condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of AH4R, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries, and the condensed consolidated financial statements of the Operating Partnership include the accounts of the Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company consolidates real estate partnerships and other entities that are not variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when it owns, directly or indirectly, a majority interest in the entity or is otherwise able to control the entity. The Company consolidates VIEs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 810, Consolidation, if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE as determined by the Company’s power to direct the VIE’s activities and its obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits that are potentially significant to the VIE. Entities for which the Company owns an interest, but does not consolidate, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as an investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary and are included in investments in unconsolidated joint ventures within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

        The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures required for annual financial statements have been condensed or excluded pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Any references in this report to the number of properties is outside the scope of our independent registered public

15

accounting firm’s review of our financial statements, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary for a fair statement of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods have been made. The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

        Effective March 31, 2020, as a result of the expected growth in our joint venture activities, the investments in unconsolidated joint ventures balance has been reclassified into a separate balance sheet line item. This resulted in the reclassification of $67.9 million as of December 31, 2019, which was previously included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, into investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Certain other amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements for the prior periods have also been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted January 1, 2020

        In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, to amend the accounting for credit losses for certain financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an estimate of expected credit losses as an allowance in order to recognize such losses more timely than under previous guidance that had allowed companies to wait until it was probable such losses had been incurred. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Topic 326. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments, which provides further clarification around some of the amendments in ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, which provides entities that have certain instruments within the scope of Topic 326 with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis upon adoption of Topic 326. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which provides further clarification around some of the amendments in ASU 2016-13. The guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. An entity will apply the amendments in these ASUs through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). A prospective transition approach is required for debt securities for which an other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized before the effective date. The effect of a prospective transition approach is to maintain the same amortized cost basis before and after the effective date of the guidance. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements (see Note 6. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets).

        In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Companies will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Companies will also be required to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments on the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

        In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). Capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract will be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either

16

retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

        In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform but do not apply to contract modifications made or hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. The amendments in this ASU allow companies to (i) account for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 310, Receivables, and ASC 470, Debt, prospectively by adjusting the effective interest rate and (ii) account for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 842, Leases, as a continuation of existing lease agreements. The guidance also provides optional expedients for modifications to contracts within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The guidance is effective immediately, and entities may elect to apply the guidance as of January 1, 2020 or the beginning of a subsequent interim period, or prospectively from a date beginning January 1, 2020 or in a subsequent interim period up to the date the financial statements are available to be issued. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

        In April 2020, the FASB issued staff question and answer (“Q&A”) document Topic 842 and Topic 840: Accounting for Lease Concessions Related to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Under ASC No. 842, Leases, lease concessions granted by lessors beyond the enforceable rights and obligations contained in the existing lease agreement would generally be accounted for as a lease modification. The staff Q&A document permits lessors to make an election, if certain criteria are met, to account for a lease concession related to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as though it were part of the enforceable rights and obligations of the existing lease agreement rather than account for the concession as a lease modification. The Company elects to not evaluate whether a COVID-19-related concession is a lease modification and elects to not apply the lease modification guidance in those circumstances. The effect of these elections did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

        In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), which clarifies the interaction between ASC Topics 321, 323 and 815. ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities, provides a company with a measurement alternative to measure certain equity securities without a readily determinable fair value at cost, minus impairment, if any. If the company then identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, it should measure the equity security at fair value as of the date that the observable transaction occurred. The amendments in this ASU clarify that a company should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with ASC 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. The amendments in this ASU also clarify the accounting treatment of forward contracts and purchased options for securities that will be accounted for under the equity method of accounting upon settlement or exercise. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively by applying the amendments at the beginning of the interim period that includes the adoption date. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on its financial statements.

Note 3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

        Restricted cash primarily consists of funds held related to resident security deposits, cash reserves in accordance with certain loan agreements and funds held in the custody of our transfer agent for the payment of distributions. Funds held related to resident security deposits are restricted during the term of the related lease agreement, which is generally one year. Cash reserved in connection with lender requirements is restricted during the term of the related debt instrument.

        The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to the corresponding financial statement line items in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

	June 30,				December 31,
	2020		2019		2019		2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	32,010	$	119,176	$	37,575	$	30,284
Restricted cash	129,235		165,734		126,544		144,930
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	161,245	$	284,910	$	164,119	$	175,214

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Note 4. Real Estate Assets, Net

        The net book values of real estate assets consisted of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Occupied single-family properties	$	7,775,254	$	7,534,627
Single-family properties recently acquired	31,669		88,181
Single-family properties in turnover process	188,299		308,008
Single-family properties leased, not yet occupied	101,001		55,460
Single-family properties in operation, net	8,096,223		7,986,276
Development land	237,169		224,041
Single-family properties under development	215,958		131,386
Single-family properties held for sale, net	171,622		209,828
Total real estate assets, net	$	8,720,972	$	8,551,531

        Depreciation expense related to single-family properties was $81.6 million and $78.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $161.4 million and $155.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

        The following table summarizes the Company’s dispositions of single-family properties and land for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except property data):

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019
Single-family properties:
Properties sold	216		433		626		613
Net proceeds (1)	$	47,626	$	82,828	$	128,812	$	115,451
Net gain on sale	$	10,651	$	13,569	$	24,409	$	19,149
Land:
Net proceeds	$	—	$	899	$	71	$	1,195
Net gain on sale	$	—	$	156	$	7	$	225

(1)Total net proceeds for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 included a $30.7 million note receivable, before a $1.2 million discount, which is presented in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets (see Note 6. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets).

Note 5. Rent and Other Receivables

        Included in rents and other single-family property revenues are variable lease payments for tenant charge-backs, which primarily relate to cost recoveries on utilities, and variable lease payments for fees from single-family properties. Variable lease payments for tenant charge-backs were $35.4 million and $35.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $75.4 million and $75.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Variable lease payments for fees from single-family properties were $3.3 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $7.3 million and $6.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 

        The Company generally rents its single-family properties under non-cancelable lease agreements with a term of one year. The following table summarizes future minimum rental revenues under existing leases on our properties as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020
Remaining 2020	$	382,221
2021	202,327
2022	8,637
2023	34
Total	$	593,219

        As of December 31, 2019, rent and other receivables also included $2.7 million of hurricane-related insurance claims receivable, which was fully collected during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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Note 6. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

        The following table summarizes the components of escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other	$	54,129	$	54,545
Deferred costs and other intangibles, net	5,662		6,840
Notes receivable, net	35,397		36,834
Commercial real estate, software, vehicles and FF&E, net	46,114		42,742
Total	$	141,302	$	140,961

        Depreciation expense related to commercial real estate, software, vehicles and furniture, fixtures and equipment (“FF&E”), net was $2.1 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $4.1 million and $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Deferred Costs and Other Intangibles, Net

        Deferred costs and other intangibles, net, consisted of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Deferred leasing costs	$	3,506	$	3,738
Deferred financing costs	11,244		11,244
Database intangible asset	2,100		2,100
	16,850		17,082
Less: accumulated amortization	(11,188)		(10,242)
Total	$	5,662	$	6,840

        Amortization expense related to deferred leasing costs, the value of in-place leases, and database intangibles was $1.1 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $2.1 million and $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was included in depreciation and amortization within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of deferred financing costs that relate to our revolving credit facility was $0.5 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and $1.0 million for both the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and was included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization (see Note 8. Debt).

        The following table sets forth the estimated annual amortization expense related to deferred costs and other intangibles, net as of June 30, 2020 for future periods (in thousands):

	Deferred Leasing Costs		Deferred Financing Costs		Total
Remaining 2020	$	1,321	$	991	$	2,312
2021	418		1,964		2,382
2022	—		968		968
Total	$	1,739	$	3,923	$	5,662

Notes Receivable, Net

        The Company obtained promissory notes in connection with two bulk dispositions of our single-family properties. The promissory notes are secured by first priority mortgages on the disposed homes, contain certain covenants and require monthly or quarterly interest payments with the full principal due at maturity.

        Notes receivable are presented net of discounts, and interest income from the notes, including amortization of discounts, is presented in other revenues within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020 (see Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies), we are required to estimate and recognize lifetime expected losses, rather than incurred losses, on these notes receivable, which results in the earlier recognition of credit losses even if the expected risk of credit loss is remote. An allowance for expected credit losses of $1.5 million was established with a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit in the condensed consolidated statements of equity. Notes receivable are presented net of the allowance for expected credit losses, which the Company estimates on a quarterly basis based on (i) credit quality indicators such as the borrower’s historical performance, including the borrower’s financial results and satisfaction of scheduled payments, (ii) current conditions,

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including macroeconomic conditions and other conditions affecting the borrower, and (iii) other reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. As part of the monitoring process, we may meet with a borrower’s management to better understand such borrower’s financial performance and its future plans on an as-needed basis. A note receivable will be categorized as non-performing if a borrower experiences financial difficulty and has failed to make scheduled payments. Changes to the allowance for expected credit losses are recognized in other expenses within the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Note 7. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

        As of June 30, 2020, the Company held 20% ownership interests in three unconsolidated joint ventures.

        During the second quarter of 2014, the Company entered into a joint venture with the Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation (the “Alaska JV”) to invest in homes acquired through traditional acquisition channels and during the third quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a joint venture with another leading institutional investor (the “Institutional Investor JV”) to invest in newly constructed single-family rental homes. In evaluating the Company’s 20% ownership interests in these joint ventures, we concluded that the joint ventures are not VIEs after applying the variable interest model and, therefore, we account for our interests in the joint ventures as investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries after applying the voting interest model using the equity method of accounting.

        During the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into a $253.1 million strategic joint venture with institutional investors advised by J.P. Morgan Asset Management (the “J.P. Morgan JV”) focused on constructing and operating newly built rental homes, which was subsequently upsized to $625.0 million during the second quarter of 2020. The Company holds a 20% ownership interest in the joint venture, which has an evergreen term. In evaluating the Company’s 20% ownership interest in the joint venture, we concluded that the Company does not have a controlling financial interest and, therefore, we account for our interest in the joint venture as an investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary using the equity method of accounting.

        The following table summarizes our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands, except percentages and property data):

Joint Venture Description	% Ownership at June 30, 2020		Completed Homes at June 30, 2020	Balances at June 30, 2020		Balances at December 31, 2019
Alaska JV	20	%	380	$	27,528	$	29,326
Institutional Investor JV	20	%	542	39,712		33,757
J.P. Morgan JV	20	%	14	2,739		—
Other (1)	N/A		N/A	—		4,852
			936	$	69,979	$	67,935

(1) Includes legacy joint ventures, which the Company acquired as part of the American Residential Properties, Inc. merger in February 2016, that were liquidated during the first quarter of 2020.

        The Company provides various services to these joint ventures, which are considered to be related parties, including property management and development services and has opportunities to earn promoted interests. Management fee and development fee income from unconsolidated joint ventures was $1.3 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $2.2 million and $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was included in other revenues within the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Note 8. Debt

        All of the Company’s indebtedness is debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The following table presents the Company’s debt as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Outstanding Principal Balance
	Interest Rate (1)	Maturity Date	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization	4.42%	October 9, 2024	$	482,812	$	485,828
AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization	4.40%	December 9, 2024	497,897		501,393
AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization (2)	4.14%	April 9, 2045	523,797		526,560
AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization (3)	4.36%	October 9, 2045	454,724		457,212
Total asset-backed securitizations			1,959,230		1,970,993
2028 unsecured senior notes (4)	4.08%	February 15, 2028	500,000		500,000
2029 unsecured senior notes	4.90%	February 15, 2029	400,000		400,000
Revolving credit facility (5)	1.36%	June 30, 2022	130,000		—
Total debt			2,989,230		2,870,993
Unamortized discounts on unsecured senior notes			(3,900)		(4,143)
Deferred financing costs, net (6)			(30,401)		(33,353)
Total debt per balance sheet			$	2,954,929	$	2,833,497

(1)Interest rates are as of June 30, 2020. Unless otherwise stated, interest rates are fixed percentages.

(2)The AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025.

(3)The AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025.

(4)The stated interest rate on the 2028 unsecured senior notes is 4.25%, which was effectively hedged to yield an interest rate of 4.08%.

(5)The revolving credit facility provides for a borrowing capacity of up to $800.0 million and the Company had approximately $3.7 million and $6.2 million committed to outstanding letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The revolving credit facility bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.20% as of June 30, 2020. LIBOR is expected to be discontinued after 2021 and the Company expects to replace the contractual reference rate with an appropriate alternative. The Company does not expect this modification to have a material impact on its financial statements.

(6)Deferred financing costs relate to our asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes. Amortization of deferred financing costs was $1.5 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and $3.0 million for both the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which was included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization.

Debt Maturities

        The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s principal debt balances on a fully extended basis as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Debt Maturities
Remaining 2020	$	10,358
2021	20,714
2022	150,714
2023	20,714
2024	954,568
Thereafter	1,832,162
Total debt	$	2,989,230

Interest Expense

        The following table summarizes our (i) gross interest cost, which includes fees on our credit facilities and amortization of deferred financing costs and the discounts on unsecured senior notes, and (ii) capitalized interest for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019
Gross interest cost	$	34,630	$	35,221	$	68,994	$	69,833
Capitalized interest	(5,072)		(2,650)		(9,721)		(5,347)
Interest expense	$	29,558	$	32,571	$	59,273	$	64,486

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Note 9. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

        The following table summarizes accounts payable and accrued expenses as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued property taxes	$	100,839	$	44,280
Resident security deposits	88,147		84,832
Prepaid rent	23,310		19,970
Accrued interest	23,274		23,090
Accrued construction and maintenance liabilities	16,431		20,435
Accounts payable	1,484		5,037
Accrued distribution payable	—		13,024
Other accrued liabilities	33,551		32,525
Total	$	287,036	$	243,193

Note 10. Shareholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital

        When the Company issues common or preferred shares, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of units of partnership interest of a corresponding class to AH4R, with the Operating Partnership receiving the net proceeds from the share issuances.

At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program

        In June 2020, the Company extended its at-the-market common share offering program under which we can issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate gross sales offering price of $500.0 million (the “At-the-Market Program”). The At-the-Market Program also provides that we may enter into forward contracts for our Class A common shares with forward sellers and forward purchasers. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the At-the-Market Program (i) to repay indebtedness the Company has incurred or expects to incur under its revolving credit facility, (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy and (iv) for working capital and general corporate purposes, including repurchases of the Company’s securities, acquisitions of additional properties, capital expenditures and the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of properties in the Company’s portfolio. The At-the-Market Program may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. As of June 30, 2020, no shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $500.0 million remained available for future share issuances.

Share Repurchase Program

        The Company’s board of trustees authorized the establishment of our share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase and retire any of our shares. As of June 30, 2020, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program.

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Preferred Shares

        As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had the following series of preferred shares outstanding (in thousands, except share data):

					June 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
Series	Issuance Date	Earliest Redemption Date	Dividend Rate		Outstanding Shares	Current Liquidation Value		Outstanding Shares	Current Liquidation Value
Series D perpetual preferred shares	5/24/2016	5/24/2021	6.500	%	10,750,000	$	268,750	10,750,000	$	268,750
Series E perpetual preferred shares	6/29/2016	6/29/2021	6.350	%	9,200,000	230,000		9,200,000	230,000
Series F perpetual preferred shares	4/24/2017	4/24/2022	5.875	%	6,200,000	155,000		6,200,000	155,000
Series G perpetual preferred shares	7/17/2017	7/17/2022	5.875	%	4,600,000	115,000		4,600,000	115,000
Series H perpetual preferred shares	9/19/2018	9/19/2023	6.250	%	4,600,000	115,000		4,600,000	115,000
Total preferred shares					35,350,000	$	883,750	35,350,000	$	883,750

Distributions

        The Company’s board of trustees declared the following distributions during the respective quarters. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions, and the board of trustees declared an equivalent amount of distributions on the corresponding Operating Partnership units.

	For the Three Months Ended
Security	June 30, 2020		March 31, 2020		June 30, 2019		March 31, 2019
Class A and Class B common shares	$	0.05	$	0.05	$	0.05	$	0.05
6.500% Series D perpetual preferred shares	0.41		0.41		0.41		0.41
6.350% Series E perpetual preferred shares	0.40		0.40		0.40		0.40
5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares	0.37		0.37		0.37		0.37
5.875% Series G perpetual preferred shares	0.37		0.37		0.37		0.37
6.250% Series H perpetual preferred shares	0.39		0.39		0.39		0.39

Noncontrolling Interest

        Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interests held by former American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (“AH LLC”) members in units in the Operating Partnership. Former AH LLC members owned 51,429,990, or approximately 14.6%, of the total 353,174,998 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Noncontrolling interest also includes interests held by non-affiliates in Class A units in the Operating Partnership. Non-affiliate Class A unitholders owned 596,990, or approximately 0.2%, of the total 353,174,998 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Operating Partnership units owned by former AH LLC members and non-affiliates reflected as noncontrolling interest in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets are reflected as limited partner capital in the Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 11. Share-Based Compensation

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

        The Company’s employees are compensated through the Operating Partnership, including share-based compensation. When the Company issues Class A common shares under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of Class A units to AH4R and non-management members of our board of trustees.

        Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted to employees during the six months ended June 30, 2020 vest over a three-year service period, and stock options and RSUs granted to employees during the six months ended June 30, 2019 vest over a four-year service period. RSUs granted to non-management trustees vest over a one-year service period. Stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019 expire 10 years from the date of grant.

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        The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:

	For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020	June 30, 2019
Options outstanding at beginning of period	1,529,800	2,252,275
Granted	—	20,000
Exercised	(255,550)	(650,375)
Forfeited	(2,850)	(12,350)
Options outstanding at end of period	1,271,400	1,609,550
Options exercisable at end of period	1,124,800	1,240,400

        The following table summarizes RSU activity under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:

	For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020	June 30, 2019
RSUs outstanding at beginning of period	599,109	372,375
Units awarded	461,279	343,334
Units vested	(206,597)	(110,900)
Units forfeited	(39,995)	(8,700)
RSUs outstanding at end of period	813,796	596,109

        The Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense relating to corporate administrative employees is included in general and administrative expense and the noncash share-based compensation expense relating to centralized and field property management employees is included in property management expenses. The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019
General and administrative expense	$	1,649	$	923	$	3,018	$	1,582
Property management expenses	441		346		880		639
Total noncash share-based compensation expense	$	2,090	$	1,269	$	3,898	$	2,221

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Note 12. Earnings per Share / Unit

        American Homes 4 Rent

        The following table reflects the Company’s computation of net income per common share on a basic and diluted basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except share and per share data):

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019
Numerator:
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304	$	69,334	$	73,395
Less:
Noncontrolling interest	2,656		4,004		6,157		7,030
Dividends on preferred shares	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Allocation to participating securities (1)	42		45		96		75
Numerator for income per common share–basic and diluted	$	15,327	$	22,473	$	35,517	$	38,726
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding–basic	301,011,545		299,466,526		300,912,307		298,157,413
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share-based compensation plan (2)	400,698		524,558		446,462		519,375
Weighted-average common shares outstanding–diluted (3)	301,412,243		299,991,084		301,358,769		298,676,788
Net income per common share:
Basic	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13
Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13

(1)Unvested restricted stock units that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock are accounted for as participating securities and reflected in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method.

(2)Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options.

(3)The effect of the potential conversion of OP units is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share, as they are exchangeable for Class A common shares on a one-for-one basis. The income allocable to the OP units is allocated on this same basis and reflected as noncontrolling interest in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. As such, the assumed conversion of the OP units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted earnings per share.

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        American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

        The following table reflects the Operating Partnership’s computation of net income per common unit on a basic and diluted basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except unit and per unit data):

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019		June 30, 2020		June 30, 2019
Numerator:
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304	$	69,334	$	73,395
Less:
Preferred distributions	13,782		13,782		27,564		27,564
Allocation to participating securities (1)	42		45		96		75
Numerator for income per common unit–basic and diluted	$	17,983	$	26,477	$	41,674	$	45,756
Denominator:
Weighted-average common units outstanding–basic	353,038,525		352,363,754		352,939,287		352,183,171
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share-based compensation plan (2)	400,698		524,558		446,462		519,375
Weighted-average common units outstanding–diluted	353,439,223		352,888,312		353,385,749		352,702,546
Net income per common unit:
Basic	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13
Diluted	$	0.05	$	0.08	$	0.12	$	0.13

(1)Unvested restricted stock units that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock are accounted for as participating securities and reflected in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method.

(2)Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options.

Note 13. Fair Value

        The carrying amount of rents and other receivables, restricted cash, escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these amounts.

        Our notes receivable are financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using unobservable inputs. We estimated the fair values of the notes receivable by modeling the expected contractual cash flows required under the instruments and discounting them back to their present values using estimates of current market rates. As the estimated current market rates were not substantially different from the discount rates originally applied, the carrying amount of notes receivable, net approximates fair value.

        Our asset-backed securitizations and revolving credit facility are financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using unobservable inputs. We estimated the fair values of the asset-backed securitizations by modeling the contractual cash flows required under the instruments and discounting them back to their present values using estimates of current market rates. As our revolving credit facility bears interest at a floating rate based on an index plus a spread (see Note 8. Debt), management believes that the carrying value (excluding deferred financing costs) of the revolving credit facility reasonably approximates fair value. Our unsecured senior notes are financial instruments classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values were estimated using observable inputs based on the market value of the last trade at the end of the period.

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        The following table displays the carrying values and fair values of our debt instruments as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization	$	477,329	$	491,262	$	479,706	$	491,302
AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization	492,175		507,435		495,029		510,486
AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization	517,486		532,246		519,576		534,531
AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization	448,810		464,351		450,733		466,558
Total asset-backed securitizations	1,935,800		1,995,294		1,945,044		2,002,877
2028 unsecured senior notes, net	493,984		534,910		493,589		531,870
2029 unsecured senior notes, net	395,145		452,532		394,864		446,728
Total unsecured senior notes, net	889,129		987,442		888,453		978,598
Revolving credit facility	130,000		130,000		—		—
Total debt	$	2,954,929	$	3,112,736	$	2,833,497	$	2,981,475

Note 14. Related Party Transactions

        As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, affiliates owned approximately 14.9% and 13.6%, respectively, of the Company’s outstanding Class A common shares. On a fully-diluted basis, affiliates held (including consideration of 635,075 Class B common shares and 51,272,165 Class A units as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019) an approximate 27.4% and 26.3% interest as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

        American Homes 4 Rent

        As of December 31, 2019, the Company had a $4.6 million payable related to accrued common distributions to affiliates, which was included in amounts payable to affiliates on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

        American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

        As of June 30, 2020, the Operating Partnership had a receivable from affiliates of $25.7 million related to the asset-backed securitization certificates held by AH4R, which was included in amounts due from affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019, the Operating Partnership had a receivable from affiliates of $25.7 million related to the asset-backed securitization certificates held by AH4R, which was included in amounts due from affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and had a $4.6 million payable related to accrued common distributions to affiliates, which was included in amounts payable to affiliates on the Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies

        As of June 30, 2020, the Company had commitments to acquire 72 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $20.8 million, as well as $55.6 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third-party developer agreements and land for our AMH Development Program. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had commitments to acquire 289 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $75.1 million, as well as $44.3 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third-party developer agreements and land for our AMH Development Program.

        As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had sales in escrow for approximately 112 and 305 of our single-family properties, respectively, for aggregate selling prices of $28.4 million and $57.5 million, respectively.

        As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company, as a condition for entering into some of its development contracts, had outstanding surety bonds of approximately $34.0 million and $14.5 million, respectively.

        We are involved in various legal and administrative proceedings that are incidental to our business. We believe these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations upon resolution.

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COVID-19 Pandemic

        The global economy has continued to be severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We are actively monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which we anticipate will negatively impact our business and results of operations for our third fiscal quarter and likely beyond. The extent to which our operations will be impacted will depend largely on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic and actions by government authorities to contain the pandemic or treat its impact, among other things.

Note 16. Subsequent Events

Revolving Credit Facility

        From July 1, 2020 through July 31, 2020, the Company paid down $25.0 million under its revolving credit facility, resulting in $105.0 million of outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility as of July 31, 2020.

Subsequent Acquisitions

        From July 1, 2020 through July 31, 2020, the Company added 157 properties to its portfolio for a total cost of approximately $38.8 million, which included 128 newly constructed properties delivered through our AMH Development Program and 29 newly constructed homes acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program.

Subsequent Dispositions

        From July 1, 2020 through July 31, 2020, the Company disposed of 91 properties for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $20.1 million.

Subsequent Joint Venture Activity

        From July 1, 2020 through July 31, 2020, the Company contributed $57.8 million of land and in-process development projects to unconsolidated joint ventures and received $46.2 million in cash distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures in respect of its contributions.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

        The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

        We are a Maryland REIT focused on acquiring, developing, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. The Operating Partnership is the entity through which we conduct substantially all of our business and own, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. We commenced operations in November 2012.

        As of June 30, 2020, we owned 53,000 single-family properties in selected sub-markets of metropolitan statistical areas (“MSAs”) in 22 states, including 948 properties held for sale, compared to 52,552 single-family properties in 22 states, including 1,187 properties held for sale, as of December 31, 2019, and 52,634 single-family properties in 22 states, including 1,664 properties held for sale as of June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2020, we had commitments to acquire an additional 72 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $20.8 million, as well as $55.6 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third-party developer agreements and land for our AMH Development Program. As of June 30, 2020, 50,170, or 96.4%, of our total properties (excluding properties held for sale) were occupied, compared to 48,767, or 94.9%, of our total properties (excluding properties held for sale) as of December 31, 2019, and 49,111, or 96.4%, of our total properties (excluding properties held for sale) as of June 30, 2019. Also, as of June 30, 2020, the Company had an additional 936 properties held in unconsolidated joint ventures, compared to 808 properties held in unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2019, and 659 properties held in unconsolidated joint ventures as of June 30, 2019. Our portfolio of single-family properties, including those held in our unconsolidated joint ventures, is internally managed through our proprietary property management platform.

COVID-19 Business Update

        The Company has maintained continuity in business operations since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and produced strong operating results in the second quarter of 2020 demonstrating the flexibility of its technology enabled operating platform and the resiliency of its high-quality, diversified portfolio. Comprehensive remote working policies remain in place for all corporate and field offices, and operational protocols have been tailored based on state and local mandates to ensure continuity of services, while protecting employees, residents and their families. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2020, the Company waived late fees and month-to-month lease premiums, halted evictions for nonpayment of rent, and offered zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring between April and July 2020.

        Driven by shifting housing preferences as households migrate away from city centers and apartments, the Company is experiencing record demand levels and reported its highest ever Same-Home portfolio Average Occupied Days Percentages in June and July 2020 of 96.1% and 96.4%, respectively. Additionally, as the Company entered the third quarter of 2020, it began a socially responsible return to normal operating practices, including the assessment of late fees, in jurisdictions where allowable, and modest renewal increases on expiring leases.

        Collections continue to remain resilient with the Company recognizing revenue on 96.5% of its second quarter 2020 rental billings, all of which has been collected in cash through July 2020 without application of any existing resident security deposits or adjustment for deferred payment plans. As further second quarter 2020 collections are received, the associated revenue will be recognized in the applicable future period.

        As we pursue additional collections, we are working closely with delinquent residents on a case-by-case basis to find the resolution that is best for the resident and the Company. Although minimal to date, workout options may include deferred payment plans which we began offering in June, or, where appropriate, early lease termination.

        For the month of July, collections are tracking in line with the second quarter of 2020 as the Company collected 92% of July rents during July 2020, which represents over 99% of second quarter 2020 payment history for the same time frame.

        Although the Company has produced strong operating results to date during the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent to which the pandemic will ultimately impact us and our residents will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain. These include the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, including potential resurgences, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others.

        For more information on risks related to COVID-19, see Part II, “Item 1A. Risk Factors—We are subject to risks from the global pandemic associated with COVID-19 and we may in the future be subject to risks from other public health crises.”

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Key Single-Family Property and Leasing Metrics

        The following table summarizes certain key single-family properties metrics as of June 30, 2020:

Market	Number of Single-Family Properties (1)	% of Total Single-Family Properties		Gross Book Value (millions)		% of Gross Book Value Total		Avg. Gross Book Value per Property		Avg. Sq. Ft.	Avg. Property Age (years)	Avg. Year Purchased or Delivered
Atlanta, GA	4,869	9.4	%	$	887.7	9.1	%	$	182,316	2,162	17.3	2015
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX	4,315	8.3	%	716.9		7.4	%	166,141		2,116	16.2	2014
Charlotte, NC	3,744	7.2	%	732.8		7.6	%	195,731		2,098	16.0	2015
Phoenix, AZ	3,113	6.0	%	550.1		5.7	%	176,724		1,835	16.7	2015
Houston, TX	3,008	5.8	%	496.8		5.1	%	165,154		2,094	14.5	2014
Nashville, TN	2,845	5.5	%	611.6		6.3	%	214,974		2,108	14.9	2015
Indianapolis, IN	2,802	5.4	%	432.2		4.4	%	154,248		1,930	17.7	2013
Tampa, FL	2,373	4.6	%	475.9		4.9	%	200,534		1,941	14.5	2015
Jacksonville, FL	2,314	4.4	%	415.4		4.3	%	179,500		1,939	14.7	2015
Raleigh, NC	2,078	4.0	%	385.1		4.0	%	185,344		1,878	15.2	2014
Columbus, OH	2,043	3.9	%	354.6		3.6	%	173,560		1,870	18.4	2015
Cincinnati, OH	1,969	3.8	%	346.2		3.6	%	175,806		1,851	18.0	2013
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN	1,734	3.3	%	317.3		3.3	%	183,011		1,869	18.8	2013
Orlando, FL	1,724	3.3	%	316.2		3.3	%	183,406		1,899	18.2	2015
Salt Lake City, UT	1,485	2.9	%	371.5		3.8	%	250,173		2,186	17.6	2015
Charleston, SC	1,223	2.3	%	248.2		2.5	%	202,905		1,973	11.8	2016
Las Vegas, NV	1,039	2.0	%	187.0		1.9	%	179,964		1,845	17.1	2013
San Antonio, TX	1,061	2.0	%	173.7		1.8	%	163,696		1,996	15.4	2014
Savannah/Hilton Head, SC	901	1.7	%	164.3		1.7	%	182,386		1,866	12.5	2015
Denver, CO	831	1.6	%	247.7		2.6	%	298,068		2,105	17.9	2015
All Other (2)	6,581	12.6	%	1,268.4		13.1	%	192,717		1,880	15.6	2014
Total/Average	52,052	100.0	%	$	9,699.6	100.0	%	$	186,342	1,987	16.2	2014

(1)Excludes 948 single-family properties held for sale as of June 30, 2020.

(2)Represents 15 markets in 14 states.

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        The following table summarizes certain key leasing metrics as of June 30, 2020:

	Total Single-Family Properties (1)
Market	Avg. Occupied Days Percentage (2)		Avg. Monthly Realized Rent per property (3)		Avg. Original Lease Term (months) (4)	Avg. Remaining Lease Term (months) (4)	Avg. Blended Change in Rent (5)
Atlanta, GA	94.7	%	$	1,664	12.0	6.7	2.9	%
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX	95.1	%	1,792		12.1	6.4	1.7	%
Charlotte, NC	95.3	%	1,639		12.4	7.0	1.9	%
Phoenix, AZ	97.1	%	1,501		12.0	6.6	4.5	%
Houston, TX	94.6	%	1,682		12.4	6.6	1.3	%
Nashville, TN	92.7	%	1,772		12.0	6.9	2.4	%
Indianapolis, IN	96.1	%	1,467		12.0	6.7	2.8	%
Tampa, FL	93.8	%	1,737		12.1	7.1	1.8	%
Jacksonville, FL	94.6	%	1,617		12.0	6.9	2.0	%
Raleigh, NC	93.3	%	1,578		12.1	7.1	1.5	%
Columbus, OH	96.7	%	1,689		12.0	6.7	3.2	%
Cincinnati, OH	96.7	%	1,653		12.0	6.3	2.9	%
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN	96.5	%	1,907		12.2	6.6	2.2	%
Orlando, FL	94.0	%	1,727		12.1	6.8	2.2	%
Salt Lake City, UT	95.8	%	1,835		12.1	7.1	3.2	%
Charleston, SC	94.1	%	1,749		12.0	7.0	2.0	%
Las Vegas, NV	94.5	%	1,626		12.0	6.7	2.8	%
San Antonio, TX	95.1	%	1,578		12.1	6.9	2.1	%
Savannah/Hilton Head, SC	94.5	%	1,599		12.1	7.0	2.0	%
Denver, CO	94.8	%	2,277		12.1	6.5	2.2	%
All Other (6)	95.5	%	1,660		12.0	6.6	2.8	%
Total/Average	95.1	%	$	1,680	12.1	6.8	2.4	%

(1)Leasing information excludes 948 single-family properties held for sale as of June 30, 2020.

(2)For the three months ended June 30, 2020, Average Occupied Days Percentage represents the number of days a property is occupied in the period divided by the total number of days the property is owned during the same period.

(3)For the three months ended June 30, 2020, Average Monthly Realized Rent is calculated as the lease component of rents and other single-family property revenues (i.e., rents from single-family properties) divided by the product of (a) number of properties and (b) Average Occupied Days Percentage, divided by the number of months. For properties partially owned during the period, this is adjusted to reflect the number of days of ownership.

(4)Average Original Lease Term and Average Remaining Lease Term are reflected as of period end.

(5)Represents the percentage change in rent on all non-month-to-month lease renewals and re-leases during the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the annual rent of the previously expired non-month-to-month comparable long-term lease for each property.

(6)Represents 15 markets in 14 states.

        We believe these key single-family property and leasing metrics provide useful information to investors because they allow investors to understand the composition and performance of our properties on a market by market basis. Management also uses these metrics to understand the composition and performance of our properties at the market level.

Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition

        Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Currently, the most significant factor impacting us is the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is discussed above. Other key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include the pace at which we identify and acquire suitable properties, the time and cost required to renovate the acquired properties, the pace and cost of our property developments, the time to lease newly acquired or developed properties at acceptable rental rates, occupancy levels, rates of tenant turnover, the length of vacancy in properties between tenant leases, our expense ratios, our ability to raise capital and our capital structure.

        Property Acquisitions, Development and Dispositions

        Since our formation, we have rapidly but systematically grown our portfolio of single-family properties. Our ability to identify and acquire homes that meet our investment criteria is impacted by home prices in our target markets, the inventory of properties available-for-sale through traditional acquisition channels, competition for our target assets and our available capital. We are increasingly focused on developing “built-for-rental” homes through our internal AMH Development Program and acquiring newly constructed homes from third-party developers through our National Builder Program. Opportunities from these new

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construction channels are impacted by the availability of vacant developed lots, development land assets and inventory of homes currently under construction or newly developed. Our level of investment activity has fluctuated based on the number of suitable opportunities and the level of capital available to invest. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we developed or acquired 440 homes, including 327 newly constructed properties delivered through our AMH Development Program and 113 homes acquired through our National Builder Program and traditional acquisition channel, partially offset by 216 homes sold. Although we are currently continuing construction activity on our existing pipeline of internally developed built-for-rental homes, subject to compliance with state and local mandates related to COVID-19, given market uncertainties regarding future asset values, we have temporarily suspended our acquisitions through traditional channels and the National Builder Program.

        Our properties held for sale were identified based on sub-market analysis, as well as individual property-level operational review. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were 948 and 1,187 properties, respectively, classified as held for sale. We will continue to evaluate our properties for potential disposition going forward as a normal course of business.

        Property Operations

        Homes added to our portfolio through new construction channels include properties developed through our internal AMH Development Program and newly constructed properties acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program. Rental homes developed through our AMH Development Program involve substantial up-front costs, time to acquire and develop land, time to build the rental home, and time to lease the rental home before the home generates income. This process is dependent upon the nature of each lot acquired and the timeline varies primarily due to land development requirements. Once land development requirements have been met, on average it takes approximately four to six months to complete the rental home vertical construction process. Our internal construction program is managed by our team of development professionals that oversee the full rental home construction process including all land development and work performed by subcontractors. We typically incur costs between $200,000 and $350,000 to acquire and develop land and build a rental home. Homes added through our AMH Development Program are available for lease immediately upon or shortly after receipt of a certificate of occupancy. Rental homes acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program are dependent on the inventory of newly constructed homes and homes currently under construction.

        Homes added to our portfolio through traditional acquisition channels require expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including property inspections, closing costs, liens, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes and homeowner association (“HOA”) fees, when applicable. In addition, we typically incur costs between $15,000 and $30,000 to renovate a home acquired through traditional acquisition channels to prepare it for rental. Renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing hardware and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved to prepare our homes for rental can impact our financial performance and varies among properties based on several factors, including the source of acquisition channel and age and condition of the property. On average, it takes approximately 40 to 60 days to complete the renovation process.

        Our operating results are also impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property, which can vary greatly among properties, and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory. On average, it takes approximately 20 to 40 days to lease a property after acquiring or developing a new property through our new construction channels or after completing the renovation process for a traditionally acquired property. Lastly, our operating results are impacted by the length of stay of our tenants and the amount of time it takes to prepare and re-lease a property after a tenant vacates. This process, which we refer to as “turnover,” is impacted by numerous factors, including the condition of the home upon move-out of the previous tenant, and by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory at the time of the turnover. On average, it takes approximately 40 to 60 days to complete the turnover process.

        Revenues

        Our revenues are derived primarily from rents collected from tenants for our single-family properties under lease agreements which typically have a term of one year. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality and tenant defaults, and the amount of time it takes to turn properties when tenants vacate. Additionally, our ability to collect revenues and related operating results are impacted by the credit worthiness and quality of our tenants. On average, our tenants have household incomes ranging from $70,000 to $110,000 and primarily consist of families with approximately two adults and one or more children.

        Our rents and other single-family property revenues are comprised of rental revenue from single-family properties, fees from our single-family property rentals and “tenant charge-backs,” which are primarily related to cost recoveries on utilities.

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        Our ability to maintain and grow revenues from our existing portfolio of homes will be dependent on our ability to retain tenants and increase rental rates. Based on our Same-Home population of properties (defined below), the year-over-year increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property was 3.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2020, and we experienced turnover rates of 9.3% and 10.9% during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Based on our Same-Home population of properties, the year-over-year increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property was 3.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2020, and we experienced turnover rates of 17.2% and 18.9% during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we offered zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring during the three months ended June 30, 2020.

        Expenses

        We monitor the following categories of expenses that we believe most significantly affect our results of operations.

        Property Operating Expenses

        Once a property is available for lease, which we refer to as “rent-ready,” we incur ongoing property-related expenses which may not be subject to our control. These include primarily property taxes, repairs and maintenance (“R&M”), turnover costs, HOA fees (when applicable) and insurance.

        Property Management Expenses

        As we internally manage our portfolio of single-family properties through our proprietary property management platform, we incur costs such as salary expenses for property management personnel, lease expenses and operating costs for property management offices and technology expenses for maintaining our property management platform. As part of developing our property management platform, we have made significant investments in our infrastructure, systems and technology. We believe that these investments will enable our property management platform to become more efficient over time, especially as our portfolio grows. Also included in property management expenses is noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.

        Seasonality

        We believe that our business and related operating results will be impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. We experience higher levels of tenant move-outs and move-ins during the late spring and summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets for expenses such as HVAC repairs, turn costs and landscaping expenses during the summer season. Additionally, our single-family properties are at greater risk in certain markets for adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes in the late summer months and extreme cold weather in the winter months.

        General and Administrative Expense

        General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, federal and state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expenses, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. Also included in general and administrative expense is noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees.

Results of Operations

        Net income totaled $31.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net income of $40.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributable to increased uncollectible rents and tenant utility reimbursements related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as higher property operating expenses and a reduction in gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net. Net income totaled $69.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to net income of $73.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributable to increased uncollectible rents and tenant utility reimbursements related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as higher property operating expenses and a noncash write-down included in other expenses associated with the liquidation of legacy joint ventures, which were acquired as part of the American Residential Properties, Inc. (“ARPI”) merger in February 2016.

        As we continue to grow our portfolio with a portion of our homes still recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we distinguish our portfolio of homes between Same-Home properties and Non-Same-Home and Other properties in evaluating our operating performance. We classify a property as Same-Home if it has been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to the beginning of the

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earliest period presented under comparison and if it has not been classified as held for sale or taken out of service as a result of a casualty loss, which allows the performance of these properties to be compared between periods. Single-family properties that we acquire individually (i.e., not through a bulk purchase) are classified as either stabilized or non-stabilized. A property is classified as stabilized once it has been renovated by the Company or newly constructed and then initially leased or available for rent for a period greater than 90 days. Properties acquired through a bulk purchase are first considered non-stabilized, as an entire group, until (1) we have owned them for an adequate period of time to allow for complete on-boarding to our operating platform, and (2) a substantial portion of the properties have experienced tenant turnover at least once under our ownership, providing the opportunity for renovations and improvements to meet our property standards. After such time has passed, properties acquired through a bulk purchase are then evaluated on an individual property basis under our standard stabilization criteria. All other properties, including those classified as held for sale or taken out of service as a result of a casualty loss, are classified as Non-Same-Home and Other.

        One of the primary financial measures we use in evaluating the operating performance of our single-family properties is Core Net Operating Income (“Core NOI”), which we also present separately for our Same-Home portfolio. Core NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that we define as core revenues, which is calculated as total revenues, excluding expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs and other revenues, less core property operating expenses, which is calculated as property operating and property management expenses, excluding noncash share-based compensation expense and expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs.

        Core NOI also excludes (1) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, (2) hurricane-related charges, net, which result in material charges to the impacted single-family properties, (3) gain or loss on sales of single-family properties and other, (4) depreciation and amortization, (5) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties, (6) noncash share-based compensation expense, (7) interest expense, (8) general and administrative expense, (9) other expenses and (10) other revenues. We believe Core NOI provides useful information to investors about the operating performance of our single-family properties without the impact of certain operating expenses that are reimbursed through tenant charge-backs.

        Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI should be considered only as supplements to net income or loss as a measure of our performance and should not be used as measures of our liquidity, nor are they indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or make distributions. Additionally, these metrics should not be used as substitutes for net income or loss or net cash flows from operating activities (as computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”)).

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019

        The following table presents a summary of Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home and Other properties, and total properties for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Same-Home Properties (1)		% of Core Revenue		Non-Same- Home and Other Properties		% of Core Revenue		Total Properties		% of Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties (2)	$	216,995			$	33,769			$	250,764
Fees from single-family properties (2)	2,627				684				3,311
Bad debt (3)	(7,590)				(1,225)				(8,815)
Core revenues	212,032				33,228				245,260
Property tax expense	38,575		18.2	%	6,574		19.8	%	45,149		18.4	%
HOA fees, net (4)	4,113		1.9	%	870		2.6	%	4,983		2.0	%
R&M and turnover costs, net (4)(5)	19,428		9.1	%	3,586		10.8	%	23,014		9.4	%
Insurance	2,020		1.0	%	400		1.2	%	2,420		1.0	%
Property management expenses, net (6)	17,535		8.3	%	3,725		11.2	%	21,260		8.7	%
Core property operating expenses	81,671		38.5	%	15,155		45.6	%	96,826		39.5	%
Core NOI	$	130,361	61.5	%	$	18,073	54.4	%	$	148,434	60.5	%

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Same-Home Properties (1)		% of Core Revenue		Non-Same- Home and Other Properties		% of Core Revenue		Total Properties		% of Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties	$	210,577			$	32,281			$	242,858
Fees from single-family properties	2,922				571				3,493
Bad debt	(1,513)				(227)				(1,740)
Core revenues	211,986				32,625				244,611
Property tax expense	36,841		17.4	%	6,632		20.3	%	43,473		17.8	%
HOA fees, net (4)	4,576		2.2	%	795		2.4	%	5,371		2.2	%
R&M and turnover costs, net (4)	16,501		7.7	%	2,901		9.0	%	19,402		7.9	%
Insurance	1,921		0.9	%	351		1.1	%	2,272		0.9	%
Property management expenses, net (6)	17,158		8.1	%	2,916		8.9	%	20,074		8.2	%
Core property operating expenses	76,997		36.3	%	13,595		41.7	%	90,592		37.0	%
Core NOI	$	134,989	63.7	%	$	19,030	58.3	%	$	154,019	63.0	%

(1)Includes 45,075 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2019.

(2)As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, rents from single-family properties were impacted by the Company’s socially responsible decisions to waive month-to-month lease premiums and offer zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring throughout the second quarter of 2020. Fees from single-family properties were also impacted as the Company waived late fees throughout the second quarter of 2020.

(3)Includes $7.0 million and $6.0 million for the total portfolio and Same-Home portfolio, respectively, of increased uncollectible rents related to the COVID-19 pandemic for the second quarter of 2020.

(4)Presented net of tenant charge-backs.

(5)Includes $1.9 million and $1.8 million for the total portfolio and Same-Home portfolio, respectively, of increased uncollectible tenant utility reimbursements and $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of increased costs associated with enhanced cleaning and safety protocols related to the COVID-19 pandemic for the second quarter of 2020.

(6)Presented net of tenant charge-backs and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.

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        The following are reconciliations of core revenues, Same-Home core revenues, core property operating expenses, Same-Home core property operating expenses, Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI to their respective GAAP metrics for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (amounts in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Core revenues and Same-Home core revenues
Total revenues	$	283,098	$	281,860
Tenant charge-backs	(35,429)		(35,303)
Other revenues	(2,409)		(1,946)
Core revenues	245,260		244,611
Less: Non-Same-Home core revenues	33,228		32,625
Same-Home core revenues	$	212,032	$	211,986

Core property operating expenses and Same-Home core property operating expenses
Property operating expenses	$	110,436	$	104,591
Property management expenses	22,260		21,650
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	(441)		(346)
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs	(35,429)		(35,303)
Core property operating expenses	96,826		90,592
Less: Non-Same-Home core property operating expenses	15,155		13,595
Same-Home core property operating expenses	$	81,671	$	76,997

Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net	(10,651)		(13,725)
Depreciation and amortization	84,836		82,840
Acquisition and other transaction costs	1,956		970
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	441		346
Interest expense	29,558		32,571
General and administrative expense	11,493		10,486
Other expenses	1,403		1,514
Other revenues	(2,409)		(1,946)
Core NOI	148,434		154,019
Less: Non-Same-Home Core NOI	18,073		19,030
Same-Home Core NOI	$	130,361	$	134,989

Total Revenues

        Total revenues increased 0.4% to $283.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $281.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. Revenue growth was driven by an increase in our average occupied portfolio which grew to 49,600 homes for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to 48,989 homes for the three months ended June 30, 2019, as well as higher rental rates, offset by an increase in uncollectible rents and tenant utility reimbursements related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Property Operating Expenses

        Property operating expenses increased 5.6% to $110.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $104.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. This increase was primarily attributable to higher property tax expense and higher repairs and maintenance and turnover costs.

Property Management Expenses

        Property management expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were $22.3 million and $21.7 million, respectively, which included $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to

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centralized and field property management employees. The increase in property management expenses was primarily attributable to higher personnel costs.

Core Revenues from Same-Home Properties

        Core revenues from Same-Home properties were $212.0 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, primarily driven by a 3.1% increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property, which increased to $1,678 per month for the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $1,627 per month for the three months ended June 30, 2019, offset by an increase in uncollectible rents related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2020, core revenues from Same-Home properties were impacted by (i) the Company’s socially responsible decisions to waive month-to-month lease premiums and offer zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring throughout the quarter and (ii) waived late fees throughout the quarter.

Core Property Operating Expenses from Same-Home Properties

        Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs, net of tenant charge-backs, and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense. Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties increased 6.1% to $81.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $77.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, primarily driven by $2.2 million of incremental costs incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2020 related to the COVID-19 pandemic including enhanced cleaning costs and increased uncollectible tenant utility reimbursements.

General and Administrative Expense

        General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, federal and state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. General and administrative expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $11.5 million and $10.5 million, respectively, which included $1.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily related to higher noncash share-based compensation expense as well as an increase in state taxes and professional fees.

Interest Expense

        Interest expense decreased 9.3% to $29.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $32.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily related to additional capitalized interest during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and the payoff of the term loan facility in June 2019, partially offset by draws on our revolving credit facility during the first six months of 2020.

Acquisition and Other Transaction Costs

        Acquisition and other transaction costs were $2.0 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to costs associated with purchases of single-family properties, including newly constructed properties from third-party builders, as well as costs associated with the disposal of certain properties or portfolios of properties. The planned growth in our acquisition program, including an increase in personnel, was the primary driver for the year-over-year increase.

Depreciation and Amortization

        Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings and improvements. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over three to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense increased 2.4% to $84.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 from $82.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 primarily due to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.

Other Revenues

        Other revenues were $2.4 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to interest income, fees from unconsolidated joint ventures, and equity in earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures.

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Other Expenses

        Other expenses were $1.4 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to impairments on properties held for sale and expenses related to joint ventures.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

        The following table presents a summary of Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home and Other properties, and total properties for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Same-Home Properties (1)		% of Core Revenue		Non-Same- Home and Other Properties		% of Core Revenue		Total Properties		% of Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties (2)	$	431,565			$	64,529			$	496,094
Fees from single-family properties (2)	5,986				1,339				7,325
Bad debt (3)	(9,150)				(1,680)				(10,830)
Core revenues	428,401				64,188				492,589
Property tax expense	77,046		18.0	%	13,071		20.4	%	90,117		18.3	%
HOA fees, net (4)	7,874		1.8	%	1,625		2.5	%	9,499		1.9	%
R&M and turnover costs, net (4)(5)	33,792		7.9	%	6,329		9.8	%	40,121		8.1	%
Insurance	3,975		0.9	%	758		1.2	%	4,733		1.0	%
Property management expenses, net (6)	35,554		8.3	%	7,123		11.1	%	42,677		8.7	%
Core property operating expenses	158,241		36.9	%	28,906		45.0	%	187,147		38.0	%
Core NOI	$	270,160	63.1	%	$	35,282	55.0	%	$	305,442	62.0	%

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Same-Home Properties (1)		% of Core Revenue		Non-Same- Home and Other Properties		% of Core Revenue		Total Properties		% of Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties	$	417,688			$	61,667			$	479,355
Fees from single-family properties	5,407				1,099				6,506
Bad debt	(2,967)				(541)				(3,508)
Core revenues	420,128				62,225				482,353
Property tax expense	72,657		17.3	%	13,187		21.2	%	85,844		17.8	%
HOA fees, net (4)	9,641		2.3	%	1,697		2.7	%	11,338		2.3	%
R&M and turnover costs, net (4)	31,063		7.4	%	5,902		9.5	%	36,965		7.7	%
Insurance	3,783		0.9	%	682		1.1	%	4,465		0.9	%
Property management expenses, net (6)	33,492		8.0	%	5,636		9.1	%	39,128		8.1	%
Core property operating expenses	150,636		35.9	%	27,104		43.6	%	177,740		36.8	%
Core NOI	$	269,492	64.1	%	$	35,121	56.4	%	$	304,613	63.2	%

(1)Includes 45,075 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2019.

(2)As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, rents from single-family properties were impacted by the Company’s socially responsible decisions to waive month-to-month lease premiums and offer zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring throughout the second quarter of 2020. Fees from single-family properties were also impacted as the Company waived late fees throughout the second quarter of 2020.

(3)Includes $7.0 million and $6.0 million for the total portfolio and Same-Home portfolio, respectively, of increased uncollectible rents related to the COVID-19 pandemic for the second quarter of 2020.

(4)Presented net of tenant charge-backs.

(5)Includes $1.9 million and $1.8 million for the total portfolio and Same-Home portfolio, respectively, of increased uncollectible tenant utility reimbursements and $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of increased costs associated with enhanced cleaning and safety protocols related to the COVID-19 pandemic for the second quarter of 2020.

(6)Presented net of tenant charge-backs and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.

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        The following are reconciliations of core revenues, Same-Home core revenues, core property operating expenses, Same-Home core property operating expenses, Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI to their respective GAAP metrics for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (amounts in thousands):

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Core revenues and Same-Home core revenues
Total revenues	$	572,692	$	561,064
Tenant charge-backs	(75,442)		(75,255)
Other revenues	(4,661)		(3,456)
Core revenues	492,589		482,353
Less: Non-Same-Home core revenues	64,188		62,225
Same-Home core revenues	$	428,401	$	420,128

Core property operating expenses and Same-Home core property operating expenses
Property operating expenses	$	217,933	$	211,275
Property management expenses	45,536		42,359
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	(880)		(639)
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs	(75,442)		(75,255)
Core property operating expenses	187,147		177,740
Less: Non-Same-Home core property operating expenses	28,906		27,104
Same-Home core property operating expenses	$	158,241	$	150,636

Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI
Net income	$	69,334	$	73,395
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net	(21,416)		(19,374)
Depreciation and amortization	167,657		164,001
Acquisition and other transaction costs	4,103		1,804
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	880		639
Interest expense	59,273		64,486
General and administrative expense	22,759		19,921
Other expenses	7,513		2,538
Other revenues	(4,661)		(3,456)
Core NOI	305,442		304,613
Less: Non-Same-Home Core NOI	35,282		35,121
Same-Home Core NOI	$	270,160	$	269,492

Total Revenues

        Total revenues increased 2.1% to $572.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $561.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Revenue growth was driven by an increase in our average occupied portfolio which grew to 49,322 homes for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to 48,600 homes for the six months ended June 30, 2019, as well as higher rental rates, offset by an increase in uncollectible rents and tenant utility reimbursements related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Property Operating Expenses

        Property operating expenses increased 3.2% to $217.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $211.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This increase was primarily attributable to higher property tax expense and higher repairs and maintenance and turnover costs.

Property Management Expenses

        Property management expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were $45.5 million and $42.4 million, respectively, which included $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to

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centralized and field property management employees. The increase in property management expenses was primarily attributable to higher personnel costs.

Core Revenues from Same-Home Properties

        Core revenues from Same-Home properties increased 2.0% to $428.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $420.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, primarily driven by a 3.3% increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property, which increased to $1,671 per month for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $1,617 per month for the six months ended June 30, 2019, partially offset by an increase in uncollectible rents related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, core revenues from Same-Home properties were impacted by (i) the Company’s socially responsible decisions to waive month-to-month lease premiums and offer zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring throughout the second quarter of 2020 and (ii) waived late fees throughout the second quarter of 2020.

Core Property Operating Expenses from Same-Home Properties

        Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs, net of tenant charge-backs, and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense. Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties increased 5.0% to $158.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $150.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, primarily driven by higher property tax expense and $2.2 million of incremental costs incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2020 related to the COVID-19 pandemic including enhanced cleaning costs and increased uncollectible tenant utility reimbursements.

General and Administrative Expense

        General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, federal and state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. General and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $22.8 million and $19.9 million, respectively, which included $3.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily related to higher noncash share-based compensation expense as well as higher personnel costs and an increase in state taxes.

Interest Expense

        Interest expense decreased 8.1% to $59.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $64.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily related to additional capitalized interest during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the payoff of the term loan facility in June 2019, partially offset by the unsecured senior notes issued in late January 2019 and draws on our revolving credit facility during the first six months of 2020.

Acquisition and Other Transaction Costs

        Acquisition and other transaction costs were $4.1 million and $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to costs associated with purchases of single-family properties, including newly constructed properties from third-party builders, as well as costs associated with the disposal of certain properties or portfolios of properties. The planned growth in our acquisition program, including an increase in personnel, was the primary driver for the year-over-year increase.

Depreciation and Amortization

        Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings and improvements. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over three to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense increased 2.2% to $167.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $164.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily due to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.

Other Revenues

        Other revenues were $4.7 million and $3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to interest income, fees from unconsolidated joint ventures, and equity in earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures.

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Other Expenses

        Other expenses were $7.5 million and $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which primarily related to impairments on properties held for sale and expenses related to joint ventures. Also included in other expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was a $4.9 million noncash write-down associated with the liquidation of legacy joint ventures, which were acquired as part of the ARPI merger in February 2016.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

        Our critical accounting policies are included in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Annual Report”). There have been no changes to these policies during the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Income Taxes

        AH4R has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2012. We believe that we have operated, and continue to operate, in such a manner as to satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT. Provided that we qualify as a REIT and our distributions to our shareholders equal or exceed our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains), we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

        Qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code, including tests related to the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute to our shareholders. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will continue to be organized or be able to operate in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate tax rates, and we would likely be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we fail to qualify.

        Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state or local income and capital taxes and U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed REIT taxable income, if any. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to taxation by U.S. federal, state and local authorities for the periods presented. We made joint elections to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries which are subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes on their income at regular corporate rates. The tax years from 2015 to present generally remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

        We believe that our Operating Partnership is properly treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, the Operating Partnership is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of the Operating Partnership’s partners, including AH4R, is allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of the Operating Partnership’s income. As such, no provision for U.S. federal income taxes has been included for the Operating Partnership.

        Accounting Standards Codification 740-10, Income Taxes, requires recognition of deferred tax assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained, based solely on its technical merits, with the taxing authority having full authority of all relevant information. The measurement of a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that meets the more likely than not threshold is based on a cumulative probability model under which the largest amount of tax benefit recognized is the amount with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all the relevant information. As of June 30, 2020, there were no deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits recorded by the Company. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

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        As a REIT, we are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. We expect to use our net operating loss carryforward (“NOL”) to reduce our REIT taxable income in the current and future years. As of December 31, 2019, AH4R had an NOL for U.S. federal income tax purposes of an estimated $188.8 million. Once our NOL is fully used, we would be required to increase AH4R’s distributions to comply with REIT distribution requirements and our current policy of distributing approximately all of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

        See Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report for a discussion of the adoption and potential impact of recently issued accounting standards.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

        Our liquidity and capital resources as of June 30, 2020 included cash and cash equivalents of $32.0 million. Additionally, as of June 30, 2020, we had $130.0 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, which provides for maximum borrowings of up to $800.0 million, of which $3.7 million was committed to outstanding letters of credit. We have no debt maturities, other than recurring principal amortization, until 2022.

        Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make distributions to our shareholders and OP unitholders, including AH4R, and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the acquisition, development, renovation and maintenance of our properties, HOA fees (as applicable), real estate taxes, non-recurring capital expenditures, interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, general and administrative expenses, payment of quarterly dividends on our preferred shares and units, and payment of distributions to our common shareholders and unitholders.

        We seek to satisfy our liquidity needs through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, issuances of debt and equity securities (including OP units), asset-backed securitizations, property dispositions and joint venture transactions. We have financed our operations, acquisitions and development expenditures to date through the issuance of equity securities, borrowings under our credit facilities, asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes, and proceeds from the sale of single-family properties. Going forward, we expect to meet our operating liquidity requirements generally through cash on hand and cash provided by operations. We believe our rental income, net of operating expenses and recurring capital expenditures, will generally provide cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and dividend distributions. However, our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets might not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing alternatives including drawing on our revolving credit facility.

        As discussed above under “COVID-19 Business Update,” the COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on financial markets and may adversely impact our operating cash flows. Since we do not know the ultimate severity and length of the COVID-19 pandemic, and thus cannot predict the impact it will have on our tenants and on the debt and equity capital markets, we cannot estimate the ultimate impact it will have on our liquidity and capital resources.

        As of July 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $55.7 million and $105.0 million of outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility, with no other changes to total outstanding debt since June 30, 2020. During July 2020, the Company sold an additional 91 properties generating $20.1 million of net proceeds.

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        Cash Flows

        The following table summarizes the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	279,204	$	287,492	$	(8,288)
Net cash used for investing activities	(322,466)		(170,033)		(152,433)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	40,388		(7,763)		48,151
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(2,874)	$	109,696	$	(112,570)

        Operating Activities

        Our cash flows provided by operating activities, which is our principal source of cash flows, depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our properties, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our tenants and the level of property operating expenses, property management expenses and general and administrative expenses. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $8.3 million, or 2.9%, from $287.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $279.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities, including a decrease in collections on rent and tenant utility reimbursements associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by cash flows generated from a larger number of occupied properties and increases in rental rates on lease renewals and re-leasing of our single-family properties.

        Investing Activities

        Net cash used for investing activities increased $152.4 million, or 89.6%, from $170.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $322.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily driven by the strategic expansion of our portfolio through traditional acquisition channels, the development of “built-for-rental” homes through our AMH Development Program, and acquiring newly built properties through our National Builder Program using cash generated from operating and financing activities and by recycling capital through the sale of single-family properties. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and given the market uncertainty regarding future asset values, the Company has temporarily suspended its acquisitions through traditional channels and the National Builder Program. The Company plans to continue construction activity, while in compliance with state and local mandates, on its existing pipeline of “built-for-rental” homes through our AMH Development Program. Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties increased as a result of investments in properties to increase future revenues or reduce maintenance expenditures. The development of “built-for-rental” homes and our property-enhancing capital expenditures may reduce recurring and other capital expenditures on an average per home basis in the future.

        Financing Activities

        Net cash provided by or used for financing activities increased $48.2 million from $7.8 million of net cash outflows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $40.4 million of net cash inflows for the six months ended June 30, 2020, driven by $81.0 million of increased borrowing activity, net of repayments, partially offset by a $31.6 million increase in cash paid for distributions. The Company received $130.0 million of proceeds from its revolving credit facility, offset by $11.8 million of payments on its asset-backed securitizations, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $397.9 million of proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount, offset by $350.0 million of payments on its revolving credit and term loan facilities and $10.7 million of payments on its asset-backed securitizations, during the six months ended June 30, 2019. The Company distributed $80.6 million on a cash basis to share and unit holders during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $49.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, as a result of timing differences in distributions year-over-year.

        At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program

        In June 2020, the Company extended its at-the-market common share offering program under which we can issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate gross sales offering price of $500.0 million (the “At-the-Market Program”). The At-the-Market Program also provides that we may enter into forward contracts for our Class A common shares with forward sellers and forward purchasers. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the At-the-Market Program (i) to repay indebtedness the Company has incurred or expects to incur under its revolving credit facility, (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy and (iv) for working capital and general corporate purposes, including repurchases of the Company’s

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securities, acquisitions of additional properties, capital expenditures and the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of properties in the Company’s portfolio. The At-the-Market Program may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. As of June 30, 2020, no shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $500.0 million remained available for future share issuances.

        Share Repurchase Program

        The Company’s board of trustees authorized the establishment of our share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase and retire any of our shares. As of June 30, 2020, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program.

        Distributions

        As a REIT, we are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. We expect to use our NOL to reduce our REIT taxable income in the current and future years. As of December 31, 2019, AH4R had an NOL for U.S. federal income tax purposes of an estimated $188.8 million. Once our NOL is fully used, we would be required to increase AH4R’s distributions to comply with REIT distribution requirements and our current policy of distributing approximately all of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

        We have no material obligations, assets or liabilities that would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

        Material changes to our aggregate indebtedness, if any, are described in Note 8. Debt to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report.

        Except as described in Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report, as of June 30, 2020, there have been no other material changes outside of the ordinary course of business to our other known contractual obligations, which are set forth in the table included in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2019 Annual Report.

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Additional Non-GAAP Measures

Funds from Operations (“FFO”) / Core FFO / Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders

        FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we calculate in accordance with the definition approved by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), which defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains and losses from sales or impairment of real estate, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures to reflect FFO on the same basis.

        Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) hurricane-related charges, net, which result in material charges to the impacted single-family properties, and (4) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt.

        Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) Recurring Capital Expenditures that are necessary to help preserve the value and maintain functionality of our properties and (2) capitalized leasing costs incurred during the period. As a portion of our homes are recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we estimate Recurring Capital Expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual Recurring Capital Expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding newly acquired non-stabilized properties and properties classified as held for sale.

        We present FFO attributable to common share and unit holders because we consider this metric to be an important measure of the performance of real estate companies, as do many investors and analysts in evaluating the Company. We believe that FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provides useful information to investors because this metric excludes depreciation, which is included in computing net income and assumes the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time. We believe that real estate values fluctuate due to market conditions and in response to inflation. We also believe that Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provide useful information to investors because they allow investors to compare our operating performance to prior reporting periods without the effect of certain items that, by nature, are not comparable from period to period.

        FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders are not a substitute for net income or net cash provided by operating activities, each as determined in accordance with GAAP, as a measure of our operating performance, liquidity or ability to pay dividends. These metrics also are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund future cash needs. Because other REITs may not compute these measures in the same manner, they may not be comparable among REITs.

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        The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s net income attributable to common shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, to FFO attributable to common share and unit holders, Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	15,369	$	22,518	$	35,613	$	38,801
Adjustments:
Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership	2,656		4,004		6,157		7,030
Net (gain) on sale / impairment of single-family properties and other	(10,293)		(12,796)		(15,907)		(17,941)
Adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures	388		747		626		1,301
Depreciation and amortization	84,836		82,840		167,657		164,001
Less: depreciation and amortization of non-real estate assets	(2,192)		(1,971)		(4,256)		(3,911)
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders	$	90,764	$	95,342	$	189,890	$	189,281
Adjustments:
Acquisition and other transaction costs	1,956		970		4,103		1,804
Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative	1,649		923		3,018		1,582
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	441		346		880		639
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659		—		659
Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders (1)	$	94,810	$	98,240	$	197,891	$	193,965
Recurring capital expenditures (2)	(12,184)		(10,330)		(20,895)		(18,190)
Leasing costs	(992)		(1,130)		(1,902)		(2,129)
Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders (1)	$	81,634	$	86,780	$	175,094	$	173,646

(1)Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders include negative financial impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic that relate to (i) the Company’s socially responsible decisions to waive month-to-month lease premiums and offer zero percent increases on newly signed renewals for leases expiring throughout the second quarter of 2020, (ii) waived late fees throughout the second quarter of 2020, and (iii) $9.4 million of other negative financial impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic including $7.0 million of increased uncollectible rents, $1.9 million of increased uncollectible tenant utility reimbursements and $0.5 million of increased costs associated with enhanced cleaning and safety protocols. Additionally, due to stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic, Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders includes above average levels of HVAC system replacements resulting in $1.3 million of incremental HVAC capital expenditures within the second quarter of 2020.

(2)As a portion of our homes are recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we estimate recurring capital expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual recurring capital expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding newly acquired non-stabilized properties and properties classified as held for sale.

EBITDA / EBITDAre / Adjusted EBITDAre / Fully Adjusted EBITDAre

        EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is used by us and others as a supplemental measure of performance. EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate in accordance with the definition approved by NAREIT by adjusting EBITDA for the net gain or loss on sales / impairment of single-family properties and other and adjusting for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures on the same basis. Adjusted EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting EBITDAre for (1) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) hurricane-related charges, net, which result in material charges to the impacted single-family properties, and (4) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt. Fully Adjusted EBITDAre (formerly known as Adjusted EBITDAre after Capex and Leasing Costs) is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting Adjusted EBITDAre for (1) Recurring Capital Expenditures and (2) leasing costs. We believe these metrics provide useful information to investors because they exclude the impact of various income and expense items that are not indicative of operating performance.

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        The following is a reconciliation of net income, as determined in accordance with GAAP, to EBITDA, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre and Fully Adjusted EBITDAre for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	31,807	$	40,304	$	69,334	$	73,395
Interest expense	29,558		32,571		59,273		64,486
Depreciation and amortization	84,836		82,840		167,657		164,001
EBITDA	$	146,201	$	155,715	$	296,264	$	301,882
Net (gain) on sale / impairment of single-family properties and other	(10,293)		(12,796)		(15,907)		(17,941)
Adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures	388		747		626		1,301
EBITDAre	$	136,296	$	143,666	$	280,983	$	285,242
Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative	1,649		923		3,018		1,582
Noncash share-based compensation - property management	441		346		880		639
Acquisition and other transaction costs	1,956		970		4,103		1,804
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		659		—		659
Adjusted EBITDAre	$	140,342	$	146,564	$	288,984	$	289,926
Recurring capital expenditures (1)	(12,184)		(10,330)		(20,895)		(18,190)
Leasing costs	(992)		(1,130)		(1,902)		(2,129)
Fully Adjusted EBITDAre	$	127,166	$	135,104	$	266,187	$	269,607

(1)As a portion of our homes are recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we estimate recurring capital expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual recurring capital expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding newly acquired non-stabilized properties and properties classified as held for sale.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

        During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company borrowed an additional $130.0 million, resulting in $130.0 million of outstanding variable rate debt as of June 30, 2020. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under our revolving credit facility.

        As of June 30, 2020, assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing variable rate debt, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate would increase or decrease our projected annual interest expense by approximately $1.3 million or $0.2 million, respectively. This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we would consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.

        There have been no other material changes to our market risk from those disclosed in section Part II, “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of our 2019 Annual Report.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

        American Homes 4 Rent

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

        The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file and submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in accordance with SEC guidelines and that such information is communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures in reaching that level of reasonable assurance.

        Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

        There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2020, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

        American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

        The Operating Partnership maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in accordance with SEC guidelines and that such information is communicated to the Operating Partnership’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of its general partner, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Operating Partnership’s management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures in reaching that level of reasonable assurance.

        Under the supervision and with the participation of the Operating Partnership’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of its general partner, the Operating Partnership evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Operating Partnership’s general partner concluded that the Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

        There were no changes in the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2020, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

        For a description of the Company’s legal proceedings, see Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

        In addition to the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risks described in our 2019 Annual Report in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and in our other filings with the SEC. These factors may materially affect our business, financial condition and operating results and could cause our actual results to differ materially from expectations.

        The following risk factor supplements the existing risk factors set forth in our 2019 Annual Report.

        We are subject to risks from the global pandemic associated with COVID-19 and we may in the future be subject to risks from other public health crises.

        Our business is subject to risks from the COVID-19 pandemic that is currently impacting our tenants, employees and suppliers. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly, adversely affecting public health, economic activity and employment. The risks to our business from the COVID-19 pandemic include:

•The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to combat it have resulted in a significant increase in unemployment. Our operating results depend significantly on the ability of our current and prospective tenants to pay their rent. To the extent our current tenants or prospective tenants experience unemployment, deteriorating financial conditions, and declines in household income, they may be unwilling or unable to pay rent in full on a timely basis or renew or enter into new leases for our homes, and our revenues and operating results could be negatively affected. We have received a number of tenant inquiries regarding rent relief and we continue to work closely with delinquent residents on a case-by-case basis to find the resolution that is best for the resident and the Company. Although minimal to date, workout options have included and may in the future include deferred payment plans which we began offering in June, or, where appropriate, early lease termination. The longer the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the greater the adverse impact may be on our tenants’ ability to make timely rental payments, on prospective residents to afford our homes, and ultimately on our occupancy.

•State, local, federal and industry-initiated efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely affect our business. Certain government actions have, and future government actions may, restrict our ability to collect rent or enforce remedies for failure to pay rent. In addition, government restrictions on movement have and may in the future limit the ability of prospective tenants to visit our properties or new tenants to move into our properties. These government efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our occupancy levels and increase possible credit losses.

•Our acquisition and development activities have been slowed. Our growth may be adversely impacted as our ability to acquire and construct homes has been negatively affected by COVID-19. Due to market uncertainties regarding future asset values, we have temporarily suspended acquisitions through traditional channels and our National Builder Program. We have continued new home construction, which most states permit as an essential business activity; however, some states where we are constructing new homes, such as Washington, temporarily prohibited residential construction during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and may institute future prohibitions. We have also experienced certain other COVID-19 related construction delays, including government office slowdowns. In addition, adverse impacts on the supply of construction materials and labor may delay or halt our construction activity.

•Our employees face COVID-19 health risks. If a significant number of our employees, or if key personnel, are unable to work as a result of COVID-19, this would adversely impact our business and operating results. In addition, during the COVID-19 outbreak, substantially all of our employees are working remotely and depend on Internet and third-party communications vendors that may be unreliable, experience shut-downs or be subject to new cybersecurity risks, adversely impacting operations.

•COVID-19 may delay our ability to maintain our properties. During the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, we prioritized emergency repair and maintenance activities for occupied homes and we believe some tenants may be reluctant to request routine maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Deferring routine repairs and maintenance may impact the value and desirability of our rental homes. It may also increase the expense and difficulty of completing these repairs in the future and may delay other needed repairs when the COVID-19 pandemic no longer constrains business activity.

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•COVID-19 has adversely affected the capital markets. The financial and capital markets have experienced significant volatility and disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. If this volatility continues, it may increase the cost and availability of capital. As a result, we may have difficulty accessing debt and equity markets on attractive terms, or at all, which could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital expenditure requirements.

        We believe that the degree to which COVID-19 adversely impacts our business, operating results, cash flows, ability to make distributions, ability to service our debt and/or financial condition will be driven primarily by the duration, spread and severity of the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. As a result, we are not able at this time to estimate the effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be material. Future public health crises could have similar impacts.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

        None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

        None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

        Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

        None.

Item 6. Exhibits

        The exhibits listed below are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit Number	Exhibit Document
3.1	Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
3.2	First Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed July 19, 2013.)
3.3	Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.500% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2016.)
3.4	Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.350% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2016.)
3.5	Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.875% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2017.)
3.6	Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2017.)
3.7	Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 6.25% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 13, 2018.)
3.8	Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 10, 2020.)
4.1	Indenture, dated as of February 7, 2018, between American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.)

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Exhibit Number	Exhibit Document
4.2	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 7, 2018, among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Residential Properties OP, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.)
4.3	Form of Global Note representing the Notes (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 7, 2018.)
4.4	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 23, 2019, among American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 23, 2019.)
4.5	Form of Global Note representing the Notes (Incorporated by reference to and included in Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 23, 2019.)
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
31.3	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
31.4	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350. Filed herewith.
32.2	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350. Filed herewith.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT

/s/ Christopher C. Lau

Christopher C. Lau

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer and duly authorized signatory of registrant)

Date: August 7, 2020

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT, L.P.

By: American Homes 4 Rent, its General Partner

/s/ Christopher C. Lau

Christopher C. Lau

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer and duly authorized signatory of registrant)

Date: August 7, 2020

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