Organization and Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Organization and Significant Accounting Policies	Organization and Significant Accounting Policies Sound Financial Bancorp, a Maryland corporation (“Sound Financial Bancorp”), is the parent holding company for its wholly owned subsidiary, Sound Community Bank (the “Bank”) and the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary, Sound Community Insurance Agency, Inc. Substantially all of Sound Financial Bancorp's business is conducted through Sound Community Bank, a Washington state-chartered commercial bank. As a Washington commercial bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, the Bank's regulators are the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions (“WDFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). As a bank holding company, Sound Financial Bancorp is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("Federal Reserve"). Sound Financial Bancorp’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report relates primarily to the Bank. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” mean Sound Financial Bancorp and the Bank unless the context otherwise requires. Subsequent events – The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure. See “Note 21—Subsequent Events” for further information. Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the fair value of MSRs, valuations of impaired loans and OREO, and the realization of deferred taxes. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Sound Financial Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Sound Community Bank and Sound Community Insurance Agency, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions between Sound Financial Bancorp and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and cash equivalents – For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks and interest-bearing deposits. All have original maturities of three months or less and may exceed federally insured limits. Investment securities – Investment securities are classified as either held-to-maturity (“HTM”) or available-for-sale (“AFS”). Securities classified as HTM are those that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts. Securities not classified as HTM or trading are considered AFS securities. AFS securities may be sold to implement the Company's asset/liability management strategies and/or in response to changes in interest rates and similar factors. AFS securities are reported at fair value. Dividend and interest income on investment securities are recognized when earned. Unrealized gains and losses, net of the related deferred tax effect, are reported as a net amount in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on AFS securities in the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses on AFS securities, determined using the specific identification method, are included in earnings. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized as adjustments to interest income using the interest method over the period to the earlier of call date or maturity. The Company reviews investment securities on an ongoing basis for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) or permanent impairment, taking into consideration current market conditions, fair value in relation to cost, extent and nature of the change in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, whether the Company intends to sell a security or if it is likely that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis of the investment, which may be maturity, and other factors. For debt securities, if the Company intends to sell the security or it is likely that it will be required to sell the security before recovering its cost basis, the entire impairment loss would be recognized in earnings as an OTTI. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the security but we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, only the portion of the impairment loss representing credit losses would be recognized in earnings. The credit loss on a security is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected. Projected cash flows are discounted by the original or current effective interest rate depending on the nature of the security being measured for potential OTTI. The remaining impairment related to all other factors, the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value, is recognized as a charge to other comprehensive income. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the securities before anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost basis. The Company closely monitors its investment securities for changes in credit risk. Loans held-for-sale – To mitigate interest-rate sensitivity, from time to time, certain fixed-rate mortgage loans are identified as held-for-sale in the secondary market. Accordingly, such loans are classified as held-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheets and are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair market value in the aggregate. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Mortgage loans held-for-sale are generally sold with the mortgage servicing rights retained by the Company. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loans sold based on the specific identification method. Loans held-for-portfolio – The Company originates mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans to clients. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by loans secured by real estate located throughout the Puget Sound region, especially King, Snohomish and Pierce Counties, and in Clallam and Jefferson Counties of Washington State. The ability of the Company's debtors to honor their contracts is dependent upon employment, real estate and general economic conditions in these areas. Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, allowance for loan losses, and any deferred fees or costs on origination of loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan for term loans or the straight-line method for open-ended loans. The accrual of interest is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days past due or if, in management's opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment of obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due, unless secured by collateral. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all of the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, future payments are reasonably assured and payments have been received for six consecutive months. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) due according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. When a loan has been identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as a practical expedient, the current fair value of the collateral, reduced by costs to sell, is used. When the measurement of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest), impairment is recognized by charging off the impaired portion or creating or adjusting a specific allocation of the allowance for loan losses. The Company recognizes interest income on impaired loans, including cash receipts, based on its existing methods of recognizing interest income on nonaccrual loans. A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") when certain concessions have been made to the contractual terms, such as reductions of interest rates or deferrals of interest or principal payments due to the borrower's deteriorated financial condition. All TDRs are reported and accounted for as impaired loans. Allowance for loan losses – The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense and represents management's best estimate of probable incurred losses within the existing loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The level of the allowance reflects management's view of trends in loan loss activity, current loan portfolio quality and present economic, political and regulatory conditions. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific loans; however, the allowance is available for any loan that is charged off. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans (or portions thereof) deemed to be uncollectible. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable credit losses based upon evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management's continuing analysis of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes techniques to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The general component of the allowance for loan losses covers non-impaired loans and is determined using a formula-based approach. The formula first incorporates either the historical loss rates of the Company or the historical loss rates of its peer group if minimal loss history exists. This historical loss rate factor is then adjusted for qualitative factors. Qualitative factors are used to estimate losses related to factors that are not captured in the historical loss rates and are based on management’s evaluation of available internal and external data and involve significant management judgement. Qualitative factors include changes in lending standards, changes in economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of loans, changes in lending management, changes in delinquencies, changes in the loan review system, changes in the value of collateral, the existence of concentrations, and the impact of other external factors. Finally, the general component of the allowance for loan losses is adjusted for changes in the assigned grades of loans, which include the following: pass, watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. As loans are downgraded from watch to the lower categories, they are assigned an additional factor to account for the increased credit risk. Loan grades involve significant management judgment. For such loans that are also classified as impaired, a specific component within the allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan are lower than the carrying value of that loan. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management's estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. The Company considers installment loans to be pools of smaller balance, homogenous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment, unless such loans are subject to a TDR agreement. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is estimated based upon those factors and trends identified by management at the time consolidated financial statements are prepared. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement. The ultimate recovery of all loans is susceptible to future market factors beyond the Company's control. These factors may result in losses or recoveries differing significantly from those provided in the consolidated financial statements. Transfers of financial assets – Transfers of an entire financial asset, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset, are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) a group of financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset has been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Mortgage servicing rights – MSRs represent the value associated with servicing residential mortgage loans, when the mortgage loans have been sold into the secondary market and the related servicing has been retained by the Company. The Company may also purchase MSRs. The value is determined through a discounted cash flow analysis, which uses interest rates, prepayment speeds and delinquency rate assumptions as inputs. All of these assumptions require a significant degree of management judgment. The Company measures its mortgage servicing assets at fair value and reports changes in fair value through earnings under the caption fair value adjustment on MSRs in other income in the period in which the change occurs. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimates and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Currently, we do not hedge the effects of changes in fair value of our servicing assets. Premises and equipment – Premises, leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 1 to 10 years. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the related leases. The cost of premises is amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the building, up to 39 years. Management reviews premises, leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment for impairment when factors exist indicating potential impairment. Bank-owned life insurance, net – The carrying amount of BOLI approximates its fair value, and is estimated using the cash surrender value, net of any surrender charges. Federal Home Loan Bank stock – The Company is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines. FHLB stock represents the Company's investment in the FHLB and is carried at par value, which reasonably approximates its fair value. As a member of the FHLB, the Company is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on specific percentages of its outstanding mortgages, total assets, or FHLB advances. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's minimum required investment in FHLB stock was $2.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Typically, the Company may request redemption at par value of any stock in excess of the minimum required investment. Stock redemptions are at the discretion of the FHLB. Other real estate owned and repossessed assets – OREO and repossessed assets represent real estate and other assets which the Company has taken control of in partial or full satisfaction of loans. At the time of foreclosure, OREO and repossessed assets are recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the new basis. Any write-downs based on the asset's fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations such that the property is carried at the lower of its new cost basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and subsequent adjustments to the carrying amount of the property are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income. In some instances, the Company may make loans to facilitate the sales of OREO. Management reviews all sales for which it is the lending institution. Any gains related to sales of other real estate owned may be deferred until the buyer has a sufficient investment in the property. Leases – We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. The operating lease right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, for equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities. The Company has not entered into leases that meet the definition of a financing lease. Income Taxes – Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company's income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not, that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized. Segment reporting – The Company operates in one segment and makes management decisions based on consolidated results. The Company's operations are solely in the financial services industry and include providing to its clients traditional banking and other financial services. Off-balance-sheet credit-related financial instruments – In the normal course of operations, the Company engages in a variety of financial transactions that are not recorded in our financial statements. These transactions involve varying degrees of off-balance sheet credit, interest rate and liquidity risks. These transactions are used primarily to manage customers' requests for funding and take the form of loan commitments, letters of credit and lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company also maintains a separate allowance for off-balance sheet credit commitments. Management estimates anticipated losses using historical data and utilization assumptions. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit commitments totaled $336 thousand and $405 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Advertising costs – The Company expenses advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising costs, including other marketing expenses were $390 thousand and $415 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Comprehensive income – Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheets, net of tax. Such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income. Intangible assets – At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $67 thousand and $97 thousand, respectively, of identifiable intangible assets included in other assets as a result of the acquisition of deposits from other institutions. These assets are amortized using the straight-line method over a period of eight to ten years and have a remaining weighted average life of 2.3 years. Management reviews intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis, or whenever events occur or circumstances change indicating the carrying amount of the intangible asset may not be recoverable. No impairment losses have been recognized in the periods presented. Employee stock ownership plan – The Company sponsors an internally-leveraged ESOP. As shares are committed to be released, compensation expense is recorded equal to the market price of the shares, and the shares become outstanding for purposes of earnings per share calculations. Cash dividends on allocated shares (those credited to ESOP participants' accounts) are recorded as a reduction of stockholders' equity and distributed directly to participants' accounts. Cash dividends on unallocated shares (those held by the ESOP not yet credited to participants' accounts) are used to pay administrative expenses and debt service requirements of the ESOP. See "Note 14—Employee Benefits" for further information. Unearned ESOP shares are shown as a reduction of stockholders' equity. When the shares are released, unearned common shares held by the ESOP are reduced by the cost of the ESOP shares released and the differential between the fair value and the cost is charged to additional paid in capital. The loan receivable from the ESOP to the Company is not reported as an asset nor is the debt of the ESOP reported as a liability on the Company's consolidated statements of condition. Earnings Per Common Share – Earnings per share is computed using the two-class method. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding any participating securities. Participating securities include unvested restricted shares. Unvested restricted shares are considered participating securities because holders of these securities receive non-forfeitable dividends at the same rate as the holders of the Company's common stock. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders adjusted for reallocation of undistributed earnings of unvested restricted shares by the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per share plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents using the treasury stock method based on the average market price for the period. Some stock options are anti-dilutive and therefore are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. Fair value – Fair value is the price that would be received when an asset is sold or a liability is transferred in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair values of the Company's financial instruments are based on the fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, typically market data obtained from third parties, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs, which reflects its estimates for market assumptions, when measuring fair value. Three levels of valuation inputs are ranked in accordance with the prescribed fair value hierarchy as follows: Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. Level 3: Assets or liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable. In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to fair value measurements. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value of an asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level unobservable input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Therefore, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable. Share-Based Compensation – The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award. These costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, also known as the requisite service period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. When determining the estimated fair value of stock options granted, the Company utilizes various assumptions regarding the expected volatility of the stock price, the risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option, and the expected dividend yield that the Company expects over the expected life of the options granted. Reductions in compensation expense associated with forfeited options are expensed based on actual forfeiture experience. The Company measures the fair value of the restricted stock using the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of the Company's stock options and restricted stock with a corresponding increase in equity. When shares are required to be issued under share-based awards, it is typically the Company’s policy to issue new shares of stock. Reclassifications – Certain amounts reported in prior years consolidated financial statements may be reclassified to conform to the current presentation. The results of the reclassifications are typically not considered material and have no effect on previously reported net income, earnings per share or stockholders' equity. There were no reclassifications to prior year amounts in the current year.

Sound Financial Bancorp, a Maryland corporation (“Sound Financial Bancorp”), is the parent holding company for its wholly owned subsidiary, Sound Community Bank (the “Bank”) and the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiary, Sound Community Insurance Agency, Inc. Substantially all of Sound Financial Bancorp's business is conducted through Sound Community Bank, a Washington state-chartered commercial bank. As a Washington commercial bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, the Bank's regulators are the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions (“WDFI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). As a bank holding company, Sound Financial Bancorp is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("Federal Reserve"). Sound Financial Bancorp’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report relates primarily to the Bank. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” mean Sound Financial Bancorp and the Bank unless the context otherwise requires.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the fair value of MSRs, valuations of impaired loans and OREO, and the realization of deferred taxes.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Sound Financial Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Sound Community Bank and Sound Community Insurance Agency, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions between Sound Financial Bancorp and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation.

Investment securities – Investment securities are classified as either held-to-maturity (“HTM”) or available-for-sale (“AFS”). Securities classified as HTM are those that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts. Securities not classified as HTM or trading are considered AFS securities. AFS securities may be sold to implement the Company's asset/liability management strategies and/or in response to changes in interest rates and similar factors. AFS securities are reported at fair value. Dividend and interest income on investment securities are recognized when earned.

Unrealized gains and losses, net of the related deferred tax effect, are reported as a net amount in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on AFS securities in the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses on AFS securities, determined using the specific identification method, are included in earnings. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized as adjustments to interest income using the interest method over the period to the earlier of call date or maturity.

The Company reviews investment securities on an ongoing basis for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) or permanent impairment, taking into consideration current market conditions, fair value in relation to cost, extent and nature of the change in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, whether the Company intends to sell a security or if it is likely that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis of the investment, which may be maturity, and other factors. For debt securities, if the Company intends to sell the security or it is likely that it will be required to sell the security before recovering its cost basis, the entire impairment loss would be recognized in earnings as an OTTI. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the security but we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, only the portion of the impairment loss representing credit losses would be recognized in earnings. The credit loss on a security is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected. Projected cash flows are discounted by the original or current effective interest rate depending on the nature of the security being measured for potential OTTI.

The remaining impairment related to all other factors, the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value, is recognized as a charge to other comprehensive income. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the securities before anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost basis. The Company closely monitors its investment securities for changes in credit risk.

Loans held-for-sale – To mitigate interest-rate sensitivity, from time to time, certain fixed-rate mortgage loans are identified as held-for-sale in the secondary market. Accordingly, such loans are classified as held-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheets and are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair market value in the aggregate. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Mortgage loans held-for-sale are generally sold with the mortgage servicing rights retained by the Company. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loans sold based on the specific identification method.

Loans held-for-portfolio – The Company originates mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans to clients. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by loans secured by real estate located throughout the Puget Sound region, especially King, Snohomish and Pierce Counties, and in Clallam and Jefferson Counties of Washington State. The ability of the Company's debtors to honor their contracts is dependent upon employment, real estate and general economic conditions in these areas.

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, allowance for loan losses, and any deferred fees or costs on origination of loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan for term loans or the straight-line method for open-ended loans.

The accrual of interest is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days past due or if, in management's opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment of obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due, unless secured by collateral. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all of the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, future payments are reasonably assured and payments have been received for six consecutive months.

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) due according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. When a loan has been identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as a practical expedient, the current fair value of the collateral, reduced by costs to sell, is used. When the measurement of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest), impairment is recognized by charging off the impaired portion or creating or adjusting a specific allocation of the allowance for loan losses. The Company recognizes interest income on impaired loans, including cash receipts, based on its existing methods of recognizing interest income on nonaccrual loans.

A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") when certain concessions have been made to the contractual terms, such as reductions of interest rates or deferrals of interest or principal payments due to the borrower's deteriorated financial condition. All TDRs are reported and accounted for as impaired loans.

Allowance for loan losses – The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense and represents management's best estimate of probable incurred losses within the existing loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The level of the allowance reflects management's view of trends in loan loss activity, current loan portfolio quality and present economic, political and regulatory conditions. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific loans; however, the allowance is available for any loan that is charged off. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans (or portions thereof) deemed to be uncollectible. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable credit losses based upon evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management's continuing analysis of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes techniques to estimate the fair value of

The general component of the allowance for loan losses covers non-impaired loans and is determined using a formula-based approach. The formula first incorporates either the historical loss rates of the Company or the historical loss rates of its peer group if minimal loss history exists. This historical loss rate factor is then adjusted for qualitative factors. Qualitative factors are used to estimate losses related to factors that are not captured in the historical loss rates and are based on management’s evaluation of available internal and external data and involve significant management judgement. Qualitative factors include changes in lending standards, changes in economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of loans, changes in lending management, changes in delinquencies, changes in the loan review system, changes in the value of collateral, the existence of concentrations, and the impact of other external factors. Finally, the general component of the allowance for loan losses is adjusted for changes in the assigned grades of loans, which include the following: pass, watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. As loans are downgraded from watch to the lower categories, they are assigned an additional factor to account for the increased credit risk. Loan grades involve significant management judgment.

An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management's estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio.

The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is estimated based upon those factors and trends identified by management at the time consolidated financial statements are prepared. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses.

The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement.

Transfers of financial assets – Transfers of an entire financial asset, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset, are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) a group of financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset has been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Mortgage servicing rights – MSRs represent the value associated with servicing residential mortgage loans, when the mortgage loans have been sold into the secondary market and the related servicing has been retained by the Company. The Company may also purchase MSRs. The value is determined through a discounted cash flow analysis, which uses interest rates, prepayment speeds and delinquency rate assumptions as inputs. All of these assumptions require a significant degree of management judgment. The Company measures its mortgage servicing assets at fair value and reports changes in fair value through earnings under the caption fair value adjustment on MSRs in other income in the period in which the change occurs. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimates and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Currently, we do not hedge the effects of changes in fair value of our servicing assets.

Premises and equipment – Premises, leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 1 to 10 years. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the related leases. The cost of premises is amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the building, up to 39 years. Management reviews premises, leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment for impairment when factors exist indicating potential impairment.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock – The Company is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines. FHLB stock represents the Company's investment in the FHLB and is carried at par value, which reasonably approximates its fair value. As a member of the FHLB, the Company is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on specific percentages of its outstanding mortgages, total assets, or FHLB advances. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's minimum required investment in FHLB stock was $2.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Typically, the Company may request redemption at par value of any stock in excess of the minimum required investment. Stock redemptions are at the discretion of the FHLB.

Other real estate owned and repossessed assets – OREO and repossessed assets represent real estate and other assets which the Company has taken control of in partial or full satisfaction of loans. At the time of foreclosure, OREO and repossessed assets are recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the new basis. Any write-downs based on the asset's fair value at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations such that the property is carried at the lower of its new cost basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and subsequent adjustments to the carrying amount of the property are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.

In some instances, the Company may make loans to facilitate the sales of OREO. Management reviews all sales for which it is the lending institution. Any gains related to sales of other real estate owned may be deferred until the buyer has a sufficient investment in the property.

Leases – We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at commencement date. The operating lease right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, for equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities. The Company has not entered into leases that meet the definition of a financing lease.

Income Taxes – Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company's income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not, that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Off-balance-sheet credit-related financial instruments – In the normal course of operations, the Company engages in a variety of financial transactions that are not recorded in our financial statements. These transactions involve varying degrees of off-balance sheet credit, interest rate and liquidity risks. These transactions are used primarily to manage customers' requests for funding and take the form of loan commitments, letters of credit and lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company also maintains a separate allowance for off-balance sheet credit commitments. Management estimates anticipated losses using historical data and utilization assumptions. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit commitments totaled $336 thousand and $405 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Comprehensive income – Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheets, net of tax. Such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

Intangible assets – At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had $67 thousand and $97 thousand, respectively, of identifiable intangible assets included in other assets as a result of the acquisition of deposits from other institutions. These assets are amortized using the straight-line method over a period of eight to ten years and have a remaining weighted average life of 2.3 years. Management reviews intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis, or whenever events occur or circumstances change indicating the carrying amount of the intangible asset may not be recoverable. No impairment losses have been recognized in the periods presented.

Employee stock ownership plan – The Company sponsors an internally-leveraged ESOP. As shares are committed to be released, compensation expense is recorded equal to the market price of the shares, and the shares become outstanding for purposes of earnings per share calculations. Cash dividends on allocated shares (those credited to ESOP participants' accounts) are recorded as a reduction of stockholders' equity and distributed directly to participants' accounts. Cash dividends on unallocated shares (those held by the ESOP not yet credited to participants' accounts) are used to pay administrative expenses and debt service requirements of the ESOP. See "Note 14—Employee Benefits" for further information.

Unearned ESOP shares are shown as a reduction of stockholders' equity. When the shares are released, unearned common shares held by the ESOP are reduced by the cost of the ESOP shares released and the differential between the fair value and the cost is charged to additional paid in capital. The loan receivable from the ESOP to the Company is not reported as an asset nor is the debt of the ESOP reported as a liability on the Company's consolidated statements of condition.

Earnings Per Common Share – Earnings per share is computed using the two-class method. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding any participating securities. Participating securities include unvested restricted shares. Unvested restricted shares are considered participating securities because holders of these securities receive non-forfeitable dividends at the same rate as the holders of the Company's common stock. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders adjusted for reallocation of undistributed earnings of unvested restricted shares by the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per share plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents using the treasury stock method based on the average market price for the period. Some stock options are anti-dilutive and therefore are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

Fair values of the Company's financial instruments are based on the fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, typically market data obtained from third parties, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs, which reflects its estimates for market assumptions, when measuring fair value.

In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to fair value measurements. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value of an asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level unobservable input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Therefore, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable.

Share-Based Compensation – The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award. These costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, also known as the requisite service period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. When determining the estimated fair value of stock options granted, the Company utilizes various assumptions regarding the expected volatility of the stock price, the risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option, and the expected dividend yield that the Company expects over the expected life of the options granted. Reductions in compensation expense associated with forfeited options are expensed based on actual forfeiture experience. The Company measures the fair value of the restricted stock using the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of the Company's stock options and restricted stock with a corresponding increase in equity. When shares are required to be issued under share-based awards, it is typically the Company’s policy to issue new shares of stock.