UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-36225

KINDRED BIOSCIENCES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	46-1160142
(State of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1555 Bayshore Highway, Suite 200

Burlingame, California 94010

(Address of principal executive office) (Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number: (650) 701-7901

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value	KIN	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights	KIN	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   x     No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter time that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   x     No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by checkmark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ¨     No   x

As of July 30, 2019, Kindred Biosciences, Inc. had outstanding 39,061,001 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value.

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part No.	Item No.	Description	Page No.
I		FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	1	Financial Statements	3
		Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2019 (unaudited) and December 31, 2018	3
		Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	4
		Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	5
		Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
	2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
	3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
	4	Controls and Procedures	31
II		OTHER INFORMATION
	1	Legal Proceedings	32
	1A	Risk Factors	32
	2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	32
	3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	32
	4	Mine Safety Disclosures	32
	5	Other Information	32
	6	Exhibits	33
		Index to Exhibits	33
		Signatures	34

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,980		$	56,302
Short-term investments	47,601			17,630
Accounts receivable	937			903
Inventories	4,358			3,570
Prepaid expenses and other	1,869			1,664
Total current assets	86,745			80,069
Property and equipment, net	28,576			26,343
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,692			—
Other assets	63			70
Total assets	$	117,076		$	106,482
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	643		$	3,576
Accrued compensation	2,703			3,436
Accrued liabilities	3,558			8,169
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	734			—
Total current liabilities	7,638			15,181
Long-term liability
Long-term operating lease liabilities	991			—
Long-term deferred rent	—			94
Total liabilities	8,629			15,275
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 39,043,052 and 33,948,254 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	4			3
Additional paid-in capital	300,462			252,885
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	13			(11		)
Accumulated deficit	(192,032		)	(161,670		)
Total stockholders' equity	108,447			91,207
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	117,076		$	106,482

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net product revenues	$	1,236		$	—		$	1,751		$	—
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of product revenues	169			—			261			—
Research and development	6,734			5,820			13,886			11,166
Selling, general and administrative	9,065			5,770			18,966			10,672
Total operating costs and expenses	15,968			11,590			33,113			21,838
Loss from operations	(14,732		)	(11,590		)	(31,362		)	(21,838		)
Interest and other income, net	425			349			1,000			626
Net loss	(14,307		)	(11,241		)	(30,362		)	(21,212		)
Change in unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities	26			17			24			6
Comprehensive loss	$	(14,281	)	$	(11,224	)	$	(30,338	)	$	(21,206	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.39	)	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.75	)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	38,887			28,619			38,340			28,304

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(30,362	)	$	(21,212	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense	3,762			2,937
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,095			324
Loss/(gain) on disposal of property and equipment	122			(12		)
Amortization of discount on marketable securities	(232		)	(75		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(34		)	—
Inventories	(788		)	—
Prepaid expenses and other	(198		)	(719		)
Accounts payable	909			(2,510		)
Accrued liabilities and accrued compensation	(6,044		)	1,453
Net cash used in operating activities	(31,770		)	(19,814		)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of investments	(49,415		)	(14,289		)
Sales of investments	—			800
Maturities of investments	19,700			36,776
Purchases of property and equipment	(6,656		)	(2,358		)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	3			178
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(36,368		)	21,107
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Exercises of stock options and purchase of ESPP shares	1,184			393
Payment of restricted stock awards and units tax liability on net settlement	(493		)	(247		)
Net proceeds from sale of common stock	43,125			49,178
Net cash provided by financing activities	43,816			49,324
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(24,322		)	50,617
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	56,302			34,813
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	31,980		$	85,430

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:

Purchase of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	579	$	1,447
Proceeds due from exercise of stock options	$	—	$	29

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.    Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Kindred Biosciences, Inc. ("KindredBio", "we", "us" or "our") was incorporated on September 25, 2012 (inception) in the State of Delaware. On April 25, 2016, we filed a Certificate of Incorporation with the State of Delaware for a wholly owned subsidiary, KindredBio Equine, Inc. ("KindredBio Equine"). KindredBio Equine has one class of capital stock which is designated common stock, $0.0001 par value per share. The authorized number of shares of common stock for KindredBio Equine is 1,000. On February 1, 2019, we filed a Certificate of Incorporation with the State of Delaware for a wholly owned subsidiary, Centaur Biopharmaceutical Services, Inc. ("Centaur Biopharmaceutical Services"). Centaur Biopharmaceutical Services has one class of capital stock which is designated common stock, $0.0001 par value per share. The authorized number of shares of common stock for Centaur Biopharmaceutical Services is 1,000.

We are a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on saving and improving the lives of pets. Our activities since inception have consisted principally of raising capital, establishing facilities, recruiting management and technical staff and performing research and development and advancing our product candidates seeking regulatory approval. Our headquarters are located in Burlingame, California.

We are subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. There can be no assurance that our research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate patent or other intellectual property protection for our technology will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. We operate in an environment of substantial competition from other animal health companies. In addition, we are dependent upon the services of our employees and consultants, as well as third-party contract research organizations and manufacturers.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements (“financial statements”) have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in our annual report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on March 6, 2019. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of a normal and recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included in these financial statements.

The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of Kindred Biosciences and its wholly owned subsidiaries (the "Company"). All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Stock Offerings

In January 2018, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 to offer and sell, from time to time, equity and debt securities in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $150.0 million.

In May 2018, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, relating to the sale of up to $50,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. We terminated the Sales Agreement in June 2018 after having sold 188,100 shares, representing gross proceeds of approximately $1,903,000. Net proceeds, after deducting commission, fees and offering costs, were approximately $1,758,000.

On June 22, 2018 we completed a public offering of 5,326,314 shares of common stock, which included the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $9.50 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $50,600,000. Net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expense, were approximately $47,422,000.

In January 2019, we completed a public offering of 4,847,250 shares of common stock, which includes the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase 632,250 additional shares of our common stock, at a public offering price of $9.50 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $46,049,000. Net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expense, were approximately $43,125,000.

6

Liquidity

We have incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations and had an accumulated deficit of $192,032,000 as of June 30, 2019. We expect to continue to incur losses and negative cash flows, which will increase significantly from historical levels as we expand our product development activities, seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates, establish a biologics manufacturing capability, and commercialize any approved products. To date, we have been funded primarily through sales of our former convertible preferred stock and the sale of our common stock. We might require additional capital until such time as we can generate operating revenues in excess operating expenses. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $79,581,000 as of June 30, 2019, are sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least the next 18 months.

If we require additional funding for operations, we may seek such funding through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as corporate collaborations and licensing arrangements. We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all, and we may not be able to enter into corporate collaborations or licensing arrangements. The terms of any financing may result in dilution or otherwise adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders.

Revenue Recognition

We adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers in the first quarter of our fiscal year that began on January 1, 2018.

Our revenues consist of product revenues resulting from the sale of Mirataz™ (mirtazapine transdermal ointment) for the management of weight loss in cats. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between us and our customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. Our customers could either be distributors who subsequently resell our products to third parties such as veterinarians, clinics or animals hospitals or the third parties themselves.

In accordance with ASC 606, we applied the following steps to recognize revenue for the sale of Mirataz that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for the promised goods:

1. Identify the contract with a customer

A contract with a customer exists when we enter into an enforceable contract with a customer. These contracts define each party's rights, payment terms and other contractual terms and conditions of the sale. We apply judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on published credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

2. Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Our product in a given purchase order is delivered at the same time and we do not separate an individual order into separate performance obligations. We have concluded the sale of finished goods and related shipping and handling are accounted for as a single performance obligation as there are no other promises to deliver goods beyond what is specified in each accepted customer order.

3. Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we will be entitled to receive in exchange for transferring goods to the customer, typically a fixed consideration in our contractual agreements.

4. Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations

The transaction price is allocated entirely to the performance obligation to provide pharmaceutical products. The nature of the promises/obligations under our contracts is to transfer a distinct good. Accordingly, because a single performance obligation exists, no allocation of the transaction price is necessary.

5. Determine the satisfaction of performance obligation

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Revenue is recognized when control of the finished goods is transferred to the customer, net of applicable reserves for variable consideration. Control of the finished goods is transferred at a point in time, upon delivery to the customer.

Reserves for Variable Consideration

Revenues from product sales are recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established. Components of variable consideration include product returns, allowances and discounts. These estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes for the expected value (probability-weighted estimate) or relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized where the contract will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, we will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenues and earnings in the period such variances become known.

Product Returns

Consistent with the industry practice, we generally offer customers a limited right of return of damaged or expired product that has been purchased directly from us. Our return policy generally allows customers to receive credit for expired products within 90 days after the product’s expiration date. We estimate the amount of our product revenues that may be returned by our customers and record these estimates as a reduction of product revenues in the period the related product revenues are recognized, as well as within accrued liabilities, in the consolidated balance sheets. We currently estimate product return liabilities using probability-weighted available industry data and data provided by the our distributors such as the inventories remaining in the distribution channel. To-date, we have no returns and believe that returns of our product in future periods will be minimal. We do not record a return asset associated with the returned damaged or expired goods due to such asset is deemed to be fully impaired at the time of product return.

Sales Discounts and Allowances

We compensate our distributors for sales order management, data and distribution and other services through sales discounts and allowances. However, such services are not distinct from our sale of products to distributors and, therefore, these discounts and allowances are recorded as a reduction of product revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, as well as a reduction to accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets.

Sales Commissions

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expenses.

Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues consists primarily of the cost of direct materials, direct labor and overhead costs associated with manufacturing, inbound shipping and other third-party logistics costs.

Inventories

We value inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine the cost of inventory using the standard-cost method, which approximates actual cost based on a first-in, first-out method. We analyze our inventory levels quarterly and write down inventory subject to expire in excess of expected requirements, or that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value. These inventory related costs are recognized as cost of product revenues on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Currently our inventory consists of finished goods only.

Property, Plant and Equipment

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Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from two to five years for furniture, fixtures, lab and computer equipment and software, and fifteen to thirty-nine years for land improvements and real property. Land and assets held within construction in progress are not depreciated. Construction in progress is related to the construction or development of property and equipment that have not yet been placed in service for their intended use. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance of assets are charged to expense as incurred. We amortize leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization of assets disposed of are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in other income/expense.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Estimates are based historical experiences or on forecasts, including information received from third parties and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Comprehensive Loss

Our comprehensive loss includes the change in unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The cumulative amount of gains or losses are reflected as a separate component of stockholders' equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)", requiring organizations that lease assets—referred to as “lessees”—to recognize on the consolidated balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under the new guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The ASU on leases took effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this new standard on January 1, 2019, using the alternative modified transition method, that means using a cumulative-effect adjustment, if any, to the opening balance of retained earnings to be recognized on the date of adoption with prior periods not restated. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment needed on January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the following "package of practical expedients" when assessing the transition impact as the lessee as of January 1, 2019: (1) not to reassess whether any expired or existing contracts, contain leases; (2) not to reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) not to reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet as we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The major impact for KindredBio was the balance sheet recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for operating leases as a lessee. We determine if an agreement contains a lease at inception. For agreements where we are the lessee, operating lease are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities and long-term portion operating lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2019. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentive received. We use our own incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the lease liabilities as our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. Lease terms don't include options to extend or terminate when we are reasonably certain that the option will not be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)", changes to disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The amendments of this update modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements about Topic 820. It applies to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. It will take effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15,

9

2019. We are currently evaluating the new guidance and have not determined the impact this standard may have on our financial statements.

We do not believe there are any other recently issued standards not yet effective that will have a material impact on our financial statements when the standards become effective.

2. Revenues and Cost of Product Revenues

Our revenues consist of product revenues resulting from the sale of Mirataz for the management of weight loss in cats. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between us and our customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. Our revenues are measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of product returns, discounts and allowances.

The following table presents revenues and cost of product revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018		2019			2018
Gross product revenues	$	1,274		$	—	$	1,805		$	—
Less allowance for product returns	(38		)	—		(54		)	—
Net product revenues	1,236			—		1,751			—
Cost of product revenues	(169		)	—		(261		)	—
Gross profit	$	1,067		$	—	$	1,490		$	—

Concentrations of credit risk

Our revenue was generated entirely from sales within the United States. Approximately 81% and 84% of our gross product revenues sold were to three distributors, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Product returns

Our return policy generally allows customers to receive credit for expired products within 90 days after the product’s expiration date. We currently estimate product return liabilities of 3% of gross revenue using probability-weighted available industry data and data provided by our distributors such as the inventories remaining in the distribution channel. Adjustments will be made in the future if actual results vary from our estimates.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at their carrying values, net of any allowances for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from distributors, for which collection is probable based on the customer's intent and ability to pay. Receivables are evaluated for collection probability on a regular basis and an allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded, if necessary. We have no allowance for doubtful accounts as of June 30, 2019 as our analysis did not uncover any collection risks.

3.    Fair Value Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. A fair value

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hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable, is used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices) such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.

The carrying amount of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to the short maturities of these financial instruments. Financial assets, which consist of money market funds and available-for-sale securities, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Financial assets, which consist of money market funds and available-for-sale securities, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	1,292	$	1,292	$	—	$	—
US Treasury bills	1,099		1,099		—		—
Commercial paper	28,271		—		28,271		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury bills	503		503		—		—
U.S. government agency notes	11,500		—		11,500		—
Commercial paper	25,968		—		25,968		—
Corporate notes	9,630		—		9,630		—
	$	78,263	$	2,894	$	75,369	$	—

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	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	1,276	$	1,276	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper	45,332		—		45,332		—
U.S. treasury bills	500		500		—		—
U.S. treasury bonds and notes	7,949		—		7,949		—
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	5,353		—		5,353		—
Corporate notes	12,277		—		12,277		—
	$	72,687	$	1,776	$	70,911	$	—

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, there were no transfers of assets between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we did not have any financial liabilities which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

4.    Investments

We classify all highly-liquid investments with stated maturities of greater than three months from the date of purchase and remaining maturities of less than one year as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such investments are viewed as being available to support current operations. We classify and account for investments as available-for-sale and reflect realized gains and losses using the specific identification method. Changes in market value, if any, excluding other-than-temporary impairments, are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss).

The fair value of available-for-sale investments by type of security at June 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	$	25,968	$	3	$	(3	)	$	25,968
U.S. treasury bills	502		1		—			503
U.S. government agency notes	11,498		2		—			11,500
Corporate notes	9,615		15		—			9,630
Total available-for-sale investments	$	47,583	$	21	$	(3	)	$	47,601

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The fair value of available-for-sale investments by type of security at December 31, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	$	5,353	$	—	$	—		$	5,353
Corporate notes	12,288		—		(11		)	12,277
Total available-for-sale investments	$	17,641	$	—	$	(11	)	$	17,630

5.    Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Accrued consulting	$	743		$	627
Accrued research and development costs	1,604			2,509
Other expenses	1,211			5,012
Deferred rent	—			115
	3,558			8,263
Less current portion	(3,558		)	(8,169		)
Long-term liability (deferred rent)	$	—		$	94

6.    Common Stock and Stock-Based Awards

Common Stock

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we sold 4,847,250 shares of common stock in a follow-on public offering(see Note 1). In addition, we issued 180,584 shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options for gross proceeds of $932,000, vested 141,250 restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, withheld 21,562 shares of restricted common stock and 27,538 shares related to restricted stock units to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in conjunction with the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units (see below).

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Stock-Based Awards

The table below shows the number of shares of common stock underlying options granted to employees, directors and consultants, the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model used to value those options and the resulting weighted-average grant date fair value per share:

Stock Option Plan	Three months ended June 30,		Six months ended June 30,
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Shares underlying options granted	20,500	214,493	1,049,500	1,304,693
Weighted-average exercise price	$8.59	$9.70	$9.90	$8.93
Weighted average risk- free interest rate	2.24 %	2.76 %	2.54 %	2.54 %
Weighted average expected term (years)	6.1	5.7	5.9	5.9
Weighted average expected volatility	56%	59%	57%	60%
Expected dividend yield	—	—	—	—
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share	$4.69	$5.79	$5.42	$5.10

In June 2018, we adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), and reserved 3,000,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan is the successor to our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), which was retired on June 21, 2018 upon stockholders’ approval of our 2018 Plan. The 2016 Plan was the successor to our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan"), which was retired on May 23, 2016 upon stockholders' approval of our 2016 Plan. All awards made under the 2016 and 2012 Plans shall remain subject to the terms of these plans. Options granted under the 2018 Plan may be either incentive stock options or nonstatutory stock options. The 2018 Plan also provides for the grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance stock awards, performance cash awards and other stock awards. The exercise price of a stock option may not be less than 100% of the closing price of our common stock on the date of the grant. If, at any time we grant an incentive stock option, and the optionee directly or by attribution owns stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of KindredBio stock, the option price shall be at least 110% of the fair value and shall not be exercisable more than five years after the date of grant. Options generally vest over a period of one or four years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. As of June 30, 2019, there were 1,436,493 option shares outstanding, and 1,270,732 shares available for future grants under the 2018 Plan.

Our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Stock Purchase Plan" or "ESPP"), adopted in December 2014, permits eligible employees to purchase common stock at a discount through payroll deductions during defined six-month consecutive offering periods beginning December 1 with the exception of our first offering period which commenced on January 1, 2015 for a five month duration. The price at which the stock is purchased is equal to the lower of 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first day of the offering or 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the purchase date. A total of 200,000 shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the Stock Purchase Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Kindred Biosciences, Inc. held on June 22, 2018, our stockholders approved an amendment to increase the number of shares that may be issued under the ESPP from 200,000 shares to 500,000 shares. A participant may purchase a maximum of 2,000 shares of common stock during each offering period, not to exceed $25,000 worth of common stock on the offering date during each calendar year.

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model, in combination with the discounted employee price, in determining the value of the Stock Purchase Plan expense to be recognized during each offering period. The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate employee stock-based compensation:

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Stock Purchase Plan	Three months ended June 30,		Six months ended June 30,
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Weighted average risk-free interest rate	2.35%	2.10%	2.44%	1.78%
Weighted average expected term (years)	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Weighted average expected volatility	41.6%	41.6%	44.9%	41.5%
Expected dividend yield	—	—	—	—
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share	$2.02	$2.60	$2.84	$2.25

Under the Stock Purchase Plan, employees purchased 37,314 shares of common stock for $252,000 during the quarter ended June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding liability of $42,000 and $47,000, respectively, which is included in accrued compensation on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, for employee contributions to the Stock Purchase Plan for shares pending issuance at the end of the next offering period.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,		Six months ended June 30,
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Research and development	$497	$388	$933	$889
General and administrative	1,405	1,025	2,829	2,048
	$1,902	$1,413	$3,762	$2,937

We had an aggregate of approximately $11,426,000 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for options outstanding and the Stock Purchase Plan as of June 30, 2019 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.

Restricted Stock Award and Restricted Stock Units

On January 23, 2017, we granted 250,000 shares of restricted stock awards to four employees. Shares will vest 25% on each one year anniversary of the grant date provided that the employee is in the employment of the Company on such vesting date. On January 22, 2018, we granted 315,000 shares of restricted stock units to four employees. Shares will vest 25% on each one year anniversary of the grant date provided that the employee is in the employment of the Company on such vesting date. In Q1 2019, we granted 300,775 shares of restricted stock units to most of our current employees. Shares will vest 25% on each one year anniversary of the grant date provided that the employee is in the employment of the Company on such vesting date. The total stock-based compensation expense related to all awards and units is $7,512,000. As of June 30, 2019, we have an aggregate of approximately $5,167,000 unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock awards and units outstanding which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.

Restricted stock award and restricted stock units activity for six months ended June 30, 2019 was as follows:

Restricted Stock Award / Restricted Stock Units	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance at December 31, 2018	502,500	$7.87
Granted	300,775	10.49
Vested	(141,250)	7.71
Forfeited	(8,000)	10.61
Unvested balance at June 30, 2019	654,025	$9.08

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Stock Option Information

A summary of stock option activity under all stock plans for the six months ended June 30, 2019, is presented as follows:

Stock Options	Number of Outstanding		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Balance at December 31, 2018	5,821,928		$7.54
Granted	1,049,500		9.90
Exercised	(180,584	)	5.17
Forfeited	(97,455	)	7.07
Expired	(75,000	)	15.41
Balance at June 30, 2019	6,518,389		$7.90

As of June 30, 2019, options to purchase 4,160,475 shares of common stock were exercisable at a weighted average price of $7.11 per share.

7. Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity

The following tables present the changes in stockholders' equity (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30, 2019
	Common stock			Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Accumulated Deficit			Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at March 31, 2019	38,928	$	4	$	298,028	$	(13	)	$	(177,725	)	$	120,294
Comprehensive loss
Net loss	—	—		—		—			(14,307		)	(14,307		)
Change in unrealized gains on available for sale securities	—	—		—		26			—			26
Total comprehensive loss												(14,281		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		1,902		—			—			1,902
Exercise of common stock options	78	—		280		—			—			280
Common stock issued under ESPP	37	—		252		—			—			252
Balance at June 30, 2019	39,043	$	4	$	300,462	$	13		$	(192,032	)	$	108,447

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	Three months ended June 30, 2018
	Common stock			Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Accumulated Deficit			Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at March 31, 2018	28,197	$	3	$	198,147	$	(42	)	$	(121,951	)	$	76,157
Comprehensive loss
Net loss	—	—		—		—			(11,241		)	(11,241		)
Change in unrealized gains on available for sale securities	—	—		—		17			—			17
Total comprehensive loss												(11,224		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		1,413		—			—			1,413
Public offering of common stock, net of $3,178 of offering costs	5,326	—		47,422		—			—			47,422
At-the-Market issuance of common stock, net of $145 of issuance cost	188	—		1,756		—			—			1,756
Exercise of common stock options	17	—		80		—			—			80
Common stock issued under ESPP	25	—		160		—			—			160
Balance at June 30, 2018	33,753	$	3	$	248,978	$	(25	)	$	(133,192	)	$	115,764

	Six months ended June 30, 2019
	Common stock				Additional Paid in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Accumulated Deficit			Stockholders' Equity
	Shares		Amount
Balance at December 31, 2018	33,948		$	3	$	252,885		$	(11	)	$	(161,670	)	$	91,207
Comprehensive loss
Net loss	—		—		—			—			(30,362		)	(30,362		)
Change in unrealized gains on available for sale securities	—		—		—			24			—			24
Total comprehensive loss														(30,338		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		3,762			—			—			3,762
RSU issuance of shares when vested	51		—		(279		)	—			—			(279		)
Shares withheld related to net shares settlement of equity awards	(21	)	—		(214		)	—			—			(214		)
Exercise of common stock options	181		—		932			—			—			932
Public offering of common stock, net of $2,924 of offering costs	4,847		1		43,124			—			—			43,125
Common stock issued under ESPP	37		—		252			—			—			252
Balance at June 30, 2019	39,043		$	4	$	300,462		$	13		$	(192,032	)	$	108,447

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	Six months ended June 30, 2018
	Common stock				Additional Paid in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Accumulated Deficit			Stockholders' Equity
	Shares		Amount
Balance at December 31, 2017	28,183		$	3	$	196,688		$	(31	)	$	(111,980	)	$	84,680
Comprehensive loss
Net loss	—		—		—			—			(21,212		)	(21,212		)
Change in unrealized gains on available for sale securities	—		—		—			6			—			6
Total comprehensive loss														(21,206		)
Stock-based compensation			—		2,937			—			—			2,937
Public offering of common stock, net of $3,178 of offering costs	5,326		—		47,422			—			—			47,422
At-the-Market issuance of common stock, net of $145 of issuance cost	188		—		1,756			—			—			1,756
Shares withheld related to net shares settlement of equity awards	(27	)			(247		)							(247		)
Exercise of common stock options	58		—		262			—			—			262
Common stock issued under ESPP	25		—		160			—			—			160
Balance at June 30, 2018	33,753		$	3	$	248,978		$	(25	)	$	(133,192	)	$	115,764

8.    Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

We have non-cancelable operating leases for laboratory space in Burlingame, California with several amendments to expand the facility. Commencing on June 1, 2017, the non-cancelable operating lease for the entire existing laboratory space of a total 10,755 square feet was extended for another 5 years through May 2022. In February 2017, we further amended the operating lease for laboratory space with an additional 721 square feet through May 2022.  In April 2017, we renewed our headquarters office lease for 6,900 square feet of office space in Burlingame, California through November 30, 2020 and in June 2017, we amended the lease with an additional 1,190 square feet of office space through November 30, 2020. In addition, we have a non-cancelable operating lease for 3,126 square feet of office space in San Diego, California through September 2019. In June 2019, the San Diego lease was renewed and will expire in February 2025. In October 2018, we signed a short-term lease in Burlingame ("October 2018 lease"), consisting of 5,613 square feet of space. The October 2018 lease has been terminated in June 2019. In April 2019, we signed a short-term lease in Burlingame ("April 2019 lease"), consisting of 1,979 square feet of space through April 2020. In May 2019, we signed another lease in Burlingame ("May 2019 lease"), consisting of 1,346 square feet of space through April 2022. In addition, we have five equipment leases expiring through 2023.

Operating lease expense was $240,000 and $469,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, which includes $32,000 and $58,000 of short-term lease expense, respectively. The following tables below do not include the October 2018 lease and April 2019 lease since they are no more than 12 months. The renewal of the San Diego lease was not included since the new lease term will not start until October 2019. We also have various equipment operating lease agreements.

Supplemental cash flow information, as of June 30, 2019, related to operating leases as follows (in thousands):

Amortization of operating lease	$	411
Cash paid within operating cash flows	$	424
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities	$	112

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Supplemental balance sheet information, as of June 30, 2019, related to operating leases was as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

Reported as:
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	1,692
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	734
Long-term operating lease liabilities	991
Total lease liabilities	$	1,725
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)	2.5 years
Weighted average discount rate	5.50%

As of June 30, 2019, we are obligated to make minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases, as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Lease Payments
2019 (remaining of year)	$	464
2020	836
2021	649
2022	313
2023 and after	307
Total lease payments	2,569
Less: imputed interest	(226		)
Total lease liabilities	$	2,343

As of December 31, 2018, we are obligated to make minimum lease payments under all of our operating leases as follows (in thousands):

Year ending December 31,	Lease Payments
2019	$	835
2020	726
2021	459
2022	194
Thereafter	—
Total	$	2,214

Purchase Commitments

In March 2018, we entered into a standard form of agreement with CRB Builders, LLC (“CRB”) in connection with the renovation of the Plant. Pursuant to the agreement, CRB will provide pre-construction and construction services in connection with constructing and renovating the Plant to provide approximately 16,500 square feet of new production space, and supporting Fill and Finish and Bio Production processes (the “Project”). The Project was completed in the second quarter of 2019.

In June 2018, we entered into a Strategic Supply Agreement (the “Agreement”), with Pall Corporation (“Pall”) for purchase of equipment and consumables to be used in support of our manufacturing requirements, including, but not limited

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to the Plant. Pursuant to the agreement, we will purchase certain pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment and related services in the aggregate amount of $3.8 million with a seven year consumable purchase obligation in the aggregate amount of approximately $16.5 million. The agreement is subject to customary undertakings, covenants, obligations, rights and conditions. We have incurred $3,286,000 in equipment purchase costs and $997,000 in other purchase costs as of June 30, 2019.

9.    Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Basic and diluted net loss per share:
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(14,307	)	$	(11,241	)	$	(30,362	)	$	(21,212	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	38,887			28,619			38,340			28,304
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.39	)	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.75	)

There was no difference between the Company’s net loss and the net loss attributable to common stockholders for all periods presented.

Stock options to purchase 6,518,389 shares of common stock, 125,000 shares unvested restricted stock awards and 529,025 restricted stock units as of June 30, 2019, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, because their effect was anti-dilutive.

Stock options to purchase 5,725,783 shares of common stock and 187,500 shares unvested restricted stock awards and 315,000 restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, because their effect was anti-dilutive.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

In this section, “KindredBio,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” and the “Company” refer to Kindred Biosciences, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries KindredBio Equine, Inc. and Centaur Biopharmaceutical Services, Inc. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q consists of forward-looking statements such as statements regarding our expectations about the trials, regulatory approval, manufacturing, distribution and commercialization of our current and future product candidates and statements regarding our anticipated revenues, expenses, margins, profits and use of cash. In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “future,” “could,” “estimates,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “potential,” “continues” and similar words or expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) often identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations. These statements are not promises or guarantees, but involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results to be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following: our limited operating history and expectations of losses for the foreseeable future; the absence of significant revenue from Mirataz^® (mirtazapine transdermal ointment) and our product candidates for the foreseeable future; the likelihood that our revenue will vary from quarter to quarter; our potential inability to obtain any necessary additional financing; our substantial dependence on the success of Mirataz and our lead product candidates, which may not be successfully commercialized even if they are approved for marketing; the effect of competition; our potential inability to obtain regulatory approval for our existing or future product candidates; our dependence on third parties to conduct some of our development activities; our dependence upon third-party manufacturers for supplies of Mirataz and our product candidates; uncertainties regarding the outcomes of trials pertaining to our product candidates; our potential failure to attract and retain senior management and key scientific personnel; uncertainty about our ability to develop a satisfactory sales organization; our significant costs of operating as a public company; our potential inability to obtain patent protection and other intellectual property protection for Mirataz and our product candidates; potential claims by third parties alleging our infringement of their patents and other intellectual property rights; our potential failure to comply with regulatory requirements, which are subject to change on an ongoing basis; the potential volatility of our stock price; and the significant control over our business by our principal stockholders and management.

For a further description of these risks and uncertainties and other risks and uncertainties that we face, please see the “Risk Factors” sections that are contained in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), including the "Risk Factors" section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was filed with the SEC on March 6, 2019, and any subsequent updates that may be contained in the “Risk Factors” sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our other Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC.  As a result of the risks and uncertainties described above and in our filings with the SEC, actual results may differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date of this report and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements, except as may be required by law.

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Overview

We are a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on saving and improving the lives of pets. Our mission is to bring to our pets the same kinds of safe and effective medicines that our human family members enjoy. Our core strategy is to identify compounds and targets that have already demonstrated safety and effectiveness in humans and to develop therapeutics based on these validated compounds and targets for pets, primarily dogs, cats and horses. We believe this approach will lead to shorter development times and higher approval rates than pursuing new, non-validated compounds and targets. Our current portfolio includes over 20 product candidates in development consisting of both small molecule pharmaceuticals and biologics.

Our first product, Mirataz^® (mirtazapine transdermal ointment) became commercially available to veterinarians in the United States on July 9, 2018. We have submitted all major technical sections of the New Animal Drug Application, or NADA, to the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for our second product candidate, dipyrone injection for the control of pyrexia (fever) in horses. In addition, we have multiple other product candidates, including several biologics, in various stages of development. We believe there are significant unmet medical needs for pets, and that the pet therapeutics segment of the animal health industry is likely to grow substantially as new therapeutics are identified, developed and marketed specifically for pets.

Mirataz is the first and only transdermal medication specifically developed and FDA-approved for the management of weight loss in cats. Weight loss is a serious and potentially fatal condition that represents the leading cause of visits to the veterinarian for cats. Mirataz, which is formulated with our proprietary Accusorb™ technology, is applied topically to the cat’s inner ear (pinna) once a day, providing a more attractive application route compared to oral administration. The product is classified as a weight gain drug and can be used in cats with various underlying diseases associated with unintended weight loss.

Business Updates

We reported $1.2 million and $1.8 million in net revenues related to Mirataz sales in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Mirataz is commercially available to veterinarians in the United States through our network of national and regional distributors, home-delivery distributors, as well as through our direct sales organization. Approximately 46% of veterinary clinics in the United States have purchased Mirataz since the product’s launch, and the reorder rate among participating clinics grew to approximately 65% in the quarter. We expect ongoing commercial initiatives, the introduction of new marketing strategies and establishment of direct-to-consumer agreements to drive continued momentum in the second half of 2019.

The European Marketing Agency, or EMA, accepted our European marketing authorization application for the review of Mirataz in December 2017, and presented us with a List of Questions, or LoQ, in April 2018. We responded to the EMA’s questions and in April 2019, we received a request for further information including arequest to discuss the submission at an oral hearing, which has been scheduled for September 2019. The outcome of the oral hearing will determine whether additional studies are required to obtain European approval of Mirataz. KindredBio will update the market on the path forward for Mirataz EU pending communication from the EMA post the hearing. Regulatory approval is subject to the typical risks inherent in such a process.

The FDA has approved the safety and effectiveness technical sections for dipyrone injection for the control of pyrexia (fever) in horses, our second product candidate. On May 16, 2019, we announced that we had been notified by our contract manufacturer of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dipyrone that the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) had follow up questions, following an inspection in March 2019. Responses have since been submitted to the FDA by the API manufacturer, and the FDA has issued an Establishment Inspection Report indicating that the facility was compliant with good manufacturing practices. We have reactivated the New Animal Drug Application (NADA). The FDA granted a shortened timeline of 135 days for review of the NADA. Approval is expected in the fourth quarter of 2019 and is dependent on a product and application-specific facility assessment of the API manufacturer by the CVM review office. Regulatory approval is subject to the typical risks inherent in such a process. Preparations for the commercial launch remain on track.

The pivotal field effectiveness study for dipyrone oral gel has been completed with positive results. The target animal safety study is also complete, and dipyrone oral gel was found to be well-tolerated. We have agreed on a path

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forward with the FDA and bridging studies will likely commence in 2020.The oral gel form of dipyrone is expected to be an additional valuable tool for equine veterinarians to provide horse owners with an easy-to-administer fever reducing agent for the horse.

On October 30, 2018, we reported positive topline results from our pilot efficacy study of KIND-016, a fully caninized, high-affinity monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-31 (IL-31), for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Following the successful pilot efficacy study, we conducted a pilot field effectiveness study for our IL-31 antibody and reported positive topline results on July 29, 2019. The study was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot field study that enrolled 62 client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis to assess the effectiveness of KIND-016. A single dose of KIND-016 or placebo was administered on day 0, and the severity of pruritus (Pruritic Visual Analog Scale,or PVAS, score) and atopic dermatitis severity (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index-4, or CADESI-4, score) were assessed at day 0 and weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Additionally, PVAS scores were assessed at 4-h and days 1, 2 and 3 post-administration of KIND-016 or placebo. Treatment success for individual dogs at each visit was defined as a 50% or higher reduction from baseline in either the PVAS or CADESI-4 scores. The primary efficacy endpoint was proportion of treatment successes at week 4 in the per-protocol population. The primary effectiveness analysis was the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the prevented fraction (PF) between the two groups.

At week 4, 60.7% of the KIND-016 group met treatment success criteria, vs. 33.3% of the placebo group. The reduction in itching, as measured by the PVAS score, peaked rapidly, showing significant efficacy as early as 24 hours with a trend as early as 4 hours, and the CADESI response was also very rapid. Treatment success rate reached 70% as early as week 1 in the KIND-016 group. While the study was not powered to demonstrate efficacy beyond week 4, the majority of dogs who were treatment successes at week 4 maintained response through week 8. A pivotal study is expected to commence by year-end. In addition, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has issued a patent (Patent No. is 10,093,731) for KindredBio’s anti-IL31 antibody.

We also expect pilot effectiveness results for KIND-025, our canine anti-IL-4/IL-13 SINK molecule, by the end of 2019, and are advancing other programs for atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin condition in dogs. It is the leading reason owners take their dog to the veterinarian, and the current market size is over $600 million annually and growing rapidly. KindredBio is pursuing a multi-pronged approach toward atopic dermatitis, with a portfolio of promising biologics.

GMP manufacturing has been completed at our Burlingame facility for KindredBio’s feline recombinant erythropoietin that is being developed for the management of non-regenerative anemia in cats. cGMP fill finish will be undertaken at our biologics manufacturing facility in Elwood, Kansas, in the third quarter of 2019. Thereafter, a pivotal effectiveness study (KIND-510a) will commence before the end of 2019. We announcedpositive topline results from a pilot field effectiveness study of our feline recombinant erythropoietin in January 2019.

Anemia is a common condition in older cats which is often associated with chronic kidney disease, resulting in decreased levels of endogenous erythropoietin. Chronic kidney disease can affect approximately half of older cats, making it a leading cause of feline mortality. Our feline recombinant protein that has been specially engineered by KindredBio with a prolonged half-life compared to endogenous erythropoietin, a protein that regulates and stimulates production of red blood cells. The PK data suggest that the molecule may have a sufficiently long half-life to allow for once-monthly dosing. Human erythropoietins, which are multi-billion dollar products in the human market, have been shown to be immunogenic in many cats.

We announced positive results from our pilot efficacy study of KIND-030, a chimeric, high-affinity monoclonal antibody targeting canine parvovirus on August 1, 2019. This was a 12-dog study, of which 4 dogs were treated prophylactically and 2 dogs were treated after establishment of the infection. All treated dogs survived, compared to none in the applicable placebo group. The effect was seen in both prophylaxis setting, as well as in a treatment setting after establishment of infection. Pivotal studies are expected to be conducted in 2020.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most significant contagious viral cause of enteritis in dogs, especially puppies, with mortality rates reportedly as high as 91%. There are currently no FDA or USDA approved treatments for CPV, nor any other available treatment.

.

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The pilot field effectiveness study of KIND-509, our anti-TNF antibody for canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has been initiated and is underway. Study results are expected by the end of 2019. IBD can affect dogs at any age, but is more common in middle-aged and older dogs.

The pilot field effectiveness study of KIND-014 for the treatment of gastric ulcers in horses has been completed with positive results. We have selected a formulation for development and both the pivotal field and pivotal safety studies will begin in the second half of 2019.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common condition in horses. Prevalence estimates have been reported to range from 60 to 90 percent in adult horses, depending on age, performance, and evaluated populations. A variety of clinical signs are associated with EGUS, including poor appetite, poor condition, colic, and behavioral issues.

The pilot field effectiveness study of KIND-011, our anti-TNF monoclonal antibody targeting sick or septic foals, has been completed, with positive results. KindredBio will initiate the next field study in 2020. Sepsis in foals can cause up to 50% mortality and is an important unmet medical need. There is currently no FDA-approved therapy.

We plan to commercialize our products in the United States through a direct sales force complemented by selected distributor relationships, and in the EU through distributors and other third parties. Because we seek to identify product candidates that are not protected by third-party patents, we typically do not need to obtain licenses or make any upfront, milestone or royalty payments in connection with our product candidates.

We have constructed a Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, biologics manufacturing plant in Burlingame, CA which is fully commissioned. We have successfully completed cGMP manufacturing of our feline erythropoietin drug substance. In addition, construction to support initial production lines on our biologics manufacturing facility in Elwood, Kansas is completed. The fill finish line has been installed and is being validated. cGMP fill finish of our feline erythropoietin drug substance will be undertaken at our Elwood, Kansas facility in the third quarter of 2019. The facility includes approximately 180,000 square feet with clean rooms, utility, equipment and related quality documentation suitable for small molecule and biologics manufacturing.

We are a commercial-stage company with one product just recently approved for marketing and sale. We have incurred significant net losses since our inception. We incurred cumulative net losses of $192,032,000 through June 30, 2019. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with investigating and developing our product candidates, research and development activities and general and administrative costs associated with our operations.

Historically, our funding has been a combination of private and public offerings, including our initial public offering in December 2013 that provided us with net proceeds of $54.9 million and a follow-on public offering in April 2014 that provided us with net proceeds of $58.1 million. In 2017, we completed sale of 4,501,985 shares of common stock under an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, or ATM, and underwritten public offering of 3,314,000 shares of common stock. Total net proceeds in 2017, after deducting underwriting commissions and offering costs, were approximately $52.2 million. In 2018, we sold 188,100 shares of common stock under an ATM and completed an underwritten public offering of 5,326,314 shares of common stock that provided us with approximately $49.2 million in net proceeds.On January 23, 2019, we completed a public offering of 4,847,250 shares of our common stock, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase 632,250 additional shares of our common stock, at a public offering price of $9.50 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $46 million. Net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses were approximately $43.1 million. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $79,581,000.

For the foreseeable future, we expect to continue to incur losses, which will increase significantly from historical levels as we expand our product development activities, seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and begin to commercialize them if they are approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine branch, or CVM, of the FDA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or USDA, or the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. If we are required to further fund our operations, we expect to do so through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations and licensing arrangements. We cannot assure you that such funds will be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies

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or product candidates. In addition, we may never successfully complete development of, obtain adequate patent protection for, obtain necessary regulatory approval, or achieve commercial viability for any other product candidates besides Mirataz. If we are not able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, as and when needed, we may be required to curtail our operations, and we may be unable to continue as a going concern.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies since the beginning of our fiscal year. Our critical accounting policies are described in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was filed with the SEC on March 6, 2019.

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net product revenues	$	1,236		$	—		$	1,751		$	—
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of product revenues	169			—			261			—
Research and development	6,734			5,820			13,886			11,166
Selling, general and administrative	9,065			5,770			18,966			10,672
Total operating costs and expenses	15,968			11,590			33,113			21,838
Loss from operations	(14,732		)	(11,590		)	(31,362		)	(21,838		)
Interest and other income, net	425			349			1,000			626
Net loss	$	(14,307	)	$	(11,241	)	$	(30,362	)	$	(21,212	)

Revenues

We received FDA approval of Mirataz in May 2018 and started shipping commercially within the United States in July 2018. Mirataz is commercially available to veterinarians in the United States through our network of national and regional distributors as well as through our direct sales organization. Approximately 46% of veterinary clinics in the United States have purchased Mirataz since the product’s launch, and the reorder rate among participating clinics grew to approximately 64% in the quarter. We recorded $1.2 million and $1.8 million in net revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.

Our product sales to three large distributors, namely Covetrus, MWI Animal Health and Patterson, each accounted for more than 10% of total revenues for three and six months ended June 30, 2019. On a combined basis,

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these distributors accounted for approximately 81% and 84%, respectively, of our product sales in the United States for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

We currently estimate a 3% product return liability using probability-weighted available industry data and data provided by the our distributors such as the inventories remaining in the distribution channel (Notes 1 and 2). We did not record an allowance for doubtful accounts as our analysis did not uncover any collection risks.

(In thousands)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018		2019			2018
Gross product revenues	$	1,274		$	—	$	1,805		$	—
Less allowance for product returns	(38		)	—		(54		)	—
Net product revenues	1,236			—		1,751			—
Cost of product revenues	(169		)	—		(261		)	—
Gross profit	$	1,067		$	—	$	1,490		$	—

Cost of product revenues

Cost of product revenues consists primarily of the cost of direct materials, direct labor and overhead costs associated with manufacturing, inbound shipping and other third-party logistics costs.

Research and Development Expense

All costs of research and development are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for personnel, stock-based compensation expense, fees paid to consultants, outside service providers, professional services, travel costs and materials used in clinical trials and research and development. We are currently pursuing multiple product candidates for over a dozen indications. We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple development programs.

Research and development expense was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages):

	Three months ended June 30,				%	Six months ended June 30,				%
	2019		2018		Change	2019		2018		Change
Payroll and related	$	3,076	$	2,245	37%	$	6,355	$	4,429	43%
Consulting	742		855		(13)%	1,520		1,206		26%
Field trial costs, including materials	740		785		(6)%	1,408		1,447		(3)%
Biologics development and supplies	605		759		(20)%	1,469		1,696		(13)%
Stock-based compensation	497		388		28%	933		889		5%
Other	1,074		788		36%	2,201		1,499		47%
	$	6,734	$	5,820	16%	$	13,886	$	11,166	24%

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, research and development expense related primarily to advancing the development of canine atopic dermatitis, KIND-014, KIND-510a and other early stage programs. In addition, we increased the headcount of our in-house team to focus on the GMP manufacturing process for our potential biologic candidates.

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Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019, increased by 16% to $6,734,000 compared with $5,820,000 for the same period in 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher payroll and related costs due to headcount additions and higher stock-based compensation expense. Outsourced research and development expenses related to dipyrone IV, Anti-IL 31, KIND-014, KIND-510a and other product development programs for three months ended June 30, 2019 were $78,000, $281,000, $234,000, $53,000 and $328,000, respectively. Outsourced research and development expense consists primarily of costs related to CMC, clinical trial costs and consulting. Higher depreciation, testing, rent and other facility costs also contributed to the increase in expenses.

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 increased by 24% to $13,886,000 compared with $11,166,000 for the same period in 2018. The increase was mainly due to higher payroll and related costs, as well as higher consulting expenses. Outsourced research and development expenses related to dipyrone IV, Anti-IL 31, KIND-014, KIND-510a and other product development programs for six months ended June 30, 2019 were $216,000, $382,000, $256,000, $60,000 and $843,000, respectively. Higher depreciation, rent and other facility costs also contributed to the increase in expenses.

We expect research and development expense to increase slightly for the rest of the year as we initiate three pivotal studies in the latter part of the year.  Due to the inherently unpredictable nature of our development, we cannot reasonably estimate or predict the nature, specific timing or estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expense was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages):

	Three months ended June 30,				%	Six months ended June 30,				%
	2019		2018		Change	2019		2018		Change
Payroll and related	$	3,718	$	2,163	72%	$	7,858	$	3,775	108%
Consulting, legal and professional services	772		583		32%	1,588		1,115		42%
Stock-based compensation	1,405		1,025		37%	2,829		2,048		38%
Corporate and marketing expenses	1,274		965		32%	2,775		1,844		50%
Other	1,896		1,034		83%	3,916		1,890		107%
	$	9,065	$	5,770	57%	$	18,966	$	10,672	78%

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased by 57% to $9,065,000 and 78% to $18,966,000, when compared to the same periods in 2018. The overall increase is primarily the result of KindredBio's transition from a development stage to a commercial stage company. Mirataz was commercially available to veterinarians in the United States in July 2018. Headcount increase was due to the expansion of our commercial organization and administrative personnel to support the Company's growth. Sales and marketing expenses account for a big component of the increase due to the launch of Mirataz. Consulting, legal and professional fees as well as facilities costs increased as we became a commercial stage organization.

We expect selling, general and administrative expense to remain relatively consistent throughout 2019 as we have substantially completed the build out of our sales organization and corporate infrastructure in support of the commercialization of Mirataz.

Interest and Other Income, Net

The increase in interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 2018 is due to higher cash equivalent and investment balances as a result of the $43 million of net proceeds from sale of common stock under the follow-on public offering as well as better yields from higher interest rates.

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Income Taxes

We have historically incurred operating losses and maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.  Our management has evaluated the factors bearing upon the realizability of our deferred tax assets, which are comprised principally of net operating loss carryforwards and concluded that, due to the uncertainty of realizing any tax benefits as of June 30, 2019, a valuation allowance was necessary to fully offset our deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception in September 2012 through June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $192,032,000. Since inception and through June 30, 2019, we raised approximately $269.5 million in net proceeds in connection with our initial public offering and through the sale of preferred stock (subsequently converted to common stock at the time of our initial public offering) and subsequent follow-on public offerings and ATM sales of common stock. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $79,581,000. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and investments balances as of June 30, 2019, are sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least the next 18 months.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods set forth below:

	Six months ended June 30,
	2019			2018
	(In thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(31,770	)	$	(19,814	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	(36,368	)	$	21,107
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	43,816		$	49,324

Net cash used in operating activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash used in operating activities was $31,770,000. The net loss of $30,362,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 included non-cash charges of $3,762,000 for stock-based compensation expense, $1,095,000 for depreciation and amortization, $122,000 for loss on disposal of property and equipment, partially offset by $232,000 for the amortization of discount on marketable securities. Net cash used in operating activities was further impacted by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $6,155,000.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash used in operating activities was $19,814,000. Net cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net loss of $21,212,000, included non-cash stock-based compensation of $2,937,000, depreciation and amortization of $324,000, partially offset by $12,000 for gain on disposal of property and equipment, and $75,000 for the amortization of premium on marketable securities. Net cash used was further impacted by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1,776,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash used in investing activities was $36,368,000, which resulted from proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $19,700,000, offset by $49,415,000 related to purchases of marketable securities and $6,656,000 related to purchases of equipment. In addition, we also received proceeds of $3,000 from sale of equipment.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash provided by investing activities was $21,107,000, due to proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $36,776,000 and sales of investments of $800,000, offset by the purchases of marketable securities of $14,289,000 and purchases of property and equipment of $2,358,000. In addition, we also received proceeds of $178,000 from sale of equipment.

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Net cash provided by financing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities of $43,816,000 was related to net proceeds of $43,125,000 from the sale of common stock from a public offering, proceeds of $1,184,000 from exercises of stock options as well as the Employee Stock Purchase Program, offset by payment of $493,000 related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units tax liability on net settlement.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash reduced by financing activities of $49,324,000 was related to net proceeds of $49,178,000from the sale of common stock from a public offering, proceeds of$393,000 from the purchases of common stock through exercise of stock options as well as the Employee Stock Purchase Program, offset by payment of $247,000 related to restricted stock awards tax liability on net settlement.

Future Funding Requirements

We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the next several years due to expenses relating to:

• pivotal trials of our product candidates;

• toxicology (target animal safety) studies for our product candidates;

• small molecule manufacturing; and

• establishment of biologics manufacturing capability in Kansas.

We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to fund our operating plan for at least the next 18 months. However, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations. Such financing may result in dilution to stockholders, imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations or other restrictions that may affect our business. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our current or future product candidates;

• the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for any of our current or future product candidates;

• the number and characteristics of the product candidates we pursue;

• the cost of manufacturing our current and future product candidates and any products we successfully commercialize, including the cost of building internal biologics manufacturing capacity;

• the cost of commercialization activities if any of our current or future product candidates are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

• the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel;

• the costs associated with being a public company;

• our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements; and

• the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing possible patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of any such litigation.

Since inception, we have not engaged in the use of any off-balance sheet arrangements, such as structured finance entities, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Contractual Obligations

We have non-cancelable operating leases for laboratory space in Burlingame, California with several amendments to expand the facility. Commencing on June 1, 2017, the non-cancelable operating lease for the entire existing laboratory space of a total 10,755 square feet was extended for another 5 years through May 2022. In February 2017, we further amended the operating lease for laboratory space with an additional 721 square feet through May 2022. 

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In April 2017, we renewed our headquarters office lease for 6,900 square feet of office space in Burlingame, California through November 30, 2020 and in June 2017, we amended the lease with an additional 1,190 square feet of office space through November 30, 2020. In addition, we have a non-cancelable operating lease for 3,126 square feet of office space in San Diego, California through September 2019. In June 2019, the San Diego lease was renewed and will expire in February 2025. In October 2018, we signed a short-term lease in Burlingame ("October 2018 lease"), consisting of 5,613 square feet of space. The October 2018 lease was terminated in June 2019. In April 2019, we signed a short-term lease in Burlingame ("April 2019 lease"), consisting of 1,979 square feet of space, through April 2020. In May 2019, we signed another lease in Burlingame ("May 2019 lease"), consisting of 1,346 square feet of space, through April 2022. In addition, we have five equipment leases expiring through 2023.

Under the operating leases we are obligated to make minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2019 totaling $2,569,000 through February 2025, the timing of which is described in more detail in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of June 30, 2019, we did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)", requiring organizations that lease assets—referred to as “lessees”—to recognize on the consolidated balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under the new guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The ASU on leases took effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this new standard on January 1, 2019, using the alternative modified transition method, that means using a cumulative-effect adjustment, if any, to the opening balance of retained earnings to be recognized on the date of adoption with prior periods not restated. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment needed on January 1, 2019. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the following "package of practical expedients" when assessing the transition impact as the lessee as of January 1, 2019: (1) not to reassess whether any expired or existing contracts, contain leases; (2) not to reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) not to reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet as we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The major impact for KindredBio was the balance sheet recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for operating leases as a lessee. We determine if an agreement contains a lease at inception. For agreements where we are the lessee, operating lease are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities and long-term portion operating lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2019. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentive received. We use our own incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the lease liabilities as our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. Lease terms don't include options to extend or terminate when we are reasonably certain that the option will not be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)", changes to disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The amendments of this update modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements about Topic 820. It applies to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. It will take effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. We are currently evaluating the new guidance and have not determined the impact this standard may have on our financial statements.

We do not believe there are any other recently issued standards not yet effective that will have a material impact on our financial statements when the standards become effective.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve capital. We do not utilize hedging contracts or similar instruments.

We are exposed to certain market risks relating primarily to (1) interest rate risk on our cash and cash equivalents, (2) market  price risk on our investments, and (3) risks relating to the financial viability of the institutions which hold our capital and through which we have invested our funds. We manage such risks by investing in short-term, liquid, highly-rated instruments. As of June 30, 2019, our cash equivalents and investments are invested in money market funds, U.S. treasury bills, U.S. federal agency notes, corporate notes, commercial paper and U.S treasury bonds. We do not believe we have any material exposure to interest rate risk due to the extremely low interest rate environment, the short duration of the securities we hold and our ability to hold our investments to maturity if necessary. Declines in interest rates would reduce investment income, but would not have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We do not currently have exposure to foreign currency risk.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the “Certifying Officers”), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Certifying Officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on these evaluations, the Certifying Officers have concluded, that, as of the end of the period covered by this report:

(a)    our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and

(b)our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Certifying Officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period ended June 30, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

You should consider the “Risk Factors” included under Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 6, 2019. There have been no material changes to those Risk Factors.

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2	Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: August 1, 2019

Kindred Biosciences, Inc.
By:	/s/ Wendy Wee
	Wendy Wee
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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