10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-37813

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	45-3772460
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
35 CambridgePark Drive, 4th Floor Cambridge, Massachusetts	02140
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(617) 744-1340

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	SYRS	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☑  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☑  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☑
		Emerging growth company	☑

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☑

Number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding on July 31, 2020: 45,762,169

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
Part I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	10
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11
Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	39
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures	39
Part II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors	40
Item 6.    Exhibits	43
Signatures	44

2

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Quarterly Report, contains forward‑looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management and expected market growth are forward‑looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements, although not all forward‑looking statements contain these identifying words. In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. The forward‑looking statements and opinions contained in this Quarterly Report are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.

These forward‑looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

• our plans to initiate and expand clinical trials of our product candidates and our expectations for the timing, quantity and quality of information to be reported from our clinical trials of SY‑1425 and SY‑5609;

• planned clinical trials for our product candidates, whether conducted by us or by any future collaborators, including the timing of these trials and of the anticipated results;

• our ability to discover and develop compounds suitable for clinical development and the timing for designation of future development candidates;

• our ability to replicate in any clinical trial of one of our product candidates the results we observed in preclinical or earlier clinical studies of such product candidate;

• our plans to research, develop, seek approval for, manufacture and commercialize our current and future product candidates;

• our plans to develop and seek approval of companion diagnostic tests for use in identifying patients who may benefit from treatment with our products and product candidates;

• our expectations regarding the potential benefits of our gene control platform and our approach;

• our ability to enter into, and the terms and timing of, any collaborations, license agreements, or other arrangements;

• whether a drug candidate will be nominated to enter investigational new drug application-enabling studies under our sickle cell disease collaboration with Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., or GBT, whether GBT will exercise its option to exclusively license intellectual property arising from the collaboration, whether and when any option exercise fees, milestone payments or royalties under the collaboration agreement with GBT will ever be paid, and whether we exercise our U.S. co-promotion option under the GBT agreement;

• whether our target discovery collaboration with Incyte Corporation, or Incyte, will yield any validated targets, whether Incyte will exercise any of its options to exclusively license intellectual property directed to such targets, and whether and when any of the target validation fees, option exercise fees, milestone payments or royalties under the Incyte collaboration will ever be paid;

• the potential benefits of any future collaboration;

• developments relating to our competitors and our industry;

• the impact of government laws and regulations;

3

• the timing of and our ability to file new drug applications and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our product candidates;

• the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of any products for which we receive marketing approval;

• our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;

• our intellectual property position and strategy;

• our ability to identify additional products or product candidates with significant commercial potential;

• our expectations related to the use of our current cash and cash equivalents and the period of time in which such capital will be sufficient to fund our planned operations; and

• our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and need for additional financing.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward‑looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward‑looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward‑looking statements we make. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward‑looking statements that we make. In particular, the extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak continues to impact our operations and those of the third parties on which we rely will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration and severity of the outbreak, additional or modified government actions, and the actions that may be required to contain the virus or treat its impact. COVID-19 has and may continue to adversely impact our operations and workforce, including our discovery research, supply chain and clinical trial operations activities, which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results. Our forward‑looking statements also do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments that we may make or enter into. You should read this Quarterly Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward‑looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

4

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	108,674		$	41,441
Marketable securities		—			49,975
Accounts receivable		2			20,000
Contract assets		1,609			158
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,166			2,649
Restricted cash, current portion		—			290
Total current assets		112,451			114,513
Property and equipment, net		15,361			15,210
Other long-term assets		1,044			490
Restricted cash, net of current portion		3,086			3,086
Right-of-use asset – operating lease		15,146			15,821
Right-of-use assets – financing leases		728			858
Total assets	$	147,816		$	149,978
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,803		$	5,853
Accrued expenses		8,721			10,646
Deferred revenue, current portion		10,079			5,739
Financing lease obligations, current portion		253			241
Operating lease obligation, current portion		1,344			1,037
Total current liabilities		23,200			23,516
Deferred revenue, net of current portion		16,743			22,639
Financing lease obligations, net of current portion		492			621
Operating lease obligation, net of current portion		25,335			24,018
Debt, net of debt discount, long term		19,640			—
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 9)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 45,758,881 and 43,367,801 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		45			43
Additional paid-in capital		389,766			372,100
Accumulated other comprehensive gain		—			24
Accumulated deficit		(327,405	)		(292,983	)
Total stockholders' equity		62,406			79,184
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	147,816		$	149,978

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenue	$	3,188		$	462		$	5,566		$	916
Operating expenses:
Research and development		14,796			15,475			29,365			28,037
General and administrative		5,133			5,195			10,282			10,061
Total operating expenses		19,929			20,670			39,647			38,098
Loss from operations		(16,741	)		(20,208	)		(34,081	)		(37,182	)
Other (expense) income, net		(455	)		753			(341	)		1,266
Net loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(17,196	)	$	(19,455	)	$	(34,422	)	$	(35,916	)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.47	)	$	(0.77	)	$	(0.95	)
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted		45,699,277			41,673,275			44,811,638			37,741,646

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Net loss	$	(17,196	)	$	(19,455	)	$	(34,422	)	$	(35,916	)
Other comprehensive (loss) gain:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain on marketable securities		(3	)		(4	)		(24	)		7
Comprehensive loss	$	(17,199	)	$	(19,459	)	$	(34,446	)	$	(35,909	)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY

For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

	Common Stock				Series A Convertible Preferred Stock						Accumulated
									Additional		Other
	Number of		Par		Number of		Par		Paid-In		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Value		Shares		Value		Capital		(Loss) Gain			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018		33,765,864	$	34		—	$	—	$	296,100	$	(3	)	$	(217,545	)	$	78,586
Exercise of stock options		2,300		—		—		—		7		—			—			7
Issuance of common stock and accompanying warrants in underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs of $4,600		8,667,333		9		—		—		60,350		—			—			60,359
Issuance of preferred stock and accompanying warrants in underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs of $400		—		—		666		—		4,638		—			—			4,638
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—		—		4,234		—			—			4,234
Other comprehensive gain		—		—		—		—		—		7			—			7
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(35,916	)		(35,916	)
Balance at June 30, 2019		42,435,497	$	43		666	$	—	$	365,329	$	4		$	(253,461	)	$	111,915
Balance at December 31, 2019		43,367,801	$	43		—	$	—	$	372,100	$	24		$	(292,983	)	$	79,184
Exercise of stock options		49,100		—		—		—		212		—			—			212
Vesting of restricted stock units		103,462		—		—		—		—		—			—			—
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan		36,708		—		—		—		223		—			—			223
Issuance of common stock at-the-market, net of issuance costs of $411		2,201,810		2		—		—		11,917		—			—			11,919
Issuance of warrants		—		—		—		—		128		—			—			128
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—		—		5,186		—			—			5,186
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(24	)		—			(24	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(34,422	)		(34,422	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		45,758,881	$	45		—	$	—	$	389,766	$	—		$	(327,405	)	$	62,406

8

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY

For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

	Common Stock				Series A Preferred Stock						Accumulated
									Additional		Other
	Number of		Par		Number of		Par		Paid-In		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Value		Shares		Value		Capital		(Loss) Gain			Deficit			Equity
Balance at March 31, 2019		33,766,941	$	34		—	$	—	$	297,982	$	8		$	(234,006	)	$	64,018
Exercise of stock options		1,223		—		—		—		3		—			—			3
Issuance of common stock and accompanying warrants in underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs of $4,600		8,667,333		9						60,350								60,359
Issuance of preferred stock and accompanying warrants in underwritten public offering, net of issuance costs of $400		—		—		666		—		4,638		—			—			4,638
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—		—		2,356		—			—			2,356
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(4	)		—			(4	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(19,455	)		(19,455	)
Balance at June 30, 2019		42,435,497	$	43		666	$	—	$	365,329	$	4		$	(253,461	)	$	111,915
Balance at March 31, 2020		45,690,718	$	45		—	$	—	$	386,704	$	3		$	(310,209	)	$	76,543
Exercise of stock options		18,505		—		—		—		112		—			—			112
Vesting of restricted stock units		12,950		—		—		—		—		—			—			—
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan		36,708		—		—		—		223		—			—			223
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—		—		2,727		—			—			2,727
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(3	)		—			(3	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(17,196	)		(17,196	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		45,758,881	$	45		—	$	—	$	389,766	$	—		$	(327,405	)	$	62,406

9

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020			2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(34,422	)	$	(35,916	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,370			1,104
Amortization of financing right-of-use asset		130			77
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		—			1
Stock-based compensation expense		5,186			4,234
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities		(49	)		(542	)
Amortization of debt-discount and accretion of deferred debt costs		117			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		376			(595	)
Accounts receivable		19,998			—
Contract assets		(1,451	)		—
Other long-term assets		(378	)		(8	)
Accounts payable		(2,152	)		(1,551	)
Accrued expenses		(1,653	)		(4,614	)
Deferred revenue		(1,556	)		(916	)
Proceeds for tenant improvement incentive from landlord		2,035			—
Operating lease asset and liabilities		264			300
Net cash used in operating activities		(12,185	)		(38,426	)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(2,785	)		(1,911	)
Purchases of marketable securities		—			(33,636	)
Maturities of marketable securities		50,000			64,000
Net cash provided by investing activities		47,215			28,453
Financing activities
Payments on financing and capital lease obligations		(118	)		(94	)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock through employee benefit plans		212			7
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock through employee stock purchase plan		223			—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock through at-the-market sales agreement, net of issuance costs		11,896			—
Proceeds from term loan, net of issuance costs		19,700			—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and accompanying warrants in public offerings and private placements, net of issuance costs		—			60,362
Proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock and accompanying warrants in public offering, net of issuance costs		—			4,638
Net cash provided by financing activities		31,913			64,913
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		66,943			54,940
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (See Note 6)
Beginning of period		44,817			50,814
End of period	$	111,760		$	105,754
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	642		$	31
Cash paid for tax	$	7		$	29
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment received but unpaid as of period end	$	301		$	1,044
Assets acquired under financing lease	$	—		$	997
Offering costs incurred but unpaid as of period end	$	176		$	3

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Nature of Business

Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation formed in November 2011, is a biopharmaceutical company seeking to redefine the power of small molecules to control the expression of genes.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other early stage companies, including dependence on key individuals; risks inherent in the development and commercialization of medicines to treat human disease; competition from other companies, many of which are larger and better capitalized; risks relating to obtaining and maintaining necessary intellectual property protection; and the need to obtain adequate additional financing to fund the development of its product candidates and discovery activities. If the Company is unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, it would be forced to delay, reduce, eliminate or out-license certain of its research and development programs or future commercialization rights to its product candidates.

The Company has incurred significant annual net operating losses in every year since its inception. It expects to continue to incur significant and increasing net operating losses for at least the next several years. The Company’s net losses were $75.4 million, $62.3 million and $54.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $327.4 million. The Company has not generated any revenues from product sales, has not completed the development of any product candidate and may never have a product candidate approved for commercialization. The Company has financed its operations to date primarily through the sale of equity securities, license and collaboration agreements and term debt. The Company has devoted substantially all of its financial resources and efforts to research and development and general and administrative expense to support such research and development. The Company’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on the Company’s stockholders' equity and working capital. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $108.7 million as of June 30, 2020 will be sufficient to allow the Company to fund its current operating plan for a period of at least 12 months past the issuance date of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 5, 2020. 

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and statements of stockholder’s equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2020, or for any future period.

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Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Syros Securities Corporation, a Massachusetts corporation formed by the Company in December 2014 to exclusively engage in buying, selling and holding securities on its own behalf, and Syros Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Limited, an Irish limited liability company formed by the Company in January 2019. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, which include, but are not limited to, expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. Management’s estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition, including expenses, reserves and allowances, clinical trials, research and development costs and employee-related amounts, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including as a result of new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat it. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s management evaluates its estimates, which include, but are not limited to, estimates related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, accrued expenses and income taxes. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company and the chief operating decision maker view the Company's operations and manage its business in one operating segment. The Company operates only in the United States.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments that have original maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which generally consist of money market funds that invest in U.S. Treasury obligations, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, are stated at fair value. The Company maintains its bank accounts at one major financial institution.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), established a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumption about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These are developed based on the best information available under the circumstances.

ASC 820 identified fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 established a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between the following:

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Level 1—Quoted market prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted market prices, interest rates and yield curves.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs developed using estimates or assumptions developed by the Company, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized as Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The carrying amounts reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, other current assets, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and financing and operating lease liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term nature.

Amortization of Debt Discount and Issuance Costs

Long-term debt is initially recorded at its allocated proceeds, net of discounts and deferred costs. Debt discount and issuance costs, consisting of legal fees, warrant grant date fair values and other issuance fees directly related to the debt, are offset against the initial carrying value of the debt and are amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the debt using the effective interest method.

Revenue Recognition

To date the Company’s only revenue has consisted of collaboration and license revenue. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales and does not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future.

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps:

(i) identify the contract(s) with a customer;

(ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract;

(iii) determine the transaction price;

(iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

(v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. If a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within such contract, determines which of those goods and services are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the Company records a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company includes unbilled accounts receivable as contract assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The Company records accounts receivable for amounts billed to the customer for which the Company has an unconditional right to consideration. The Company assesses contract assets and accounts receivable for impairment and, to date, no impairment losses have been recorded.

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From time to time, the Company may enter into agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front license fees or prepaid research and development services; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license and collaboration revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which will be classified as royalty revenues.

The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to ASC 606. For those elements of the arrangement that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 606, the Company applies the five-step model described above.

Research and Development

Expenditures relating to research and development are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development expenses consist of both internal and external costs associated with the development of the Company’s gene control platform and product candidates. Research and development costs include salaries and benefits, materials and supplies, external research, preclinical and clinical development expenses, stock-based compensation expense and facilities costs. Facilities costs primarily include the allocation of rent, utilities, depreciation and amortization.

In certain circumstances, the Company is required to make nonrefundable advance payments to vendors for goods or services that will be received in the future for use in research and development activities. In such circumstances, the nonrefundable advance payments are deferred and capitalized, even when there is no alternative future use for the research and development, until related goods or services are provided.

The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the work being performed, including the phase or completion of the event, invoices received and costs. Significant judgements and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

The Company may in-license the rights to develop and commercialize product candidates. For each in-license transaction the Company evaluates whether it has acquired processes or activities along with inputs that would be sufficient to constitute a “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP. A “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP consists of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to create outputs. Although businesses usually have outputs, outputs are not required for an integrated set of activities to qualify as a business. When the Company determines that it has not acquired sufficient processes or activities to constitute a business, any up-front payments, as well as milestone payments, are immediately expensed as acquired research and development in the period in which they are incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards, to be recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations based on their grant date fair values. Grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards to other service providers, referred to as non-employees, are measured based on the grant-date fair value of the award and expensed in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations over the vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to June 30, 2016, the Company was a private company and, therefore, lacks Company-specific historical and implied volatility information. As a result, the Company determines its expected volatility by using a blend of its historical experience and a weighted average of selected peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options to non-employees can be determined using either the contractual term of the option award or the “simplified” method. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company uses the value of its common stock to determine the fair value of restricted stock units.

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The Company expenses the fair value of its stock-based awards to employees and non-employees on a straight-line basis over the associated service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur instead of estimating forfeitures at the time of grant. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will be for only those options that vest.

Compensation expense for discounted purchases under the employee stock purchase plan is measured using the Black-Scholes model to compute the fair value of the lookback provision plus the purchase discount and is recognized as compensation expense over the offering period.

For stock-based awards that contain performance-based milestones, the Company records stock-based compensation expense in accordance with the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. For certain performance-based awards, notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. Compensation expense for such awards is recognized over the six-year vesting period unless management determines that the achievement of any performance-based milestones is probable, in which case expense is accelerated.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, stock options, unvested restricted stock units, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, as their effect would be anti-dilutive; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders were the same for all periods presented.

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	As of June 30,
	2020		2019
Stock options		5,608,057		4,741,000
Unvested restricted stock units		1,713,083		1,122,024
Warrants*		2,145,642		2,118,344
Convertible preferred stock **		—		666,000
Total		9,466,782		8,647,368

* As of June 30, 2020, this is comprised of 2,118,094 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing (refer to Note 10) and 27,548 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the execution of the Loan Agreement in February 2020 (refer to Note 7). As of June 30, 2019, this was comprised solely of 2,118,344 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing.

** In November 2019, the 666 shares of preferred stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing were converted into 666,000 shares of common stock.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825 (“ASU 2019-04”). ASU 2019-04 clarifies the accounting treatment for the measurement of credit losses under ASC 236 and provides further clarification on previously issued updates including ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities and ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2019-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the new standard but does not anticipate ASU 2019-14 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2018-18”). ASU 2018-18 (1) clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for under ASC 606, when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account, (2) adds unit-of-account guidance in ASC 808 to align with ASC 606 when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement, or a part of the arrangement, is within the scope of ASC 606, and (3) precludes presenting transactions together with revenue when those transactions involve collaborative arrangement participants that are not directly related to third parties and are not customers. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-18 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) (“ASU 2018-13”), which provides for changes to the disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements under Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Provisions of ASU 2018-13 including changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty were required to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Collaboration and Research Arrangements

Collaboration with Global Blood Therapeutics

On December 17, 2019, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “GBT Collaboration Agreement”) with Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. (“GBT”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to a research collaboration to discover novel targets that induce fetal hemoglobin in order to develop new small molecule treatments for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. The research term (the “Research Term”) is for an initial period of three years and can be extended for up to two additional one-year terms upon mutual agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the GBT Collaboration Agreement, GBT paid the Company an upfront payment of $20.0 million. GBT also agreed to reimburse the Company for full-time employee and out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred by the Company in accordance with the agreed-upon research budget, which is anticipated to total approximately $40.0 million over the initial Research Term.

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The Company granted to GBT an option (the “Option”) to obtain an exclusive, worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under relevant intellectual property rights and know-how of the Company arising from the collaboration to develop, manufacture and commercialize any compounds or products resulting from the collaboration. GBT may exercise the Option at any time during the period (i) commencing on the earlier of (a) the date of GBT’s designation of the first product candidate to enter investigational new drug application-enabling studies, or (b) if no such candidate is designated as of the expiration of the Research Term, the date of expiration of the Research Term, and (ii) ending on the 180^th day after the date of expiration or earlier termination of the Research Term. GBT’s exercise of the Option will be subject to any required filings with the applicable antitrust authority as required by the antitrust laws and satisfaction of any applicable antitrust conditions.

Should GBT exercise its Option, the Company could receive up to $315.0 million in option exercise, development, regulatory, commercialization and sales-based milestones per product candidate and product resulting from the collaboration.

The Company will also be entitled to receive, subject to certain reductions, tiered mid-to-high single digit royalties as percentages of calendar year net sales on any product.

Either party may terminate the GBT Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency, and in certain other specified circumstances, subject to specified notice and cure periods. GBT may unilaterally terminate the GBT Collaboration Agreement in its entirety, for any or no reason, upon nine-months’ prior written notice to the Company if such notice is delivered during the Research Term, or 90 days’ prior written notice to the Company if such notice is delivered after the expiration or termination of the Research Term.

GBT Collaboration Revenue

The Company analyzed the GBT Collaboration Agreement and concluded that it represents a contract with a customer within the scope of ASC 606.

The Company identified a single performance obligation, which includes a (i) non-exclusive research license that GBT will have access to during the initial Research Term and (ii) research and development services provided during the initial Research Term. The GBT Collaboration Agreement includes the Option. The Option does not provide a material right to GBT that it would receive without entering into the GBT Collaboration Agreement, principally because the Option exercise fee is at least equal to the standalone selling price for the underlying goods. The non-exclusive research license is not distinct as GBT cannot benefit from the license without the research and development services that are separately identifiable in the contract. The non-exclusive research license only allows GBT to evaluate the candidate compounds developed under the research plan or to conduct work allocated to it during the Research Term. GBT cannot extract any benefit from the non-exclusive research license without the research and development services performed by the Company, including the provision of data package information. As such, these two promises are inputs to a combined output (the delivery of data package allowing GBT to make an Option exercise decision) and are bundled into a single performance obligation (the non-exclusive research license and research and development service performance obligation).

At inception, the total transaction price was determined to be approximately $60.0 million, which consisted of a $20.0 million upfront non-refundable and non-creditable technology access fee and approximately $40.0 million in reimbursable costs for employee and external research and development expenses. The GBT Collaboration Agreement also provides for development and regulatory milestones which are only payable subsequent to the exercise of the Option, and therefore are excluded from the transaction price at inception. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, there was no change in the total transaction price, which remained at approximately $60.0 million.

ASC 606 requires an entity to recognize revenue only when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A good or service is considered to be transferred when the customer obtains control. As the non-exclusive research license and research and development services represent one performance obligation, the Company has determined that it will satisfy its performance obligation over a period of time as services are performed and GBT receives the benefit of the services, as the overall purpose of the arrangement is for the Company to perform the services. The Company will recognize revenue associated with the performance obligation as the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred as related to the research and development activities and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. The transfer of control occurs during this time and is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation.

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During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $2.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively, under the GBT Collaboration Agreement. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has deferred revenue outstanding under the GBT Collaboration Agreement of approximately $19.0 million, of which $6.9 million and $12.1 million were classified as deferred revenue, current portion and deferred revenue, net of current portion, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Agreements with Incyte Corporation

In January 2018, the Company and Incyte entered into a Target Discovery, Research Collaboration and Option Agreement (the “Incyte Collaboration Agreement”). The Incyte Collaboration Agreement was amended in November 2019. Under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement, the Company is using its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms, and Incyte has received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for the development and commercialization of therapeutic products directed to up to seven validated targets. For each option exercised by Incyte, Incyte will have the exclusive worldwide right to use the licensed intellectual property to develop and commercialize therapeutic products that modulate the target as to which the option was exercised. Under the terms of the Incyte Collaboration Agreement, Incyte paid the Company $10.0 million in up-front consideration, consisting of $2.5 million in cash and $7.5 million in pre-paid research funding (the “Prepaid Research Amount”). The Company’s activities under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement are subject to a joint research plan and, subject to certain exceptions, Incyte is responsible for funding the Company’s activities under the research plan, including amounts in excess of the Prepaid Research Amount.

In January 2018, the Company also entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Incyte (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) whereby, for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million, Incyte purchased 793,021 shares of the Company’s common stock at $12.61 per share. Under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, the shares were purchased at a 30% premium over the volume-weighted sale price of the shares of the Company’s common stock over the 15-trading day period immediately preceding the date of the Stock Purchase Agreement.

Incyte Collaboration Revenue

The Company analyzed the Incyte Collaboration Agreement and concluded that it represents a contract with a customer within the scope of ASC 606.

The Company identified a single performance obligation which includes (i) a research license that Incyte retains as long as there remains an unexercised option (the “Research License”), and (ii) research and development services provided during the research term. The Incyte Collaboration Agreement includes options to (x) obtain additional time to exercise the license options for certain targets designated as definitive validation targets, and (y) obtain license rights to each validated target, both of which were not considered by the Company’s management to be material rights, and therefore not performance obligations, at inception.

At inception, the total transaction price was determined to be $12.3 million and was subsequently increased to $12.8 million following a November 2019 amendment. As of June 30, 2020, the total transaction price is $12.8 million, consisting of a $2.5 million upfront non-refundable and non-creditable payment, the $7.5 million Prepaid Research Amount, $2.3 million in premium paid on the equity investment made pursuant the Stock Purchase Agreement, and $0.5 million of additional consideration. The Company accounted for the contract amendment as a modification as if it were part of the existing contract as the remaining goods and services are not distinct, and therefore form part of a single performance obligation that was partially satisfied at the date of the amendment. This additional consideration will be recognized on a percent complete basis as work is performed.

The Incyte Collaboration Agreement also provides for development and regulatory milestones that are only payable subsequent to the exercise of an option and were therefore excluded from the transaction price at inception. The Company intends to re-evaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The Company recognizes revenue associated with the performance obligation as the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred as related to the research and development activities and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. The transfer of control occurs during this time and is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation.

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During the three months ending June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.5 million of revenue, respectively, under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement. During the six months ending June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.9 million of revenue, in each of the periods, under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has deferred revenue outstanding under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement of approximately $7.8 million, of which $3.2 million and $4.6 million were classified as deferred revenue, current portion and deferred revenue, net of current portion, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the changes in accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Balance at December 31, 2019		Additions		Deductions		Balance at June 30, 2020
Accounts receivable and contract assets:
Billed receivables from collaboration partners	$	20,000	$	2,562	$	22,560	$	2
Unbilled receivables from collaboration partners		158		3,086		1,635		1,609
Total Accounts receivable and contract assets	$	20,158	$	5,648	$	24,195	$	1,611
Contract liabilities:
Deferred revenue – Incyte	$	8,378	$	335	$	892	$	7,821
Deferred revenue – GBT	$	20,000	$	590	$	1,589	$	19,001
Total contract liabilities	$	28,378	$	925	$	2,481	$	26,822

4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Marketable securities consist of securities with original maturities greater than 90 days when purchased. The Company classifies these marketable securities as available-for-sale and records them at fair value in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) gain. Premiums or discounts from par value are amortized to other (expense) income over the life of the underlying security.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
June 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674
Total:	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
December 31, 2019	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	—	$	—	$	29,441
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		—		12,000
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,951		24		—		49,975
Total:	$	91,392	$	24	$	—	$	91,416

Although available to be sold to meet operating needs or otherwise, securities are generally held through maturity. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the specific identification method for purposes of recording realized gains and losses. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no realized gains or losses on sales of investments, and no investments were adjusted for other-than-temporary declines in fair value.

As of December 31, 2019, all marketable securities had maturities of less than twelve months when purchased and therefore were classified as short-term.

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5. Fair Value Measurements

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	June 30, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—
	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	29,441	$	—	$	—
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		12,000		—
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,975		49,975		—		—
	$	91,416	$	79,416	$	12,000	$	—

As of June 30, 2020, the fair value of the long-term debt is based on Level 3 inputs and approximated its carrying value.

6. Restricted Cash

At June 30, 2020, the Company had $3.1 million in restricted cash, all of which was classified as long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and all of which was attributable to the 2019 Lease (See Note 9).

In connection with the execution of the 2019 Lease, the Company was required to provide the landlord with a letter of credit in the amount of $3.1 million that will expire 95 days after expiration or early termination of the 2019 Lease. The Company will have the right, under certain conditions, to reduce the amount of the letter of credit to $2.1 million in October 2023.

During the six months ending June 30, 2020, the Company collected its $0.3 million letter of credit associated with its 2015 Lease (See Note 9), which was previously classified as short-term on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had $3.4 million in restricted cash, of which $0.3 million was classified as short-term and $3.1 million was classified as long-term.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the amounts shown in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of June 30, 2020, December 31, 2019, June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	108,674	$	41,441	$	101,740	$	49,886
Restricted cash, current portion		—		290		638		638
Restricted cash, net of current portion		3,086		3,086		3,376		290
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	111,760	$	44,817	$	105,754	$	50,814

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7. Oxford Finance Loan Agreement

On February 12, 2020, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Oxford Finance LLC (the “Lender”). Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, a term loan of up to an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million is available to the Company. A $20.0 million term loan was funded on February 12, 2020, and two additional term loan advances of $20.0 million each remain available under the Loan Agreement, subject to certain terms and conditions, including the achievement of certain milestones.

The term loan bears interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (i) 7.75% and (ii) the sum of 5.98% and the greater of (A) one-month LIBOR or (B) 1.77%. The Loan Agreement provides for interest-only payments until March 1, 2023, and repayment of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the term loan in monthly installments starting on March 1, 2023 and continuing through February 1, 2025 (the “Maturity Date”). The Company paid a facility fee of $0.1 million upon closing, and in addition will pay a facility fee of $75,000 upon closing of the second loan tranche and a $50,000 facility fee upon the closing of the third loan tranche. The Company will be required to make a final payment fee of 5.00% of the amount of the term loan drawn payable on the earlier of (i) the prepayment of the term loan or (ii) the Maturity Date. At the Company’s option, the Company may elect to prepay the loans subject to a prepayment fee equal to the following percentage of the principal amount being prepaid: 2% if an advance is prepaid during the first 12 months following the applicable advance date, 1% if an advance is prepaid after 12 months but prior to 24 months following the applicable advance date, and 0.5% if an advance is prepaid any time after 24 months following the applicable advance date but prior to the Maturity Date.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company granted the Lender a security interest in all of the Company’s personal property now owned or hereafter acquired, excluding intellectual property (but including the right to payments and proceeds of intellectual property), and a negative pledge on intellectual property. The Loan Agreement also contains certain events of default, representations, warranties and non-financial covenants of the Company.

In addition, under the Loan Agreement, the Company issued the Lender warrants to purchase 27,548 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price per share of $7.26 (the “Oxford Warrants”). The Oxford Warrants will be exercisable for five years from the date of issuance.

The Oxford Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise. In addition, the Oxford Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company valued the Oxford Warrants at issuance using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and determined the fair value of the Oxford Warrants to be $0.1 million. The key inputs to the valuation model included an average volatility of 75.43% and an expected term of 5.0 years.

The Company has the following minimum aggregate future loan payments as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	—
Year ended December 31, 2021		—
Year ended December 31, 2022		—
Year ended December 31, 2023		8,333
Year ended December 31, 2024		10,000
Year ended December 31, 2025		1,667
Total minimum payments	$	20,000
Less debt discount		(440	)
Plus accretion of final fees		80
Less current portion		—
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	19,640

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, interest expense related to the Loan Agreement was approximately $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The total carrying value of debt is classified as long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2020.

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8. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
External research and preclinical development	$	5,824	$	5,395
Employee compensation and benefits		2,355		4,174
Professional fees		496		694
Facilities and other		46		383
	$	8,721	$	10,646

9. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

In March 2015, the Company entered into an operating lease for approximately 21,488 rentable square feet of office and laboratory space in Cambridge, Massachusetts (the “2015 Lease”), with a lease term commencing in August 2015 and ending in October 2020. In November 2019, the Company and its landlord agreed to terminate the 2015 Lease effective December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the 2015 Lease had terminated and all obligations relating the 2015 Lease were satisfied in full with no remaining balances as of that date.

On January 8, 2019, the Company entered into a lease (the “2019 Lease”) with respect to approximately 52,859 square feet of space in Cambridge, Massachusetts for a lease term commencing in January 2019 and ending in February 2030. The Company has the option to extend the lease term for one additional ten year period. The 2019 Lease has escalating rent payments and the Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the 2019 Lease, including any rent-free periods. The 2019 Lease includes certain lease incentives in the form of tenant allowances. The 2019 Lease also included an abatement period during which the Company was not required to remit monthly rent payments until March 2020.

In connection with the execution of the 2019 Lease, the Company was required to provide the landlord with a letter of credit in the amount of $3.1 million (See Note 6).

The Company determined that, for purposes of applying the lease accounting guidance codified in ASC 842, the commencement date of the 2019 Lease occurred on May 1, 2019. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset and lease liability of $15.8 million using an incremental borrowing rate of 9.3%, net of tenant allowances expected to be received of $9.3 million, on the May 1, 2019 lease commencement date. The Company is amortizing the tenant allowance to offset rent expenses over the term of the 2019 Lease starting at the lease commencement date on a straight-line basis. On the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, the Company classified $1.3 million of the lease liability as short-term and $25.3 million of the lease liability as long-term as of June 30, 2020.

The Company elected the practical expedient provided under ASC 842 and therefore has combined all lease and non-lease components when determining the right-of-use asset and lease liability for the 2019 Lease.

Financing Lease

In March 2019, the Company entered into an equipment lease agreement (the “Equipment Lease”) that has a 48-month term. At the end of the term, the Company has the right to return the leased equipment, extend the lease, or buy the equipment at the then-current fair market value of the equipment. The Company accounted for the Equipment Lease as a financing lease under ASC 842 and recorded a financing lease right-of-use asset and a corresponding financing lease liability of approximately $1.0 million at the time the Equipment Lease was executed.

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The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating and financing lease liabilities as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Operating		Financing
Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	1,867	$	156
Year ended December 31, 2021		3,824		313
Year ended December 31, 2022		3,935		313
Year ended December 31, 2023		4,049		66
Year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond		27,709		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	41,384	$	848
Less imputed interest		14,705		103
Total lease liability	$	26,679	$	745

The following table outlines the total lease cost for the Company’s operating and financing leases as well as weighted average information for these leases as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	739	$	1,454
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use asset	$	65	$	130
Interest on lease liabilities		19		39
Total financing lease cost	$	84	$	169
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	925	$	1,255
Operating cash flows from financing lease	$	78	$	156
Other information:			Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - operating lease				9.68
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease				9.30	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - financing lease				2.80
Weighted-average discount rate - financing lease				9.47	%

Following the adoption of ASC 842, the Company has a right-of-use asset and lease liability that resulted in recording a new temporary tax difference as the Company is now recognizing right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for the first time and those assets and liabilities have no corresponding tax basis.

License Agreements

TMRC Co. Ltd.

In September 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with TMRC Co. Ltd. ("TMRC") to develop and commercialize tamibarotene in North America and Europe for the treatment of cancer. This agreement was amended and restated in April 2016.

In exchange for this license, the Company agreed to a non-refundable upfront payment of $1.0 million, for which $0.5 million was paid in September 2015 upon execution of the agreement, and the remaining $0.5 million was paid in May 2016. Under the agreement, the Company is also obligated to make payments upon the successful achievement of clinical and regulatory milestones totaling approximately $13.0 million per indication, defined as a distinct tumor type. In September 2016, the Company paid $1.0 million to TMRC for a development milestone achieved upon the successful dosing of the first patient in its Phase 2 clinical trial of SY-1425. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay TMRC a single-digit percentage royalty, on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis, on net product sales of SY-1425 using know-how and patents licensed from TMRC in North America and Europe for a defined royalty term. 

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The Company also entered into a supply management agreement with TMRC under which the Company agreed to pay TMRC a fee for each kilogram of SY-1425 active pharmaceutical ingredient that is produced. The Company incurred fees of $0.5 million and $0.8 million under this supply management agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. fees were incurred or paid under this supply management agreement during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

10. Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

Concurrent Public Offerings and Accounting Treatment

On April 9, 2019, the Company completed two concurrent underwritten public offerings of its equity securities. In the first public offering, the Company sold 8,667,333 shares of its common stock and accompanying Class A warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 1,951,844 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a combined price to the public of $7.50 per common share and accompanying Warrant. In the second public offering, the Company sold 666 shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), and accompanying Warrants to purchase 166,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a combined public offering price of $7,500 per share and accompanying Warrant. The offerings resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $70.0 million, before underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company of approximately $5.0 million.

In November 2019, all 666 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted by the holder into 666,000 shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2020, there were no shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding.

Each Warrant has an exercise price per share of common stock of $8.625, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire on October 10, 2022. Each Warrant is immediately exercisable, provided that the holder is prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from exercising the Warrant for shares of the Company’s common stock to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving effect to such exercise, the holder, together with its affiliates and other attribution parties, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock then issued and outstanding. This percentage may be changed at the holders’ election to a higher or lower percentage upon 61 days’ notice to the Company.

The Company evaluated the Series A Preferred Stock and Warrants for liability or equity classification in accordance with the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and determined that equity treatment was appropriate because neither the Series A Preferred Stock nor the Warrants met the definition of liability instruments.

The Series A Preferred Stock was not mandatorily redeemable and did not embody an obligation to buy back the shares outside of the Company’s control in a manner that could require the transfer of assets. Additionally, the Company determined that the Series A Preferred Stock would be recorded as permanent equity, not temporary equity, given that the holders of equally and more subordinated equity would be entitled to receive the same form of consideration upon the occurrence of the event that gives rise to the redemption or events of redemption that are within the control of the Company.

Additionally, as the effective conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock of $6.57 was below the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance of $7.50, the Company determined that the Series A Preferred Stock included a beneficial conversion feature. The Company calculated the value of the beneficial conversion feature to be approximately $0.6 million, which was recorded as a discount to the Series A Preferred Stock at the time of issuance.

The Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise. In addition, the Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company valued the Warrants at issuance using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and determined the fair value of the Warrants to purchase 2,118,344 shares of the Company’s common stock was $9.0 million. The key inputs to the valuation model included an average volatility of 86.06% and an expected term of 3.5 years.

As of June 30, 2020, Warrants to purchase 2,118,094 shares of common stock are outstanding and remain unexercised (excluding the Oxford Warrants described in Note 7).

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11. Stock-Based Payments

2016 Stock Incentive Plan

The 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015, approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”). The 2016 Plan replaced the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). Any options or awards outstanding under the 2012 Plan remained outstanding and effective. Under the 2016 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year, through the 2025 calendar year, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,600,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 4.0% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of such date, or (iii) such lesser amount as specified by the board of directors. This number is subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other change in the Company’s capitalization. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2020, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan was increased by 1,600,000 shares. At June 30, 2020, 1,986,315 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. Under the 2016 Plan, stock options may not be granted at less than fair value on the date of grant.

2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2016 ESPP”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015, approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the IPO. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year through the 2025 calendar year, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,173,333 shares of the Company’s common stock, (ii) 1.0% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable year, and (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2020, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP was increased by 433,678 shares. At June 30, 2020, 1,791,998 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 ESPP.

Stock Options

Terms of stock option agreements, including vesting requirements, are determined by the board of directors, subject to the provisions of the 2016 Plan. Stock option awards granted by the Company generally vest over four years, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and 75% vesting ratably, on a monthly basis, over the remaining three years. Such awards have a contractual term of ten years from the grant date.

The Company has granted stock options to management for which vesting accelerates upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. Milestone events are specific to the Company’s corporate goals, including but not limited to certain clinical development milestones and the Company’s ability to execute on its corporate development and financing strategies. Stock-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based stock options is recognized based on the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. Notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. The Company did not record any additional stock-based compensation expense related to the achievement of performance-based milestones during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019. As of June 30, 2020, there was $0.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the performance-based stock options granted to management, with an expected recognition period of 2.4 years.

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The Company has granted options to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock to an advisor that vest solely upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. As of June 30, 2020, none of such performance-based criteria had been achieved. As of June 30, 2020, there was $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to this option, with a remaining contractual period of 6.2 years.

A summary of the status of stock options as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

								Aggregate
				Weighted		Remaining		Intrinsic
				Average		Contractual		Value
	Shares			Exercise Price		Life (in years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		4,618,421		$	9.16	7.5		$	2,525
Granted		1,136,950			7.79
Exercised		(49,100	)		4.32
Cancelled		(98,214	)		11.76
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		5,608,057		$	8.88		7.6	$	12,864
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		2,921,724		$	9.24		6.6	$	6,342

The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million and $9,800, respectively.

As of June 30, 2020, there was $14.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted to employees, excluding those stock option grants subject to the achievement of performance milestones, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years. 

Restricted Stock Units

From time to time, upon approval by the Company’s board of directors, certain employees have been granted restricted stock units with time-based vesting criteria. The majority of these restricted stock units vest annually over a four-year term with 25% vesting on each anniversary of the grant date. Restricted stock units granted to the Company’s executive officers vest in full three-years from the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units is calculated based on the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

A summary of the status of restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

				Weighted
				Average Grant
	Shares			Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		1,116,358		$	6.75
Granted		729,000			7.88
Vested		(103,462	)		6.86
Forfeited		(28,813	)		7.23
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		1,713,083		$	7.22

As of June 30, 2020, there was $9.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding restricted stock units, with an expected recognition period of 2.8 years.

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Stock-based Compensation Expense

The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate		0.36	%		1.97	%		1.33	%		2.47	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%
Expected option term (in years)		5.49			5.63			6.00			6.02
Volatility		79.70	%		90.33	%		78.18	%		91.51	%

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of options granted in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $5.25 and $5.10, respectively.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and non-employees recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations:

		Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020		2019
Research and development		$	1,181		$	918	$	2,230		$	1,615
General and administrative			1,546			1,438		2,956			2,619
Total stock-based compensation expense		$	2,727		$	2,356	$	5,186		$	4,234

Due to an operating loss, the Company does not record tax benefits associated with stock‑based compensation or option exercises. Tax benefits will be recorded when realized. 

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial information and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 5, 2020, or the 2019 10-K. Our actual results and timing of certain events may differ materially from the results discussed, projected, anticipated, or indicated in any forward-looking statements. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods.  

The following information and any forward-looking statements should also be considered in light of risks identified under the caption “Risk Factors” in the 2019 10-K and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us, which speak only as of the date they are made. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company seeking to redefine the power of small molecules to control the expression of genes. Based on our unique ability to elucidate regulatory regions of the genome, we aim to develop medicines that provide a profound benefit for patients with diseases that have eluded other genomics-based approaches. We are currently focused on developing treatments for cancer and diseases resulting from mutations of a single gene, also known as monogenic diseases, and building a pipeline of gene control medicines.

Our lead product candidates are:

• SY-1425, a selective retinoic acid receptor alpha, or RARα, agonist that is currently being evaluated in combination with azacitidine, a hypomethylating agent frequently used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, in patients in a Phase 2 clinical trial in a genomically defined subset of patients with AML; and

• SY-5609, a highly selective and potent oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or CDK7, that is currently being evaluated in the dose escalation portion of a Phase 1 clinical trial in patients with select advanced solid tumors.

In October 2019, we announced a decision to prioritize the development of SY-5609 and to discontinue further development of SY-1365, our intravenously administered CDK7 inhibitor for which we are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors.

We also have multiple preclinical and discovery programs in oncology and monogenic diseases such as sickle cell disease and myotonic dystrophy type 1. We expect to nominate our next development candidate to enter investigational new drug application, or IND, enabling preclinical studies by the end of 2021. In December 2019, we entered into a collaboration with Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., or GBT, to discover, develop and commercialize novel therapies for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. We also use our gene control platform in collaboration with third parties to identify and validate targets in diseases beyond our current areas of focus. To this end, we entered into a target discovery, research collaboration and option agreement with Incyte Corporation, or Incyte, in January 2018 under which we are using our platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial is assessing the safety and efficacy of SY-1425 in combination with azacitidine in approximately 50 newly diagnosed AML patients who are “unfit,” meaning that they are not suitable candidates for standard intensive chemotherapy, who have been identified as either RARA-positive or RARA-negative using our proprietary RARA biomarker. The RARA-negative patients were enrolled to support the development of a commercial companion diagnostic test for SY-1425. In addition, we are evaluating the safety and efficacy of SY-1425 in combination with azacitidine in approximately 25 relapsed or refractory RARA-positive AML patients who are being prospectively

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selected using the RARA biomarker. Enrollment in all cohorts of the trial is complete and we continue to follow patients in the trial. We expect to report mature data from the newly diagnosed AML cohorts of the trial, as well as potential proof-of-concept data from the relapsed or refractory AML cohort of the trial, in the fourth quarter of 2020.

In January 2020, we dosed the first patient in a Phase 1 clinical trial of SY-5609 in patients with select advanced solid tumors, including breast, colorectal, lung and ovarian cancers, and in solid tumors of any histology having retinoblastoma-pathway, or Rb pathway, alterations. The primary objectives of this trial are to assess the safety and tolerability of escalating doses of SY-5609, with the goal of establishing a maximum tolerated dose. Additional objectives include assessments of anti-tumor activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and potential predictive biomarkers, including Rb pathway alterations. In a future expansion portion of the Phase 1 trial, multiple cohorts are planned to further evaluate the safety and anti-tumor activity of SY-5609 as both a single agent and in combination with other therapies. In this regard, in June 2020, we began enrolling patients in a trial cohort assessing the safety of escalating doses of SY-5609 in combination with fulvestrant in HR-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer patients who have progressed after treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor. We expect to report initial safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from the dose escalation portion of the trial in the fourth quarter of 2020, including available data from the fulvestrant combination cohort. We also expect to report additional dose escalation data, including clinical activity data, in mid-2021.

Since our inception in November 2011, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, developing our technology platform and conducting preclinical research and clinical development for our product candidates. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have financed our operations to date primarily through the sale of equity securities, license and collaboration agreements, and our term loan with Oxford Finance LLC, or Oxford. From inception through June 30, 2020, we raised an aggregate of $390.7 million from such transactions, including aggregate proceeds of $20.0 million through our draw down on the first tranche of our term loan with Oxford in February 2020 and $12.3 million in proceeds from the sale of common stock under our at-the-market sales facility during the first quarter of 2020.

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses were $34.4 million and $35.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $327.4 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

• continue our planned clinical development activities with respect to SY-1425 and SY-5609;

• develop and seek approval of companion diagnostic tests for use in identifying patients who may benefit from treatment with our products and product candidates;

• initiate and continue research, preclinical and clinical development efforts for our research and preclinical programs;

• further develop our gene control platform;

• seek to identify and develop additional product candidates;

• acquire or in-license other product candidates or technologies;

• seek regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, if any;

• establish sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure in the future to commercialize various products for which we may obtain marketing approval, if any;

• require the manufacture of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and, potentially, commercialization;

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• maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

• hire and retain additional personnel and add operational, financial and management information systems, including personnel and systems to support our product development and commercialization efforts and help us comply with our obligations as a public company; and

• add equipment and physical infrastructure to support our research and development programs.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, our only revenue has consisted of collaboration and license revenue and we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized $3.2 million of revenue, of which $2.5 million was related to our collaboration with GBT and $0.7 million to our collaboration with Incyte. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized $5.6 million of revenue, of which $4.7 million was related to our collaboration with GBT and $0.9 million to our collaboration with Incyte. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized $0.5 million and $0.9 million of revenue, respectively, all of which was attributable to our collaboration with Incyte.

Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including development of our gene control platform and the development of our product candidates, which include:

• employee-related expenses including salaries and benefits;

• stock-based compensation expense;

• external costs of funding activities performed by third parties that conduct research and development on our behalf and of purchasing supplies used in designing, developing and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

• consulting, licensing and professional fees related to research and development activities; and

• facilities costs, depreciation and amortization and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other operating costs.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments made to vendors for goods or services that will be received in the future for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized, even when there is no alternative future use for the research and development, until related goods or services are provided.

We typically use our employee, consultant and infrastructure resources across our research and development programs. We track outsourced development costs by product candidate or development program, but we do not allocate personnel costs, other internal costs or certain external consultant costs to specific product candidates or development programs.

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The following table summarizes our external research and development expenses by program, as well as expenses not allocated to programs, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
SY-1425 external costs (1)		$	2,419		$	2,035		$	5,155	$	1,815
SY-5609 and other CDK7 program external costs (1)			2,773			4,113			5,488		8,494
Other research and platform program external costs			2,422			3,086			4,780		6,058
Employee-related expenses, including stock-based compensation			5,602			4,832			10,856		9,336
Facilities and other expenses			1,580			1,409			3,086		2,334
Total research and development expenses		$	14,796		$	15,475		$	29,365	$	28,037

_________________

(1) The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 include credits of $1.9 million and $1.2 million for our SY-1425 and SY-1365 clinical trials, respectively, due to a change in estimate of costs incurred over the life of these clinical trials through March 31, 2019.

We expect our research and development expenses will increase for the foreseeable future as we seek to advance our programs. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing such product candidates, including the uncertainty of:

• successful completion of preclinical studies, including activities related to preparation of an IND and minimally efficacious dose studies in animals, where applicable and required, under the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or another regulatory authority;

• approval of INDs for our product candidates to commence planned or future clinical trials;

• successful enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials;

• successful data from our clinical programs that support an acceptable benefit-risk profile of our product candidates in the intended populations;

• successful development, and subsequent clearance or approval, of companion diagnostic tests for use in identifying potential patients;

• receipt of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

• establishment of arrangements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply and commercial manufacturing and, where applicable, commercial manufacturing capabilities;

• establishment and maintenance of patent and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;

• commercial launch of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

• enforcement and defense of intellectual property rights and claims;

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• maintenance of a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval;

• retention of key research and development personnel; and

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of our product candidates.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions. Other significant costs include corporate facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, legal fees related to patent and corporate matters, and fees for accounting and consulting services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research activities and development of our product candidates.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net, consists of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and interest and amortization of premiums and discounts on our investments in marketable securities, net of interest expense related to the Oxford term loan and equipment financing lease arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our judgments and estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates, if any, will be reflected in the financial statements prospectively from the date of the change in estimates.

We believe that our most critical accounting policies are those relating to revenue recognition, accrued research and development expenses and stock-based compensation. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 that we filed with the SEC on March 5, 2020.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, together with the changes in those items in dollars (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Dollar Change			% Change
Statements of Operations Data:
Revenue	$	3,188		$	462		$	2,726			590		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		14,796			15,475			(679	)		(4	)	%
General and administrative		5,133			5,195			(62	)		(1	)	%
Total operating expenses		19,929			20,670			(741	)		(4	)	%
Other (expense) income, net		(455	)		753			(1,208	)		(160	)	%
Net loss	$	(17,196	)	$	(19,455	)	$	(2,259	)		(12	)	%

Revenue

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, revenue was $3.2 million, of which $2.5 million was attributable to our collaboration with GBT and $0.7 million was attributable to our collaboration with Incyte. For the three months ended June 30, 2019, revenue was $0.5 million, all of which was attributable to our collaboration with Incyte.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense decreased by approximately $0.7 million, or 4%, from $15.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $14.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, together with the changes to those items in dollars (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		Dollar Change			% Change
External research and development	$	6,792	$	8,355	$	(1,563	)		(19	)	%
Employee-related expenses, excluding stock-based compensation		4,422		3,914		508			13		%
Stock-based compensation		1,180		918		262			29		%
Consulting, licensing and professional fees		822		880		(58	)		(7	)	%
Facilities and other expenses		1,580		1,408		172			12		%
Total research and development expenses	$	14,796	$	15,475	$	(679	)		(4	)	%

The change in research and development expense was primarily attributable to activities associated with advancing our clinical and preclinical programs as well as enhancing our internal capabilities, including the following:

• a decrease of approximately $1.6 million, or 19%, for external research and development costs, primarily due decreases in costs associated with the SY-1365 program following our October 2019 decision to prioritize our CDK7 development activities on our SY-5609 program;

• an increase of approximately $0.5 million, or 13%, for employee-related expenses, including increased salary and benefits, primarily due to our increased headcount;

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• an increase of approximately $0.3 million, or 29%, for stock-based compensation expense, also primarily due to our increased headcount; and

• an increase of approximately $0.2 million, or 12%, in facilities and other expenses primarily due to the rent expense related to the lease for our new headquarters, over which we took possession for accounting purposes in May 2019, and depreciation related to the build-out of our new corporate headquarters.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 1%, from $5.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The change in general and administrative expense was primarily attributable to decreases in consulting work due to slight delays of work in the current period as compared to the previous period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net, consists of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents, interest, and amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities, net of interest expense related to the Oxford term loan and equipment financing arrangements. The change in other (expense) income, net from the three months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily due to the Oxford term loan executed in February 2020, and the related interest expense incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Comparison of six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, together with the changes in those items in dollars (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			Dollar Change			% Change
Statements of Operations Data:
Revenue	$	5,566		$	916		$	4,650			508		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		29,365			28,037			1,328			5		%
General and administrative		10,282			10,061			221			2		%
Total operating expenses		39,647			38,098			1,549			4		%
Other (expense) income, net		(341	)		1,266			(1,607	)		(127	)	%
Net loss	$	(34,422	)	$	(35,916	)	$	1,494			4		%

Revenue

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, revenue was $5.6 million of which $4.7 million was attributable to our collaboration with GBT and $0.9 million was attributable to our collaboration with Incyte. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, revenue was $0.9 million, all of which was attributable to our collaboration with Incyte.

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Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense increased by approximately $1.3 million, or 5%, from $28.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $29.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, together with the changes to those items in dollars (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019		Dollar Change			% Change
External research and development	$	13,741	$	14,592	$	(851	)		(6	)	%
Employee-related expenses, excluding stock-based compensation		8,626		7,721		905			12		%
Stock-based compensation		2,230		1,615		615			38		%
Consulting, licensing and professional fees		1,683		1,776		(93	)		(5	)	%
Facilities and other expenses		3,085		2,333		752			32		%
Total research and development expenses	$	29,365	$	28,037	$	1,328			5		%

The change in research and development expense was primarily attributable to activities associated with advancing our clinical and preclinical programs as well as enhancing our internal capabilities, including the following:

• a decrease of approximately $0.9 million, or 6%, for external research and development costs, primarily due to decreases in costs associated with the SY-1365 program following our October 2019 decision prioritize our CDK7 development activities on our SY-5609 program;

• an increase of approximately $0.9 million, or 12%, for employee-related expenses, including increased salary and benefits, primarily due to our increased headcount;

• an increase of approximately $0.6 million, or 38%, for stock-based compensation expense, also primarily due to our increased headcount; and

• an increase of approximately $0.8 million, or 32%, in facilities and other expenses primarily due to the rent expense related to the lease for our new headquarters, over which we took possession for accounting purposes in May 2019, and depreciation related to the build-out of our new corporate headquarters.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased by approximately $0.2 million, or 2%, from $10.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $10.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The change in general and administrative expense was primarily attributable to an increase in employee-related costs, including salary, benefits and stock-based compensation due to our increased headcount.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net, consists of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents, interest, and amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities, net of interest expense related to the Oxford term loan and equipment financing arrangements. The change in other (expense) income, net from the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020 is due to the Oxford term loan executed in February 2020, and the related interest expense incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We funded our operations from inception through June 30, 2020, primarily through the sale of equity securities, through license and collaboration agreements, including those with Incyte and GBT, and through the Oxford term loan.

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On June 12, 2020, we filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC to register for sale from time to time up to $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units in one or more registered offerings. The registration statement was declared effective on June 22, 2020. Further, in June 2020, we entered into an at-the-market sales agreement, or the 2020 sales agreement, with Cowen & Co., or Cowen, pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million through Cowen pursuant to the registration statement.

Upon entry into the 2020 sales agreement, we terminated our prior at-the-market sales facility pursuant to the original sales agreement with Cowen, dated July 20, 2017, or the 2017 sales agreement. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we issued $12.3 million in common stock under the 2017 sales agreement.

As of June 30, 2020, $75.0 million in common stock remained available for future issuance under the 2020 sales agreement.  

As of June 30, 2020, $300.0 million of securities remained available for future issuance under the shelf registration statement.

As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $108.7 million.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(12,185	)	$	(38,426	)
Investing activities		47,215			28,453
Financing activities		31,913			64,913
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	66,943		$	54,940

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The use of cash in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in components of working capital.

Net cash used in operating activities was $12.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to net cash used in operation activities of $38.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the $20.0 million proceeds received in January 2020 from our collaboration agreement with GBT that was entered into in December 2019, and $2.0 million received as tenant improvement incentive for the buildout of our offices.

Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $47.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $28.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to maturities of marketable securities of $50.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to net maturities of marketable securities of $30.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, partially offset by $2.8 million of property and equipment purchased in the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to $1.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

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Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $31.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $64.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was primarily due to net proceeds of $19.7 million received from our term loan with Oxford, net proceeds of $11.9 million through the issuance of common stock pursuant to the 2017 sales agreement, $0.2 million in proceeds from exercise of stock options and $0.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of shares through the employee stock purchase plan, offset by $0.1 million of payments made under our capital lease obligations. Cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was primarily due to $65.0 million in net proceeds raised through two concurrent public offerings of equity securities that closed in April 2019.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we seek to continue clinical trials of SY-1425 and SY-5609, advance additional product candidates through research and preclinical development and into clinical trials, seek to develop companion diagnostic tests for use with our product candidates, initiate new research and preclinical development projects and seek marketing approval for any product candidates that we successfully develop. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to establishing sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure to commercialize such products. We will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, eliminate, or out-license our research and development programs or future commercialization rights to our product candidates.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2020, will enable us to fund our planned operating expense and capital expenditure requirements into 2022. Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including:

• the scope, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical trials of SY-1425 and SY-5609 and any associated companion diagnostic tests;

• the timing of wind-down activities for SY-1365 following our announcement in October 2019 that we are ceasing further development of that product candidate as part of a prioritization of our CDK7 product portfolio;

• research and preclinical development efforts for any future product candidates that we may develop;

• the number of future product candidates that we pursue and their development requirements;

• our ability to enter into, and the terms and timing of, any collaborations, licensing agreements or other arrangements;

• whether a drug candidate will be nominated to enter investigational new drug application-enabling studies under our sickle cell disease collaboration with GBT, whether GBT will exercise its option to exclusively license intellectual property arising from the collaboration, whether and when any option exercise fees, milestone payments or royalties under the collaboration agreement with GBT will ever be paid, and whether we exercise our U.S. co-promotion option under the GBT agreement;

• whether our target discovery collaboration with Incyte will yield any validated targets, whether Incyte will exercise any of its options to exclusively license intellectual property directed to such targets, and whether and when any of the target validation fees, option exercise fees, milestone payments or royalties under the collaboration agreement with Incyte will ever be paid;

• the outcome, timing and costs of seeking regulatory approvals;

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• the costs of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval to the extent such costs are not the responsibility of any future collaborators, including the costs and timing of establishing product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing capabilities;

• the costs of acquiring potential new product candidates or technology;

• the costs of any physician education programs relating to selecting and treating genomically defined patient populations;

• the timing and amount of milestone and other payments due to licensors for patent and technology rights used in our gene control platform or to TMRC Co. Ltd., or TMRC, associated with the development, manufacture and commercialization of SY-1425;

• revenue received from commercial sales, if any, of our current and future product candidates;

• our headcount growth and associated costs as we advance our research and development programs and establish a commercial infrastructure;

• the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending against intellectual property related claims; and

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes many years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, such as our term loan with Oxford, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. In addition, the trading prices for our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital when needed through sales of our common stock or such sales may be on unfavorable terms.

If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have, during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under applicable SEC rules.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because our investments, including cash equivalents, are in the form of money market funds and marketable securities and are invested in U.S. treasury or government obligations. However, because of the short-term nature of the duration of our portfolio and the low-risk profile of our investments, we believe an immediate 10% change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on the fair market value of our investment portfolio or on our financial condition or results of operations.

We are also exposed to market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We contract with vendors that are located in Asia and Europe and certain invoices are denominated in foreign currencies. We are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with these arrangements. We do not currently hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk. As of June 30, 2020, we did not have significant liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Management’s Evaluation of our Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, who serves as our Principal Executive Officer, and our Chief Financial Officer, who serves as our Principal Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following information updates, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 10-K”). Any of the risk factors contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the 2019 10-K could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results, and such risk factors may not be the only risks we face. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened, and in some cases manifested, certain of the risks we normally face in operating our business, including those disclosed in the 2019 10-K, and the risk factor disclosure in the 2019 10-K is qualified by the information relating to COVID-19 that is described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the new risk factor set forth below. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.

Public health epidemics or outbreaks, including COVID-19, have had, and will continue to have, an adverse impact our business.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could adversely impact our business. In December 2019, a novel strain of a virus named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), or coronavirus, which causes coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, surfaced in Wuhan, China and has reached multiple other regions and countries, including Cambridge, Massachusetts where our primary office and laboratory space is located. The COVID-19 pandemic is evolving, and to date has led to the implementation of various responses, including government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures, as well as reported adverse impacts on healthcare resources, facilities and providers, in Massachusetts, across the United States and in other countries. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our operations or those of the third parties on which we rely will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration of the outbreak, additional or modified government actions, new information that will emerge concerning the severity and impact of COVID-19, and the actions to contain COVID-19 or address its impact in the short and long term.

Further, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and in accordance with direction from state and local governmental authorities, we have restricted access to our facility to those individuals who perform research, translational medicine, and laboratory support activities that must be completed on site, limited the number of such people that can be present at our facility at any one time, and implemented a number of additional health and safety protocols to which our laboratory-based employees must adhere. In the event that governmental authorities were to impose new restrictions, our employees conducting research and development activities may not be able to access our laboratory space, and our core research activities may be significantly limited or curtailed, possibly for an extended period of time. Sustained restrictions on our ability to conduct research would have an adverse impact on our ability to perform under our collaboration agreements with Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. and Incyte Corporation, as well as delay the time in which we would be able to nominate new drug candidates for clinical development.

Our office-based employees are required to work remotely, and it is possible that these employees will continue to do so until there is an effective COVID-19 vaccine. We cannot predict whether or when any such vaccine will be available. It is possible that our employees’ productivity and morale may be adversely impacted by remote work, particularly for our employees with challenging working conditions at home, including those who have significant family obligations, who do not have dedicated office space in their homes, or who require access to materials and office equipment to be most efficient.

To date, enrollment in our ongoing clinical trials of SY-1425 and SY-5609 has not been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and we believe that we have sufficient supply of clinical trial material to conduct our ongoing clinical trial activities. We are implementing contingency plans to ensure that continues to be the case should the pandemic persist into 2021. We cannot provide assurance, however, that some factors from the COVID-19 pandemic will not delay or otherwise adversely affect our clinical development, research, manufacturing and business operations activities, as well as our business generally, in the future. These factors include:

• the impact on our clinical trial operations of any diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of our clinical trials in order to focus on pandemic concerns, including the availability of necessary materials, the attention of physicians serving as our clinical trial investigators, access to hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites, and availability of hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials;

• the impact on our clinical trials if we are unable to continue remote monitoring of clinical trial data or utilizing telehealth systems, local laboratory assessments and in-home nursing visits for enrolled patients, or if any patient enrolled in one of our clinical trials is unable to remain on study due to a COVID-19 diagnosis;

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• potential interruptions in global shipping affecting the transport of clinical trial materials, such as investigational drug product, patient samples, and other supplies used in our clinical trials;

• the impact of further limitations on travel that could interrupt key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site initiations and monitoring activities, travel by our employees, contractors or patients to clinical trial sites, or the ability of employees at any of our contract manufacturers or contract research organizations to report to work, any of which could delay or adversely impact the conduct or progress of our clinical trials and other research and manufacturing activities, and limit the amount of clinical data we will be able to report at the end of this year;

• any future interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of clinical trial material from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages, or disruptions in delivery systems;

• availability of future capacity at our contract manufacturers to produce sufficient drug substance and drug product to meet forecasted clinical trial demand if any of these manufacturers elect or are required to divert attention or resources to the manufacture of other pharmaceutical products;

• delays in ongoing laboratory experiments and operations if we are required to further reduce the number of employees in our laboratories, or if the contract research organizations we have retained to supplement our internal research efforts are unable to perform as anticipated, whether due to capacity constraints, staffing shortages, or otherwise; and

• business disruptions caused by potential workplace closures and an increased reliance on employees working from home, challenges in recruiting employees required to execute on our research and development plans, cybersecurity and data accessibility issues, and communication or transit disruptions, any of which could adversely impact our business operations and delay necessary interactions among our employees and between our company and the third parties upon which we rely.

These and other factors arising from COVID-19 could worsen, which would further adversely impact our ability to conduct clinical trials, engage in research and manufacturing activities, meet our obligations to our collaboration partners, and maintain our business operations, and would have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition and results.

In addition, the trading prices for our common stock and for other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital when needed through sales of our common stock or such sales may be on unfavorable terms.

The COVID-19 outbreak continues to rapidly evolve. While we expect the impacts of COVID-19 will have an adverse effect on our business, the extent of the impact on our clinical trials, research and manufacturing activities, collaborations, and business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions and other actions to contain the outbreak or address its impact, such as social distancing and quarantines or lock-downs in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and address the disease.

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We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

We expect that we, and any future collaborators, will face significant competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide with respect to any of our product candidates that we, or any future collaborators, may seek to develop or commercialize in the future. Specifically, there are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of product candidates for the treatment of the key indications of our most advanced programs. For example, we are aware of several new drugs approved by the FDA since 2018 for the treatment of AML or patient subsets within AML, including ivosidenib, venetoclax, glasdegib and gilteritinib. SY-1425 may also face competition from other investigational products currently in clinical development for AML and MDS, including investigational products in late-stage development from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Roche Holding AG, Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., GlycoMimetics, Inc., Arog Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc., argenx SE in collaboration with Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Forty Seven, Inc., Aprea Therapeutics, Inc., SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc., Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., Novartis AG and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. In addition, we are aware of selective CDK7 inhibitors being developed in early clinical trials by Carrick Therapeutics Ltd. and Eli Lilly & Co. and several other selective CDK7 inhibitor programs that we believe are in preclinical development, including programs from Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd. in collaboration with Exelixis, Inc., Qurient Co. Ltd., and Yungjin Pharma Co., Ltd. SY-5609 may face competition from these CDK7 inhibitors. There is also significant competition from products with mechanisms other than CDK7 inhibition in the disease areas where we may choose to focus development of SY-5609 in the future. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing technologies and products that are more effective, have fewer side effects or more tolerable side effects or are less costly than any product candidates that we are currently developing or that we may develop, which could render our product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer or more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we, or any future collaborators, may develop. For example, the evolving standard of care for the treatment of patients with AML and the response rates and duration of response seen with approved and investigational agents in this disease may result in a longer and more complex clinical development path for SY-1425, which in turn will impact the potential return on investments in clinical trials of SY-1425. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other marketing approval for their products before we, or any future collaborators, are able to obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we, or any future collaborators, are able to enter the market.

Many of our existing and potential future competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, the development of our product candidates.

42

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
3.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, including the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 (File No. 001-37813) filed on May 1, 2019).
3.2	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37813) filed on July 6, 2016).
4.1	Form of Class A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37813) filed on April 8, 2019).
10.1	Sales Agreement, dated June 12, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Cowen and Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-239141) filed on June 12, 2020).
31.1	Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2	Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1	Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
32.2	Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

43

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Date: August 6, 2020	By:	/s/ Joseph J. Ferra Jr.
		Joseph J. Ferra Jr.
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

44

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)

and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Nancy Simonian, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

/s/ Nancy Simonian, M.D.

Nancy Simonian, M.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: August 6, 2020

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)

and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Joseph J. Ferra, Jr., certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

/s/ Joseph J. Ferra, Jr.

Joseph J. Ferra, Jr.

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: August 6, 2020

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT

TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Nancy Simonian, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of her knowledge:

(1)     the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)     the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: August 6, 2020	/s/ Nancy Simonian, M.D.
	Nancy Simonian, M.D.
	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT

TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Joseph J. Ferra, Jr., Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of his knowledge:

(1)     the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)     the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: August 6, 2020	/s/ Joseph J. Ferra, Jr.
	Joseph J. Ferra, Jr.
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jul. 31, 2020
Cover [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Trading Symbol	SYRS
Entity Central Index Key	0001556263
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2020
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		45,762,169
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity File Number	001-37813
Entity Tax Identification Number	45-3772460
Entity Address, Address Line One	35 CambridgePark Drive
Entity Address, Address Line Two	4th Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	Cambridge
Entity Address, State or Province	MA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	02140
City Area Code	617
Local Phone Number	744-1340
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.001 par value
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 108,674	$ 41,441
Marketable securities		49,975
Accounts receivable	2	20,000
Contract assets	1,609	158
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,166	2,649
Restricted cash, current portion		290
Total current assets	112,451	114,513
Property and equipment, net	15,361	15,210
Other long-term assets	1,044	490
Restricted cash, net of current portion	3,086	3,086
Right-of-use asset – operating lease	15,146	15,821
Right-of-use assets – financing leases	728	858
Total assets	147,816	149,978
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,803	5,853
Accrued expenses	8,721	10,646
Deferred revenue, current portion	10,079	5,739
Financing lease obligations, current portion	253	241
Operating lease obligation, current portion	1,344	1,037
Total current liabilities	23,200	23,516
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	16,743	22,639
Financing lease obligations, net of current portion	492	621
Operating lease obligation, net of current portion	25,335	24,018
Debt, net of debt discount, long term	19,640
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 9)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 45,758,881 and 43,367,801 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	45	43
Additional paid-in capital	389,766	372,100
Accumulated other comprehensive gain		24
Accumulated deficit	(327,405)	(292,983)
Total stockholders' equity	62,406	79,184
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 147,816	$ 149,978

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) (Unaudited) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement Of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	45,758,881	43,367,801
Common stock, shares outstanding	45,758,881	43,367,801

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 3,188	$ 462	$ 5,566	$ 916
Operating expenses:
Research and development	14,796	15,475	29,365	28,037
General and administrative	5,133	5,195	10,282	10,061
Total operating expenses	19,929	20,670	39,647	38,098
Loss from operations	(16,741)	(20,208)	(34,081)	(37,182)
Other (expense) income, net	(455)	753	(341)	1,266
Net loss applicable to common stockholders	$ (17,196)	$ (19,455)	$ (34,422)	$ (35,916)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$ (0.38)	$ (0.47)	$ (0.77)	$ (0.95)
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	45,699,277	41,673,275	44,811,638	37,741,646

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Statement Of Income And Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (17,196)	$ (19,455)	$ (34,422)	$ (35,916)
Other comprehensive (loss) gain:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain on marketable securities	(3)	(4)	(24)	7
Comprehensive loss	$ (17,199)	$ (19,459)	$ (34,446)	$ (35,909)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	At The Market	Follow On Offering Common Stock and Warrants	Follow On Offering Preferred Stock and Warrants	Common Stock	Common Stock At The Market	Common Stock Follow On Offering Common Stock and Warrants	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Follow On Offering Preferred Stock and Warrants	Additional Paid-In Capital	Additional Paid-In Capital At The Market	Additional Paid-In Capital Follow On Offering Common Stock and Warrants	Additional Paid-In Capital Follow On Offering Preferred Stock and Warrants	Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Gain	Accumulated Deficit
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 78,586				$ 34					$ 296,100				$ (3)	$ (217,545)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018					33,765,864
Exercise of stock options	7									7
Exercise of stock options, Shares					2,300
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs			$ 60,359	$ 4,638			$ 9					$ 60,350	$ 4,638
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)							8,667,333		666
Stock-based compensation expense	4,234									4,234
Other comprehensive gain (loss)	7													7
Net loss	(35,916)														(35,916)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	111,915				$ 43					365,329				4	(253,461)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019					42,435,497
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019								666
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	78,586				$ 34					296,100				(3)	(217,545)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018					33,765,864
Net loss	(75,400)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 79,184				$ 43					372,100				24	(292,983)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	43,367,801				43,367,801
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	0
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 64,018				$ 34					297,982				8	(234,006)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019					33,766,941
Exercise of stock options	3									3
Exercise of stock options, Shares					1,223
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs			$ 60,359	$ 4,638			$ 9					$ 60,350	$ 4,638
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)							8,667,333		666
Stock-based compensation expense	2,356									2,356
Other comprehensive gain (loss)	(4)													(4)
Net loss	(19,455)														(19,455)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	111,915				$ 43					365,329				4	(253,461)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019					42,435,497
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019								666
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 79,184				$ 43					372,100				24	(292,983)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	43,367,801				43,367,801
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	0
Exercise of stock options	$ 212									212
Exercise of stock options, Shares	49,100				49,100
Vesting of restricted stock units					103,462
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs		$ 11,919				$ 2					$ 11,917
Issuance of common stock / preferred stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)						2,201,810
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	$ 223									223
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan, shares					36,708
Issuance of warrants	128									128
Stock-based compensation expense	5,186									5,186
Other comprehensive gain (loss)	(24)													(24)
Net loss	(34,422)														(34,422)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 62,406				$ 45					389,766					(327,405)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	45,758,881				45,758,881
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	0
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 76,543				$ 45					386,704				3	(310,209)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020					45,690,718
Exercise of stock options	112									112
Exercise of stock options, Shares					18,505
Vesting of restricted stock units					12,950
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	223									223
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan, shares					36,708
Stock-based compensation expense	2,727									2,727
Other comprehensive gain (loss)	(3)													$ (3)
Net loss	(17,196)														(17,196)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 62,406				$ 45					$ 389,766					$ (327,405)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	45,758,881				45,758,881
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	0

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Common Stock | At The Market
Issuance costs		$ 411
Common Stock | Follow On Offering
Issuance costs	$ 4,600		$ 4,600
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock | Follow On Offering
Issuance costs	$ 400		$ 400

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (34,422)	$ (35,916)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,370	1,104
Amortization of financing right-of-use asset	130	77
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		1
Stock-based compensation expense	5,186	4,234
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities	(49)	(542)
Amortization of debt-discount and accretion of deferred debt costs	117
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	376	(595)
Accounts receivable	19,998
Contract assets	(1,451)
Other long-term assets	(378)	(8)
Accounts payable	(2,152)	(1,551)
Accrued expenses	(1,653)	(4,614)
Deferred revenue	(1,556)	(916)
Proceeds for tenant improvement incentive from landlord	2,035
Operating lease asset and liabilities	264	300
Net cash used in operating activities	(12,185)	(38,426)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(2,785)	(1,911)
Purchases of marketable securities		(33,636)
Maturities of marketable securities	50,000	64,000
Net cash provided by investing activities	47,215	28,453
Financing activities
Payments on financing and capital lease obligations	(118)	(94)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock through employee benefit plans	212	7
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock through employee stock purchase plan	223
Proceeds from issuance of common stock through at-the-market sales agreement, net of issuance costs	11,896
Proceeds from term loan, net of issuance costs	19,700
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and accompanying warrants in public offerings and private placements, net of issuance costs		60,362
Proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock and accompanying warrants in public offering, net of issuance costs		4,638
Net cash provided by financing activities	31,913	64,913
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	66,943	54,940
Cash and cash equivalents, Beginning of period	44,817	50,814
Cash and cash equivalents, End of period	111,760	105,754
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	642	31
Cash paid for tax	7	29
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment received but unpaid as of period end	301	1,044
Assets acquired under financing lease		997
Offering costs incurred but unpaid as of period end	$ 176	$ 3

XML

Nature of Business

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Business

SYROS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Nature of Business

Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation formed in November 2011, is a biopharmaceutical company seeking to redefine the power of small molecules to control the expression of genes.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other early stage companies, including dependence on key individuals; risks inherent in the development and commercialization of medicines to treat human disease; competition from other companies, many of which are larger and better capitalized; risks relating to obtaining and maintaining necessary intellectual property protection; and the need to obtain adequate additional financing to fund the development of its product candidates and discovery activities. If the Company is unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, it would be forced to delay, reduce, eliminate or out-license certain of its research and development programs or future commercialization rights to its product candidates.

The Company has incurred significant annual net operating losses in every year since its inception. It expects to continue to incur significant and increasing net operating losses for at least the next several years. The Company’s net losses were $75.4 million, $62.3 million and $54.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $327.4 million. The Company has not generated any revenues from product sales, has not completed the development of any product candidate and may never have a product candidate approved for commercialization. The Company has financed its operations to date primarily through the sale of equity securities, license and collaboration agreements and term debt. The Company has devoted substantially all of its financial resources and efforts to research and development and general and administrative expense to support such research and development. The Company’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on the Company’s stockholders' equity and working capital. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents of $108.7 million as of June 30, 2020 will be sufficient to allow the Company to fund its current operating plan for a period of at least 12 months past the issuance date of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 5, 2020. 

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and statements of stockholder’s equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2020, or for any future period.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Syros Securities Corporation, a Massachusetts corporation formed by the Company in December 2014 to exclusively engage in buying, selling and holding securities on its own behalf, and Syros Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Limited, an Irish limited liability company formed by the Company in January 2019. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, which include, but are not limited to, expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. Management’s estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition, including expenses, reserves and allowances, clinical trials, research and development costs and employee-related amounts, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including as a result of new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat it. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s management evaluates its estimates, which include, but are not limited to, estimates related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, accrued expenses and income taxes. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company and the chief operating decision maker view the Company's operations and manage its business in one operating segment. The Company operates only in the United States.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments that have original maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which generally consist of money market funds that invest in U.S. Treasury obligations, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, are stated at fair value. The Company maintains its bank accounts at one major financial institution.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), established a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumption about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These are developed based on the best information available under the circumstances.

ASC 820 identified fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 established a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between the following:

Level 1—Quoted market prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted market prices, interest rates and yield curves.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs developed using estimates or assumptions developed by the Company, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized as Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The carrying amounts reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, other current assets, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and financing and operating lease liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term nature.

Amortization of Debt Discount and Issuance Costs

Long-term debt is initially recorded at its allocated proceeds, net of discounts and deferred costs. Debt discount and issuance costs, consisting of legal fees, warrant grant date fair values and other issuance fees directly related to the debt, are offset against the initial carrying value of the debt and are amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the debt using the effective interest method.

Revenue Recognition

To date the Company’s only revenue has consisted of collaboration and license revenue. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales and does not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future.

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps:

(i) identify the contract(s) with a customer;

(ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract;

(iii) determine the transaction price;

(iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

(v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. If a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within such contract, determines which of those goods and services are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the Company records a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company includes unbilled accounts receivable as contract assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The Company records accounts receivable for amounts billed to the customer for which the Company has an unconditional right to consideration. The Company assesses contract assets and accounts receivable for impairment and, to date, no impairment losses have been recorded.

From time to time, the Company may enter into agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front license fees or prepaid research and development services; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license and collaboration revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which will be classified as royalty revenues.

The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to ASC 606. For those elements of the arrangement that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 606, the Company applies the five-step model described above.

Research and Development

Expenditures relating to research and development are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development expenses consist of both internal and external costs associated with the development of the Company’s gene control platform and product candidates. Research and development costs include salaries and benefits, materials and supplies, external research, preclinical and clinical development expenses, stock-based compensation expense and facilities costs. Facilities costs primarily include the allocation of rent, utilities, depreciation and amortization.

In certain circumstances, the Company is required to make nonrefundable advance payments to vendors for goods or services that will be received in the future for use in research and development activities. In such circumstances, the nonrefundable advance payments are deferred and capitalized, even when there is no alternative future use for the research and development, until related goods or services are provided.

The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the work being performed, including the phase or completion of the event, invoices received and costs. Significant judgements and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

The Company may in-license the rights to develop and commercialize product candidates. For each in-license transaction the Company evaluates whether it has acquired processes or activities along with inputs that would be sufficient to constitute a “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP. A “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP consists of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to create outputs. Although businesses usually have outputs, outputs are not required for an integrated set of activities to qualify as a business. When the Company determines that it has not acquired sufficient processes or activities to constitute a business, any up-front payments, as well as milestone payments, are immediately expensed as acquired research and development in the period in which they are incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards, to be recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations based on their grant date fair values. Grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards to other service providers, referred to as non-employees, are measured based on the grant-date fair value of the award and expensed in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations over the vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to June 30, 2016, the Company was a private company and, therefore, lacks Company-specific historical and implied volatility information. As a result, the Company determines its expected volatility by using a blend of its historical experience and a weighted average of selected peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options to non-employees can be determined using either the contractual term of the option award or the “simplified” method. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company uses the value of its common stock to determine the fair value of restricted stock units.

The Company expenses the fair value of its stock-based awards to employees and non-employees on a straight-line basis over the associated service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur instead of estimating forfeitures at the time of grant. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will be for only those options that vest.

Compensation expense for discounted purchases under the employee stock purchase plan is measured using the Black-Scholes model to compute the fair value of the lookback provision plus the purchase discount and is recognized as compensation expense over the offering period.

For stock-based awards that contain performance-based milestones, the Company records stock-based compensation expense in accordance with the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. For certain performance-based awards, notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. Compensation expense for such awards is recognized over the six-year vesting period unless management determines that the achievement of any performance-based milestones is probable, in which case expense is accelerated.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, stock options, unvested restricted stock units, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, as their effect would be anti-dilutive; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders were the same for all periods presented.

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	As of June 30,
	2020		2019
Stock options		5,608,057		4,741,000
Unvested restricted stock units		1,713,083		1,122,024
Warrants*		2,145,642		2,118,344
Convertible preferred stock **		—		666,000
Total		9,466,782		8,647,368

* As of June 30, 2020, this is comprised of 2,118,094 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing (refer to Note 10) and 27,548 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the execution of the Loan Agreement in February 2020 (refer to Note 7). As of June 30, 2019, this was comprised solely of 2,118,344 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing.

** In November 2019, the 666 shares of preferred stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing were converted into 666,000 shares of common stock.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825 (“ASU 2019-04”). ASU 2019-04 clarifies the accounting treatment for the measurement of credit losses under ASC 236 and provides further clarification on previously issued updates including ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities and ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2019-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the new standard but does not anticipate ASU 2019-14 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2018-18”). ASU 2018-18 (1) clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for under ASC 606, when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account, (2) adds unit-of-account guidance in ASC 808 to align with ASC 606 when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement, or a part of the arrangement, is within the scope of ASC 606, and (3) precludes presenting transactions together with revenue when those transactions involve collaborative arrangement participants that are not directly related to third parties and are not customers. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-18 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) (“ASU 2018-13”), which provides for changes to the disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements under Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Provisions of ASU 2018-13 including changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty were required to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Collaboration and Research Arrangements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Collaborative Arrangement Disclosure [Abstract]

Collaboration and Research Arrangements

3. Collaboration and Research Arrangements

Collaboration with Global Blood Therapeutics

On December 17, 2019, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “GBT Collaboration Agreement”) with Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. (“GBT”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to a research collaboration to discover novel targets that induce fetal hemoglobin in order to develop new small molecule treatments for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. The research term (the “Research Term”) is for an initial period of three years and can be extended for up to two additional one-year terms upon mutual agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the GBT Collaboration Agreement, GBT paid the Company an upfront payment of $20.0 million. GBT also agreed to reimburse the Company for full-time employee and out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred by the Company in accordance with the agreed-upon research budget, which is anticipated to total approximately $40.0 million over the initial Research Term.

The Company granted to GBT an option (the “Option”) to obtain an exclusive, worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under relevant intellectual property rights and know-how of the Company arising from the collaboration to develop, manufacture and commercialize any compounds or products resulting from the collaboration. GBT may exercise the Option at any time during the period (i) commencing on the earlier of (a) the date of GBT’s designation of the first product candidate to enter investigational new drug application-enabling studies, or (b) if no such candidate is designated as of the expiration of the Research Term, the date of expiration of the Research Term, and (ii) ending on the 180^th day after the date of expiration or earlier termination of the Research Term. GBT’s exercise of the Option will be subject to any required filings with the applicable antitrust authority as required by the antitrust laws and satisfaction of any applicable antitrust conditions.

Should GBT exercise its Option, the Company could receive up to $315.0 million in option exercise, development, regulatory, commercialization and sales-based milestones per product candidate and product resulting from the collaboration.

The Company will also be entitled to receive, subject to certain reductions, tiered mid-to-high single digit royalties as percentages of calendar year net sales on any product.

Either party may terminate the GBT Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency, and in certain other specified circumstances, subject to specified notice and cure periods. GBT may unilaterally terminate the GBT Collaboration Agreement in its entirety, for any or no reason, upon nine-months’ prior written notice to the Company if such notice is delivered during the Research Term, or 90 days’ prior written notice to the Company if such notice is delivered after the expiration or termination of the Research Term.

GBT Collaboration Revenue

The Company analyzed the GBT Collaboration Agreement and concluded that it represents a contract with a customer within the scope of ASC 606.

The Company identified a single performance obligation, which includes a (i) non-exclusive research license that GBT will have access to during the initial Research Term and (ii) research and development services provided during the initial Research Term. The GBT Collaboration Agreement includes the Option. The Option does not provide a material right to GBT that it would receive without entering into the GBT Collaboration Agreement, principally because the Option exercise fee is at least equal to the standalone selling price for the underlying goods. The non-exclusive research license is not distinct as GBT cannot benefit from the license without the research and development services that are separately identifiable in the contract. The non-exclusive research license only allows GBT to evaluate the candidate compounds developed under the research plan or to conduct work allocated to it during the Research Term. GBT cannot extract any benefit from the non-exclusive research license without the research and development services performed by the Company, including the provision of data package information. As such, these two promises are inputs to a combined output (the delivery of data package allowing GBT to make an Option exercise decision) and are bundled into a single performance obligation (the non-exclusive research license and research and development service performance obligation).

At inception, the total transaction price was determined to be approximately $60.0 million, which consisted of a $20.0 million upfront non-refundable and non-creditable technology access fee and approximately $40.0 million in reimbursable costs for employee and external research and development expenses. The GBT Collaboration Agreement also provides for development and regulatory milestones which are only payable subsequent to the exercise of the Option, and therefore are excluded from the transaction price at inception. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, there was no change in the total transaction price, which remained at approximately $60.0 million.

ASC 606 requires an entity to recognize revenue only when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A good or service is considered to be transferred when the customer obtains control. As the non-exclusive research license and research and development services represent one performance obligation, the Company has determined that it will satisfy its performance obligation over a period of time as services are performed and GBT receives the benefit of the services, as the overall purpose of the arrangement is for the Company to perform the services. The Company will recognize revenue associated with the performance obligation as the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred as related to the research and development activities and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. The transfer of control occurs during this time and is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $2.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively, under the GBT Collaboration Agreement. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has deferred revenue outstanding under the GBT Collaboration Agreement of approximately $19.0 million, of which $6.9 million and $12.1 million were classified as deferred revenue, current portion and deferred revenue, net of current portion, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Agreements with Incyte Corporation

In January 2018, the Company and Incyte entered into a Target Discovery, Research Collaboration and Option Agreement (the “Incyte Collaboration Agreement”). The Incyte Collaboration Agreement was amended in November 2019. Under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement, the Company is using its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms, and Incyte has received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for the development and commercialization of therapeutic products directed to up to seven validated targets. For each option exercised by Incyte, Incyte will have the exclusive worldwide right to use the licensed intellectual property to develop and commercialize therapeutic products that modulate the target as to which the option was exercised. Under the terms of the Incyte Collaboration Agreement, Incyte paid the Company $10.0 million in up-front consideration, consisting of $2.5 million in cash and $7.5 million in pre-paid research funding (the “Prepaid Research Amount”). The Company’s activities under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement are subject to a joint research plan and, subject to certain exceptions, Incyte is responsible for funding the Company’s activities under the research plan, including amounts in excess of the Prepaid Research Amount.

In January 2018, the Company also entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Incyte (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) whereby, for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million, Incyte purchased 793,021 shares of the Company’s common stock at $12.61 per share. Under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, the shares were purchased at a 30% premium over the volume-weighted sale price of the shares of the Company’s common stock over the 15-trading day period immediately preceding the date of the Stock Purchase Agreement.

Incyte Collaboration Revenue

The Company analyzed the Incyte Collaboration Agreement and concluded that it represents a contract with a customer within the scope of ASC 606.

The Company identified a single performance obligation which includes (i) a research license that Incyte retains as long as there remains an unexercised option (the “Research License”), and (ii) research and development services provided during the research term. The Incyte Collaboration Agreement includes options to (x) obtain additional time to exercise the license options for certain targets designated as definitive validation targets, and (y) obtain license rights to each validated target, both of which were not considered by the Company’s management to be material rights, and therefore not performance obligations, at inception.

At inception, the total transaction price was determined to be $12.3 million and was subsequently increased to $12.8 million following a November 2019 amendment. As of June 30, 2020, the total transaction price is $12.8 million, consisting of a $2.5 million upfront non-refundable and non-creditable payment, the $7.5 million Prepaid Research Amount, $2.3 million in premium paid on the equity investment made pursuant the Stock Purchase Agreement, and $0.5 million of additional consideration. The Company accounted for the contract amendment as a modification as if it were part of the existing contract as the remaining goods and services are not distinct, and therefore form part of a single performance obligation that was partially satisfied at the date of the amendment. This additional consideration will be recognized on a percent complete basis as work is performed.

The Incyte Collaboration Agreement also provides for development and regulatory milestones that are only payable subsequent to the exercise of an option and were therefore excluded from the transaction price at inception. The Company intends to re-evaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The Company recognizes revenue associated with the performance obligation as the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the costs incurred as related to the research and development activities and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. The transfer of control occurs during this time and is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation.

During the three months ending June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.5 million of revenue, respectively, under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement. During the six months ending June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $0.9 million of revenue, in each of the periods, under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has deferred revenue outstanding under the Incyte Collaboration Agreement of approximately $7.8 million, of which $3.2 million and $4.6 million were classified as deferred revenue, current portion and deferred revenue, net of current portion, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the changes in accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Balance at December 31, 2019		Additions		Deductions		Balance at June 30, 2020
Accounts receivable and contract assets:
Billed receivables from collaboration partners	$	20,000	$	2,562	$	22,560	$	2
Unbilled receivables from collaboration partners		158		3,086		1,635		1,609
Total Accounts receivable and contract assets	$	20,158	$	5,648	$	24,195	$	1,611
Contract liabilities:
Deferred revenue – Incyte	$	8,378	$	335	$	892	$	7,821
Deferred revenue – GBT	$	20,000	$	590	$	1,589	$	19,001
Total contract liabilities	$	28,378	$	925	$	2,481	$	26,822

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Investments Debt And Equity Securities [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Marketable securities consist of securities with original maturities greater than 90 days when purchased. The Company classifies these marketable securities as available-for-sale and records them at fair value in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) gain. Premiums or discounts from par value are amortized to other (expense) income over the life of the underlying security.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
June 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674
Total:	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
December 31, 2019	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	—	$	—	$	29,441
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		—		12,000
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,951		24		—		49,975
Total:	$	91,392	$	24	$	—	$	91,416

Although available to be sold to meet operating needs or otherwise, securities are generally held through maturity. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the specific identification method for purposes of recording realized gains and losses. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no realized gains or losses on sales of investments, and no investments were adjusted for other-than-temporary declines in fair value.

As of December 31, 2019, all marketable securities had maturities of less than twelve months when purchased and therefore were classified as short-term.

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Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

5. Fair Value Measurements

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	June 30, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—
	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	29,441	$	—	$	—
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		12,000		—
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,975		49,975		—		—
	$	91,416	$	79,416	$	12,000	$	—

As of June 30, 2020, the fair value of the long-term debt is based on Level 3 inputs and approximated its carrying value.

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Restricted Cash

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Cash And Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Restricted Cash

6. Restricted Cash

At June 30, 2020, the Company had $3.1 million in restricted cash, all of which was classified as long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, and all of which was attributable to the 2019 Lease (See Note 9).

In connection with the execution of the 2019 Lease, the Company was required to provide the landlord with a letter of credit in the amount of $3.1 million that will expire 95 days after expiration or early termination of the 2019 Lease. The Company will have the right, under certain conditions, to reduce the amount of the letter of credit to $2.1 million in October 2023.

During the six months ending June 30, 2020, the Company collected its $0.3 million letter of credit associated with its 2015 Lease (See Note 9), which was previously classified as short-term on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had $3.4 million in restricted cash, of which $0.3 million was classified as short-term and $3.1 million was classified as long-term.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the amounts shown in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of June 30, 2020, December 31, 2019, June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	108,674	$	41,441	$	101,740	$	49,886
Restricted cash, current portion		—		290		638		638
Restricted cash, net of current portion		3,086		3,086		3,376		290
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	111,760	$	44,817	$	105,754	$	50,814

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Oxford Finance Loan Agreement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Oxford Finance Loan Agreement

7. Oxford Finance Loan Agreement

On February 12, 2020, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Oxford Finance LLC (the “Lender”). Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, a term loan of up to an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million is available to the Company. A $20.0 million term loan was funded on February 12, 2020, and two additional term loan advances of $20.0 million each remain available under the Loan Agreement, subject to certain terms and conditions, including the achievement of certain milestones.

The term loan bears interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (i) 7.75% and (ii) the sum of 5.98% and the greater of (A) one-month LIBOR or (B) 1.77%. The Loan Agreement provides for interest-only payments until March 1, 2023, and repayment of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the term loan in monthly installments starting on March 1, 2023 and continuing through February 1, 2025 (the “Maturity Date”). The Company paid a facility fee of $0.1 million upon closing, and in addition will pay a facility fee of $75,000 upon closing of the second loan tranche and a $50,000 facility fee upon the closing of the third loan tranche. The Company will be required to make a final payment fee of 5.00% of the amount of the term loan drawn payable on the earlier of (i) the prepayment of the term loan or (ii) the Maturity Date. At the Company’s option, the Company may elect to prepay the loans subject to a prepayment fee equal to the following percentage of the principal amount being prepaid: 2% if an advance is prepaid during the first 12 months following the applicable advance date, 1% if an advance is prepaid after 12 months but prior to 24 months following the applicable advance date, and 0.5% if an advance is prepaid any time after 24 months following the applicable advance date but prior to the Maturity Date.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company granted the Lender a security interest in all of the Company’s personal property now owned or hereafter acquired, excluding intellectual property (but including the right to payments and proceeds of intellectual property), and a negative pledge on intellectual property. The Loan Agreement also contains certain events of default, representations, warranties and non-financial covenants of the Company.

In addition, under the Loan Agreement, the Company issued the Lender warrants to purchase 27,548 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price per share of $7.26 (the “Oxford Warrants”). The Oxford Warrants will be exercisable for five years from the date of issuance.

The Oxford Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise. In addition, the Oxford Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company valued the Oxford Warrants at issuance using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and determined the fair value of the Oxford Warrants to be $0.1 million. The key inputs to the valuation model included an average volatility of 75.43% and an expected term of 5.0 years.

The Company has the following minimum aggregate future loan payments as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	—
Year ended December 31, 2021		—
Year ended December 31, 2022		—
Year ended December 31, 2023		8,333
Year ended December 31, 2024		10,000
Year ended December 31, 2025		1,667
Total minimum payments	$	20,000
Less debt discount		(440	)
Plus accretion of final fees		80
Less current portion		—
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	19,640

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, interest expense related to the Loan Agreement was approximately $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The total carrying value of debt is classified as long-term on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2020.

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Accrued Expenses

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Payables And Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

8. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
External research and preclinical development	$	5,824	$	5,395
Employee compensation and benefits		2,355		4,174
Professional fees		496		694
Facilities and other		46		383
	$	8,721	$	10,646

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

9. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

In March 2015, the Company entered into an operating lease for approximately 21,488 rentable square feet of office and laboratory space in Cambridge, Massachusetts (the “2015 Lease”), with a lease term commencing in August 2015 and ending in October 2020. In November 2019, the Company and its landlord agreed to terminate the 2015 Lease effective December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the 2015 Lease had terminated and all obligations relating the 2015 Lease were satisfied in full with no remaining balances as of that date.

On January 8, 2019, the Company entered into a lease (the “2019 Lease”) with respect to approximately 52,859 square feet of space in Cambridge, Massachusetts for a lease term commencing in January 2019 and ending in February 2030. The Company has the option to extend the lease term for one additional ten year period. The 2019 Lease has escalating rent payments and the Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the 2019 Lease, including any rent-free periods. The 2019 Lease includes certain lease incentives in the form of tenant allowances. The 2019 Lease also included an abatement period during which the Company was not required to remit monthly rent payments until March 2020.

In connection with the execution of the 2019 Lease, the Company was required to provide the landlord with a letter of credit in the amount of $3.1 million (See Note 6).

The Company determined that, for purposes of applying the lease accounting guidance codified in ASC 842, the commencement date of the 2019 Lease occurred on May 1, 2019. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset and lease liability of $15.8 million using an incremental borrowing rate of 9.3%, net of tenant allowances expected to be received of $9.3 million, on the May 1, 2019 lease commencement date. The Company is amortizing the tenant allowance to offset rent expenses over the term of the 2019 Lease starting at the lease commencement date on a straight-line basis. On the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, the Company classified $1.3 million of the lease liability as short-term and $25.3 million of the lease liability as long-term as of June 30, 2020.

The Company elected the practical expedient provided under ASC 842 and therefore has combined all lease and non-lease components when determining the right-of-use asset and lease liability for the 2019 Lease.

Financing Lease

In March 2019, the Company entered into an equipment lease agreement (the “Equipment Lease”) that has a 48-month term. At the end of the term, the Company has the right to return the leased equipment, extend the lease, or buy the equipment at the then-current fair market value of the equipment. The Company accounted for the Equipment Lease as a financing lease under ASC 842 and recorded a financing lease right-of-use asset and a corresponding financing lease liability of approximately $1.0 million at the time the Equipment Lease was executed.

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating and financing lease liabilities as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Operating		Financing
Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	1,867	$	156
Year ended December 31, 2021		3,824		313
Year ended December 31, 2022		3,935		313
Year ended December 31, 2023		4,049		66
Year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond		27,709		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	41,384	$	848
Less imputed interest		14,705		103
Total lease liability	$	26,679	$	745

The following table outlines the total lease cost for the Company’s operating and financing leases as well as weighted average information for these leases as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	739	$	1,454
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use asset	$	65	$	130
Interest on lease liabilities		19		39
Total financing lease cost	$	84	$	169
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	925	$	1,255
Operating cash flows from financing lease	$	78	$	156
Other information:			Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - operating lease				9.68
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease				9.30	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - financing lease				2.80
Weighted-average discount rate - financing lease				9.47	%

Following the adoption of ASC 842, the Company has a right-of-use asset and lease liability that resulted in recording a new temporary tax difference as the Company is now recognizing right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for the first time and those assets and liabilities have no corresponding tax basis.

License Agreements

TMRC Co. Ltd.

In September 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with TMRC Co. Ltd. ("TMRC") to develop and commercialize tamibarotene in North America and Europe for the treatment of cancer. This agreement was amended and restated in April 2016.

In exchange for this license, the Company agreed to a non-refundable upfront payment of $1.0 million, for which $0.5 million was paid in September 2015 upon execution of the agreement, and the remaining $0.5 million was paid in May 2016. Under the agreement, the Company is also obligated to make payments upon the successful achievement of clinical and regulatory milestones totaling approximately $13.0 million per indication, defined as a distinct tumor type. In September 2016, the Company paid $1.0 million to TMRC for a development milestone achieved upon the successful dosing of the first patient in its Phase 2 clinical trial of SY-1425. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay TMRC a single-digit percentage royalty, on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis, on net product sales of SY-1425 using know-how and patents licensed from TMRC in North America and Europe for a defined royalty term. 

The Company also entered into a supply management agreement with TMRC under which the Company agreed to pay TMRC a fee for each kilogram of SY-1425 active pharmaceutical ingredient that is produced. The Company incurred fees of $0.5 million and $0.8 million under this supply management agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. fees were incurred or paid under this supply management agreement during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

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Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

10. Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

Concurrent Public Offerings and Accounting Treatment

On April 9, 2019, the Company completed two concurrent underwritten public offerings of its equity securities. In the first public offering, the Company sold 8,667,333 shares of its common stock and accompanying Class A warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 1,951,844 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a combined price to the public of $7.50 per common share and accompanying Warrant. In the second public offering, the Company sold 666 shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), and accompanying Warrants to purchase 166,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a combined public offering price of $7,500 per share and accompanying Warrant. The offerings resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $70.0 million, before underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company of approximately $5.0 million.

In November 2019, all 666 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted by the holder into 666,000 shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2020, there were no shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding.

Each Warrant has an exercise price per share of common stock of $8.625, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire on October 10, 2022. Each Warrant is immediately exercisable, provided that the holder is prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from exercising the Warrant for shares of the Company’s common stock to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving effect to such exercise, the holder, together with its affiliates and other attribution parties, would own more than 4.99% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock then issued and outstanding. This percentage may be changed at the holders’ election to a higher or lower percentage upon 61 days’ notice to the Company.

The Company evaluated the Series A Preferred Stock and Warrants for liability or equity classification in accordance with the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and determined that equity treatment was appropriate because neither the Series A Preferred Stock nor the Warrants met the definition of liability instruments.

The Series A Preferred Stock was not mandatorily redeemable and did not embody an obligation to buy back the shares outside of the Company’s control in a manner that could require the transfer of assets. Additionally, the Company determined that the Series A Preferred Stock would be recorded as permanent equity, not temporary equity, given that the holders of equally and more subordinated equity would be entitled to receive the same form of consideration upon the occurrence of the event that gives rise to the redemption or events of redemption that are within the control of the Company.

Additionally, as the effective conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock of $6.57 was below the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance of $7.50, the Company determined that the Series A Preferred Stock included a beneficial conversion feature. The Company calculated the value of the beneficial conversion feature to be approximately $0.6 million, which was recorded as a discount to the Series A Preferred Stock at the time of issuance.

The Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares of common stock upon exercise. In addition, the Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company valued the Warrants at issuance using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and determined the fair value of the Warrants to purchase 2,118,344 shares of the Company’s common stock was $9.0 million. The key inputs to the valuation model included an average volatility of 86.06% and an expected term of 3.5 years.

As of June 30, 2020, Warrants to purchase 2,118,094 shares of common stock are outstanding and remain unexercised (excluding the Oxford Warrants described in Note 7).

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Stock-Based Payments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Payments

11. Stock-Based Payments

2016 Stock Incentive Plan

The 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015, approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”). The 2016 Plan replaced the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). Any options or awards outstanding under the 2012 Plan remained outstanding and effective. Under the 2016 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year, through the 2025 calendar year, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,600,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 4.0% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of such date, or (iii) such lesser amount as specified by the board of directors. This number is subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other change in the Company’s capitalization. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2020, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan was increased by 1,600,000 shares. At June 30, 2020, 1,986,315 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. Under the 2016 Plan, stock options may not be granted at less than fair value on the date of grant.

2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2016 ESPP”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015, approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the IPO. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year through the 2025 calendar year, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,173,333 shares of the Company’s common stock, (ii) 1.0% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable year, and (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2020, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP was increased by 433,678 shares. At June 30, 2020, 1,791,998 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 ESPP.

Stock Options

Terms of stock option agreements, including vesting requirements, are determined by the board of directors, subject to the provisions of the 2016 Plan. Stock option awards granted by the Company generally vest over four years, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and 75% vesting ratably, on a monthly basis, over the remaining three years. Such awards have a contractual term of ten years from the grant date.

The Company has granted stock options to management for which vesting accelerates upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. Milestone events are specific to the Company’s corporate goals, including but not limited to certain clinical development milestones and the Company’s ability to execute on its corporate development and financing strategies. Stock-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based stock options is recognized based on the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. Notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. The Company did not record any additional stock-based compensation expense related to the achievement of performance-based milestones during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019. As of June 30, 2020, there was $0.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the performance-based stock options granted to management, with an expected recognition period of 2.4 years.

The Company has granted options to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock to an advisor that vest solely upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. As of June 30, 2020, none of such performance-based criteria had been achieved. As of June 30, 2020, there was $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to this option, with a remaining contractual period of 6.2 years.

A summary of the status of stock options as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

								Aggregate
				Weighted		Remaining		Intrinsic
				Average		Contractual		Value
	Shares			Exercise Price		Life (in years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		4,618,421		$	9.16	7.5		$	2,525
Granted		1,136,950			7.79
Exercised		(49,100	)		4.32
Cancelled		(98,214	)		11.76
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		5,608,057		$	8.88		7.6	$	12,864
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		2,921,724		$	9.24		6.6	$	6,342

The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million and $9,800, respectively.

As of June 30, 2020, there was $14.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted to employees, excluding those stock option grants subject to the achievement of performance milestones, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years. 

Restricted Stock Units

From time to time, upon approval by the Company’s board of directors, certain employees have been granted restricted stock units with time-based vesting criteria. The majority of these restricted stock units vest annually over a four-year term with 25% vesting on each anniversary of the grant date. Restricted stock units granted to the Company’s executive officers vest in full three-years from the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units is calculated based on the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

A summary of the status of restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

				Weighted
				Average Grant
	Shares			Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		1,116,358		$	6.75
Granted		729,000			7.88
Vested		(103,462	)		6.86
Forfeited		(28,813	)		7.23
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		1,713,083		$	7.22

As of June 30, 2020, there was $9.7 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding restricted stock units, with an expected recognition period of 2.8 years.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate		0.36	%		1.97	%		1.33	%		2.47	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%
Expected option term (in years)		5.49			5.63			6.00			6.02
Volatility		79.70	%		90.33	%		78.18	%		91.51	%

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of options granted in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $5.25 and $5.10, respectively.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and non-employees recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations:

		Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020		2019
Research and development		$	1,181		$	918	$	2,230		$	1,615
General and administrative			1,546			1,438		2,956			2,619
Total stock-based compensation expense		$	2,727		$	2,356	$	5,186		$	4,234

Due to an operating loss, the Company does not record tax benefits associated with stock‑based compensation or option exercises. Tax benefits will be recorded when realized. 

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from this report, as is permitted by such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 5, 2020. 

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2020, the results of its operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and statements of stockholder’s equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2020, or for any future period.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Syros Securities Corporation, a Massachusetts corporation formed by the Company in December 2014 to exclusively engage in buying, selling and holding securities on its own behalf, and Syros Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Limited, an Irish limited liability company formed by the Company in January 2019. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, which include, but are not limited to, expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. Management’s estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition, including expenses, reserves and allowances, clinical trials, research and development costs and employee-related amounts, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain, including as a result of new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat it. On an ongoing basis, the Company’s management evaluates its estimates, which include, but are not limited to, estimates related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, accrued expenses and income taxes. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.

Segment Information

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company and the chief operating decision maker view the Company's operations and manage its business in one operating segment. The Company operates only in the United States.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments that have original maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which generally consist of money market funds that invest in U.S. Treasury obligations, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, are stated at fair value. The Company maintains its bank accounts at one major financial institution.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), established a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumption about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These are developed based on the best information available under the circumstances.

ASC 820 identified fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 established a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between the following:

Level 1—Quoted market prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted market prices, interest rates and yield curves.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs developed using estimates or assumptions developed by the Company, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized as Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The carrying amounts reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, other current assets, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and financing and operating lease liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term nature.

Amortization of Debt Discount and Issuance Costs

Amortization of Debt Discount and Issuance Costs

Long-term debt is initially recorded at its allocated proceeds, net of discounts and deferred costs. Debt discount and issuance costs, consisting of legal fees, warrant grant date fair values and other issuance fees directly related to the debt, are offset against the initial carrying value of the debt and are amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the debt using the effective interest method.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

To date the Company’s only revenue has consisted of collaboration and license revenue. The Company has not generated any revenue from product sales and does not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future.

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps:

(i) identify the contract(s) with a customer;

(ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract;

(iii) determine the transaction price;

(iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

(v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. If a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within such contract, determines which of those goods and services are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the Company records a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company includes unbilled accounts receivable as contract assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The Company records accounts receivable for amounts billed to the customer for which the Company has an unconditional right to consideration. The Company assesses contract assets and accounts receivable for impairment and, to date, no impairment losses have been recorded.

From time to time, the Company may enter into agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606. The terms of these arrangements typically include payment to the Company of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front license fees or prepaid research and development services; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each of these payments results in license and collaboration revenues, except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which will be classified as royalty revenues.

The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to ASC 606. For those elements of the arrangement that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 606, the Company applies the five-step model described above.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Expenditures relating to research and development are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development expenses consist of both internal and external costs associated with the development of the Company’s gene control platform and product candidates. Research and development costs include salaries and benefits, materials and supplies, external research, preclinical and clinical development expenses, stock-based compensation expense and facilities costs. Facilities costs primarily include the allocation of rent, utilities, depreciation and amortization.

In certain circumstances, the Company is required to make nonrefundable advance payments to vendors for goods or services that will be received in the future for use in research and development activities. In such circumstances, the nonrefundable advance payments are deferred and capitalized, even when there is no alternative future use for the research and development, until related goods or services are provided.

The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the work being performed, including the phase or completion of the event, invoices received and costs. Significant judgements and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

The Company may in-license the rights to develop and commercialize product candidates. For each in-license transaction the Company evaluates whether it has acquired processes or activities along with inputs that would be sufficient to constitute a “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP. A “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP consists of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to create outputs. Although businesses usually have outputs, outputs are not required for an integrated set of activities to qualify as a business. When the Company determines that it has not acquired sufficient processes or activities to constitute a business, any up-front payments, as well as milestone payments, are immediately expensed as acquired research and development in the period in which they are incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards, to be recognized as expense in the consolidated statements of operations based on their grant date fair values. Grants of restricted stock units and stock option awards to other service providers, referred to as non-employees, are measured based on the grant-date fair value of the award and expensed in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations over the vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to June 30, 2016, the Company was a private company and, therefore, lacks Company-specific historical and implied volatility information. As a result, the Company determines its expected volatility by using a blend of its historical experience and a weighted average of selected peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options to non-employees can be determined using either the contractual term of the option award or the “simplified” method. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company uses the value of its common stock to determine the fair value of restricted stock units.

The Company expenses the fair value of its stock-based awards to employees and non-employees on a straight-line basis over the associated service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur instead of estimating forfeitures at the time of grant. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will be for only those options that vest.

Compensation expense for discounted purchases under the employee stock purchase plan is measured using the Black-Scholes model to compute the fair value of the lookback provision plus the purchase discount and is recognized as compensation expense over the offering period.

For stock-based awards that contain performance-based milestones, the Company records stock-based compensation expense in accordance with the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. For certain performance-based awards, notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. Compensation expense for such awards is recognized over the six-year vesting period unless management determines that the achievement of any performance-based milestones is probable, in which case expense is accelerated.

Net Loss per Share

Net Loss per Share

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, stock options, unvested restricted stock units, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, as their effect would be anti-dilutive; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders were the same for all periods presented.

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	As of June 30,
	2020		2019
Stock options		5,608,057		4,741,000
Unvested restricted stock units		1,713,083		1,122,024
Warrants*		2,145,642		2,118,344
Convertible preferred stock **		—		666,000
Total		9,466,782		8,647,368

* As of June 30, 2020, this is comprised of 2,118,094 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing (refer to Note 10) and 27,548 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the execution of the Loan Agreement in February 2020 (refer to Note 7). As of June 30, 2019, this was comprised solely of 2,118,344 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing.

** In November 2019, the 666 shares of preferred stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing were converted into 666,000 shares of common stock.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity, and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825 (“ASU 2019-04”). ASU 2019-04 clarifies the accounting treatment for the measurement of credit losses under ASC 236 and provides further clarification on previously issued updates including ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities and ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2019-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the new standard but does not anticipate ASU 2019-14 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2018-18”). ASU 2018-18 (1) clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for under ASC 606, when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account, (2) adds unit-of-account guidance in ASC 808 to align with ASC 606 when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement, or a part of the arrangement, is within the scope of ASC 606, and (3) precludes presenting transactions together with revenue when those transactions involve collaborative arrangement participants that are not directly related to third parties and are not customers. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-18 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820) (“ASU 2018-13”), which provides for changes to the disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements under Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Provisions of ASU 2018-13 including changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty were required to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2018-18 during the quarter ending March 31, 2020; the adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of common stock equivalents excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	As of June 30,
	2020		2019
Stock options		5,608,057		4,741,000
Unvested restricted stock units		1,713,083		1,122,024
Warrants*		2,145,642		2,118,344
Convertible preferred stock **		—		666,000
Total		9,466,782		8,647,368

* As of June 30, 2020, this is comprised of 2,118,094 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing (refer to Note 10) and 27,548 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the execution of the Loan Agreement in February 2020 (refer to Note 7). As of June 30, 2019, this was comprised solely of 2,118,344 warrants to purchase common stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing.

** In November 2019, the 666 shares of preferred stock issued in connection with the Company’s April 2019 financing were converted into 666,000 shares of common stock.

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Collaboration and Research Arrangements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Collaborative Arrangement Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of change in accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities

The following table presents the changes in accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Balance at December 31, 2019		Additions		Deductions		Balance at June 30, 2020
Accounts receivable and contract assets:
Billed receivables from collaboration partners	$	20,000	$	2,562	$	22,560	$	2
Unbilled receivables from collaboration partners		158		3,086		1,635		1,609
Total Accounts receivable and contract assets	$	20,158	$	5,648	$	24,195	$	1,611
Contract liabilities:
Deferred revenue – Incyte	$	8,378	$	335	$	892	$	7,821
Deferred revenue – GBT	$	20,000	$	590	$	1,589	$	19,001
Total contract liabilities	$	28,378	$	925	$	2,481	$	26,822

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Investments Debt And Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
June 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674
Total:	$	108,674	$	—	$	—	$	108,674

			Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
December 31, 2019	Amortized Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	—	$	—	$	29,441
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		—		12,000
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,951		24		—		49,975
Total:	$	91,392	$	24	$	—	$	91,416

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	June 30, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—
	$	108,674	$	108,674	$	—	$	—

			Active		Observable		Unobservable
			Markets		Inputs		Inputs
Description	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and money market funds	$	29,441	$	29,441	$	—	$	—
Overnight repurchase agreements		12,000		—		12,000		—
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasury obligations		49,975		49,975		—		—
	$	91,416	$	79,416	$	12,000	$	—

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Restricted Cash (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Cash And Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Schedule of reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the amounts shown in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of June 30, 2020, December 31, 2019, June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	108,674	$	41,441	$	101,740	$	49,886
Restricted cash, current portion		—		290		638		638
Restricted cash, net of current portion		3,086		3,086		3,376		290
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	111,760	$	44,817	$	105,754	$	50,814

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Oxford Finance Loan Agreement (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Minimum Aggregate Future Loan Payments

The Company has the following minimum aggregate future loan payments as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	—
Year ended December 31, 2021		—
Year ended December 31, 2022		—
Year ended December 31, 2023		8,333
Year ended December 31, 2024		10,000
Year ended December 31, 2025		1,667
Total minimum payments	$	20,000
Less debt discount		(440	)
Plus accretion of final fees		80
Less current portion		—
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	19,640

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Accrued Expenses (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Payables And Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
External research and preclinical development	$	5,824	$	5,395
Employee compensation and benefits		2,355		4,174
Professional fees		496		694
Facilities and other		46		383
	$	8,721	$	10,646

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Reconciliation of Maturity Analysis of Annual Undiscounted Cash Flows

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating and financing lease liabilities as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Operating		Financing
Six months ending December 31, 2020	$	1,867	$	156
Year ended December 31, 2021		3,824		313
Year ended December 31, 2022		3,935		313
Year ended December 31, 2023		4,049		66
Year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond		27,709		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	41,384	$	848
Less imputed interest		14,705		103
Total lease liability	$	26,679	$	745

Schedule of Total Lease Cost for Operating and Financing Leases as well as Weighted Average Information for Leases

The following table outlines the total lease cost for the Company’s operating and financing leases as well as weighted average information for these leases as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	739	$	1,454
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use asset	$	65	$	130
Interest on lease liabilities		19		39
Total financing lease cost	$	84	$	169
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	925	$	1,255
Operating cash flows from financing lease	$	78	$	156
Other information:			Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - operating lease				9.68
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease				9.30	%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - financing lease				2.80
Weighted-average discount rate - financing lease				9.47	%

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Stock-Based Payments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Summary of status of stock options and changes during the period

A summary of the status of stock options as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

								Aggregate
				Weighted		Remaining		Intrinsic
				Average		Contractual		Value
	Shares			Exercise Price		Life (in years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		4,618,421		$	9.16	7.5		$	2,525
Granted		1,136,950			7.79
Exercised		(49,100	)		4.32
Cancelled		(98,214	)		11.76
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		5,608,057		$	8.88		7.6	$	12,864
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		2,921,724		$	9.24		6.6	$	6,342

Summary of status of restricted stock units and changes during the period

A summary of the status of restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is presented below:

				Weighted
				Average Grant
	Shares			Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		1,116,358		$	6.75
Granted		729,000			7.88
Vested		(103,462	)		6.86
Forfeited		(28,813	)		7.23
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		1,713,083		$	7.22

Schedule of weighted-average assumptions used in Black-Scholes option-pricing model

The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate		0.36	%		1.97	%		1.33	%		2.47	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%
Expected option term (in years)		5.49			5.63			6.00			6.02
Volatility		79.70	%		90.33	%		78.18	%		91.51	%

Summary of stock-based compensation expense for stock options granted to employee and non-employees

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and non-employees recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations:

		Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020		2019
Research and development		$	1,181		$	918	$	2,230		$	1,615
General and administrative			1,546			1,438		2,956			2,619
Total stock-based compensation expense		$	2,727		$	2,356	$	5,186		$	4,234

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Nature of Business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net Loss	$ 17,196	$ 19,455	$ 34,422	$ 35,916	$ 75,400	$ 62,300	$ 54,000
Accumulated deficit	(327,405)		(327,405)		(292,983)
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 108,674	$ 101,740	$ 108,674	$ 101,740	$ 41,441	$ 49,886

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Segment Information and Off Balance Sheet Risk (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 segment
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	1

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Compensation expense recognized period	6 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Net Loss per Share (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Anti-dilutive securities
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders	9,466,782	8,647,368
Convertible Preferred Stock
Anti-dilutive securities
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders		666,000
Stock options
Anti-dilutive securities
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders	5,608,057	4,741,000
Unvested Restricted Stock Unit
Anti-dilutive securities
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders	1,713,083	1,122,024
Warrants
Anti-dilutive securities
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders	2,145,642	2,118,344

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Net Loss per Share (Parenthetical) (Details) - shares	Jun. 30, 2020	Feb. 12, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Nov. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019
Anti-dilutive securities
Warrant issued to purchase common stock	2,118,094				2,118,344
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0		0
Convertible Preferred Stock
Anti-dilutive securities
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0			666
Convertible Preferred Stock | Common Stock
Anti-dilutive securities
Conversion preferred stock into common stock				666,000
Loan Agreement
Anti-dilutive securities
Warrant issued to purchase common stock		27,548

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements (Details)	Jun. 30, 2020
ASU 2018-18
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, adopted	true
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, adoption date	Mar. 31, 2020
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, immaterial effect	true
ASU 2018-13
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, adopted	true
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, adoption date	Mar. 31, 2020
Change in accounting principle, accounting standards update, immaterial effect	true

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Collaboration and Research Arrangements - Collaboration Agreement (Details) - USD ($)			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Dec. 17, 2019	Jan. 08, 2018	Nov. 30, 2019	Jan. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Deferred revenue					$ 26,822,000		$ 26,822,000		$ 28,378,000
Deferred revenue, net of current portion					16,743,000		16,743,000		22,639,000
GBT
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Deferred revenue					19,001,000		19,001,000		20,000,000
GBT | Collaboration Agreement
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Initial period of research term	3 years
Additional extension period for research term upon mutual agreement	1 year
Upfront payment receivable	$ 20,000,000.0
Reimbursements receivable of full-time employee and out-of-pocket costs and expenses	$ 40,000,000.0
Agreement termination, prior written notice if notice delivered during the research term	9 months
Agreement termination, prior written notice if notice delivered after the expiration or termination of the research term	90 days
Total transaction price	$ 60,000,000.0						60,000,000.0
Upfront non-refundable and non-creditable payment	20,000,000.0
Reimbursable costs	$ 40,000,000.0
Change in total transaction price							0
Revenue recognized					2,500,000		4,700,000
Deferred revenue					19,000,000.0		19,000,000.0
Deferred revenue, short-term					6,900,000		6,900,000
Deferred revenue, net of current portion					12,100,000		12,100,000
GBT | Collaboration Agreement | Maximum [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Period of extension of initial research term	2 years
Receivable from option exercise, development, regulatory, commercialization and sales-based milestones per product candidate and product resulting	$ 315,000,000.0
Incyte
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Revenue recognized					700,000	$ 500,000	900,000	$ 900,000
Deferred revenue					7,821,000		7,821,000		$ 8,378,000
Deferred revenue, short-term					3,200,000		3,200,000
Deferred revenue, net of current portion					$ 4,600,000		4,600,000
Incyte | Collaboration Agreement
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Total transaction price		$ 12,300,000	$ 12,800,000				12,800,000
Upfront non-refundable and non-creditable payment							2,500,000
Up-front consideration				$ 10,000,000.0
Up-front consideration, cash				2,500,000
Up-front consideration, pre-paid research funding				$ 7,500,000
Prepaid research amount							7,500,000
Premium paid on equity investment							2,300,000
Collaboration agreement additional consideration incurred							$ 500,000

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Collaboration and Research Arrangements - Stock Purchase Agreement (Details) - Incyte - Stock Purchase Agreement $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Aggregate purchase price | $	$ 10.0
Shares issued | shares	793,021
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 12.61
Premium to volume-weighted sale price of shares (as a percent)	30.00%
Trading days within which the purchase price represents a thirty percent (30%) premium to the volume-weighted sale price of the shares	15 days

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Collaboration and Research Arrangements - Schedule of Changes in Accounts receivable, Contract Assets and Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable and contract assets, Balance at Beginning of Period	$ 20,158
Accounts receivable and contract assets, Additions	5,648
Accounts receivable and contract assets, Deductions	24,195
Accounts receivable and contract assets, Balance at End of Period	1,611
Contract liabilities, Balance at Beginning of Period	28,378
Contract liabilities, Additions	925
Contract liabilities, Deduction	2,481
Contract liabilities, Balance at End of Period	26,822
Incyte
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract liabilities, Balance at Beginning of Period	8,378
Contract liabilities, Additions	335
Contract liabilities, Deduction	892
Contract liabilities, Balance at End of Period	7,821
GBT
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract liabilities, Balance at Beginning of Period	20,000
Contract liabilities, Additions	590
Contract liabilities, Deduction	1,589
Contract liabilities, Balance at End of Period	19,001
Billed receivables from collaboration partners
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, Balance at Beginning of Period	20,000
Accounts receivable, Additions	2,562
Accounts receivable, Deduction	22,560
Accounts receivable, Balance at End of Period	2
Unbilled receivables from collaboration partners
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract assets, Balance at Beginning of Period	158
Contract assets, Additions	3,086
Contract assets, Deduction	1,635
Contract assets, Balance at End of Period	$ 1,609

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) item	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
Marketable Securities, Amortized Cost	$ 108,674,000		$ 91,392,000
Marketable Securities, Unrealized Gains			24,000
Marketable Securities, Fair Value	108,674,000		91,416,000
Realized gains (losses)	$ 0	$ 0
Number of investments adjusted for other-than-temporary declines in fair value | item	0	0
U.S treasury obligations
Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
Marketable Securities, Amortized Cost			49,951,000
Marketable Securities, Unrealized Gains			24,000
Marketable Securities, Fair Value			49,975,000
Cash and money market funds
Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
Cash Equivalents, Amortized Cost	$ 108,674,000		29,441,000
Cash Equivalents, Fair value	$ 108,674,000		29,441,000
Overnight repurchase agreements
Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
Cash Equivalents, Amortized Cost			12,000,000
Cash Equivalents, Fair value			$ 12,000,000

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Marketable securities	$ 108,674	$ 91,416
Cash and money market funds
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents	108,674	29,441
Overnight repurchase agreements
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents		12,000
U.S treasury obligations
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Marketable securities		49,975
Recurring
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Total	108,674	91,416
Recurring | Cash and money market funds
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents	108,674	29,441
Recurring | Overnight repurchase agreements
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents		12,000
Recurring | Level 1
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Total	108,674	79,416
Recurring | Level 1 | Cash and money market funds
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 108,674	29,441
Recurring | Level 2
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Total		12,000
Recurring | Level 2 | Overnight repurchase agreements
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash and cash equivalents		12,000
Recurring | U.S treasury obligations
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Marketable securities		49,975
Recurring | U.S treasury obligations | Level 1
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Marketable securities		$ 49,975

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Restricted Cash - Summary (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash, long-term	$ 3,086	$ 3,086	$ 3,376	$ 290
Restricted cash		3,400
Restricted cash, current portion		$ 290	$ 638	$ 638
Operating Lease, January 2019
Restricted Cash
Letter of credit outstanding	$ 3,100
Letter of credit expiration period	95 days
Operating Lease, October 2023
Restricted Cash
Expected letter of credit amount	$ 2,100
Operating Lease, March 2015
Restricted Cash
Repayment of letter of credit	$ 300

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Restricted Cash - Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Cash And Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 108,674	$ 41,441	$ 101,740	$ 49,886
Restricted cash, current portion		290	638	638
Restricted cash, net of current portion	3,086	3,086	3,376	290
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 111,760	$ 44,817	$ 105,754	$ 50,814

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Oxford Finance Loan Agreement (Details)		3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Feb. 12, 2020 USD ($) TermLoanAdvance $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) shares	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) shares	Jun. 30, 2019 shares
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock | shares		2,118,094	2,118,094	2,118,344
Loan Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, aggregate principal amount	$ 60,000,000.0
Term loan	$ 20,000,000.0
Additional term loan advances, description	A $20.0 million term loan was funded on February 12, 2020, and two additional term loan advances of $20.0 million each remain available under the Loan Agreement, subject to certain terms and conditions, including the achievement of certain milestones
Each of additional term loan advances | TermLoanAdvance	2
Each of available additional term loan advances	$ 20,000,000.0
Term loan, interest rate terms	The term loan bears interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (i) 7.75% and (ii) the sum of 5.98% and the greater of (A) one-month LIBOR or (B) 1.77%.
Term loan, interest rate	7.75%
Term loan, effective interest rate	5.98%
Term loan, variable interest rate basis	one-month LIBOR
Term loan, variable interest rate basis spread	1.77%
Term loan, maturity date	Feb. 01, 2025
Term Loan, facilities fee	$ 100,000
Term loan, final payment fee percentage	5.00%
Warrants to purchase common stock | shares	27,548
Warrant exercise price of common stock per share | $ / shares	$ 7.26
Warrant exercisable period from date of issuance	5 years
Change fair value of warrants	$ 100,000
Interest expense		$ 500,000	$ 700,000
Loan Agreement | Weighted Average Volatility | Weighted Average
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of weighted average volatility	75.43%
Loan Agreement | Weighted Average Expected Term | Weighted Average
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of weighted expected term	5 years
Loan Agreement | Advance Prepaid in First 12 Months
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, prepayment fee, equal to percentage of the principal amount being prepaid	2.00%
Loan Agreement | Advance Prepaid After 12 Months But Prior to 24 Months
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, prepayment fee, equal to percentage of the principal amount being prepaid	1.00%
Loan Agreement | Advance Prepaid After 24 Months But Prior to Maturity Date
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, prepayment fee, equal to percentage of the principal amount being prepaid	0.50%
Loan Agreement | Second Loan Tranche
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, facilities fee	$ 75,000
Loan Agreement | Third Loan Tranche
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan, facilities fee	$ 50,000

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Oxford Finance Loan Agreement - Schedule of Minimum Aggregate Future Loan Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Year ended December 31, 2023	$ 8,333
Year ended December 31, 2024	10,000
Year ended December 31, 2025	1,667
Total minimum payments	20,000
Less debt discount	(440)
Plus accretion of final fees	80
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$ 19,640

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Accrued Expenses - Schedule of Accrued Expenses (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accrued Liabilities Current [Abstract]
External research and preclinical development	$ 5,824	$ 5,395
Employee compensation and benefits	2,355	4,174
Professional fees	496	694
Facilities and other	46	383
Total accrued expenses	$ 8,721	$ 10,646

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Commitments and Contingencies - Operating Leases (Details) $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jan. 08, 2019 ft²	Jan. 01, 2019	Mar. 31, 2015 ft²	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Operating lease, right-of-use asset				$ 15,146	$ 15,821
Operating lease liability, short term				1,344	1,037
Operating lease liability, long term				25,335	$ 24,018
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02
Operating lease, right-of-use asset				15,800
Operating lease liability, long term				15,800
Net of tenant allowances expected to be received				$ 9,300
Lease operating, discounted borrowing rate				9.30%
Lease practical expedient		true
Operating Lease, March 2015
Area of office and laboratory space leased | ft²			21,488
Operating lease termination				As of December 31, 2019, the 2015 Lease had terminated and all obligations relating the 2015 Lease were satisfied in full with no remaining balances as of that date
Operating Lease, January 2019
Area of office and laboratory space leased | ft²	52,859
Term of option to extend the lease				10 years
Letter of credit outstanding				$ 3,100
Operating Lease, January 2019 | Accounting Standards Update 2016-02
Operating lease liability, short term				1,300
Operating lease liability, long term				$ 25,300

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Commitments and Contingencies - Finance Lease (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019
Leases Operating [Abstract]
Equipment lease term			48 months
Financing lease right-of-use asset	$ 728	$ 858	$ 1,000
Financing lease liability	$ 745		$ 1,000

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Commitment and Contingencies - Schedule of Reconciliation of Maturity Analysis of Annual Undiscounted Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating Lease, six months ending December 31, 2020	$ 1,867
Operating Lease, Year ended December 31, 2021	3,824
Operating Lease, Year ended December 31, 2022	3,935
Operating Lease, Year ended December 31, 2023	4,049
Operating Lease, Year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond	27,709
Operating Lease, Total minimum lease payments	41,384
Operating Lease, Less imputed interest	14,705
Operating lease liability	26,679
Financing/ Capital Lease, Six months ending December 31, 2020	156
Financing/ Capital Lease, Year ended December 31, 2021	313
Financing/ Capital Lease, Year ended December 31, 2022	313
Financing/ Capital Lease, Year ended December 31, 2023	66
Financing/ Capital Lease, Total minimum lease payments	848
Financing/ Capital Lease, Less imputed interest	103
Financing lease liability	$ 745	$ 1,000

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Commitment and Contingencies - Schedule of Total Lease Cost for Operating and Financing Leases as well as Weighted Average Information for Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$ 739	$ 1,454
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use asset	65	130	$ 77
Interest on lease liabilities	19	39
Total financing lease cost	84	169
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	925	1,255
Operating cash flows from financing lease	$ 78	$ 156
Other information:
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - operating lease	9 years 8 months 4 days	9 years 8 months 4 days
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease	9.30%	9.30%
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - financing lease	2 years 9 months 18 days	2 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted-average discount rate - financing lease	9.47%	9.47%

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Commitments and Contingencies - License Agreements (Details) - TMRC - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2016	May 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020
Collaborative Arrangements And Noncollaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Up-front license fee			$ 1.0
Payment of up-front license fee		$ 0.5	0.5
Payments per indication due upon the successful achievement of clinical and regulatory milestones			$ 13.0
Payments made upon achievement of development milestone	$ 1.0
Fees incurred under supply management agreement				$ 0.5	$ 0.8

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Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		6 Months Ended
	Apr. 09, 2019 USD ($) Agreement $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2019 shares	Nov. 30, 2019 shares	Jun. 30, 2019 shares
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Number of underwriting agreements | Agreement	2
Warrants to purchase common stock		2,118,094			2,118,344
Aggregate gross proceeds from public offerings | $	$ 70.0
Underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable | $	$ 5.0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding		0	0
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 6.57
Preferred stock, shares outstanding		0		666
Convertible preferred stock beneficial conversion feature | $		$ 0.6
Class A Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock		2,118,344
Warrant exercise price of common stock per share | $ / shares		$ 8.625
Warrants exercisable date		Oct. 10, 2022
Maximum ownership percentage to total number stock issued and outstanding holder is prohibited from conversion		4.99%
Notice period for change in owning percentage		61 days
Warrants outstanding and remain unexercised excluding Oxford warrants		2,118,094
Change fair value of warrants | $		$ 9.0
Class A Warrants | Weighted Average Volatility | Weighted Average
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Fair value of weighted average volatility		86.06%
Class A Warrants | Weighted Average Expected Term | Weighted Average
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Fair value of weighted expected term		3 years 6 months
Common Stock | Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion of series A stock into common stock				666,000
Public Offering | Common Stock Agreement | Class A Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock	1,951,844
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.50	$ 7.50
Public Offering | Common Stock Agreement | Common Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued	8,667,333
Public Offering | Preferred Stock Agreement | Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued	666
Public Offering | Preferred Stock Agreement | Class A Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants to purchase common stock	166,500
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7,500

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Stock-Based Payments - 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (Details) - shares		6 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period		6 years
2016 Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance of awards on the first day of each calendar year (in shares)		1,600,000
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance of awards on the first day of each calendar year, as a percentage of outstanding shares		4.00%
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	1,600,000
Common stock available for future issuance (in shares)		1,986,315
2016 Plan | Stock Option
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period		4 years
Term of award		3 years
2016 Plan | Stock Option | Vesting on one year anniversary of vesting commencement date
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting (as a percent)		25.00%
2016 Plan | Stock Option | Vesting ratably on a monthly basis
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period		10 years
Vesting (as a percent)		75.00%

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Stock-Based Payments - 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - 2016 ESPP - shares	Jan. 01, 2020	Jul. 06, 2016	Jun. 30, 2020
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance of awards on the first day of each calendar year (in shares)		1,173,333
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance of awards on the first day of each calendar year, as a percentage of outstanding shares		1.00%
Increase in number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)	433,678
Common stock available for future issuance (in shares)			1,791,998

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Stock-Based Payments - Stock Options (Details) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 14,300,000
Period in which compensation costs will be recognized	2 years 8 months 12 days
Granted and outstanding (in shares)	1,136,950
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 200,000	$ 9,800
Performance-based stock options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 300,000
Period in which compensation costs will be recognized	2 years 4 months 24 days
Advisor | Performance-based stock options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 300,000
Period in which compensation costs will be recognized	6 years 2 months 12 days
Granted and outstanding (in shares)	75,000

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Stock-Based Payments - Summary of Status of Stock Options and Changes During the Period (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares) | shares	4,618,421
Granted (in shares) | shares	1,136,950
Exercised (in shares) | shares	(49,100)
Cancelled (in shares) | shares	(98,214)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares) | shares	5,608,057	4,618,421
Exercisable (in shares) | shares	2,921,724
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 9.16
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	7.79
Exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	4.32
Cancelled (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	11.76
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	8.88	$ 9.16
Exercisable (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 9.24
Remaining Contractual Life, Outstanding	7 years 7 months 6 days	7 years 6 months
Remaining Contractual Life, Exercisable	6 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding | $	$ 12,864	$ 2,525
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options Exercisable | $	$ 6,342

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Stock-Based Payments - Restricted Stock Units (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	6 years
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 14.3
Period in which compensation costs will be recognized	2 years 8 months 12 days
Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	4 years
Vesting (as a percent)	25.00%
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 9.7
Period in which compensation costs will be recognized	2 years 9 months 18 days
Restricted Stock Units | Executive Officers
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years

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Stock-Based Payments - Summary of Status of Restricted Stock Units and Changes During the Period (Details) - Restricted Stock Units	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 $ / shares shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares) | shares	1,116,358
Granted (in shares) | shares	729,000
Vested (in shares) | shares	(103,462)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(28,813)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares) | shares	1,713,083
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 6.75
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	7.88
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	6.86
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	7.23
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.22

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Stock-Based Payments - Weighted-Average Assumptions to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Details) - Stock Option - $ / shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate	0.36%	1.97%	1.33%	2.47%
Expected option term (in years)	5 years 5 months 26 days	5 years 7 months 17 days	6 years	6 years 7 days
Volatility	79.70%	90.33%	78.18%	91.51%
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)			$ 5.25	$ 5.10

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Stock-Based Payments - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,727	$ 2,356	$ 5,186	$ 4,234
Research and development
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	1,181	918	2,230	1,615
General and administrative
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,546	$ 1,438	$ 2,956	$ 2,619