UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended:	COMMISSION FILE NUMBER:
December 31, 2017	000-54627

ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

(EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CHARTER)

CAYMAN ISLANDS	27-5466079
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)
953 AMERICAN LANE, 3RD FLOOR	60173
Schaumburg, IL	(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (847) 472-6700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

TITLE OF EACH CLASS:	NAME OF EACH EXCHANGE ON WHICH REGISTERED:
Common, $0.003 par value per share	Nasdaq Stock Market
6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022	Nasdaq Stock Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ¨ No þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ¨ No  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  þ No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  þ   No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ¨Accelerated Filerþ

Non-Accelerated Filer ¨Smaller Reporting Company    ¨

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)                    Emerging Growth Company    þ

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes  ¨   No  þ

There were 11,936,970 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 29, 2018, all of which are ordinary voting common shares. There are no outstanding restricted voting common shares. As of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $153.0 million (based upon the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common shares on June 30, 2017).

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For purposes of the foregoing calculation only, which is required by Form 10-K, the Registrant has included in the shares owned by affiliates those shares owned by directors and officers of the Registrant, and such inclusion shall not be construed as an admission that any such person is an affiliate for any purpose.

* * *

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

December 31, 2017

Part I.
Item 1.	Business	4
	Overview	4
	Competitive Strengths	6
	Strategic Focus	6
	Market	7
	Agency Relationships	9
	Seasonality	9
	Competition	9
	Regulation	10
	Employees	11
	Available Information about Atlas	11
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	12
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	27
Item 2.	Properties	27
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27
Part II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	28
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	31
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	32
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	68
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules	70
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	110
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	110
Item 9B.	Other Information	110
Part III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	111
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	111
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	111
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	111
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	111
Part IV.
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	112
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	113
	Signatures	114
	Financial Statement Schedules	115

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Part I.

Item 1. Business

Overview

Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. (“Atlas” or “We” or “the Company”) is a financial services holding company whose subsidiaries specialize in the underwriting of commercial automobile insurance policies, focusing on the “light” commercial automobile sector. This sector includes taxi cabs, non-emergency para-transit, limousine, livery and business auto. With roots dating back to 1925 selling insurance for taxi cabs, we are one of the oldest insurers of taxi and livery businesses in the United States. This experience serves as the foundation of our hyper-focused specialty insurance business that embraces continuous improvement, analytics and technology. The expanding segment of commercially licensed drivers operating through transportation network companies (“TNC”) are included in the livery product. Our goal is to be the preferred specialty insurance business in any geographic area where our value proposition delivers benefit to all stakeholders.

We were originally formed as JJR VI, a Canadian capital pool company, on December 21, 2009 under the laws of Ontario, Canada. On December 31, 2010, we completed a reverse merger wherein American Service Insurance Company, Inc. (“American Service”) and American Country Insurance Company (“American Country”), in exchange for the consideration set out below, were transferred to us by Kingsway America Inc. (“KAI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Kingsway Financial Services Inc. (“KFSI”), a Canadian public company whose shares are traded on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges. Prior to the transaction, American Service and American Country were wholly owned subsidiaries of KAI. American Country commenced operations in 1979. In 1983, American Service began as a non-standard personal and commercial auto insurer writing business in the Chicago, Illinois area.

On December 31, 2010, following the reverse merger transaction described immediately hereafter, we filed a Certificate of Registration by Way of Continuation in the Cayman Islands to re-domesticate as a Cayman Islands company. In addition, on December 30, 2010 we filed a Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name to change our name to Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. Our current organization is a result of a reverse merger transaction involving the following companies:

(a) JJR VI, sponsored by JJR Capital, a Toronto based merchant bank;

(b) American Insurance Acquisition Inc. (“American Acquisition”), a corporation formed under the laws of Delaware as a wholly owned subsidiary of KAI; and

(c) Atlas Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation wholly-owned by JJR VI and formed for the purpose of merging with and into American Acquisition.

In connection with the reverse merger transaction, KAI transferred 100% of the capital stock of each of American Service and American Country to American Acquisition (another wholly owned subsidiary of KAI) in exchange for C$35.1 million of common shares and $18.0 million of preferred shares of American Acquisition and promissory notes worth C$7.7 million, aggregating C$60.8 million. In addition, American Acquisition raised C$8.0 million through a private placement offering of subscription receipts to qualified investors in both the United States and Canada at a price of C$6.00 per subscription receipt.

KAI received 4,601,621 restricted voting common shares of our company, then valued at $27.8 million, along with 18,000,000 non-voting preferred shares of our company, then valued at $18.0 million, and C$8.0 million cash for total consideration of C$60.8 million in exchange for 100% of the outstanding shares of American Acquisition and full payment of certain promissory notes. Investors in the American Acquisition private placement offering of subscription receipts received 1,327,834 of our ordinary voting common shares, plus warrants to purchase one ordinary voting common share of our company for each subscription receipt at C$6.00 at any time until December 31, 2013. Every 10 common shares of JJR VI held by the shareholders of JJR VI immediately prior to the reverse merger were, upon consummation of the merger, consolidated into one ordinary voting common share of JJR VI. Upon re-domestication in the Cayman Islands, these consolidated shares were then exchanged on a one-for-one basis for our ordinary voting common shares.

In connection with the acquisition of American Service and American Country, we streamlined the operations of the insurance subsidiaries to focus on the “light” commercial automobile lines of business we believe will produce favorable underwriting results. During 2011 and 2012, we disposed of non-core assets and placed into run-off certain non-core lines of business previously written by the insurance subsidiaries. Since disposing of these non-core assets and lines of business, our sole focus has been the underwriting of specialty commercial insurance for users of “light” vehicles in the United States.

On December 7, 2012, a shareholder meeting was held where a one-for-three reverse stock split was unanimously approved. When the reverse stock split took effect on January 29, 2013, it decreased the authorized and outstanding ordinary voting common shares and restricted voting common shares at a ratio of one-for-three. The primary objective of the reverse stock split was to increase the per share price of Atlas’ ordinary voting common shares to meet certain listing requirements of the NASDAQ Capital Market. Unless otherwise noted, all historical share and per share values in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the one-for-three reverse stock split.

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On January 2, 2013 we acquired Camelot Services, Inc. (“Camelot Services”), a privately owned insurance holding company, and its sole subsidiary, Gateway Insurance Company (“Gateway”), from an unaffiliated third party. This transaction was contractually deemed effective as of January 1, 2013. Gateway provides specialized commercial insurance products, including commercial automobile insurance to niche markets such as taxi, black car and sedan service owners and operators. Gateway also wrote contractor’s workers’ compensation insurance, which we ceased writing as part of the transaction. An indemnity reinsurance agreement was entered into pursuant to which 100% of Gateway’s workers’ compensation business was ceded to a third party captive reinsurer funded by the seller as part of the transaction.

Under the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the purchase price equaled the adjusted book value of Camelot Services as of December 31, 2012, subject to certain pre and post-closing adjustments, including, among others, the future development of Gateway’s actual claims reserves for certain lines of business and the utilization of certain deferred tax assets over time. The total purchase price for all of Camelot Services’ outstanding shares was $14.3 million, consisting of a combination of cash and Atlas preferred shares. Consideration consisted of a $6.0 million dividend paid by Gateway immediately prior to the closing, $2.0 million of Atlas preferred shares (consisting of a total of 2,000,000 preferred shares) and $6.3 million in cash. Pursuant to the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the Company issued an additional 940,500 preferred shares due to the favorable development of Gateway’s actual claims reserves for certain lines of business during the first quarter of 2015. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company canceled 401,940 preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement due to the unfavorable development of Gateway’s actual claims reserves for certain lines of business. During the third quarter of 2016, the Company and the former owner of Camelot Services agreed to settle the additional consideration related to future claims development and utilization of certain tax assets. Atlas redeemed all 2,538,560 of the remaining preferred shares issued to the former owner of Gateway.

On February 11, 2013, an aggregate of 4,125,000 Atlas ordinary voting common shares were offered in Atlas’ initial public offering in the United States. 1,500,000 ordinary voting common shares were offered by Atlas and 2,625,000 ordinary voting common shares were sold by KAI at a price of $5.85 per share. Atlas also granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an aggregate of 618,750 additional shares at the public offering price of $5.85 per share to cover over-allotments, if any. On March 11, 2013, the underwriters exercised this option and purchased an additional 451,500 shares. After underwriting and other expenses, total proceeds of $9.8 million were realized on the issuance of the shares. Since that time, Atlas’ shares have traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol “AFH.” The principal purposes of the initial offering in the United States were to create a public market in the United States for Atlas’ ordinary voting common shares and thereby enable future access to the public equity markets in the United States by Atlas and its shareholders, and to obtain additional capital.

On June 5, 2013, Atlas delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange.

On August 1, 2013, Atlas used the net proceeds from the U.S. initial public offering to partially fund the repurchase of 18,000,000 of its outstanding preferred shares owned by KAI for $16.2 million. These preferred shares had accrued dividends on a cumulative basis at a rate of $0.045 per share per year (4.5%) and were convertible into 2,286,000 common shares at the option of the holder after December 31, 2015. These shares were redeemed in their entirety for $0.90 for every dollar of outstanding face value plus accrued interest.

On May 13, 2014, an aggregate of 2,000,000 Atlas ordinary voting common shares were offered in a subsequent public offering in the United States at a price of $12.50 per share. Atlas also granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an aggregate of 300,000 additional shares at the public offering price of $12.50 per share to cover over-allotments, if any. On May 27, 2014, the underwriters exercised this option and purchased an additional 161,000 shares. After underwriting and other expenses, total proceeds of $25.0 million were realized on the issuance of the shares. A portion of the net proceeds from the offering was used to support the acquisition of Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. and its affiliated entities as described further below.

During the fourth quarter of 2014, Camelot Services was merged into American Acquisition.

On March 11, 2015, we acquired Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. (“Anchor Holdings”), a privately owned insurance holding company, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Global Liberty Insurance Company of New York (“Global Liberty”), along with its affiliated entities, Anchor Group Management Inc. (“Anchor Management”), Plainview Premium Finance Company, Inc. (“Plainview Delaware”) and Plainview Delaware’s wholly owned subsidiary, Plainview Premium Finance Company of California, Inc. (“Plainview California”), and together with Anchor Holdings, Global Liberty, Anchor Management, and Plainview Delaware, “Anchor,” from an unaffiliated third party for a total purchase price of $23.2 million, consisting of a combination of cash and Atlas preferred shares that was approximately 1.3 times combined U.S. GAAP book value. Consideration consisted of approximately $19.2 million in cash and $4.0 million of Atlas preferred shares (consisting of a total of 4,000,000 preferred shares at $1.00 per preferred share). Anchor provides specialized commercial insurance products, including commercial automobile insurance to niche markets such as taxi, black car and sedan service owners and operators primarily in the New York market. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the company canceled 4,000,000 preferred shares pursuant to the Anchor stock purchase agreement due to unfavorable development of Global Liberty’s pre-acquisition claims reserves. Although the re-issuance of preferred shares to the former owner of Anchor may be highly unlikely, the contingent consideration terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement will remain in effect for a period of five years from the date of acquisition.

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Our core business is the underwriting of commercial automobile insurance policies, focusing on the “light” commercial automobile sector, which is carried out through American Country, American Service, Gateway and Global Liberty (collectively, our “Insurance Subsidiaries.”)

Competitive Strengths

Our value proposition is driven by our competitive strengths, which include the following:

Focus on niche commercial insurance business. We target niche markets that support adequate pricing. We believe that we are able to adapt to changing market needs well in advance of our competitors through our strategic commitment and operating scale. We develop and deliver superior specialty insurance products and services to meet our customers' needs with a focus on innovation and the effective use of technology and analytics to deliver consistent operating profit for the insurance businesses we own.

There are a limited number of competitors specializing in these lines of business. Management believes a strong value proposition is very important to attract new business and can result in desirable retention levels as policies renew on an annual basis.

Strong market presence with recognized brands and long-standing distribution relationships. Our Insurance Subsidiaries have a long heritage as insurers of taxi, livery and para-transit businesses. All of our Insurance Subsidiaries have strong brand recognition and long-standing distribution relationships in target markets. Our understanding of the markets we serve remains current through regular interaction with our independent retail agents. Our Insurance Subsidiaries are currently licensed in more states than those in which we have currently elected to do business, and we routinely re-evaluate all markets to assess future potential opportunities and risks. There are also a relatively limited number of agents who specialize in these lines of business. As a result, strategic relationships with independent retail agents are important to ensure efficient distribution.

Sophisticated underwriting and claims handling experience. Atlas has extensive experience with respect to underwriting and claims management in our specialty area of insurance. Our well-developed underwriting and claims infrastructure includes an extensive data repository, proprietary technologies, deep market knowledge and established market relationships. Analysis of the substantial data available through our operating companies drives our product and pricing decisions. We believe our underwriting and claims handling experience provides enhanced risk selection, high quality service to our customers and greater control over claims costs. We are committed to maintaining this underwriting and claims handling experience as a core competency as our volume of business increases. In recent years, we invested significantly in the use of machine learning based predictive analytics in both our underwriting and claims areas to further leverage this heritage.

Scalable operations positioned for growth. Significant progress has been made in aligning our organization’s infrastructure cost base to our expected revenue going forward. The core functions of our Insurance Subsidiaries were integrated into a common operating platform. We believe that our Insurance Subsidiaries are well-positioned to continue approaching proportionate market share of approximately 20% in all of the markets in which we operate with better than industry level profitability from the efficient operating infrastructure established subsequent to Atlas’ acquisition of the companies. We are committed to evaluating, and where beneficial, deploy, new technologies and analytics to maximize efficiency and scalability.

Experienced management team. We have a talented and experienced management team who have decades of experience in the property and casualty insurance industry. Our senior management team has worked in the property and casualty industry for an average of more than 25 years and with the Insurance Subsidiaries, directly or indirectly, for an average of 15 years.

Strategic Focus

Vision

To always be the preferred specialty insurance business in any geographic areas where our value proposition delivers benefit to all stakeholders.

Mission

To develop and deliver superior specialty insurance products and services to meet our customers’ needs with a focus on innovation and the effective use of technology and analytics to deliver consistent operating profit for the insurance businesses we own.

We seek to achieve our vision and mission through the design, sophisticated pricing and efficient delivery of specialty insurance products and services. Our understanding of the markets we serve will remain current through interaction with our retail producers. Analysis of the substantial data available through our operating companies will drive product and pricing decisions. We will focus on our key strengths and expand our geographic footprint, products and services only to the extent that these activities support our Vision and Mission. We will target niche markets that support adequate pricing and will be best able to adapt to changing market needs ahead of our competitors due to our scale and strategic commitment.

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Outlook

Through infrastructure re-organization, dispositions and by placing certain lines of business into run-off, our Insurance Subsidiaries have streamlined operations to focus on the lines of business we believe will leverage our core competencies and produce favorable underwriting results. We have aligned the organization’s infrastructure cost base to our expected revenue stream going forward. We integrated the core functions of our insurance businesses into a common, best practice based, operating platform. Management believes that our insurance businesses are well-positioned to continue to grow to proportionate market share of approximately 20% in all of the markets in which we operate with better than industry level profitability. Our insurance businesses have a long heritage with respect to our core lines of business and will benefit from the efficient operating infrastructure currently in place. Through its Insurance Subsidiaries, Atlas actively wrote business in 42 states and the District of Columbia during 2017 utilizing our well-developed underwriting and claims methodology.

We believe that the most significant opportunities going forward are: (i) continually managing our independent retail agency and customer relationships, (ii) building business in previously untapped geographic markets to the extent that they meet our specific criteria where our insurance businesses are licensed, but not active prior to Atlas’ acquisition of these businesses, and (iii) opportunistically acquiring books of business or similar insurance companies, provided market conditions support this activity. Primary potential risks related to these activities include: (i) insurance market conditions becoming or remaining “soft” for a sustained period of time, (ii) not being able to achieve the expected support from distribution partners, and (iii) the Insurance Subsidiaries not successfully maintaining appropriate ratings from A.M. Best.

We seek to deploy our capital to maximize the return for our shareholders, either by investing in growing our operations or by pursuing other capital initiatives, depending upon insurance and capital market conditions. We intend to identify and prioritize market expansion opportunities based on the comparative strength of our value proposition relative to competitors, the market opportunity and the legal and regulatory environment.

We intend to continue to grow profitably by undertaking the following:

Maintain legacy distribution relationships.We continue to build upon relationships with independent retail agents that have been our Insurance Subsidiaries’ distribution partners for several years. We develop and maintain strategic distribution relationships with a relatively small number of independent retail agents with substantial market presence in each state in which we currently operate. We expect to continue to increase the distribution of our core products in the states where we are actively writing insurance.

Expand our market presence.We are committed to diversification by leveraging our experience, historical data and market research to expand our business into previously untapped markets to the extent incremental markets meet our criteria. Utilizing our established brands and market relationships, we have grown in new states where we had no active business in recent years. We will continue to expand into additional states or product lines where we are licensed, but not currently active, to the extent that our market expansion criteria is met in a given state. In the alternative, we will endeavor to quickly adjust our pricing and underwriting or reduce our exposure to potentially underperforming products.

Acquire complementary books of business and insurance companies.We plan to opportunistically pursue acquisitions of complementary books of business and insurance companies provided market conditions support this activity. We will evaluate each acquisition opportunity based on its expected economic contribution to our results and support of our market expansion initiatives. Our acquisitions of Gateway and Anchor are consistent with this aspect of our strategy.

Market

Our primary target market is made up of small to mid-size taxi, limousine, other livery (including TNC drivers/operators) and non-emergency para-transit operators. The “light” commercial automobile policies we underwrite provide coverage for lightweight commercial vehicles typically with the minimum limits prescribed by statute, municipal or other regulatory requirements. The majority of our policyholders are individual owners or small fleet operators. In certain jurisdictions like Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada and New York, we have also been successful working with larger operators who retain a meaningful amount of their own risk of loss through higher retentions, self-insurance or self-funded captive insurance entity arrangements.  In these cases, we provide support in the areas of day-to-day policy administration and claims handling consistent with the value proposition we offer to all of our insureds, generally on a fee for service basis.  We may also provide excess coverage above the levels of risk retained by the insureds where a better than average loss ratio is expected.  Through these arrangements, we are able to effectively utilize the significant specialized operating infrastructure we maintain to generate revenue from business segments that may otherwise be more price sensitive in the current market environment.

Gross premiums written from commercial automobile was $274.7 million, $223.8 million, and $207.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. As a percentage of the Insurance Subsidiaries’ overall book of business, commercial auto gross premiums written represented 99.5%, 99.4%, and 99.3% of gross premiums written for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

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The “light” commercial automobile sector is a subset of the broader commercial automobile insurance industry segment, which over the long term has been historically profitable. In more recent years the commercial automobile insurance industry has seen profitability pressure within certain segments, however, it has outperformed the overall P&C industry generally over the past fifteen years based on data compiled by A.M. Best Aggregates & Averages. Data compiled by SNL Financial also indicates that for 2016 the total market for commercial automobile liability insurance was approximately $33.1 billion. The size of the commercial automobile insurance market can be affected significantly by many factors, such as the underwriting capacity and underwriting criteria of automobile insurance carriers and general economic conditions. Historically, the commercial automobile insurance market has been characterized by periods of excess underwriting capacity and increased price competition followed by periods of reduced underwriting capacity and higher premium rates.

We believe that there is a positive correlation between the economy and commercial automobile insurance in general. Operators of “light” commercial automobiles may be less likely than other business segments within the commercial automobile insurance market to take vehicles out of service, as their businesses and business reputations rely heavily on availability. With respect to certain business lines such as the taxi line, there are also other factors such as the cost and limited supply of medallions, which may discourage a policyholder from taking vehicles out of service in the face of reduced demand for the use of the vehicle. The significant expansion of TNC has resulted in a reduction in taxi vehicles available to insure; however, we believe that the aforementioned factor relating to medallion values has mitigated the overall decline. Market research also suggests that the combined addressable markets between traditional taxi, livery and TNC companies expanded during this period.

Currently, we distribute our products only in the United States. Through our Insurance Subsidiaries, we are licensed to write P&C insurance in 49 states plus the District of Columbia in the United States. The following table reflects, in percentages, the principal geographic distribution of gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017. No other jurisdiction accounted for more than 5%.

Distribution of Gross Premiums Written by Jurisdiction
New York	36.0%
California	15.3%
Illinois	5.7%

The diagram below outlines the states where we are focused on actively writing new insurance policies and where we believe the comparative strength of our value proposition, the market opportunity, and the legal and regulatory environment are favorable (the blue states in the below diagram). 

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Agency Relationships

Independent retail agents are recruited by us directly utilizing marketing efforts targeting the specialty niche upon which we focus. Interested agents are evaluated based on their experience, expertise and ethical dealing. Typically, our Company enters into distribution relationships with approximately one out of every ten agents seeking an agency contract. We do not provide exclusive territories to our independent retail agents, nor do we expect to be their only insurance market. We are generally interested in acting as one of a relatively small number of insurance partners with whom our independent retail agents place business and are also careful not to oversaturate the distribution channel in any given geographic market. This helps to ensure that we are able to receive the maximum number of submissions for underwriting evaluation without unnecessary downstream pressure from agents to write business that does not fit our underwriting model.

Agents receive commission as a percentage of premiums (generally 10%) as their primary compensation from us. Larger agents may also be eligible for profit sharing based on the growth and underwriting profitability related to their book of business with us. The quality of business presented and written by each independent retail agent is evaluated regularly by our underwriters and is also reviewed quarterly by senior management. Key metrics for evaluation include overall accuracy and adequacy of underwriting information, performance relative to agreed commitments, support with respect to claims presented by their customers (as applicable) and overall underwriting profitability of the agent’s book of business. While we rely on our independent retail agents for distribution and customer support, underwriting and claims handling responsibilities are retained by us. Many of our agents have had direct relationships with our Insurance Subsidiaries for a number of years.

Seasonality

Our P&C insurance business is seasonal in nature. Our ability to generate written premium is also impacted by the timing of policy effective periods in the states in which we operate while our net premiums earned generally follow a relatively smooth trend from quarter to quarter. Also, our gross premiums written are impacted by certain common renewal dates in larger metropolitan markets for the light commercial risks that represent our core lines of business. For example, January 1^st and March 1^st are common taxi cab renewal dates in Illinois and New York, respectively. Additionally, we implemented our New York “excess taxi program” in the third quarter of 2012, which has an annual renewal date in the third quarter. Net underwriting income is driven mainly by the timing and nature of claims, which can vary widely.

Competition

The insurance industry is price competitive in all markets in which the Insurance Subsidiaries operate. Our Company strives to employ disciplined underwriting practices with the objective of rejecting underpriced risks.

Our Company competes on a number of factors such as brand and distribution strength, pricing, agency relationships, policy support, claims service, and market reputation. In our core commercial automobile lines, the primary offerings are policies at the minimum prescribed limits in each state, as established by statutory, municipal and other regulations. We believe our Company differentiates itself from many larger companies competing for this specialty business by exclusively focusing on these lines of insurance. We believe our exclusive focus results in the deployment of underwriting and claims professionals who are more familiar with issues common in specialty insurance businesses, and provides our customers with better service. We leverage machine learning based predictive analytics and other technologies, such as telematics, to further differentiate ourselves from our competitors.

Our competitors generally fall into two categories. The first is made up of large generalist insurers who often sell their products to our niche through intermediaries such as managing general agents or wholesalers. The second consists primarily of smaller local insurance companies. These smaller companies may focus primarily on one or more of our niche markets. Or, as is typical in the majority of geographic areas where we compete, they have a broader focus, often writing a significant amount of non-standard lines of business.

To compete successfully in the specialty insurance industry, we rely on our ability to: identify markets that are most likely to produce an underwriting profit; operate with a disciplined underwriting approach; offer diversified products and geographic platforms; practice effective claims management; reserve appropriately for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses; strives for cost containment through economies of scale where deemed appropriate; and, provide services and competitive commissions to our independent agents.

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Regulation

We are subject to extensive regulation, particularly at the state level. The method, extent and substance of such regulation varies by state, but generally has its source in statutes and regulations that establish standards and requirements for conducting the business of insurance and that delegate regulatory authority to state insurance regulatory agencies. Insurance companies can also be subject to so-called “desk drawer rules” of state insurance regulators, which are regulatory rules or best practices that have not been codified or formally adopted through regulatory proceedings. In general, such regulation is intended for the protection of those who purchase or use insurance products issued by our Insurance Subsidiaries, not the holders of securities issued by us. These laws and regulations have a significant impact on our business and relate to a wide variety of matters including accounting methods, agent and company licensure, claims procedures, corporate governance, examinations, investing practices, policy forms, pricing, trade practices, reserve adequacy and underwriting standards.

In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. Most recently, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Regulatory Reform Act of 2010, the Federal Insurance Office was formed for the purpose of, among other things, examining and evaluating the effectiveness of the current insurance and reinsurance regulatory framework. In addition, state legislators and insurance regulators continue to examine the appropriate nature and scope of state insurance regulation.

Many state laws require insurers to file insurance policy forms and/or insurance premium rates and underwriting rules with state insurance regulators. In some states, such rates, forms and/or rules must be approved prior to use. While these requirements vary from state to state, generally speaking, regulators review premium rates to ensure they are not excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory.

As a result, the speed with which an insurer can change prices in response to competition or increased costs depends, in part, on whether the premium rate laws and regulations (i) require prior approval of the premium rates to be charged, (ii) permit the insurer to file and use the forms, rates and rules immediately, subject to further review, or (iii) permit the insurer to immediately use the forms, rates and/or rules and to subsequently file them with the regulator. When state laws and regulations significantly restrict both underwriting and pricing, it can become more difficult for an insurer to make adjustments quickly in response to changes, which could affect profitability. Historical results and actuarial work related thereto are often required to support rate changes and may limit the magnitude of such changes in a given period.

Insurance companies are required to report their financial condition and results of operations in accordance with statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state insurance laws and regulations and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”). As a result, industry data is available that enables comparisons between insurance companies, including competitors who are not subject to the requirement to prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). We frequently use industry publications containing statutory financial information to assess our competitive position. State insurance laws and regulations also prescribe the form and content of statutory financial statements, require the performance of periodic financial examinations of insurers, establish standards for the types and amounts of investments insurers may hold and require minimum capital and surplus levels. Additional requirements include risk-based capital (“RBC”) rules, thresholds intended to enable state insurance regulators to assess the level of risk inherent in an insurance company’s business and consider items such as asset risk, credit risk, underwriting risk and other business risks relevant to its operations. In accordance with RBC formulas, a company’s RBC requirements are calculated and compared to its total adjusted capital to determine whether regulatory intervention is warranted. As of December 31, 2017, the total adjusted capital of each of our Insurance Subsidiaries exceeded the minimum levels required under RBC requirements.

It is difficult to predict what specific measures at the state or federal level will be adopted or what effect any such measures would have on us or our Insurance Subsidiaries.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2017, we had 264 full-time employees, 173 of whom work at the corporate headquarters in Schaumburg, Illinois, 8 of whom work in St. Louis, 70 of whom work in New York, 6 of whom work in Arizona and 7 of whom work remotely. The Corporate and Other category includes executive, information technology, business analytics and actuarial, finance and human resources. The Claims category includes in-house legal.

Available Information about Atlas

The address of our registered office is Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, PO Box 2681, Grand Cayman, KY1-1111, Cayman Islands. Our operating headquarters are located at 953 American Lane, 3rd Floor, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173, USA. We maintain a website at http://www.atlas-fin.com. Information on our website or any other website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Atlas files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and makes available free of charge on its website the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m(a) or 78o(d)) as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. To access these filings, go to the company website, using the “Investor Relations” heading. These reports are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should read the following risk factors carefully in connection with evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and the actual outcome of matters as to which forward-looking statements are made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known or that are not currently believed to be significant that may adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition in the future.

Reserve and Exposure Risks

The Insurance Subsidiaries’ provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses may be inadequate, which would result in a reduction in our net income and might adversely affect our financial condition.

Our success depends upon our ability to accurately assess and price the risks covered by the insurance policies that we write. We establish reserves to cover our estimated liability for the payment of claims and expenses related to the administration of claims incurred on the insurance policies we write. Establishing an appropriate level of reserves is an inherently uncertain process. Our provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses do not represent an exact calculation of actual liability, but are estimates involving actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time of what we expect to be the cost of the ultimate settlement and administration of known and unknown claims. The process for establishing the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses reflects the uncertainties and significant judgmental factors inherent in estimating future results of both known and unknown claims, and as such, the process is inherently complex and imprecise. We utilize third party actuarial firms to assist us in estimating the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses. These estimates are based upon various factors, including:

• actuarial and statistical projections of the cost of settlement and administration of claims reflecting facts and circumstances then known;

• historical claims information;

• assessments of currently available data;

• estimates of future trends in claims severity and frequency;

• judicial theories of liability;

• economic factors such as inflation;

• estimates and assumptions regarding judicial and legislative trends, and actions such as class action lawsuits and judicial interpretation of coverages or policy exclusions; and

• the level of insurance fraud.

Most or all of these factors are not directly quantifiable, particularly on a prospective basis, and the effects of these and unforeseen factors could negatively impact our ability to accurately assess the risks of the policies that we write. In addition, there may be significant reporting lags between the occurrence of the insured event and the time it is actually reported to the insurer and additional lags between the time of reporting and final settlement of claims. Unfavorable development in any of these factors could cause the level of reserves to be inadequate. The following factors may have a substantial impact on future claims incurred:

• the amounts of claims payments;

• the expenses that the Insurance Subsidiaries incur in resolving claims;

• legislative and judicial developments; and

• changes in economic conditions, including inflation.

As time passes and more information about the claims becomes known, the estimates are adjusted upward or downward to reflect this additional information. Because of the elements of uncertainty encompassed in this estimation process, and the extended time it can take to settle many of the more substantial claims, several years of experience may be required before a meaningful comparison can be made between actual claim costs and the original provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses. The development of the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is shown by the difference between estimates of claims liabilities as of the initial year end and the re-estimated liability at each subsequent year end. Favorable development (reserve redundancy) means that the original claims estimates were higher than subsequently determined or re-estimated. Unfavorable development (reserve deficiency) means that the original claims estimates were lower than subsequently determined or re-estimated.

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Government regulators could require that we increase reserves if they determine that provisions for unpaid claims are understated. Increases to the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses cause a reduction in our Insurance Subsidiaries’ surplus which could cause a downgrading of our Insurance Subsidiaries’ ratings. Any such downgrade could, in turn, adversely affect their ability to sell insurance policies.

For the companies that we acquired or will acquire, the provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses may be inadequate at the time of purchase, which would result in a reduction in our net income and might adversely affect our financial condition.

We cannot guarantee that the provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses of the companies that we acquired are or will be adequate. We became or will become responsible for the historical claims reserves established by the acquired company’s management upon completion of acquisitions. While the stock purchase agreement provides for certain protections in this regard, there can be no assurances they will be sufficient to offset any adverse development to the acquired company’s historical claims reserves. Any unfavorable development in an acquired company’s claims reserves would reduce our net income and have an adverse effect on our financial position to the extent it exceeds the protections provided for in the stock purchase agreement related to each acquisition.

Our success depends on our ability to accurately price the risks we underwrite.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Adequate rates are necessary to generate premiums sufficient to pay claims, claims adjustment expenses and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. To price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate pricing techniques; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of claims with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to undertake these efforts successfully, and as a result price our products accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

• the availability of sufficient reliable data and our ability to properly analyze available data;

• the uncertainties that inherently characterize estimates and assumptions;

• underlying trends or changes affecting risk and loss costs;

• our selection and application of appropriate pricing techniques; and

• changes in applicable legal liability standards and in the civil litigation system generally.

Consequently, we could underprice risks, which would adversely affect our profit margins, or we could overprice risks, which could reduce our sales volume and competitiveness. In either case, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Our Insurance Subsidiaries rely on independent agents and other producers to bind insurance policies on and to collect premiums from our policyholders, which exposes us to risks that our producers fail to meet their obligations to us.

Our Insurance Subsidiaries market and distribute automobile insurance products through a network of independent agents and other producers in the United States. We rely, and will continue to rely, heavily on these producers to attract new business. Independent producers generally have the ability to bind insurance policies and collect premiums on our behalf, actions over which we have a limited ability to exercise preventative control. In the event that an independent agent exceeds their authority by binding us on a risk that does not comply with our underwriting guidelines, we may be at risk for that policy until we effect a cancellation. Any improper use of such authority may result in claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, in accordance with industry practice, policyholders often pay the premiums for their policies to producers for payment to us. These premiums may be considered paid when received by the producer, and thereafter, the customer is no longer liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we have actually received these premium payments from the producer. Consequently, we assume a degree of risk associated with our reliance on independent agents in connection with the settlement of insurance premium balances.

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Our Insurance Subsidiaries may be unable to mitigate their risk or increase their underwriting capacity through reinsurance arrangements, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If reinsurance rates rise significantly or reinsurance becomes unavailable or reinsurers are unable to pay our claims, we may be adversely affected.

In order to reduce underwriting risk and increase underwriting capacity, our Insurance Subsidiaries transfer portions of our insurance risk to other insurers through reinsurance contracts. We generally purchase reinsurance from third parties in order to reduce our liability on individual risks. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our primary liability to our Insurance Subsidiaries’ insureds. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we had ceded premiums written of $44.8 million to our reinsurers. The availability, cost and structure of reinsurance protection are subject to prevailing market conditions that are outside of our control and which may affect our level of business and profitability. Our ability to provide insurance at competitive premium rates and coverage limits on a continuing basis depends in part upon the extent to which we can obtain adequate reinsurance in amounts and at rates that will not adversely affect our competitive position. There are no assurances that we will be able to maintain our current reinsurance facilities, which generally are subject to annual renewal. If we are unable to renew any of these facilities upon their expiration or to obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates, we may need to modify our underwriting practices or reduce our underwriting commitments, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to the obligations of reinsurers and certain of our insureds. The inability of our risk sharing partners to meet their obligations could adversely affect our profitability.

Although the reinsurers are liable to us to the extent of risk ceded to them, we remain ultimately liable to policyholders on all risks, even those reinsured. As a result, ceded reinsurance arrangements do not limit our ultimate obligations to policyholders to pay claims. We are subject to credit risks with respect to the financial strength of our reinsurers. We are also subject to the risk that their reinsurers may dispute their obligations to pay our claims. As a result, we may not recover sufficient amounts for claims that we submit to reinsurers, if at all. As of December 31, 2017, we had an aggregate of $61.4 million of reinsurance recoverables, of which $60.9 million were unsecured. In addition, our reinsurance agreements are subject to specified limits, and we would not have reinsurance coverage to the extent that those limits are exceeded.

With respect to insurance programs, the Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to the payment of claims and on the portion of risk exposure either ceded to captives established by their clients or deductibles retained by their clients. No assurance can be given regarding the future ability of these entities to meet their obligations. The inability of our risk sharing partners to meet their obligations could adversely affect our profitability.

The exclusions and limitations in our policies may not be enforceable.

Many of the policies we issue include exclusions or other conditions that define and limit coverage, which exclusions and conditions are designed to manage our exposure to certain types of risks and expanding theories of legal liability. In addition, many of our policies limit the period during which a policyholder may bring a claim under the policy, which period in many cases is shorter than the statutory period under which these claims can be brought by our policyholders. While these exclusions and limitations help us assess and control our claims exposure, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of these exclusions and limitations. This could result in higher than anticipated claims and claims adjustment expenses by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or increasing the number or size of claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until some time after we have issued the insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a policy is issued.

The occurrence of severe catastrophic events may have a material adverse effect on our financial results and financial condition.

Although our business strategy generally precludes us from writing significant amounts of catastrophe exposed business, most property and casualty insurance contains some exposure to catastrophic claims. We have only limited exposure to natural and man-made disasters, such as hurricane, typhoon, windstorm, flood, earthquake, acts of war, acts of terrorism and political instability. While we carefully manage our aggregate exposure to catastrophes, modeling errors and the incidence and severity of catastrophes, such as hurricanes, windstorms and large-scale terrorist attacks are inherently unpredictable, and our claims from catastrophes could be substantial. In addition, it is possible that we may experience an unusual frequency of smaller claims in a particular period. In either case, the consequences could be substantial volatility in our financial condition or results of operations for any fiscal quarter or year, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to write new business. These claims could deplete our shareholders’ equity. Increases in the values and geographic concentrations of insured property and the effects of inflation have resulted in increased severity of industry claims from catastrophic events in recent years, and we expect that those factors will increase the severity of catastrophe claims in the future. It is also possible that catastrophic claims could have an impact on our investment portfolio.

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The risk models we use to quantify catastrophe exposures and risk accumulations may prove inadequate in predicting all outcomes from potential catastrophe events.

We rely on widely accepted and industry-recognized catastrophe risk modeling, primarily in conjunction with our reinsurance partners, to help us quantify our aggregate exposure to any one event. As with any model of physical systems, particularly those with low frequencies of occurrence and potentially high severity of outcomes, the accuracy of the model’s predictions is largely dependent on the accuracy and quality of the data provided in the underwriting process and the judgments of our employees and other industry professionals. These models do not anticipate all potential perils or events that could result in a catastrophic loss to us. Furthermore, it is often difficult for models to anticipate and incorporate events that have not been experienced during or as a result of prior catastrophes. Accordingly, it is possible for us to be subject to events or contingencies that have not been anticipated by our catastrophe risk models and which could have a material adverse effect on our reserves and results of operations.

Financial Risks

We are a holding company dependent on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

Atlas is a holding company with no significant operations of its own and a legal entity separate and distinct from our Insurance Subsidiaries. As a result, our only sources of income are dividends and other distributions from our Insurance Subsidiaries. We will be limited by the earnings of those subsidiaries, and the distribution or other payment of such earnings to them in the form of dividends, loans, advances or the reimbursement of expenses. The payment of dividends, the making of loans and advances or the reimbursement of expenses by our Insurance Subsidiaries is contingent upon the earnings of those subsidiaries and is subject to various business considerations and various statutory and regulatory restrictions imposed by the insurance laws of the domiciliary jurisdiction of such subsidiaries. In the states of domicile of our Insurance Subsidiaries, dividends may only be paid out of earned surplus and cannot be paid when the surplus of the company fails to meet minimum requirements or when payment of the dividend or distribution would reduce its surplus to less than the minimum amount. The state insurance regulator must be notified in advance of the payment of an extraordinary dividend and be given the opportunity to disapprove any such dividend. Prior to entering into any loan or certain other agreements between one or more of our Insurance Subsidiaries and Atlas or our other affiliates, advance notice must be provided to the state insurance regulator, and the insurance regulator has the opportunity to disapprove such loan or agreement. Additionally, insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent reduction of statutory capital and surplus to inadequate levels and could refuse to permit the payment of dividends calculated under any applicable formula. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends or other distributions from our Insurance Subsidiaries at times and in amounts necessary to meet our operating needs, to pay dividends to shareholders or to pay corporate expenses. The inability of our Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements. Failure to meet these requirements may subject us to regulatory action.

Atlas’ Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under laws of the states in which the companies are domiciled as well as in the states where we conduct business. Any failure by one of our Insurance Subsidiaries to meet minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed by applicable state law may subject it to corrective action, which may include requiring adoption of a comprehensive financial plan, revocation of its license to sell insurance products or placing the subsidiary under state regulatory control. Any new minimum capital and surplus requirements adopted in the future may require us to increase the capital and surplus of our Insurance Subsidiaries, which we may not be able to do.

We are subject to assessments and other surcharges from state guaranty funds and mandatory state insurance facilities, which may reduce our profitability.

Virtually all states require insurers licensed to do business therein to bear a portion of contingent and incurred claims handling expenses and the unfunded amount of “covered” claims and unearned premium obligations of impaired or insolvent insurance companies, either up to the policy’s limit, the applicable guaranty fund covered claims obligation cap, or 100% of statutorily defined workers’ compensation benefits, subject to applicable deductibles. These obligations are funded by assessments, made on a retrospective, prospective or pre-funded basis, which are levied by guaranty associations within the state, up to prescribed limits (typically 2% of “net direct written premium”), on all member insurers in the state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in certain covered lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer was engaged. Accordingly, the total amount of assessments levied on us by the states in which we are licensed to write insurance may increase as we increase our premiums written. In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in certain states (and within the jurisdiction of some local governments), insurance companies are subject to or required to participate in various premium or claims based insurance-related assessments, including mandatory (a/k/a “involuntary”) insurance pools, underwriting associations, workers’ compensation second-injury funds, reinsurance funds, and other state insurance facilities. Although we may be entitled to take premium tax credit (or offsets), recover policy surcharges or include assessments in future premium rate structures for payments we make under these facilities, the effect of these assessments and insurance-related arrangements, or changes in them, could reduce our profitability in any given period or limit our ability to grow our business.

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Market fluctuations, changes in interest rates or a need to generate liquidity could have significant and negative effects on our investment portfolio. We may not be able to realize our investment objectives, which could significantly reduce our net income.

We depend on income from our securities portfolio for a substantial portion of our earnings. Investment returns are an important part of our overall profitability. A significant decline in investment yields in the securities portfolio or an impairment of securities owned could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We currently maintain and intend to continue to maintain a securities portfolio comprised primarily of investment grade fixed income securities. Despite the Company’s best efforts, we cannot predict which industry sectors or specific investments in which we maintain investments may suffer losses as a result of potential declines in commercial and economic activity. Accordingly, adverse fluctuations in the fixed income or equity markets could adversely impact profitability, financial condition or cash flows. If we are forced to sell portfolio securities that have unrealized losses for liquidity purposes rather than holding them to maturity or recovery, we would realize investment losses on those securities when that determination was made. We could also experience a loss of principal in fixed and non-fixed income investments. In addition, certain of our investments, including our investments in limited partnerships owning income producing properties, are illiquid and difficult to value.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives is affected by general economic conditions that are beyond our control. General economic conditions can adversely affect the markets for interest rate sensitive securities, including liquidity in such markets, the level and volatility of interest rates and, consequently, the value of fixed maturity securities. U.S. and global markets have experienced periods of volatility since mid-2007. Initiatives taken by the U.S. and foreign governments have helped to stabilize the financial markets and restore liquidity to the banking system and credit markets. In addition, markets in the United States and around the world experienced volatility in 2011 due, in part, to sovereign debt downgrades.  If market conditions were to deteriorate, our investment portfolio could be adversely affected. 

Difficult conditions in the economy generally may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and statement of financial position, and these conditions may not improve in the near future.

Current market conditions and the potential for instability in the global financial markets present additional risks and uncertainties for our business. In particular, deterioration in the public debt markets could lead to additional investment losses and an erosion of capital as a result of a reduction in the fair value of investment securities.

Since 2007, the market has experienced the severe downturn associated with mortgage backed securities, and the follow-on impact to the broader financial sector. This environment created significant unrealized losses in our securities portfolio at certain stages in 2009. Since then, there have been periods of uncertainty for many reasons, including concerns about the credit-worthiness of countries within the European Union, uncertainty about the strength of the Chinese economy, the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (the “Brexit vote”) and the recent rapid rise in U.S. Treasury yields.

Risks from these events, or other currently unknown events could lead to worsening economic conditions, widening of credit spreads or bankruptcies which could negatively impact the financial position of the company.

Atlas’ portfolio is managed by an SEC registered investment advisor specializing in the management of insurance company portfolios. We and our investment manager consider these issues in connection with current asset allocation decisions with the object of avoiding them going forward. However, depending on market conditions going forward, we could again incur substantial realized and additional unrealized losses in future periods, which could have an adverse impact on the results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the current market conditions will improve in the near future. We could also experience a reduction in capital in the Insurance Subsidiaries below levels required by the regulators in the jurisdictions in which we operate.  Certain trust accounts for the benefit of unaffiliated third parties have been established with collateral on deposit under the terms and conditions of the relevant trust agreements. The value of collateral could fall below the levels required under these agreements, putting the subsidiary or subsidiaries in breach of the agreement.

We may not have access to capital in the future.

We may need new or additional financing in the future to conduct our operations or expand our business. However, we may be unable to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all, including as a result of disruptions, uncertainty and volatility in the global credit markets, or due to any sustained weakness in the general economic conditions and/or financial markets in the United States or globally. From time to time, we may rely on access to financial markets as a source of liquidity for operations, acquisitions and general corporate purposes.

The limited public float and trading volume for our shares may have an adverse impact on the share price or make it difficult to liquidate.

Our securities are held by a relatively small number of shareholders. Future sales of substantial amounts of our shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, may adversely impact the market price of our shares, and our shares could be difficult to liquidate.

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We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, for the foreseeable future, for working capital and other general corporate purposes. We do not intend to pay any dividends to holders of our ordinary voting common shares. As a result, capital appreciation in the price of our ordinary voting common shares, if any, will be the only source of gain on an investment in our ordinary voting common shares. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock since Atlas’ inception in 2010. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. In addition, the insurance laws and regulations governing our Insurance Subsidiaries contain restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, or to make other distributions to Atlas, which may limit Atlas’ ability to pay dividends to its common shareholders.

Unlike the holders of our ordinary voting common shares, holders of our preferred shares are entitled to dividends on a cumulative basis whether or not declared by our board of directors, at a rate of $0.045 per preferred share per year, which must be paid or declared and set apart before any dividend may be paid on our ordinary voting common shares. We paid $409,000 of preferred dividends during 2016 on the preferred shares held by the former owner of Gateway. All of the preferred shares held by the former owner of Gateway were repurchased on September 30, 2016, and therefore, no additional dividends have accrued or will accrue on those preferred shares. During the fourth quarter of 2016, Atlas canceled the 4,000,000 preferred shares held by the former owner of Anchor. The cumulative amount of accrued and unpaid dividends to the former owner of Anchor was $333,000 as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2016, the paid claims development on Global Liberty’s pre-acquisition claims reserves was in excess of $4,000,000, and as a result, pursuant to the terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement, dividends will no longer accrue to the former owner of Anchor. As of December 31, 2016, there were no preferred shares outstanding. Although the re-issuance of preferred shares to the former owner of Anchor may be highly unlikely, the contingent consideration terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement will remain in effect for a period of five years from the date of acquisition.

Risks Related to the Company’s Senior Unsecured Notes

If Atlas incurs additional debt or liabilities, or if we are unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities, Atlas’ ability to pay its obligations on its senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Unsecured Notes”) could be adversely affected.  Although the Senior Unsecured Notes are “senior notes,” they would be subordinate to any senior secured indebtedness the Company may incur and structurally subordinate to all liabilities of Atlas’ subsidiaries, which increases the risk that Atlas will be unable to meet its obligations on the Senior Unsecured Notes when they mature.  Atlas’ ability to pay interest on the Senior Unsecured Notes as it comes due and the principal of the Senior Unsecured Notes at their maturity may be limited by regulatory constraints, including, without limitation, state insurance laws that limit the ability of Atlas’ insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends.  Although the Senior Unsecured Notes are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for the Senior Unsecured Notes will develop, or if one does develop, that it will be maintained.  The price at which holders will be able to sell their Senior Unsecured Notes prior to maturity will depend on a number of factors and may be substantially less than the amount originally invested.  Holders of the Senior Unsecured Notes will have limited rights if there is an event of default.  Atlas may redeem the Senior Unsecured Notes before maturity, and holders of the redeemed Senior Unsecured Notes may be unable to reinvest the proceeds at the same or a higher rate of return.

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Compliance Risks

We are subject to comprehensive regulation, and our results may be unfavorably impacted by these regulations.

As a holding company that owns insurance companies domiciled in the United States, we and our Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive laws, regulations and rules. These laws, regulations and rules generally delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers to state insurance regulators. Insurance regulations are generally designed to protect policyholders rather than shareholders, and are related to matters, including, but not limited to:

• rate setting;

• RBC ratio and solvency requirements;

• restrictions on the amount, type, nature, quality and quantity of securities and other investments in which insurers may invest;

• the maintenance of adequate reserves for unearned premiums and unpaid, and incurred but not reported, claims;

• restrictions on the types of terms that can be included in insurance policies;

• standards for accounting;

• marketing practices;

• claims settlement practices;

• the examination of insurance companies by regulatory authorities, including periodic financial and market conduct examinations;

• requirements to comply with medical privacy laws as a result of our administration of Gateway’s run-off and American Country’s transportation workers’ compensation business;

• underwriting requirements related to Global Liberty’s run-off property insurance program;

• the licensing of insurers and their agents;

• limitations on dividends and transactions with affiliates;

• approval of certain reinsurance transactions;

• insolvency proceedings;

• ability to enter and exit certain insurance markets, cancel policies or non-renew policies; and

• data privacy.

Such laws, regulations and rules increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. Any failure to monitor and address any internal control issues could adversely impact operating results. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. A deficiency in internal control exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect and correct misstatements on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control that is less severe than a material weakness, yet important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entity’s financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies, holding company issues and other matters. Our business depends on compliance with applicable laws, regulations and rules and our ability to maintain valid licenses and approvals for our operations. Regulatory authorities may deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including violations of laws, regulations and rules. Changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws, regulations and rules themselves or interpretations thereof by regulatory authorities could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Because we are subject to insurance laws, regulations and rules of many jurisdictions that are administered by different regulatory and governmental authorities, there is also a risk that one authority’s interpretation of a legal or regulatory issue may conflict with another authority’s interpretation of the same issue. Insurance companies are also subject to “desk drawer rules” of state insurance regulators, which are regulatory rules that have not been codified or formally adopted through regulatory proceedings. In addition, we could face individual, group and class-action lawsuits by our policyholders and others for alleged violations of certain state laws, regulations and rules. Each of these regulatory risks could have an adverse effect on our profitability.

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As a result of our administration of Gateway’s run-off and American Country’s transportation workers’ compensation business, we are required to comply with state and federal laws governing the collection, transmission, security and privacy of health information that result in significant compliance costs, and any failure to comply with these laws could result in material criminal and civil penalties. These laws and rules are subject to administrative interpretation and many are derived from the privacy provisions in the Federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 2002. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which, among other things, protects consumers from the unauthorized dissemination of certain personal information, and various state laws and regulations addressing privacy issues, require us to maintain appropriate procedures for managing and protecting certain personal information of our customers and to fully disclose our privacy practices to our customers. Given the complexity of these privacy regulations, the possibility that the regulations may change, and the fact that the regulations are subject to changing and potentially conflicting interpretation, our ability to maintain compliance with the privacy requirements of state and federal law is uncertain and the costs of compliance are significant.

Most states have adopted either statutes or regulations or have issued bulletins or informal rules that regulate the anticipated withdrawal of a product, line or sub-line of insurance business from the insurance marketplace in their state. While what constitutes a “withdrawal” or its equivalent under each state’s statutory or regulatory scheme varies, our Insurance Subsidiaries can be subjected to regulatory requirements in connection with any withdrawal, including, but not limited to, making notice and/or plan filings with the applicable insurance regulator in certain states and possibly requiring the prior approval of the applicable state regulator. A failure by our Insurance Subsidiaries to comply with and satisfy these regulatory requirements in connection with any withdrawals could lead to regulatory fines, cause a distraction for management requiring us to continue to administer withdrawn business for longer than anticipated and could result in our Insurance Subsidiaries continuing to write undesirable business, which could have an adverse impact on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition.

It is not possible to predict the future impact of changing federal and state regulation on our operations, and there can be no assurance that laws enacted in the future will not be more restrictive than existing laws, regulations and rules. New or more restrictive laws, regulations and rules, including changes in current tax or other regulatory interpretations could make it more expensive for us to conduct our businesses, restrict or reduce the premiums our Insurance Subsidiaries are able to charge or otherwise change the way we do business. In addition, economic and financial market turmoil or other conditions, circumstances or events may result in U.S. federal oversight of the insurance industry in general.

Our business is subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory actions.

We may, from time to time, be subject to a variety of legal and regulatory actions relating to our current and past business operations, including, but not limited to:

• disputes over coverage or claims adjudication, including claims alleging that we or our Insurance Subsidiaries have acted in bad faith in the administration of claims by our policyholders;

• disputes regarding sales practices, disclosure, policy issuance and cancellation, premium refunds, licensing, regulatory compliance, setting of appropriate reserves and compensation arrangements;

• limitations on the conduct of our business;

• disputes with our agents, producers or network providers over compensation or the termination of our contracts with such agents, producers or network providers, including any alleged claim that they may make against us in connection with a dispute whether in the scope of their agreements or otherwise;

• disputes with taxing authorities regarding tax liabilities; and

• disputes relating to certain businesses acquired or disposed of by us.

As insurance industry practices and regulatory, judicial and industry conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to pricing, claims, coverage and business practices may emerge. Plaintiffs often target P&C insurers in purported class action litigation relating to claims handling and insurance sales practices. The resolution and implications of new underwriting, claims and coverage issues could have a negative effect on our business by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent, increasing the size of claims or otherwise requiring us to change our practices. The effects of unforeseen emerging claims and coverage issues could negatively impact revenues, results of operations and reputation. Current and future court decisions and legislative activity may increase our exposure to these or other types of claims. Multi-party or class action claims may present additional exposure to substantial economic, non-economic or punitive damage awards. An unfavorable result with respect to even one of these claims, if it resulted in a significant damage award or a judicial ruling that was otherwise detrimental, could create a precedent that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. This risk of potential liability may make reasonable settlements of claims more difficult to obtain. We cannot determine with any certainty what new theories of recovery may evolve or what their impact may be on our business.

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We have been and may be subject to governmental or administrative investigations and proceedings. Our Insurance Subsidiaries have been subject to numerous inquiries related to the substantial ownership interest in us held by KAI in the past. As of this document’s filing date, KAI is no longer considered an ultimate controlling party from a statutory perspective.  We can be subject to regulatory action, restrictions or heightened compliance or reporting requirements in certain states.   If we are not able to successfully comply with or lift the heightened compliance or disclosure requirements applicable in one or more of these states or any new requirements that a state may impose in the future, we may not be able to expand our operations in such state in accordance with our growth strategy or we could be subject to additional regulatory requirements that could impose a material burden on our expansion strategy or limit or prohibit our ability to write new and renewal insurance policies in such state.  Any such limitation or prohibition could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions and on our ability to execute our strategy in the future. The result of these inquiries could lead to additional requirements, restrictions or limitations being placed on us or our Insurance Subsidiaries, any of which could increase our costs of regulatory compliance and could have an adverse effect on our ability to operate our business. As a general matter, we cannot predict the outcome of regulatory investigations, proceedings and reviews and cannot guarantee that such investigations, proceedings or reviews or related litigation or changes in operating policies and practices would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we have experienced difficulties with our relationships with regulatory bodies in various jurisdictions, and if such difficulties arise in the future, they could have a material adverse effect on our ability to do business in that jurisdiction.

Our business could be adversely affected as a result of changing political, regulatory, economic or other influences.

The insurance industry is subject to changing political, economic and regulatory influences. These influences affect the practices and operation of insurance and reinsurance organizations. Legislatures in the United States and other jurisdictions have periodically considered programs to reform or amend their respective insurance and reinsurance regulatory systems. Recently, the insurance and reinsurance regulatory framework has been subject to increased scrutiny in many jurisdictions. Changes in current insurance laws, regulations and rules may result in increased governmental involvement in or supervision of the insurance industry or may otherwise change the business and economic environment in which insurance industry participants operate. Historically, the automobile insurance industry has been under pressure from time to time from regulators, legislators or special interest groups to reduce, freeze or set rates at levels that are not necessarily related to underlying costs or risks, including initiatives to reduce automobile and other commercial line insurance rates. These changes may limit the ability of our Insurance Subsidiaries to price automobile insurance adequately and could require us to discontinue unprofitable product lines, make unplanned modifications of our products and services, or result in delays or cancellations of sales of our products and services.

Failure to maintain the security of personal data and the availability of critical systems may result in lost business, reputational damage, legal costs and regulatory fines.

Our Insurance Subsidiaries obtain and store vast amounts of personal data that can present significant risks to the Company and its customers and employees. Various laws and regulations govern the use and storage of such data, including, but not limited to, social security numbers, credit card and banking data. The Company’s data systems are vulnerable to security breaches due to the sophistication of cyber-attacks, viruses, malware, hackers and other external hazards, as well as inadvertent errors, equipment and system failures, and employee misconduct. The Company also relies on the ability of its business partners to maintain secure systems and processes that comply with legal requirements and protect personal data. These risks and regulatory requirements related to personal data security expose the Company to potential data loss, damage to our reputation, compliance and litigation, regulatory investigation and remediation costs. In the event of non-compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, an information security standard for organizations that handle cardholder information for the major debit, credit, prepaid, e-purse, ATM and point-of-sale cards, such organizations could prevent our subsidiaries from collecting premium payments from customers by way of such cards and impose significant fines on our subsidiaries. There can be no assurances that our preventative actions will be sufficient to prevent or mitigate the risk of cyber-attacks.

The Company’s business operations rely on the continuous availability of its computer systems. In addition to disruptions caused by cyber-attacks or other data breaches, such systems may be adversely affected by natural and man-made catastrophes. The Company’s failure to maintain business continuity in the wake of such events may prevent the timely completion of critical processes across its operations, including, but not limited to, insurance policy administration, claims processing, billing and payroll. These failures could result in significant loss of business, fines and litigation, and there can be no assurances that our cyber risk insurance coverage will be sufficient in the event of a cyber incident.

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The requirements of being a United States public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a United States public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (which we refer to herein as the Exchange Act), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs, makes some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increases demand on our systems and resources, which may increase after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. We may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase our costs and expenses.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards in the United States relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (which we refer to herein as the JOBS Act), we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years from our U.S. initial public offering, although we will cease to be an “emerging growth company” before that time if we meet certain criteria.

Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of an extended transaction period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. However, we are choosing to “opt out” of such extended transition period, and as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

As a result of disclosure of information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in filings required of a public company in the United States, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Strategic and Operational Risks

Our geographic concentration ties our performance to the business, economic, regulatory and other conditions of certain states.

Some jurisdictions generate a more significant percentage of our total premiums than others. Our revenues and profitability are subject to the prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, political, demographic, competitive, weather and other conditions in the principal states in which we do business. Changes in any of these conditions could make it less attractive for us to do business in such states and would have a more pronounced effect on us compared to companies that are more geographically diversified. In addition, our exposure to severe losses from localized perils, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, wind, ice storms, hail, fires, terrorism, riots and explosions, is increased in those areas where we have written significant numbers of P&C insurance policies. Given our geographic concentration, negative publicity regarding our products and services could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations, as could other regional factors impacting the local economies in that market.

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In order to operate in a profitable manner, we need to maintain or increase our current level of earned premiums. We may experience difficulty in managing historic and future growth, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In order to maintain and/or increase our current level of earned premiums needed to achieve our targeted levels of profitability, we intend to leverage geographic expansion and increase our market share via our expanded distribution network. Continued growth could impose significant demands on management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate additional employees. Growth may also place a strain on management systems and operational and financial resources, and such systems, procedures and internal controls may not be adequate to support operations as they expand. Incremental merger and acquisition activities could affect our minimum efficient scale.

The integration and management of acquired books of business, acquired businesses and other growth initiatives involve numerous risks that could adversely affect our profitability, and are contingent on many factors, including:

• expanding our financial, operational and management information systems;

• managing our relationships with independent agents, brokers, and legacy program managers, including maintaining adequate controls;

• expanding our executive management and the infrastructure required to effectively control our growth;

• maintaining ratings of our Insurance Subsidiaries;

• increasing the statutory capital of our Insurance Subsidiaries to support growth in written premiums;

• accurately setting claims provisions for new business where historical underwriting experience may not be available;

• obtaining regulatory approval for appropriate premium rates where applicable; and

• obtaining the required regulatory approvals to offer additional insurance products or to expand into additional states or other jurisdictions.

Our failure to grow our earned premiums or to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Engaging in acquisitions involves risks, and if we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our business may be materially harmed.

Acquisitions of similar insurance providers, such as Gateway and Global Liberty, are expected to be a material component of our growth strategy, subject to availability of suitable opportunities and market conditions. From time to time, we may engage in discussions concerning acquisition opportunities and, as a result of such discussions, may enter into acquisition transactions. Upon the announcement of an acquisition, our share price may fall depending on numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the intended target, the size of the acquisition, the purchase price and the potential dilution to existing shareholders. It is also possible that an acquisition could dilute earnings per common share. Acquisitions entail numerous risks, including the following:

• difficulties in the integration of the acquired business;

• assumption of unknown material liabilities, including deficient provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses;

• diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

• failure to achieve financial or operating objectives; and

• potential loss of policyholders or key employees of acquired companies.

We may be unable to integrate or profitably operate any business, operations, personnel, services or products we may acquire in the future, which may result in our inability to realize expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and other projected benefits from the acquisition. Integration may result in the loss of key employees, disruption to our existing businesses or the business of the acquired company, or otherwise harm our ability to retain customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Time and resources spent on integration may also impair our ability to grow our existing businesses. Also, the negative effect of any financial commitments required by regulatory authorities or rating agencies in acquisitions or business combinations may be greater than expected.

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Provisions in our organizational documents, corporate laws and the insurance laws of Illinois, Missouri, New York and other states could impede an attempt to replace or remove management or directors or prevent or delay a merger or sale, which could diminish the value of our shares.

Our Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association and Code of Regulations and the corporate laws and the insurance laws of various states contain provisions that could impede an attempt to replace or remove management or directors or prevent the sale of the Insurance Subsidiaries that shareholders might consider to be in their best interests. These provisions include, among others:

• requiring a vote of holders of 5% of the ordinary voting common shares to call a special meeting of shareholders;

• requiring a two-thirds vote to amend the Articles of Association;

• requiring the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of shares represented at a special meeting of shareholders; and

• statutory requirements prohibiting a merger, consolidation, combination or majority share acquisition between Insurance Subsidiaries and an interested shareholder or an affiliate of an interested shareholder without regulatory approval.

These provisions may prevent shareholders from receiving the benefit of any premium over the market price of our shares offered by a bidder in a potential takeover and may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our shares if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts.

In addition, insurance regulatory provisions may delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt that shareholders may consider in their best interest. For example, under applicable state statutes, subject to limited exceptions, no person or entity may, directly or indirectly, acquire control of a domestic insurer without the prior approval of the state insurance regulator. Under the insurance laws, “control” (including the terms “controlling,” “controlled by” and “under common control with”) is generally defined to include acquisition of a certain percentage or more of an insurer’s voting securities (such as 10% or more under Illinois, Missouri and New York law). These requirements would require a potential bidder to obtain prior approval from the insurance departments of the states in which the Insurance Subsidiaries are domiciled and commercially domiciled and may require pre-acquisition notification in other states. Obtaining these approvals could result in material delays or deter any such transaction. Regulatory requirements could make a potential acquisition of our company more difficult and may prevent shareholders from receiving the benefit from any premium over the market price of our shares offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our shares if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

Our business depends upon key employees, and if we are unable to retain the services of these key employees or to attract and retain additional qualified personnel, our business may suffer.

Our operations depend, to a great extent, upon the ability of executive management and other key employees to implement our business strategy and our ability to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of our key employees, or the inability to identify, hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect the quality and profitability of our business operations. In addition, we must forecast volume and other factors in changing business environments with reasonable accuracy and adjust our hiring and employment levels accordingly. Our failure to recognize the need for such adjustments, or our failure or inability to react appropriately on a timely basis, could lead to over-staffing (which could adversely affect our cost structure) or under-staffing (which could impair our ability to service current product lines and new lines of business). In either event, our financial results and customer relationships could be adversely affected.

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Market and Competition Risks

Because the Insurance Subsidiaries are commercial automobile insurers, conditions in that industry could adversely affect their business.

The majority of the gross premiums written by our Insurance Subsidiaries are generated from commercial automobile insurance policies. Adverse developments in the market for commercial automobile insurance, including those which could result from potential declines in commercial and economic activity, could cause our results of operations to suffer. The commercial automobile insurance industry is cyclical. Historically, the industry has been characterized by periods of price competition and excess capacity followed by periods of higher premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity. These fluctuations in the business cycle have negatively impacted and could continue to negatively impact the revenues of our company. The results of the Insurance Subsidiaries, and in turn, us, may also be affected by risks, to the extent they are covered by the insurance policies we issue, that impact the commercial automobile industry related to severe weather conditions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as explosions, terrorist attacks and riots. The Insurance Subsidiaries’ commercial automobile insurance business may also be affected by cost trends that negatively impact profitability, such as a continuing economic downturn, inflation in vehicle repair costs, vehicle replacement parts costs, used vehicle prices, fuel costs and medical care costs. Increased costs related to the handling and litigation of claims may also negatively impact profitability. Legacy business previously written by us also includes private passenger auto, surety and other P&C insurance business. Adverse developments relative to previously written or current business could have a negative impact on our results.

The insurance and related businesses in which we operate may be subject to periodic negative publicity, which may negatively impact our financial results.

The products and services of the Insurance Subsidiaries are ultimately distributed to individual and business customers. From time to time, consumer advocacy groups or the media may focus attention on insurance products and services, thereby subjecting the industry to periodic negative publicity. We also may be negatively impacted if participants in one or more of our markets engage in practices resulting in increased public attention to our business. Negative publicity may also result in increased regulation and legislative scrutiny of practices in the P&C insurance industry as well as increased litigation. These factors may further increase our costs of doing business and adversely affect our profitability by impeding our ability to market our products and services, requiring us to change our products or services or by increasing the regulatory burdens under which we operate.

The highly competitive environment in which we operate could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The commercial automobile insurance business is highly competitive, and, except for regulatory considerations, there are relatively few barriers to entry. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and may enjoy better name recognition, substantially greater financial resources, higher ratings by rating agencies, broader and more diversified product lines and more widespread agency relationships than we have. Our underwriting profits could be adversely impacted if new entrants or existing competitors try to compete with our products, services and programs or offer similar or better products at or below our prices. Insurers in our markets generally compete on the basis of price, consumer recognition, coverages offered, claims handling, financial stability, customer service and geographic coverage. Although pricing is influenced to some degree by that of our competitors, it is not in our best interest to compete solely on price, and we may from time to time experience a loss of market share during periods of intense price competition. Our business could be adversely impacted by the loss of business to competitors offering competitive insurance products at lower prices. This competition could affect our ability to attract and retain profitable business. Pricing sophistication and related underwriting and marketing programs use a number of risk evaluation factors. For auto insurance, these factors can include, but are not limited to, vehicle make, model and year; driver age; territory; years licensed; claims history; years insured with prior carrier; prior liability limits; prior lapse in coverage; and insurance scoring based on credit report information. We believe our pricing model will generate future underwriting profits, however past performance is not a perfect indicator of future driver performance.

Changes in the nature of the markets we serve could impact the size of our market and/or the market share available to us.

The industry we serve is being impacted by the introduction of mobile applications (including but not limited to TNCs), on-line dispatch and tracking, in-vehicle technologies and other technology-related changes. These technologies could change the size of the overall addressable market we serve and may also impact the nature of the risks we insure.

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If we are not able to attract and retain independent agents and brokers, our revenues could be negatively affected.

We market and distribute our insurance programs exclusively through independent insurance agents and specialty insurance brokers. As a result, our business depends in large part on the marketing efforts of these agents and brokers and on our ability to offer insurance products and services that meet the requirements of the agents, the brokers and their customers. However, these agents and brokers are not obligated to sell or promote our products and many sell or promote competitors’ insurance products in addition to our products. Some of our competitors have higher financial strength ratings, offer a larger variety of products, set lower prices for insurance coverage and/or offer higher commissions than we do. Therefore, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain independent agents and brokers to sell our insurance products. The failure or inability of independent agents and brokers to market our insurance products successfully could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain our claims-paying ratings, our ability to write insurance and to compete with other insurance companies may be adversely impacted. A decline in rating could adversely affect our position in the insurance market, make it more difficult to market our insurance products and cause our premiums and earnings to decrease.

Financial ratings are an important factor influencing the competitive position of insurance companies. Third party rating agencies assess and rate the claims-paying ability of insurers and reinsurers based upon criteria that they have established. Periodically these rating agencies evaluate the business to confirm that it continues to meet the criteria of the ratings previously assigned. Financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and may be expected to have an effect on an insurance company’s premiums. The Insurance Subsidiaries are rated by A.M. Best, which issues independent opinions of an insurer’s financial strength and its ability to meet policyholder obligations. A.M. Best ratings range from “A++” (Superior) to “F” (In Liquidation), with a total of 16 separate rating categories. The objective of A.M. Best’s rating system is to provide potential policyholders and other interested parties an opinion of an insurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations, including paying claims.

On September 19, 2017, A.M. Best affirmed the current financial strength ratings of “B” “Fair” for American Country, American Service and Gateway and “B+” “Good” for Global Liberty. There is a risk that A.M. Best will not maintain these ratings in the future. If the Insurance Subsidiaries’ ratings are reduced by A.M. Best, their competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer, and it could be more difficult to market their insurance products. A downgrade could result in a significant reduction in the number of insurance contracts written by the subsidiaries and in a substantial loss of business to other competitors with higher ratings, causing premiums and earnings to decrease. Rating agencies evaluate insurance companies based on financial strength and the ability to pay claims, factors that may be more relevant to policyholders than to investors. Financial strength ratings by rating agencies are not ratings of securities or recommendations to buy, hold or sell any security and should not be relied upon as such.

Our ability to generate written premiums is impacted by seasonality, which may cause fluctuations in our operating results and to our stock price.

The P&C insurance business is seasonal in nature. Our ability to generate written premium is also impacted by the timing of policy effective periods in the states in which we operate, while our net premiums earned generally follow a relatively smooth trend from quarter to quarter. Also, our gross premiums written are impacted by certain common renewal dates in larger metropolitan markets for the light commercial risks that represent our core lines of business. For example, January 1^st and March 1^st are common taxi cab renewal dates in Illinois and New York, respectively. Additionally, we implemented our New York “excess taxi program” in the third quarter of 2012, which has an annual renewal date in the third quarter. Net underwriting income is driven mainly by the timing and nature of claims, which can vary widely. As a result of this seasonality, investors may not be able to predict our annual operating results based on a quarter-to-quarter comparison of our operating results. Additionally, this seasonality may cause fluctuations in our stock price. We believe seasonality will have an ongoing impact on our business.

U.S. Tax Risks

If our company were not to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, certain tax inefficiencies would result and certain adverse tax rules would apply.

Pursuant to certain “expatriation” provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“IRC”), the reverse merger agreement relating to the reverse merger transaction described below provides that the parties intend to treat our company as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The expatriation provisions are complex, are largely unsettled and subject to differing interpretations, and are subject to change, perhaps retroactively. If our company was not to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, certain tax inefficiencies and adverse tax consequences and reporting requirements would result for both our company and the recipients and holders of stock in our company, including that dividend distributions from our Insurance Subsidiaries to us would be subject to 30% U.S. withholding tax, with no available reduction and that members of the consolidated group may not be permitted to file a consolidated U.S. tax return resulting in the acceleration of cash tax outflow and potential permanent loss of tax benefits associated with net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) that could have otherwise been utilized.

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Our use of losses may be subject to limitations, and the tax liability of our company may be increased.

Our ability to utilize the NOLs is subject to the rules of Section 382 of the IRC. Section 382 generally restricts the use of NOLs after an “ownership change.” An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the stockholders (or specified groups of stockholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of our common stock or are otherwise treated as five percent (5%) stockholders under Section 382 and the regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of our stock by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock owned by these stockholders over a three-year rolling period. In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a corporation may offset with NOLs. This annual limitation is generally equal to the product of the value of our stock on the date of the ownership change, multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate published monthly by the Internal Revenue Service. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years until the applicable expiration date for the respective NOL carryforwards.

The rules of Section 382 are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Because of our numerous equity issuances, which have included the issuance of various classes of convertible securities and warrants, uncertainty existed as to whether we may have undergone an ownership change in the past or as a result of our 2013 U.S. public offering. Based upon management’s assessment, it was determined that at the date of the U.S. public offering there was not an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382. However, on July 22, 2013, as a result of shareholder activity, a “triggering event” as determined under IRC Section 382 was reached. As a result, under IRC Section 382, the use of the Company’s NOLs and other carryforwards generated prior to the “triggering event” will be limited as a result of this “ownership change” for tax purposes, which is defined as a cumulative change of more than 50% during any three-year period by shareholders of the Company’s shares.

Following this triggering event, the Company estimates that it will retain total tax effected federal NOLs of approximately $13.3 million as of December 31, 2017. Book value per common share was unaffected by this event, as the amount of lost net deferred tax assets were offset by a corresponding decrease in the valuation allowance that was already held against the majority of these assets.

Atlas has the following total NOLs as of December 31, 2017:

Net Operating Loss Carryforward by Expiry ($ in ‘000s)
Year of Occurrence	Year of Expiration	Amount
2001	2021	$	5,007
2002	2022	4,317
2006	2026	7,825
2007	2027	5,131
2008	2028	1,949
2009	2029	1,949
2010	2030	1,949
2011	2031	4,166
2012	2032	9,236
2015	2035	1
2017	2037	21,864
Total		$	63,394

NOLs and other carryforwards generated in 2015 and 2017 are not limited by IRC Section 382.

Further limitations on the utilization of losses may apply because of the “dual consolidated loss” rules, which will also require our company to recapture into income the amount of any such utilized losses in certain circumstances. As a result of the application of these rules, the future tax liability of our company and our Insurance Subsidiaries could be significantly increased. In addition, taxable income may also be recognized by our company or our Insurance Subsidiaries in connection with the 2010 reverse merger transaction.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate headquarters is located at 953 American Lane, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173, USA. The Company-owned facility consists of one three-story office building with approximately 110,000 square feet. An unaffiliated tenant currently leases one floor of the building. We believe that the new facility will be sufficient space to support the growth and expansion of our business.

We also lease four additional office spaces.  The St. Louis, Missouri lease is 4,375 square feet of office space and effective through June 2021. This office is mainly used for certain underwriting operations for Gateway. The Manhattan, New York lease is 1,796 square feet of office space. The Manhattan lease was effective through February 2018 but was renewed upon expiration for an additional two years after year end. This office is mainly used for certain claims operations. Upon completion of the Anchor acquisition, we assumed a lease for 25,396 square feet of office space in Melville, New York, which is effective through February 2022. This office operates as the Global Liberty headquarters with underwriting, claims, and corporate and other operations. The Scottsdale, Arizona lease is 2,107 square feet of office space and effective through November 2020. This office is mainly used for certain underwriting operations.

We own one property in Alabama, which comprises approximately 13.6 acres of land and is currently held for sale.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In connection with our operations, we are, from time to time, named as defendants in actions for damages and costs allegedly sustained by the plaintiffs. While it is not possible to estimate the outcome of the various proceedings at this time, such actions have generally been resolved with minimal damages or expense in excess of amounts provided, and our company does not believe that it will incur any significant additional loss or expense in connection with such actions.

On March 5, 2018, a complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois asserting claims under the federal securities laws against the Company and two of its executive officers on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s securities, styled Fryman v. Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc., et al., No. 1:18-cv-01640 (N.D. Ill.). In the complaint, the plaintiff asserts claims on behalf of a putative class consisting of purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 13, 2017 and March 2, 2018. The complaint alleges that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by making allegedly false and misleading statements or failing to disclose certain information regarding the adequacy of the Company’s reserves. The complaint seeks, among other remedies, unspecified damages, attorneys’ fees and other costs, equitable and/or injunctive relief, and such other relief as the court may find just and proper. Under applicable provisions of the federal securities laws, motions for appointment as lead plaintiffs must be filed within sixty days after a notice announcing the filing of the Fryman complaint. The Company and the other defendants anticipate that they will file a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Under the federal securities laws, discovery and other proceedings automatically will be stayed during the pendency of any such motion to dismiss.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

27

Part II.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

As of February 15, 2018, there were approximately 1,679 shareholders of record of our ordinary voting common shares. Our ordinary voting common shares have been listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol “AFH” since February 12, 2013 and were previously listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange - Venture (“TSXV”) under the same symbol beginning January 6, 2011. On June 5, 2013, the Company delisted from the TSXV. As of March 29, 2018, there were 11,936,970 ordinary voting common shares and no restricted voting common shares outstanding.

Set forth below are the high and low closing prices of the ordinary voting common shares during 2017 and 2016:

Summary of Share Prices
	High	Low
2017
Fourth Quarter	$20.60	$18.20
Third Quarter	$19.00	$13.95
Second Quarter	$15.65	$12.50
First Quarter	$17.80	$12.75
2016
Fourth Quarter	$18.05	$15.30
Third Quarter	$17.69	$15.54
Second Quarter	$18.39	$16.67
First Quarter	$19.21	$16.70

During 2017, the 128,191 restricted voting common shares that were beneficially owned or controlled by KFSI (including its subsidiaries and affiliated companies, “Kingsway”) were sold to non-affiliates of Kingsway. The Kingsway-owned restricted voting common shares automatically converted to ordinary voting common shares upon their sale to non-affiliates of Kingsway.

Due to insurance regulations there are restrictions on our Insurance Subsidiaries that currently materially limit the Company’s ability to pay dividends. We did not pay any dividends to our common shareholders during 2016, 2017 or to date in 2018, and we have no current plans to pay dividends to our common shareholders. See ‘Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Liquidity and Capital Resources’ for further discussion of regulatory dividend restrictions.

During 2016, Kingsway sold 4,672 restricted voting common shares that converted to ordinary voting common shares.

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Performance Graph

The following stock performance graph shows a comparison of cumulative total shareholder return of Atlas’ ordinary voting common shares for the period beginning with the first day Atlas traded on the NASDAQ exchange, with the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and the SNL U.S. Insurance P&C Index. The graph assumes a $100 investment on February 12, 2013, the first day Atlas traded on the NASDAQ exchange, in Atlas common stock and for each index listed, and all dividends are assumed to be reinvested.

Company/Index	2/12/13	12/31/13	12/31/14	12/31/15	12/31/16	12/31/17
Atlas Financial Holdings	100.00	247.39	274.29	334.45	303.36	345.38
Russel 2000 Index	100.00	128.42	134.70	128.76	156.19	179.07
SNL U.S. Insurance P&C Index	100.00	120.14	137.98	142.74	168.46	192.59

29

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information regarding the number of shares of ordinary voting common shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights under the Company’s equity compensation plans and the weighted average exercise price and number of shares of common stock remaining available for issuance under those plans as of December 31, 2017.

	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) 2	Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) 3	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) 4
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 1	429,390	*	787,014

¹ The Company has no equity compensation plans that were not approved by its security holders.

² Summation of 429,390 shares outstanding under the January 18, 2011, March 6, 2014 and the March 12, 2015 equity compensation plans.

³ Average price not computed due to currency differences.

⁴ Equal to the remainder allowable according to the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (10% of issued and outstanding ordinary voting common shares).

Purchases of Equity Securities

No unregistered securities were sold during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. No repurchases of equity securities were made during the three month period ended December 31, 2017.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table has selected financial information for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected from any future period and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
	($ in ‘000s, except for share and per share data)
Net premiums earned	$	215,771		$	171,058		$	152,064		$	98,124		$	71,344
Total revenue	221,975			177,579			156,851			101,618			74,027
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	(38,810		)	2,365			14,154			17,608			7,361
(Loss) earnings per common share basic	$	(3.22	)	$	0.20		$	1.18		$	1.61		$	0.92
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(3.22	)	$	0.19		$	1.13		$	1.56		$	0.74
Combined ratio	122.5		%	102.9		%	88.2		%	91.4		%	94.2		%
Cash and invested assets	$	243,483		$	224,779		$	233,304		$	179,994		$	139,888
Total assets	482,503			423,577			411,292			283,911			219,278
Notes payable	24,031			19,187			17,219			—			—
Total liabilities	391,858			296,235			281,670			174,512			155,580
Mezzanine equity r	—			—			6,941			2,000			2,000
Total shareholders’ equity r	90,645			127,342			122,681			107,399			61,698
Common shares	12,164,041			12,023,295			12,015,888			11,771,586			9,424,734
Book value per common share outstanding	$	7.42		$	10.54		$	10.15		$	9.08		$	6.54
r - amounts reclassified for preferred shares	—			—			6,941			2,000			2,000

^r - Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. This table has been restated to include the contingent consideration as a separate line called ‘Mezzanine equity’ and removed from ‘Total shareholders’ equity.’

For 2015 and 2014, we reclassified our presentation for costs related to acquisition and stock purchase agreements from non-operating expenses to other underwriting expenses, because these costs were incurred as a result of acquiring new businesses. The reclassification increased the combined ratio by 1.2% and 0.7% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

For 2015, total assets, notes payable and total liabilities were restated according to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-03.

For 2013, we reclassified our presentation for interest expense from other underwriting expenses to non-operating expenses. The reclassification reduced the combined ratio by 0.2% for the year ended December 31, 2013.

These results include the acquisitions of Gateway on January 2, 2013 and Anchor on March 11, 2015, which will affect the comparability of the data. See Note 3, ‘Acquisitions,’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the impact of these acquisitions.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Section	Description	Page
I.	Overview	33
II.	Application of Critical Accounting Estimates	35
III.	Operating Results	38
IV.	Financial Condition	54

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(All amounts in US dollars, except for amounts preceded by “C” as Canadian dollars, share and per share amounts)

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this document.In this discussion and analysis, the term “common share” refers to the summation of restricted voting common shares, ordinary voting common shares and participative restricted stock units when used to describe earnings (loss) or book value per common share.

Forward-looking statements

In addition to the historical consolidated financial information, this report contains “forward-looking statements,” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which may include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to estimates of future expenses, revenue and profitability; trends affecting financial condition, cash flows and results of operations; the availability and terms of additional capital; dependence on key suppliers and other strategic partners; industry trends; the competitive and regulatory environment; the successful integration of acquisitions; the impact of losing one or more senior executives or failing to attract additional key personnel; and other factors referenced in this report. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere, particularly in “Risk Factors.”

Often, but not always, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budget”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “intends”, “anticipates”, or “believes” or variations (including negative variations) of such words and phrases, or state that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Atlas to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such factors include, among others, general business, economic, competitive, political, regulatory and social uncertainties.

Although Atlas has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results to differ from those anticipated, estimated or intended. Forward-looking statements contained herein are made as of the date of this report and Atlas disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or results, or otherwise. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements due to the inherent uncertainty in them.

I. OVERVIEW

We are a financial services holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our core business is the underwriting of commercial automobile insurance policies, focusing on the “light” commercial automobile sector, which is carried out through our Insurance Subsidiaries. This sector includes taxi cabs, non-emergency para-transit, limousine, livery (including certain transportation network companies (“TNC”) drivers/operators) and business auto. Our goal is to always be the preferred specialty insurance business in any geographic areas where our value proposition delivers benefit to all stakeholders. We are licensed to write property and casualty (“P&C”) insurance in 49 states and the District of Columbia in the United States. The Insurance Subsidiaries distribute their products through a network of independent retail agents, and actively wrote insurance in 42 states and the District of Columbia during 2017. We embrace continuous improvement, analytics and technology as a means of building on the strong heritage our subsidiary companies cultivated in the niche markets we serve.

Since Atlas’ formation in 2010, we have disposed of non-core assets, consolidated infrastructure and placed into run-off certain non-core lines of business previously written by the Insurance Subsidiaries. Our focus going forward is the underwriting of commercial automobile insurance in the U.S. Substantially all of our new premiums written are in “light” commercial automobile lines of business.

33

Commercial Automobile

Our primary target market is made up of small to mid-size taxi, limousine, other livery (including TNC drivers/operators) and non-emergency para-transit operators. The “light” commercial automobile policies we underwrite provide coverage for lightweight commercial vehicles typically with the minimum limits prescribed by statute, municipal or other regulatory requirements. The majority of our policyholders are individual owners or small fleet operators. In certain jurisdictions like Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada and New York, we have also been successful working with larger operators who retain a meaningful amount of their own risk of loss through higher retentions, self-insurance or self-funded captive insurance entity arrangements.  In these cases, we provide support in the areas of day-to-day policy administration and claims handling consistent with the value proposition we offer to all of our insureds, generally on a fee for service basis.  We may also provide excess coverage above the levels of risk retained by the insureds where a better than average loss ratio is expected.  Through these arrangements, we are able to effectively utilize the significant specialized operating infrastructure we maintain to generate revenue from business segments that may otherwise be more price sensitive in the current market environment.

The “light” commercial automobile sector is a subset of the broader commercial automobile insurance industry segment, which over the long term has been historically profitable. In more recent years the commercial automobile insurance industry has seen profitability pressure within certain segments, however, it has outperformed the overall P&C industry generally over the past fifteen years based on data compiled by A.M. Best Aggregates & Averages. Data compiled by SNL Financial also indicates that for 2016 the total market for commercial automobile liability insurance was approximately $33.1 billion. The size of the commercial automobile insurance market can be affected significantly by many factors, such as the underwriting capacity and underwriting criteria of automobile insurance carriers and general economic conditions. Historically, the commercial automobile insurance market has been characterized by periods of excess underwriting capacity and increased price competition followed by periods of reduced capacity and higher premium rates.

We believe that there is a positive correlation between the economy and commercial automobile insurance in general. Operators of “light” commercial automobiles may be less likely than other business segments within the commercial automobile insurance market to take vehicles out of service, as their businesses and business reputations rely heavily on availability. With respect to certain business lines such as the taxi line, there are also other factors such as the cost and limited supply of medallions, which may discourage a policyholder from taking vehicles out of service in the face of reduced demand for the use of the vehicle. The significant expansion of TNC has resulted in a reduction in taxi vehicles available to insure; however, we believe that the aforementioned factor relating to medallion values has mitigated the overall decline.

Other lines of business

The other line of business is comprised of our surety program (currently in run off), Gateway’s truck and workers’ compensation programs (currently in run off), American Services’ non-standard personal lines business (currently in run off), Atlas’ workers’ compensation related to taxi, other liability, Global Liberty’s homeowners program (currently in run off) and assigned risk pool business.

Our surety program primarily consisted of U.S. Customs bonds. We engage a former affiliate, Avalon Risk Management, to help coordinate customer service and claims handling for the surety bonds written as this program runs off. This non-core program is 100% reinsured to an unrelated third party and has been transitioned to another carrier.

The Gateway truck and workers’ compensation programs were put into run-off during 2012. The truck program had little earned premium during 2012, and the workers’ compensation program was 100% reinsured retrospectively and prospectively to an unrelated third party. The workers’ compensation reinsurance agreement was terminated during 2017.

Non-standard automobile insurance is principally provided to individuals who do not qualify for standard automobile insurance coverage because of their payment history, driving record, place of residence, age, vehicle type or other factors. Such drivers typically represent higher than normal risks and pay higher insurance rates for comparable coverage. Consistent with Atlas’ focus on commercial automobile insurance, Atlas has transitioned away from the non-standard auto line. Our Insurance Subsidiaries ceased writing new and renewal policies of this type in 2011, and earned premium discontinued in 2012, allowing surplus and resources to be devoted to the expected growth of the commercial automobile business.

The non-renewal process for Global Liberty’s homeowners program began prior to Atlas’ acquisition and remains underway. This is a relatively small book of business, which is substantially reinsured.

Atlas’ workers’ compensation related to taxi and other liability are ancillary products that are offered only to insureds who purchase our commercial automobile insurance products. The workers’ compensation program will be non-renewed in 2018 due to limited demand.

Assigned risk pools are established by state governments to cover high-risk insureds who cannot purchase insurance through conventional means.

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II. APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

◦ Fair value of financial assets;

◦ Impairment of financial assets;

◦ Deferred policy acquisition costs;

◦ Claims liabilities;

◦ Valuation of deferred tax assets;

◦ Business combination; and

◦ Reinsurance.

In making these determinations, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our businesses and operations. It is reasonably likely that changes in these items could occur from period to period and result in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

A brief summary of each of these critical accounting estimates follows. For a more detailed discussion of the effect of these estimates on our consolidated financial statements, and the judgments and assumptions related to these estimates, see the referenced sections of this document. For a complete summary of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1, ‘Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation,’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Fair values of financial instruments - Atlas has used the following methods and assumptions in estimating fair value:

Fair values for bonds and equity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or values obtained from independent pricing services. Atlas employs a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs it uses in valuation techniques to measure the fair value. The hierarchy is comprised of quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), third party pricing models using available trade, bid and market information (Level 2) and internal models without observable market information (Level 3). The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the period in which events occur impacting the availability of inputs to the fair value methodology. Typically, transfers from Level 2 to Level 3 occur due to collateral performance.

Atlas’ fixed income portfolio is managed by a SEC registered investment advisor specializing in the management of insurance company portfolios. Management works directly with them to ensure that Atlas benefits from their expertise and also evaluates investments as well as specific positions independently using internal resources. Atlas’ investment advisor has a team of credit analysts for all investment grade fixed income sectors. The investment process begins with an independent analyst review of each security’s credit worthiness using both quantitative tools and qualitative review. At the issuer level, this includes reviews of past financial data, trends in financial stability, projections for the future, reliability of the management team in place, market data (credit spread, equity prices, trends in this data for the issuer and the issuer’s industry). Reviews also consider industry trends and the macro-economic environment. This analysis is continuous, integrating new information as it becomes available. As of December 31, 2017, this process did not generate any significant difference in the rating assessment between Atlas’ review and the rating agencies.

Atlas employs specific control processes to determine the reasonableness of the fair value of its financial assets. These processes are designed to supplement those performed by our external portfolio manager to ensure that the values received from them are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and the valuation techniques utilized are appropriate, consistently applied, and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. For example, on a continuing basis, Atlas assesses the reasonableness of individual security values which have stale prices or whose changes exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous values received from our external portfolio manager or to expected prices. The portfolio is reviewed routinely for transaction volumes, new issuances, any changes in spreads, as well as the overall movement of interest rates along the yield curve to determine if sufficient activity and liquidity exists to provide a credible source for market valuations. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, they are validated through reviews by members of management or the Board of Directors who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

Changes in inflation can influence the interest rates which can impact the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed income portfolio and yields on new investments. The Investment Committee of the Board of Directors considers inflation when providing guidance and analyzing the investment portfolio to provide a stable source of income to supplement underwriting income.

35

Impairment of financial assets-Atlas assesses, on a quarterly basis, whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. An investment is considered impaired when the fair value of the investment is less than its cost or amortized cost. When an investment is impaired, the Company must make a determination as to whether the impairment is other-than-temporary.

The analysis includes some or all of the following procedures as deemed appropriate by management:

◦ identifying all security holdings in unrealized loss positions that have existed for at least six months or other circumstances that management believes may impact the recoverability of the security;

◦ obtaining a valuation analysis from third party investment managers regarding these holdings based on their knowledge, experience and other market based valuation techniques;

◦ reviewing the trading range of certain securities over the preceding calendar period;

◦ assessing whether declines in market value are other than temporary for debt security holdings based on credit ratings from third party security rating agencies; and

◦ determining the necessary provision for declines in market value that are considered other than temporary based on the analyses performed.

The risks and uncertainties inherent in the assessment methodology utilized to determine declines in market value that are other than temporary include, but may not be limited to, the following:

◦ the opinion of professional investment managers could prove to be incorrect;

◦ the past trading patterns of individual securities may not reflect future valuation trends;

◦ the credit ratings assigned by independent credit rating agencies may prove to be incorrect due to unforeseen or unknown facts related to a company’s financial situation; and

◦ the debt service pattern of non-investment grade securities may not reflect future debt service capabilities and may not reflect a company’s unknown underlying financial problems.

Under U.S. GAAP, with respect to an investment in an impaired debt security, other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) occurs if (a) there is intent to sell the debt security, (b) it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery, or (c) it is probable that all amounts due will be unable to be collected such that the entire cost basis of the security will not be recovered. If Atlas intends to sell the debt security, or will more likely than not be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery, a loss in the entire amount of the impairment is reflected in net realized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss). If Atlas determines that it is probable it will be unable to collect all amounts and Atlas has no intent to sell the debt security, a credit loss is recognized in net realized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) to the extent that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; any difference between fair value and the new amortized cost basis (net of the credit loss) is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (losses), net of applicable income taxes.

For equity securities, the Company evaluates its ability to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Evidence considered to determine anticipated recovery are analysts’ reports on the near-term prospects of the issuer and the financial condition of the issuer or the industry, in addition to the length and extent of the market value decline. If an OTTI is identified, the equity security is adjusted to fair value through a charge to earnings. Refer to Note 5, ‘Investments’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the other-than-temporary impairment on equity securities.

Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) - Atlas defers brokers’ commissions, premium taxes and other underwriting and marketing costs directly relating to thesuccessful acquisition of premiums written to the extent they are considered recoverable. The other underwriting and marketing costs include a percentage of salary and related expense, payroll taxes and travel of our marketing and underwriting employees. The percentage is derived from an annual persistency rate study using policy and vehicle counts to compute a hit ratio. The deferred costs are then expensed as the related premiums are earned. The method followed in determining the deferred policy acquisition costs limits the deferral to its realizable value by giving consideration to estimated future claims and expenses to be incurred as premiums are earned. Changes in estimates, if any, are recorded in the accounting period in which they are determined. Anticipated investment income is included in determining the realizable value of the deferred policy acquisition costs. Atlas’ deferred policy acquisition costs are reported net of deferred ceding commissions.

36

Claims liabilities - The provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses represent the estimated liabilities for reported claims, plus those incurred but not yet reported and the related estimated claims adjustment expenses. Unpaid claims expenses are determined using case-basis evaluations and statistical analyses, including insurance industry claims data, and represent estimates of the ultimate cost of all claims incurred. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is adequate. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary; such adjustments are included in current operations and are accounted for as changes in estimates.

Atlas considers the impact of inflation when establishing adequate rates and estimating the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses. We establish reserves to cover our estimated liability for the payment of claims and expenses related to the administration of claims incurred on the insurance policies we write. Inflation has a larger impact the longer the time between the issuance of the policy and the final settlement of claims. Greater than expected claims costs above the established reserves will require an increase in claims reserves and reduce the earnings in the period the deficiency was established. We consider the impact of inflation on these reserves when establishing policy rates.

Valuation of deferred tax assets - Deferred taxes are recognized using the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences in the tax basis of assets, liabilities and items recognized directly in equity and the financial reporting basis of such items are recognized in the financial statements by recording deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) or deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”).

Deferred tax assets related to the carry-forward of unused tax losses and credits and those arising from temporary differences are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on future tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the date of enactment or substantive enactment.

In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, Atlas considers both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. Atlas performs an assessment of recoverability of its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. If, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recognized in income in the period that such determination is made.

As of December 31, 2017, there was no valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s DTA, however there is no guarantee that a valuation allowance will not be required in the future.

Business combinations - The value of certain assets and liabilities acquired are subject to adjustment from the initial purchase price allocation as additional information is obtained, including, but not limited to, valuation of separately identifiable intangibles, the preferred stock issued to the seller, and deferred taxes.

The valuations are finalized within twelve months of the close of the acquisition. The changes upon finalization to the initial purchase price allocation and valuation of assets and liabilities may result in an adjustment to identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. Adjustments to the provisional amounts identified during the measurement period are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The effect of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date, are recorded in the financial statements and presented separately on the statements of income and comprehensive income in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined.

Reinsurance- As part of Atlas’ insurance risk management policies, portions of its insurance risk is ceded to reinsurers. Reinsurance premiums and claims adjustment expenses are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums and claims and claims adjustment expenses ceded to other companies have been reported as a reduction of premium revenue and incurred claims. Commissions paid to Atlas by reinsurers on business ceded have been accounted for as a reduction of the related policy acquisition costs. Reinsurance recoverables are recorded for that portion of paid and unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses that are ceded to other companies. Prepaid reinsurance premiums are recorded for unearned premiums that have been ceded to other companies.

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III. OPERATING RESULTS

CONSOLIDATED PERFORMANCE

2017 Full Year Financial Performance Summary (comparisons to 2016 unless otherwise noted):

• Gross premiums written increased by 22.6% to $276.0 million

• In-force premium as of December 31, 2017 increased$43.9 million to $268.5 million

• Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by 25.0% to $222.0 million

• Underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $48.5 million, compared to an underwriting loss of $5.0 million, primarily due to the claims reserve strengthening related to prior accident years

• The combined ratio increased by 19.6% to 122.5%, primarily as a result of a 34.9% impact from claims reserve strengthening related to prior accident years

• Net loss was $38.8 million, or $3.22 loss per common share diluted, compared to net income of $2.6 million, or $0.19 earnings per common share diluted, representing a decrease in earnings per common share of $3.41

• Book value per common share as of December 31, 2017 decreased $3.12 to $7.42

• Return on equity was a negative 35.6% as compared to a positive 2.1%

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The following financial data is derived from Atlas’ consolidated financial statements for the years endedDecember 31, 2017, December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015. Ratios are calculated as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Selected Financial Information ($ in ‘000s, except for per share data)
	Year Ended
	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
Gross premiums written	$	275,961		$	225,095		$	209,286
Net premiums earned	215,771			171,058			152,064
Net claims incurred	203,873			134,746			89,994
Underwriting expense:
Acquisition costs	27,885			18,803			18,592
Share-based compensation	1,176			1,552			1,613
Expenses (recovered) incurred related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements1	—			(6,297		)	1,941
DPAC amortization	806			(746		)	(385		)
Other underwriting expenses2	30,548			27,983			22,356
Total underwriting expenses	60,415			41,295			44,117
Underwriting (loss) income	(48,517		)	(4,983		)	17,953
Net investment income	4,897			4,824			3,976
(Loss) income from operating activities, before income taxes	(43,620		)	(159		)	21,929
Interest expense2	(1,840		)	(1,026		)	(694		)
Realized gains and other income	1,307			1,697			811
Net (loss) income before income taxes	(44,153		)	512			22,046
Income tax (benefit) expense	(5,343		)	(2,134		)	7,616
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Key Financial Ratios:
Loss ratio	94.5		%	78.8		%	59.2		%
Underwriting expense ratio:
Acquisition cost ratio	12.9		%	11.0		%	12.2		%
Share-based compensation ratio	0.5		%	0.9		%	1.1		%
Expenses (recovered) incurred related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements ratio1	—		%	(3.7)		%	1.3		%
DPAC amortization ratio	0.4		%	(0.4)		%	(0.3)		%
Other underwriting expense ratio	14.2		%	16.3		%	14.7		%
Total underwriting expense ratio1	28.0		%	24.1		%	29.0		%
Combined ratio1	122.5		%	102.9		%	88.2		%
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(3.22	)	$	0.19		$	1.13
Book value per common share	$	7.42		$	10.54		$	10.15
Return on equity3	(35.6)		%	2.1		%	12.5		%

¹ - For 2015, we reclassified our presentation for costs related to acquisition and stock purchase agreements from non-operating expenses to other underwriting expenses, because these costs were incurred as a result of acquiring new businesses. The reclassification increased the total underwriting expense ratio and the combined ratio by 1.3% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The reclassification increased total underwriting expenses and decreased underwriting income and income from operating activities, before income taxes by $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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² - For 2015, we restated our presentation for amortization of loan costs from other underwriting expense to interest expense in accordance with the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-03. As a result, other underwriting expense and total underwriting expense decreased and income from operating activities, before income taxes and interest expense increased by $56,000. This restatement had a negligible impact on the other underwriting expense ratio, the total underwriting expense ratio and the combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2015.

³ - For 2015, we restated our presentation for preferred shares from within the permanent equity section to be included within the mezzanine equity section in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As a result, return on equity increased 0.4% as a result of this decrease in shareholders’ equity from the reclassification of preferred shares.

Revenues

We derive our revenues primarily from premiums from our insurance policies and income from our investment portfolio. Our underwriting approach is to price our products to generate consistent underwriting profit for the insurance companies we own. As with all P&C insurance companies, the impact of price changes is reflected in our financial results over time. Price changes on our in-force policies occur as they are renewed. This cycle generally takes twelve months for our entire book of business and up to an additional twelve months to earn a full year of premium at the renewal rate.

We approach investment and capital management with the intention of supporting insurance operations by providing a stable source of income to supplement underwriting income. The goals of our investment policy are to protect capital while optimizing investment income and capital appreciation and maintaining appropriate liquidity. We follow a formal investment policy, and the Board of Directors reviews the portfolio performance at least quarterly for compliance with the established guidelines. The Investment Committee of the Board of Directors provides interim guidance and analysis with respect to asset allocation, as deemed appropriate.

Expenses

Net claims incurred expenses are a function of the amount and type of insurance contracts we write and of the claims experience of the underlying risks. We record net claims incurred based on an actuarial analysis of the estimated claims we expect to be reported on contracts written. We seek to establish case reserves at the maximum probable exposure based on our historical claims experience. Our ability to estimate net claims incurred accurately at the time of pricing our contracts is a critical factor in determining our profitability. The amount reported under net claims incurred in any period includes payments in the period net of the change in the value of the reserves for net claims incurred between the beginning and the end of the period.

Acquisition costs consist principally of brokerage and agent commissions and, to a lesser extent, premium taxes. The brokerage and agent commissions are reduced by ceding commissions received from assuming reinsurers that represent a percentage of the premiums on insurance policies and reinsurance contracts written and vary depending upon the amount and types of contracts written.

Other underwriting expenses consist primarily of personnel related expenses (including salaries, benefits and certain costs associated with awards under our equity compensation plans, such as share-based compensation expense) and other general operating expenses. We believe that because a portion of our personnel expenses are relatively fixed in nature, increased writings may improve our operating scale and may lead to reduced operating expense ratios.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to year endedDecember 31, 2016:

Gross Premiums Written

The following table summarizes gross premiums written by line of business.

Gross Premiums Written by Line of Business ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2017		2016		% Change
Commercial automobile	$	274,705	$	223,801	22.7	%
Other	1,256		1,294		(3.0	)%
Total	$	275,961	$	225,095	22.6	%

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, gross premiums written was $276.0 million compared to $225.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, representing a 22.6% increase. This increase primarily resulted from growth in livery/limousine and para-transit gross premiums written primarily in New York, California, and New Jersey offset by a decrease in taxi gross premiums written in Louisiana and Nevada and in all lines in Minnesota and Michigan. New premium business represented approximately 40.7% of the total gross premiums written on our core lines for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to 33.9% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

In-force premium was $268.5 million and $224.6 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company’s gross unearned premium reserves were $128.0 million and $113.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The increase in gross unearned premium reserves and in-force premium since December 31, 2016 primarily resulted from growth in the states of California, New Jersey, and New York offset by a reduction in business in the states of Louisiana, Michigan and Minnesota.

We continued our disciplined underwriting practices in the state of Michigan. We have raised prices incrementally, subject to regulatory rules, based on the challenging results seen in that state. As a result, we have seen fewer renewals of our Michigan business. Michigan insured vehicles represented approximately 1.4% and 3.9% of total insured vehicles in force as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Geographic Concentration

Gross Premiums Written by State ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2017				2016
New York	$	99,374	36.0	%	$	69,737	31.0	%
California	42,165		15.3	%	29,784		13.2	%
Illinois	15,664		5.7	%	12,398		5.5	%
New Jersey	11,090		4.0	%	4,881		2.2	%
Virginia	8,704		3.2	%	7,940		3.5	%
Texas	8,511		3.1	%	7,881		3.5	%
Ohio	7,204		2.6	%	5,942		2.6	%
Washington	7,186		2.6	%	4,975		2.2	%
Minnesota	6,453		2.3	%	9,542		4.3	%
Nevada	6,449		2.3	%	7,966		3.5	%
Other	63,161		22.9	%	64,049		28.5	%
Total	$	275,961	100.0	%	$	225,095	100.0	%

As illustrated by the table above, 36.0% of Atlas’ gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017 came from New York and 64.2% came from the five states currently producing the most premium volume, as compared to 58.6% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Approximately 62.5% of the increase in New York gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017 came from one new large limousine fleet account.

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written is equal to premium ceded under the terms of Atlas’ in force reinsurance treaties. Atlas generally purchases reinsurance in an effort to limit net exposure on any one claim to a maximum amount of $500,000 with respect to commercial automobile liability claims. Atlas also purchases reinsurance in an effort to protect against awards in excess of its policy limits. Effective July 1, 2014, Atlas implemented a quota share reinsurance agreement with Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation (“Swiss Re”) for its commercial auto and general liability lines of business (“Quota Share”) written by American Country, American Service and Gateway, or collectively “ASI Pool Subsidiaries.” This reinsurance agreement had an initial cession rate of 5%, which was increased to 15% effective April 1, 2015, and then was decreased to 5% effective July 1, 2016. The Quota Share provides the Company with financial flexibility to manage expected growth and the timing of potential future capital raising activities. For 2015, Global Liberty had a 20% quota share reinsurance agreement with SCOR Reinsurance Company (“SCOR Re”). In 2016, this contract was replaced by a 25% quota share reinsurance agreement with Swiss Re for its commercial auto and general liability lines of business (“Global Quota Share”). The cession rate of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share remained the same for 2017.

Ceded premiums written decreased 0.5% to $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared with $45.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to reductions in the cession rates of the Quota Share agreement and Global Liberty’s commercial automobile excess of loss reinsurance contracts offset by premium growth as compared to the prior year period. As our limousine and para-transit business grows, we expect ceded premiums written to increase, because, under the current market conditions, the reinsurance costs are more expensive for these products.

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Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written is equal to gross premiums written less the ceded premiums written under the terms of Atlas’ in-force reinsurance treaties. Net premiums written increased 28.4% to $231.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared with $180.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. These changes are attributed to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Gross Premiums Written’ and ‘Ceded Premiums Written’ sections above.

Net Premiums Earned

Premiums are earned ratably over the term of the underlying policy. Net premiums earned increased by $44.7 million to $215.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a 26.1% increase compared with $171.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net premiums earned is attributable to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Gross Premiums Written’ and ‘Ceded Premiums Written’ sections above.

Based on a ongoing analysis of the niche markets on which we focus, we believe that the total number of rides, and accordingly vehicle count, in these niche markets continues to grow.  In 2016, we saw a decline in our taxi business as some passengers and drivers migrated to a TNC market.  However, this was generally offset by corresponding growth in our limousine and livery business.  Growth in vehicle count in our limousine and livery business is positively influenced by passengers and drivers increasingly participating in the TNC market, and we anticipate that it may outpace reductions in taxi business over time.  Growth in our para-transit business is correlated with demographic trends in the U.S.  We believe that our Insurance Subsidiaries can continue to grow these specialty products to within a market share of 20% without having a disproportionate share of the market.  Atlas’ focus has been, and continues to be, utilizing our experience and strong value proposition to maximize underwriting profit.  It is important to note that we continue to see favorable market trends within our niche and believe that increased opportunity to expand underwriting margin still exists. These projections are subject to change should the competitive environment reverse from current trends.

Net Claims Incurred

The loss ratio relating to the net claims incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 94.5% compared to 78.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The loss ratio increase was primarily the result of the Company’s re-estimation of its unpaid claims liabilities on prior accident years, creating a 15.7% increase in loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2017. Atlas experienced $75.4 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2017. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line in the states of Louisiana, Michigan and New York, mostly from accident years 2015 and prior.

Atlas performed a comprehensive review of its reserves, and based on year-end actuarial work coupled with a detailed internal file audit for claims with reserves not established by the Company’s predictive analytics tools, overall reserves were strengthened.

Facts Surrounding Reserve Changes

• Atlas identified that claim expenses in Michigan were significantly outpacing other states and took a significant charge for the year ended December 31, 2016. Although exposure in Michigan was reduced to approximately 1.4% of the Company’s insured vehicles in force by year end 2017, payments for claims in this state continued to be disproportionate to historic premiums earned.

• Remaining liability for non-New York Global Liberty business written prior to 2016 is expected to settle for greater amounts than previously expected.

• Overall, the actuarially determined liability for remaining claims related to accident years 2015 and prior in general was indicated to be significantly higher than carried reserves.

• Risk selection and pricing precision supported by predictive modeling in underwriting beginning in 2015 appears to have contributed improvement in expected loss ratio for premiums earned in 2016 and 2017.

• Payment activity in calendar year 2017 attributed to the use of predictive modeling in claims was accelerated as expected. The Company believes that this represents an ultimate reduction in future expected losses, but it appears to be too early for credit to be given to this potential outcome from an actuarial perspective.

• While the Company did see positive trends relating to more recent accident years in which predictive modeling had an impact, based on year-end work, it is clear that the challenges from the past outpaced more recent benefits.

• Based on year end 2017 actuarial work, Atlas determined that this significant reserve increase was necessary to ensure sufficient IBNR levels to extinguish the remaining claims especially for older accident years.

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Atlas intends to only write its products in states where it believes the Company can generate an above average underwriting profit. As a specialty insurer, Atlas puts a priority on addressing changes in our market in a nimble way. To this end, in recent years Atlas enhanced and initiated numerous underwriting and claim related processes designed to leverage our experience in the specialty light commercial auto sector, including the elevated use of predictive analytics. We have proactively compressed settlement time, particularly with respect to larger claims, providing earlier visibility into potentially changing claim trends. Atlas expects to continue to deliver improvements on more recent accident years by maintaining existing operating efficiency and further improving loss ratios through appropriate underwriting and pricing, disciplined claims handling as well as further leveraging the investments it has made in predictive analytics. However, credit for such improvement will not be recognized until it is reflected in future loss settlements.

The following tables summarize the claims and claims adjustment expenses incurred, net of reinsurance by line of business and accident year:

Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31, 2017								Year Ended December 31, 2016
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability		Other			Total		Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability			Other		Total
2012 and prior	$	3,402	$	(456	)	$	2,946	2011 and prior	$	3,374		$	1,323	$	4,697
2013	9,209		30			9,239		2012	4,348			101		4,449
2014	23,037		603			23,640		2013	10,764			131		10,895
2015	30,025		1,020			31,045		2014	16,946			148		17,094
2016	7,693		834			8,527		2015	(4,930		)	408		(4,522		)
2017	114,531		13,945			128,476		2016	90,713			11,420		102,133
Totals	$	187,897	$	15,976		$	203,873	Totals	$	121,215		$	13,531	$	134,746

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses

Acquisition costs represent commissions and taxes incurred on net premiums earned offset by ceding commission on business reinsured. Acquisition costs were $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, or 12.9% of net premiums earned, as compared to $18.8 million, or 11.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The table below indicates the impact of the various components of acquisition costs on the combined ratio for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

($ in ‘000s, percentages to net premiums earned)
Year Ended December 31,	2017			%		2016			%
Net premiums earned	$	215,771		100.0	%	$	171,058		100.0	%
Gross commissions incurred excluding contingent	28,416			13.2	%	21,993			12.9	%
Gross contingent commissions incurred	3,458			1.6	%	2,618			1.5	%
Premium and other taxes incurred	7,315			3.4	%	6,257			3.6	%
Total gross commissions and taxes incurred	39,189			18.2	%	30,868			18.0	%
Ceded commissions incurred excluding contingent	(9,447		)	(4.4	)%	(10,966		)	(6.4	)%
Ceded contingent commissions incurred	(1,857		)	(0.9	)%	(1,099		)	(0.6	)%
Total ceded commissions incurred	(11,304		)	(5.3	)%	(12,065		)	(7.0	)%
Total	$	27,885		12.9	%	$	18,803		11.0	%

Gross commissions incurred excluding contingent commissions increased by $6.4 million over the prior year period. This increase resulted from premium growth in business where higher commission rates applied. Gross contingent commissions incurred increased by $840,000 over the prior year period primarily as a result of new agents becoming eligible for contingent commissions and premium growth. Gross contingent commissions are awarded based on the combination of developed loss experience and premium growth. Premium and other taxes incurred increased by $1.1 million over the prior year period as a result of premium growth.

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Ceded commissions incurred excluding contingent commissions decreased by $1.5 million over the prior year period primarily due to the decrease in ceded premiums written for the Quota Share. Ceded contingent commissions incurred increased by $758,000 over the prior period. Ceded contingent commissions are based on loss experience. The increase in ceded contingent commissions resulted from favorable loss ratios on Atlas’ excess of loss reinsurance agreements and the Global Quota Share offset by unfavorable loss ratios on the Quota Share. As shown in the table in the ‘Combined Ratio’ section, on a pro-forma basis, without the effect of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share, the acquisition costs would have been 15.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The other underwriting expense ratio (including share-based compensation expenses and expenses incurred related to stock purchase agreements) was 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 13.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Other underwriting expenses increased by approximately $10.0 million over the prior year period. Depreciation, leasehold improvement amortization and facility costs related to Atlas’ new headquarters building increased by $806,000. Salary, payroll taxes and employee benefit costs decreased by $581,000. Because salary, payroll taxes and employee benefit costs decreased and gross premiums written and gross unearned premium reserves increased, DPAC amortization increased by $1.6 million. No expenses were recovered pursuant to stock purchase agreements during 2017, as compared to $6.3 million during 2016. The termination of Gateway’s workers’ compensation retroactive reinsurance agreement increased expenses by $1.7 million for year ended December 31, 2017. Directors fees increased by $30,000 over the prior year period due to the addition of a new board member during 2017.

Changes in our Quota Share reinsurance during 2017 had an impact on the reported other underwriting expense ratio when comparing year to year. As shown in the table in the ‘Combined Ratio’ section, on a pro-forma basis, without the effect of the Quota Share, the other underwriting expense ratio would have been 13.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 11.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The 2016 ratio includes benefits from expenses recovered relating to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements, which decreased this ratio by 3.1%.

While the Quota Share and Global Quota Share provide a ceding commission to offset underwriting expense, this commission reduces acquisition costs rather than other underwriting expenses on the statements of income and comprehensive income. With this in mind, acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses should be examined either collectively as total underwriting expenses or independent of the effects of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share ceding commissions to understand operating efficiency.

Expenses Related to Stock Purchase Agreements

Atlas did not incur or recover any expenses pursuant to stock purchase agreements for the year ended December 31, 2017. Atlas recovered $6.3 million of expenses pursuant to the contingent adjustments of the Gateway and Anchor stock purchase agreements that included the redemption and cancellation of preferred shares for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Combined Ratio

Atlas’ combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 122.5%, compared to 102.9% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Underwriting profitability, as opposed to overall profitability or net earnings, is measured by the combined ratio. The combined ratio is the sum of the claims and claims adjustment expense ratio, the acquisition cost ratio, and the underwriting expense ratio. The change in the combined ratio is attributable to the factors described in the ‘Net Premiums Earned’, ‘Net Claims Incurred’, and ‘Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses’ sections above.

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The table below indicates the impact of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share on the various components of the combined ratio for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

($ in ‘000s, percentages to net premiums earned)
Year Ended December 31,	2017					2016
Gross of Quota Share and Global Quota Share:	Amount			%		Amount			%
Net premiums earned	$	240,994		100.0	%	$	204,228		100.0	%
Net claims incurred1	224,368			93.1	%	151,873			74.4	%
Acquisition costs	37,028			15.4	%	30,827			15.1	%
Other insurance general and administrative expenses	30,548			12.7	%	27,983			13.7	%
DPAC amortization	806			0.3	%	(746		)	(0.4	)%
Expenses recovered related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements	—			—	%	(6,297		)	(3.1	)%
Share-based compensation expense	1,176			0.5	%	1,552			0.8	%
Total underwriting loss and combined ratio	$	(52,932	)	122.0	%	$	(964	)	100.5	%
Net of Quota Share and Global Quota Share:
Net premiums earned	$	215,771		100.0	%	$	171,058		100.0	%
Net claims incurred	203,873			94.5	%	134,746			78.8	%
Acquisition costs	27,885			12.9	%	18,803			11.0	%
Other insurance general and administrative expenses	30,548			14.2	%	27,983			16.3	%
DPAC amortization	806			0.4	%	(746		)	(0.4	)%
Expenses recovered related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements	—			—	%	(6,297		)	(3.7	)%
Share-based compensation expense	1,176			0.5	%	1,552			0.9	%
Total underwriting loss and combined ratio	$	(48,517	)	122.5	%	$	(4,983	)	102.9	%

¹ - For 2017, net claims incurred, gross of the quota share, for the current accident year was $143.3 million with a combined ratio impact of 59.5%. For the prior accident years net claims incurred, gross of the quota share was $81.0 million with a combined ratio impact of 33.6%. For 2016, net claims incurred, gross of the quota share, for the current accident year was $115.2 million with a combined ratio impact of 56.5%. For the prior accident years net claims incurred, gross of the quota share was $36.7 million with a combined ratio impact of 17.9%.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income is primarily comprised of interest income, dividend income, and income from other invested assets, net of investment expenses, which are comprised of investment management fees, custodial fees, and allocated salaries. Net investment income, net of investment expenses, increased by 1.5% to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. These amounts are primarily comprised of interest income. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest income from fixed income securities with higher coupon rates and a decrease in investment manager costs. The gross yield on our fixed income securities was 2.3% and 2.2% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The gross yield on our cash and cash equivalents was 0.3% and 0.1% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in gross yield on our cash investments was due to higher interest rates on certain new accounts and higher balances in accounts earning greater interest. Equity method investments and collateral loans generated investment income of $1.9 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Interest Expense

On April 26, 2017, Atlas issued $25 million of five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes and received net proceeds of approximately $23.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. A portion of the net proceeds from this issuance, together with cash on hand, were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under the Loan Agreement, as defined below in the ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ section. Interest expense was $1.8 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily resulted from the accelerated amortization of debt issuance costs upon the repayment of outstanding amounts under the Loan Agreement and the higher interest rate related to the senior unsecured notes.

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Net Realized Investment Gains

Net realized investment gains is comprised of the gains and losses from the sales of investments. Net realized investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $872,000 compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease resulted from lower gains from the sale of fixed income securities partially offset by higher gains on the sale of equity securities and equity method investments.

Other Income

Atlas recorded other income of $435,000 and $467,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease in other income resulted from lower income from premium financing offset by higher rental income.

(Loss) Income before Income Taxes

Atlas generated a pre-tax loss of $44.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to pre-tax income of $512,000 for year ended December 31, 2016. The causes of these changes are attributed to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Net Premiums Earned’, ‘Net Claims Incurred’, ‘Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses’, ‘Net Investment Income’, ‘Interest Expense’, ‘Net Realized Investment Gains’, and ‘Other Income’ sections above.

Income Tax Benefit

Atlas recognized a tax benefit of $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The following table reconciles the U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate of 35.0% to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

Tax Rate Reconciliation ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2017					2016
	Amount			%		Amount			%
Provision for taxes at U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate	$	(15,453	)	35.0	%	$	179		35.0	%
Nondeductible expenses	51			(0.1	)%	24			4.7	%
Tax-exempt income	(23		)	0.1	%	(39		)	(7.6	)%
State tax (net of federal benefit)	(2		)	—	%	28			5.5	%
Stock compensation	(445		)	1.0	%	—			—	%
Nondeductible acquisition accounting adjustment	—			—	%	(2,204		)	(430.5	)%
Change in statutory tax rate	10,542			(23.9	)%	—			—	%
Other	(13		)	—	%	(122		)	(23.9	)%
Provision for income taxes for continuing operations	$	(5,343	)	12.1	%	$	(2,134	)	(416.8	)%

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law.  Among other things, beginning with the 2018 tax year, the Tax Act reduced the Company’s corporate federal tax rate from a marginal rate of 35% to a flat 21%, eliminated the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”), changed reserving and other aspects of the computation of taxable income for insurance companies, and modified the net operating loss carryback and carryforward provisions for all entities in the group except for those subject to tax as property and casualty companies. The modified net operating loss provisions no longer allow a carryback to prior years to recover past taxes, but now allow an indefinite carryforward period subject to a yearly utilization limit. As discussed above, any net operating losses with respect to the insurance entities taxed as property and casualty companies retain the current net operating loss carryback and carryover provisions, which are two years carryback and 20 years carryforward. As of December 31, 2016, the Company measured its deferred tax items at the enacted rate in effect of 35%. Due to the Tax Act’s enactment, the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 have been re-measured at the new enacted tax rate of 21%.  For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized income tax expense of $10.5 million related to reduction in the net deferred tax asset a result of this re-measurement.

Upon the transaction forming Atlas on December 31, 2010, a yearly limitation as required by IRC Section 382 that applies to changes in ownership on the future utilization of Atlas’ net operating loss carryforwards was calculated. The Insurance Subsidiaries’ prior parent retained those tax assets previously attributed to the Insurance Subsidiaries that could not be utilized by Atlas as a result of this limitation. As a result, Atlas’ ability to recognize future tax benefits associated with a portion of its deferred tax assets generated during prior years have been permanently limited to the amount determined under IRC Section 382. The result is a maximum expected net deferred tax asset, which Atlas has available after the merger and believed more-likely-than-not to be utilized in the future, after consideration of valuation allowance.

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In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, Atlas considers both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets.

Positive evidence evaluated when considering the need for a valuation allowance includes:

• management’s expectations of future profit with vehicles in-force at their highest levels and steady new and renewal business;

• anticipated ability to increase prices in core lines as the commercial auto market is firming;

• predictive modeling in underwriting and claims are generating better priced risks that are expected to create overall profitability over time; and

• positive growth trends in gross premiums written in each year since formation.

Negative evidence evaluated when considering the need for a valuation allowance includes:

• net losses generated in the two most recent years; and

• yearly limitation as required by IRC Section 382 on net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2013.

Net (Loss) Income and (Loss) Earnings per Common Share

Atlas had a net loss of $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to net income of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. After taking the impact of the liquidation preference of the preferred shares into consideration, the loss per common share diluted for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $3.22 versus earnings per common share diluted of $0.19 for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The following chart illustrates Atlas’ potential dilutive common shares for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

Year Ended December 31,	2017	2016
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880	12,045,519
Dilutive potential ordinary shares:
Dilutive stock options	—	177,364
Dilutive shares upon preferred share conversion	—	—
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880	12,222,883

The effects of convertible instruments are excluded from the computation of earnings per common share diluted in periods in which the effect would be anti-dilutive. Convertible preferred shares are anti-dilutive when the amount of dividend declared or accumulated in the current period per common share obtainable upon conversion exceeds earnings per common share basic. For the year ended December 31, 2017, all exercisable stock options were deemed to be anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2016, all exercisable stock options were deemed to be dilutive and all of the convertible preferred shares were deemed to be anti-dilutive. The potentially dilutive impact for the convertible preferred stock excluded from the calculation due to anti-dilution is 441,357 common shares for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Year ended December 31, 2016 compared to year endedDecember 31, 2015:

Gross Premiums Written

The following table summarizes gross premiums written by line of business.

Gross Premiums Written by Line of Business ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2016		2015		% Change
Commercial automobile	$	223,801	$	207,767	7.7	%
Other	1,294		1,519		(14.8	)%
Total	$	225,095	$	209,286	7.6	%

For the year ended December 31, 2016, gross premiums written was $225.1 million compared to $209.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, representing a 7.6% increase. This increase primarily resulted from growth in livery/limousine and para-transit gross premiums written of approximately $41.1 million offset by a $25.6 million decrease in taxi gross premiums written. The growth in livery/limousine and para-transit gross premiums written resulted from having a full year’s worth of Global Liberty premium for 2016 as compared to the 9-1/2months we had in 2015, coupled with market share growth in those products. The decrease in taxi business included overall reduction in available vehicles to insure, a $4.3 million excess taxi account and a few larger fleet accounts that were not renewed during 2016 due to our disciplined underwriting practice.

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For the year ended December 31, 2016, gross premiums written from commercial automobile was $223.8 million, representing a 7.7% increase relative to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is attributable to Atlas’ continued geographic expansion as a positive response from both new and existing agents and insureds to Atlas’ value proposition. We wrote $75.8 million and $86.8 million of new gross premiums written business for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Of these amounts, Global Liberty, our most recent acquisition, contributed $19.3 million and $20.6 million in new premiums written for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. With respect to our traditional commercial automobile, which excludes excess taxi, gross premiums written was $215.7 million, an increase of 10.4% versus the year ended December 31, 2015. As a percentage of the Insurance Subsidiaries’ overall book of business, commercial auto gross premiums written represented 99.4% of gross, and 99.9% of net, premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 99.3% and 99.4%, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2015.

In-force premium was $224.6 million and $210.6 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The Company’s gross unearned premium reserves were $113.2 million and $108.2 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The increase in gross unearned premium reserves and in-force premium since December 31, 2015 primarily resulted from growth in the states of California, Nevada, New Jersey, New York and Washington offset by a reduction in business in the state of Michigan.

Geographic Concentration

Gross Premiums Written by State ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2016				2015
New York	$	69,737	31.0	%	$	61,331	29.3	%
California	29,784		13.2	%	24,592		11.8	%
Illinois	12,398		5.5	%	11,741		5.6	%
Louisiana	10,337		4.6	%	11,884		5.7	%
Minnesota	9,542		4.3	%	11,178		5.3	%
Michigan	9,002		4.0	%	12,178		5.8	%
Nevada	7,966		3.5	%	4,536		2.2	%
Virginia	7,940		3.5	%	7,134		3.4	%
Texas	7,881		3.5	%	9,462		4.5	%
Ohio	5,942		2.6	%	6,124		2.9	%
Other	54,566		24.3	%	49,126		23.5	%
Total	$	225,095	100.0	%	$	209,286	100.0	%

As illustrated by the table above, 31.0% of Atlas’ gross premiums written year ended December 31, 2016 came from New York and 58.6% came from the five states currently producing the most premium volume, as compared to 58.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Global Liberty experienced the highest gross premiums written growth among the Insurance Subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2016 in these top five states due to having a full year’s worth of premium in 2016.

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written increased 13.7% to $45.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $39.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily due to Atlas’ participation in the Quota Share and Global Quota Share, product mix and overall gross premium growth. Excluding the Quota Share and Global Quota Share, ceded premiums written were $13.4 million and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written increased 6.1% to $180.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $169.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. These changes are attributed to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Gross Premiums Written’ and ‘Ceded Premiums Written’ sections above.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned increased by $19.0 million to $171.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a 12.5% increase compared with $152.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net premiums earned is attributable to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Gross Premiums Written’ and ‘Ceded Premiums Written’ sections above. Global Liberty accounted for $11.0 million of this increase. The remaining increase in net premiums earned resulted from organic growth primarily in the states of California, Minnesota, Nevada, New York and Virginia.

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Net Claims Incurred

The loss ratio relating to the net claims incurred for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 78.8% compared to 59.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The loss ratio increase was primarily the result of the Company’s re-estimation of its unpaid claims liabilities on prior accident years, creating a 19.6% increase in loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2016. Atlas experienced $32.6 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2016. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line. Excluding pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserve development, the development of our core lines on prior accident years was $23.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Michigan commercial automobile claims accounted for approximately 62.5% of this development.

As a percentage of the Company’s policy count, business written in the state of Michigan was reduced significantly on a year-over-year basis beginning in 2013 as a result of relative underperformance. In 2012, Michigan business represented 18.5% of total policy count; in the past year, policies in that state represented 4.5% of the total. Despite the reduction in relative exposure, losses paid in connection with Michigan claims have been disproportionate, representing 21% of all loss amounts paid in 2016 for commercial auto liability claims. Claims paid under $25,000 represented 43% of the total paid in the state with average severity in this cohort increasing 24% on a year over year basis in 2016. In particular, average severity for personal injury protection (“PIP”) coverage, which is mandatory in Michigan, paid in 2016 increased by 115% as compared to 2015, litigated PIP claim settlements increased by 25% year over year and PIP claims closing without payment decreased from 50% to 32%. Severity trends for large claims were more stable. In total, based on claim payment made through year-end 2016, Michigan claims for policy years 2010 through 2015 exceeded the amount that would have been proportionate by approximately $23 million.

Pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserve development was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The remaining unfavorable prior year development of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 is attributable to assigned risk pools and run-off non-core business.

Atlas experienced $166,000 in unfavorable prior accident year development during the year ended December 31, 2015. Prior accident year unfavorable development on non-core lines and assigned risk pools was $870,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The unfavorable development on non-core lines and assigned risk pools was offset by favorable prior accident year development of $475,000 and $230,000 on our core lines and pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserves, respectively. This favorable development on our core lines was attributable to our traditional taxi and excess taxi products.

The following tables summarize the claims and claims adjustment expenses incurred, net of reinsurance by line of business and accident year:

Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31, 2016									Year Ended December 31, 2015
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability			Other		Total			Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability			Other			Total
2011 and prior	$	3,374		$	1,323	$	4,697		2010 and prior	$	2,622		$	156		$	2,778
2012	4,348			101		4,449			2011	288			305			593
2013	10,764			131		10,895			2012	1,431			(16		)	1,415
2014	16,946			148		17,094			2013	5,908			(200		)	5,708
2015	(4,930		)	408		(4,522		)	2014	(10,912		)	584			(10,328		)
2016	90,713			11,420		102,133			2015	79,062			10,766			89,828
Totals	$	121,215		$	13,531	$	134,746		Totals	$	78,399		$	11,595		$	89,994

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses

Acquisition costs were $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, or 11.0% of net premiums earned, as compared to 12.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in the ratio is primarily due to the Quota Share’s and Global Quota Share’s ceding commissions.

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The table below indicates the impact of the various components of acquisition costs on the combined ratio for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

($ in ‘000s, percentages to net premiums earned)
Year Ended December 31,	2016			%		2015			%
Net premiums earned	$	171,058		100.0	%	$	152,064		100.0	%
Gross commissions incurred excluding contingent	21,993			12.9	%	19,200			12.6	%
Gross contingent commissions incurred	2,618			1.5	%	2,257			1.5	%
Premium and other taxes incurred	6,257			3.6	%	4,933			3.3	%
Total gross commissions and taxes incurred	30,868			18.0	%	26,390			17.4	%
Ceded commissions incurred excluding contingent	(10,966		)	(6.4	)%	(6,807		)	(4.5	)%
Ceded contingent commissions incurred	(1,099		)	(0.6	)%	(991		)	(0.7	)%
Total ceded commissions incurred	(12,065		)	(7.0	)%	(7,798		)	(5.2	)%
Total	$	18,803		11.0	%	$	18,592		12.2	%

As discussed above in ‘Gross Premiums Written’, we wrote a full year’s worth of Global Liberty premium for 2016 as compared to the 9-1/2months we had in 2015. Due to this increase, coupled with market share growth in our livery/limousine and para-transit products where higher commission rates applied, gross commissions incurred excluding contingent commissions increased by $2.8 million over the prior year period. Gross contingent commissions incurred increased by $361,000 over the prior year period primarily as a result of Global Liberty business being included in the calculations. Premium and other taxes incurred increased by $1.3 million over the prior year period as a result of premium growth.

Ceded commissions incurred excluding contingent commissions increased by $4.2 million over the prior year period primarily due to the increase in ceded premiums written for the Quota Share and Global Quota Share. Ceded contingent commissions incurred increased by $108,000 over the prior period. The increase in ceded contingent commissions resulted from favorable loss ratios on Atlas’ excess of loss reinsurance agreements offset by unfavorable loss ratios on the Quota Share. As shown in the table in the ‘Combined Ratio’ section, on a pro-forma basis, without the effect of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share, the acquisition costs would have been 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to 14.7% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The other underwriting expense ratio (including share-based compensation expenses and expenses incurred related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements) was 13.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 16.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Expenses recovered pursuant to stock purchase agreements lowered the other underwriting expense ratio by 3.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Bad debt expense totaled $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $622,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase resulted from the re-estimation of the allowance and the reserving for specific premium receivable accounts past due. Bad debt expense increased the other underwriting expense ratio by 1.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Changes in our Quota Share reinsurance during 2016 had an impact on the reported other underwriting expense ratio when comparing year to year. As shown in the table in the ‘Combined Ratio’ section, on a pro-forma basis, without the effect of the Quota Share, the other underwriting expense ratio would have been 11.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 14.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The growth of our core lines and our increasing operational scale had a positive impact on this ratio.

Expenses Related to Acquisitions and Stock Purchase Agreements

Atlas recovered $6.3 million of expenses pursuant to the contingent adjustments of the Gateway and Anchor stock purchase agreements that included the redemption and cancellation of preferred shares for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2015, Atlas recognized total expenses of $1.9 million related to the acquisition of Anchor and pursuant to the contingent adjustments relative to the Gateway stock purchase agreement. The Anchor costs of $999,000 were incurred to effect the business combination and included legal fees, advisory services, accounting fees, and internal general and administrative costs. The Gateway expense of $942,000 related to the terms of the Gateway stock purchase agreement and the issuance of preferred shares pursuant to the terms of such agreement.

Combined Ratio

Atlas’ combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 102.9%, compared to 88.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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The change in underwriting profitability is attributable to the factors described in the ‘Net Premiums Earned’, ‘Net Claims Incurred’, ‘Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses’ sections above.

The table below indicates the impact of the Quota Share and Global Quota Share on the various components of the combined ratio for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

($ in ‘000s, percentages to net premiums earned)
Year Ended December 31,	2016					2015
Gross of Quota Share and Global Quota Share:	Amount			%		Amount			%
Net premiums earned	$	204,228		100.0	%	$	170,737		100.0	%
Net claims incurred1	151,873			74.4	%	99,394			58.2	%
Acquisition costs	30,827			15.1	%	25,093			14.7	%
Other insurance general and administrative expenses2	27,983			13.7	%	22,356			13.1	%
DPAC amortization	(746		)	(0.4	)%	(385		)	(0.2	)%
Expenses (recovered) incurred related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements3	(6,297		)	(3.1	)%	1,941			1.1	%
Share-based compensation expense	1,552			0.8	%	1,613			0.9	%
Total underwriting (loss) profit and combined ratio	$	(964	)	100.5	%	$	20,725		87.8	%
Net of Quota Share and Global Quota Share:
Net premiums earned	$	171,058		100.0	%	$	152,064		100.0	%
Net claims incurred	134,746			78.8	%	89,994			59.2	%
Acquisition costs	18,803			11.0	%	18,592			12.2	%
Other insurance general and administrative expenses2	27,983			16.3	%	22,356			14.7	%
DPAC amortization	(746		)	(0.4	)%	(385		)	(0.3	)%
Expenses (recovered) incurred related to acquisitions and stock purchase agreements3	(6,297		)	(3.7	)%	1,941			1.3	%
Share-based compensation expense	1,552			0.9	%	1,613			1.1	%
Total underwriting (loss) profit and combined ratio	$	(4,983	)	102.9	%	$	17,953		88.2	%

¹ - For 2016, net claims incurred, gross of the quota share, for the current accident year was $115.2 million with a combined ratio impact of 56.5%. For the prior accident years net claims incurred, gross of the quota share was $36.7 million with a combined ratio impact of 17.9%.

² - For 2015, we restated our presentation for amortization of loan costs from other underwriting expense to interest expense in accordance with the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-03. The restatement decreased other insurance general and administrative expense and increased the total underwriting profit by $56,000. The restatement had a negligible impact on the other insurance general and administrative expense ratio and the combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2015. For 2015, we combined our presentation of amortization of intangible assets and other insurance general and administrative expenses.

³ - For 2015, we reclassified our presentation for costs related to acquisition and stock purchase agreements from non-operating expenses to other underwriting expenses. The reclassification decreased both gross and net total underwriting profit by $1.9 million, increased the gross combined ratio by 1.1% and increased the net combined ratio by 1.3% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income, net of investment expenses, increased by 21.3% to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. These amounts are primarily comprised of interest income. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of Anchor and change in investment mix with higher yields. The gross yield on our fixed income securities was 2.2% for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The gross yield on our cash and cash equivalents was 0.1% for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2016, equity method investments and collateral loans generated investment income of $1.9 million, compared to investment income of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is primarily due to interest income on our collateral loan investments.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense was $1.0 million and $694,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily resulted from increased borrowings under the Loan Agreement and slight increases in the LIBOR.

Net Realized Investment Gains

Net realized investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $1.2 million compared to $455,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase resulted primarily from gains on the sale of state/political subdivision and corporate fixed income securities under favorable market conditions.

Other Income

Atlas recorded other income for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $467,000 compared to other income of $356,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in other income resulted from rental income and the recovery of previously escheated funds.

Income before Income Taxes

Atlas generated pre-tax income of $512,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to pre-tax income of $22.0 million for year ended December 31, 2015. The causes of these changes are attributed to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Net Premiums Earned’, ‘Net Claims Incurred’, ‘Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses’, ‘Net Investment Income’, ‘Interest Expense’, ‘Net Realized Investment Gains’, and ‘Other Income’ sections above.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Atlas recognized $2.1 million of tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2016 and recognized $7.6 million of tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table reconciles the U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate of 35.0% to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

Tax Rate Reconciliation ($ in ‘000s)
Year Ended December 31,	2016					2015
	Amount			%		Amount			%
Provision for taxes at U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate	$	179		35.0	%	$	7,716		35.0	%
Nondeductible expenses	24			4.7	%	124			0.6	%
Tax-exempt income	(39		)	(7.6	)%	(89		)	(0.4	)%
State tax (net of federal benefit)	28			5.5	%	118			0.5	%
Nondeductible acquisition accounting adjustment	(2,204		)	(430.5	)%	329			1.5	%
Change in statutory tax rate	—			—	%	(471		)	(2.1	)%
Other	(122		)	(23.9	)%	(111		)	(0.6	)%
Provision for income taxes for continuing operations	$	(2,134	)	(416.8	)%	$	7,616		34.5	%

Net Income and Earnings per Common Share

Atlas had net income of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. After taking the impact of the liquidation preference of the preferred shares into consideration, the earnings per common share diluted for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $0.19 versus earnings per common share diluted of $1.13 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The following chart illustrates Atlas’ potential dilutive common shares for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

Year Ended December 31,	2016	2015
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	12,045,519	11,975,579
Dilutive potential ordinary shares:
Dilutive stock options	177,364	186,656
Dilutive shares upon preferred share conversion	—	573,444
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	12,222,883	12,735,679

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For the year ended December 31, 2016, all exercisable stock options were deemed to be dilutive and all of the convertible preferred shares were deemed to be anti-dilutive. The potentially dilutive impact for the convertible preferred stock excluded from the calculation due to anti-dilution is 441,357 common shares for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2015, all of the convertible preferred shares and all exercisable stock options were deemed to be dilutive.

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IV. FINANCIAL CONDITION

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
($ in ‘000s, except for share and per share data)	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
Assets
Investments, available for sale
Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost $158,411 and $157,451)	$	157,984		$	156,487
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $7,969 and $5,598)	8,446			6,223
Other investments	31,438			32,181
Total Investments	197,868			194,891
Cash and cash equivalents	45,615			29,888
Accrued investment income	1,248			1,228
Premiums receivable (net of allowance of $3,418 and $2,366)	79,664			77,386
Reinsurance recoverables on amounts paid	7,982			7,786
Reinsurance recoverables on amounts unpaid	53,402			35,370
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	12,878			13,372
Deferred policy acquisition costs	14,797			13,222
Deferred tax asset, net	16,985			18,498
Goodwill	2,726			2,726
Intangible assets, net	4,145			4,535
Property and equipment, net	24,439			11,770
Other assets	20,754			12,905
Total Assets	$	482,503		$	423,577
Liabilities
Claims liabilities	$	211,648		$	139,004
Unearned premium reserves	128,043			113,171
Due to reinsurers	8,411			8,369
Notes payable, net	24,031			19,187
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	19,725			16,504
Total Liabilities	$	391,858		$	296,235
Shareholders' Equity
Ordinary voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 266,666,667 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 12,164,041 and December 31, 2016 - 11,895,104	$	36		$	36
Restricted voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 33,333,334 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 0 and December 31, 2016 - 128,191	—			—
Additional paid-in capital	201,105			199,244
Retained deficit	(110,535		)	(71,718		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	39			(220		)
Total Shareholders' Equity	$	90,645		$	127,342
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	482,503		$	423,577

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Investments

Overview and Strategy

Atlas aligns its securities portfolio to support the liabilities and operating cash needs of the Insurance Subsidiaries, to preserve capital and to generate investment returns. Atlas invests predominantly in corporate and government bonds with a portion of the portfolio in relatively short durations that correlate with the payout patterns of Atlas’ claims liabilities. Atlas also invests opportunistically in selective direct investments with favorable return attributes. A third-party investment management firm manages Atlas’ investment portfolio pursuant to the Company’s investment policies and guidelines as approved by its Board of Directors. Atlas monitors the third-party investment manager’s performance and its compliance with both its mandate and Atlas’ investment policies and guidelines.

Atlas’ investment guidelines stress the preservation of capital, market liquidity to support payment of liabilities and the diversification of risk. With respect to fixed income securities, Atlas generally purchases securities with the expectation of holding them to their maturities; however, the securities are available for sale if liquidity needs arise. To the extent that interest rates increase or decrease, unrealized gains or losses may result. We believe that our investment philosophy and approach significantly mitigate the likelihood of such gains or losses being realized.

Portfolio Composition

Atlas held securities with a fair value of $166.4 million and $162.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, which were primarily comprised of fixed income securities. The securities held by the Insurance Subsidiaries must comply with applicable regulations that prescribe the type, quality and concentration of securities. These regulations in the various jurisdictions in which the Insurance Subsidiaries are domiciled permit investments in government, state, municipal and corporate bonds, preferred and common equities, and other high quality investments, within specified limits and subject to certain qualifications.

The fair value for Atlas’ investments in fixed income securities and equities by type and sector are as follows:

Fair Value of securities portfolio ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,			2017		2016
Fixed Income Securities:
	U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations		$	21,186	$	22,474
	States, municipalities and political subdivisions		13,243		10,470
	Corporate
		Banking/financial services	21,382		22,852
		Consumer goods	9,679		8,593
		Capital goods	7,992		7,873
		Energy	7,515		3,735
		Telecommunications/utilities	11,215		7,617
		Health care	1,059		1,357
	Total Corporate		58,842		52,027
	Mortgage Backed
		Mortgage backed - agency	30,613		34,014
		Mortgage backed - commercial	22,587		21,158
	Total Mortgage Backed		53,200		55,172
	Other asset backed		11,513		16,344
Total Fixed Income Securities			$	157,984	$	156,487
Equities			8,446		6,223
Totals			$	166,430	$	162,710

For the year ended December 31, 2017, total investment holdings increased to $197.9 million from $194.9 million as of December 31, 2016. This increase resulted from net purchases of fixed income securities and equities, positive changes in the market values of fixed income securities and equities and increases in Atlas’ share of the net book value of equity method investments offset by net sales of equity method investments.

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Most of the Company’s holdings are impacted by the U.S economy, and we anticipate a very moderate impact from the effect of global economic conditions on the domestic economy. Global economic conditions may create brief periods of market volatility, but we do not believe it will alter the fundamental outlook of the Company’s investment holdings. 

Other Investments

Atlas’ other investments are comprised of collateral loans and various limited partnerships that invest in income-producing real estate, equities, or insurance linked securities. Atlas accounts for these limited partnership investments using the equity method of accounting. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying values of these other investments were approximately $31.4 million versus approximately $32.2 million as of December 31, 2016. The carrying values of the equity method limited partnerships were $25.3 million and $24.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The increase in the carrying value of the limited partnerships was primarily due to the purchase of investments and favorable changes in Atlas’ share of the net book value of certain limited partnerships offset by the return of capital. The carrying value of these investments is Atlas’ share of the net book value for each limited partnership, an amount that approximates fair value. Atlas receives payments on a routine basis that approximate the income earned on one of the limited partnerships that invest in income-producing real estate. The carrying values of the collateral loans were $6.2 million and $7.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The decrease was due to the partial return of principal of one collateral loan offset by additional loans acquired in 2017.

The following table summarizes investments in equity method investments by investment type as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in ‘000s)	Unfunded Commitments		Carrying Value
As of December 31,	2017		2017		2016
Real estate1	$	2,842	$	10,660	$	10,797
Insurance linked securities	—		9,073		9,178
Activist hedge funds	—		4,367		4,336
Venture capital1	4,150		853		623
Other joint venture	—		325		—
Total Equity Method Investments	$	6,992	$	25,278	$	24,934

¹- We recategorized the carrying value of one limited partnership that was valued at $283,000 as of December 31, 2016 from ‘Venture capital’ to ‘Real estate’ based on its operations.

Liquidity and Cash Flow Risk

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturities of the fixed income securities portfolio, excluding cash and cash equivalents, at the dates indicated:

Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Fixed Income Securities by Contractual Maturity Date ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017						2016
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		%		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		%
Due in less than one year	$	11,149	$	11,141	7.0	%	$	8,729	$	8,732	5.6	%
Due in one through five years	33,941		33,857		21.4	%	43,772		43,808		28.0	%
Due after five through ten years	41,542		41,538		26.3	%	27,618		27,263		17.4	%
Due after ten years	6,614		6,735		4.3	%	5,389		5,168		3.3	%
Total contractual maturity	93,246		93,271		59.0	%	85,508		84,971		54.3	%
Total mortgage and asset backed	65,165		64,713		41.0	%	71,943		71,516		45.7	%
Total	$	158,411	$	157,984	100.0	%	$	157,451	$	156,487	100.0	%

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As of December 31, 2017, 28.4% of the fixed income securities, including treasury bills, bankers’ acceptances, government bonds and corporate bonds had contractual maturities of five years or less, compared to 33.6% as of December 31, 2016. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because certain issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Atlas holds cash and high grade short-term assets, which, along with fixed income security maturities, management believes are sufficient for the payment of claims on a timely basis. In the event that additional cash is required to meet obligations to policyholders, Atlas believes that a high quality securities portfolio provides us with sufficient liquidity. As of December 31, 2017, the fixed income securities had a weighted average life of 4.9 years and a duration of 3.9 years, compared to a weighted average life of 4.1 years and a duration of 3.4 years, as of December 31, 2016. The increase in weighted average life of the fixed income securities portfolio was the result of the reinvestment of proceeds from the maturity and sales of fixed income securities with longer average lives. Changes in interest rates may have a modest market value impact on the Atlas portfolio relative to longer duration portfolios. Atlas can and typically does hold bonds to maturity by matching duration with the anticipated liquidity needs.

The debt-to-equity ratio is the sum of the Company’s long-term debt and interest payable divided by total shareholders’ equity. The Company’s debt-to-equity ratio as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was 26.8% and 15.2%, respectively. The increase is the result of the increase in notes payable and interest payable and the decrease in shareholders’ equity. Refer to the ‘Shareholders’ Equity’ and ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ subsections of the ‘Financial Condition’ section for further information.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is defined as the risk of financial loss due to failure of the other party to a financial instrument to discharge an obligation. Atlas is exposed to credit risk principally through its investments and balances receivable from policyholders, agents and reinsurers. It monitors concentration and credit quality risk through policies designed to limit and monitor its exposure to individual issuers or related groups (with the exception of U.S. government bonds) as well as through ongoing review of the credit ratings of issuers in the securities portfolio. Credit exposure to any one individual policyholder is not material. The Company’s insurance policies, however, are distributed by agents who may manage cash collection on its behalf pursuant to the terms of their agency agreement. Atlas has protocols to evaluate the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities, or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurers’ insolvency.

As of December 31, 2017, Atlas’ allowance for bad debt was $3.4 million, compared to $2.4 million as of December 31, 2016. This increase in the allowance for bad debt was related to the re-estimation of the allowance, which is based on premium growth.

The following table summarizes the composition of the fair value of the fixed income securities portfolio, excluding cash and cash equivalents, as of the dates indicated, by ratings assigned by Fitch, S&P or Moody’s Investors Service. The fixed income securities portfolio consists of predominantly investment grade securities in corporate and government bonds with 99.3% rated ‘BBB’ or better as of December 31, 2017 compared to 99.2% as of December 31, 2016.

Credit Ratings of Fixed Income Securities Portfolio ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017				2016
	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
AAA/Aaa	$	42,978	27.2	%	$	44,521	28.5	%
AA/Aa	58,173		36.8	%	64,324		41.1	%
A/A	27,384		17.3	%	23,427		15.0	%
BBB/Baa	28,348		18.0	%	22,886		14.6	%
BB	875		0.6	%	1,114		0.7	%
B	226		0.1	%	215		0.1	%
Total Fixed Income Securities	$	157,984	100.0	%	$	156,487	100.0	%

Other-than-temporary impairment

Atlas recognizes losses on securities for which a decline in market value was deemed to be other than temporary. Management performs a quarterly analysis of the securities holdings to determine if declines in market value are other than temporary. Atlas did not recognize any charges for securities impairments that were considered other than temporary for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

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The length of time securities may be held in an unrealized loss position may vary based on the opinion of the appointed investment manager and their respective analyses related to valuation and to the various credit risks that may prevent us from recapturing the principal investment. In cases of securities with a maturity date where the appointed investment manager determines that there is little or no risk of default prior to the maturity of a holding, Atlas would elect to hold the security in an unrealized loss position until the price recovers or the security matures. In situations where facts emerge that might increase the risk associated with recapture of principal, Atlas may elect to sell securities at a loss.

The total fair value of the securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017 was $108.1 million compared to $91.9 million as of December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses as of December 31, 2017 were $1.4 million compared to $1.6 million as of December 31, 2016. This decrease in unrealized losses resulted primarily from increases in market values of our fixed income securities (see Note 5, ‘Investments’). Atlas has the ability and intent to hold the securities in an unrealized loss position until their fair value is recovered. Therefore, Atlas does not expect the market value loss position of these investments to be realized in the near term.

Due from Reinsurers

Atlas purchases reinsurance from third parties in order to reduce its liability on individual risks and its exposure to large claims. Reinsurance is coverage purchased by one insurance company from another for part of the risk originally underwritten by the purchasing (ceding) insurance company. The practice of ceding insurance to reinsurers allows an insurance company to reduce its exposure to claims by size, geographic area, and type of risk or on a particular policy. An effect of ceding insurance is to permit an insurance company to write additional insurance for risks in greater number or in larger amounts than it would otherwise insure independently, based on its statutory capital, risk tolerance and other factors.

Atlas generally purchases reinsurance to limit net exposure to a maximum amount on any one claim of $500,000 with respect to commercial automobile liability claims. Atlas also purchases reinsurance to protect against awards in excess of its policy limits. Atlas continually evaluates and adjusts its reinsurance needs based on business volume, mix, and supply levels. As a result, the Company has entered into the Quota Share with Swiss Re for ASI Pool Subsidiaries and the Global Quota Share with Swiss Re for Global Liberty. Under these contracts, cessions can be increased at our election should we want to utilize it as a means of deleveraging. This gives us flexibility in terms of the timing and approach to potential future capital raising activities in light of anticipated increased operating leverage. Prior to 2016, Global Liberty had a 20% quota share reinsurance with SCOR Re. In 2016, this contract was replaced by the Global Quota Share.

Reinsurance ceded does not relieve Atlas of its ultimate liability to its insured in the event that any reinsurer is unable to meet their obligations under its reinsurance contracts. Therefore, Atlas enters into reinsurance contracts with only those reinsurers deemed to have sufficient financial resources to provide the requested coverage. Reinsurance treaties are generally subject to cancellation by the reinsurers or Atlas on the anniversary date and are subject to renegotiation annually. Atlas regularly evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors the concentrations of credit risk to minimize its exposure to significant claims as a result of the insolvency of a reinsurer. Atlas believes that the amounts it has recorded as reinsurance recoverables are appropriately established. Estimating amounts of reinsurance recoverables, however, is subject to various uncertainties, and the amounts ultimately recoverable may vary from amounts currently recorded. Atlas had $61.4 million recoverable from third party reinsurers (exclusive of amounts prepaid) and other insurers as of December 31, 2017 as compared to $43.2 million as of December 31, 2016. The increase in the amount recoverable from third party reinsurers resulted from an increase in case and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves and a slight increase in amounts recoverable on paid claims.

Estimating amounts of reinsurance recoverables is also impacted by the uncertainties involved in the establishment of provisions for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses. As underlying reserves potentially develop, the amounts ultimately recoverable may vary from amounts currently recorded. Atlas’ reinsurance recoverables are generally unsecured. Atlas regularly evaluates its reinsurers, and the respective amounts recoverable, and an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is provided for, if needed.

Atlas’ largest reinsurance partners are Great American Insurance Company (“Great American”), a subsidiary of American Financial Group, Inc., General Reinsurance Corporation (“Gen Re”), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., SCOR Re, a subsidiary of SCOR U.S. Corporation, Swiss Re, a subsidiary of Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. and White Rock Insurance (SAC) Ltd. (“White Rock”). Great American has a financial strength rating of A1 from Moody’s, Gen Re has a financial strength rating of AA+ from Fitch, SCOR Re has a financial strength rating of AA- from Fitch, Swiss Re has a financial strength rating of Aa3 from Moody’s, and White Rock is unrated. Gateway’s run-off workers’ compensation program was reinsured with White Rock. This reinsurance agreement was terminated during 2017.

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Deferred Tax Asset

Components of Deferred Tax ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017		2016
Gross deferred tax assets:
Losses carried forward	$	13,313	$	14,535
Claims liabilities and unearned premium reserves	6,171		8,546
Tax credits	1,172		662
Commissions	623		1,269
Stock compensation	602		1,157
Other	1,094		1,027
Total gross deferred tax assets	22,975		27,196
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,107		4,628
Investments	213		475
Fixed assets	847		559
Intangible assets	715		1,328
Other	1,108		1,708
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	5,990		8,698
Net deferred tax assets	$	16,985	$	18,498

Based on Atlas’ expectations of future taxable income, its ability to change its investment strategy, as well as reversing gross future tax liabilities, management believes it is more likely than not that Atlas will fully realize the net future tax assets.

On July 22, 2013, as a result of shareholder activity, a “triggering event” as determined under IRC Section 382 occurred. As a result, under IRC Section 382, the use of the Company’s net operating loss and other carry-forwards generated prior to the “triggering event” will be limited as a result of this “ownership change” for tax purposes, which is defined as a cumulative change of more than 50% during any three-year period by shareholders owning 5% or greater portions of the Company’s shares.

Due to this triggering event, the Company estimates that it will retain total tax effected federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $13.3 million as of December 31, 2017.

Atlas has the following total net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2017:

Net Operating Loss Carryforward by Expiry ($ in ‘000s)
Year of Occurrence	Year of Expiration	Amount
2001	2021	$	5,007
2002	2022	4,317
2006	2026	7,825
2007	2027	5,131
2008	2028	1,949
2009	2029	1,949
2010	2030	1,949
2011	2031	4,166
2012	2032	9,236
2015	2035	1
2017	2037	21,864
Total		$	63,394

NOLs and other carryforwards generated in 2015 and 2017 are not limited by IRC Section 382.

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Buildings and Land

In the fourth quarter of 2016, Atlas purchased a property in Schaumburg, Illinois to serve as the new corporate headquarters in 2017. The building and land were purchased for $9.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company purchased furnishings and made improvements to this building. The total cost of furnishings and improvements was approximately $11.3 million. See MD&A,‘Contractual Obligations’ section below, Note 8, ‘Commitments and Contingencies’ and Note 9 ‘Property and Equipment’ for further discussion of the new corporate headquarters.

Claims Liabilities

The table below shows the amounts of total case reserves and IBNR reserves as of December 31, 2017 and as of December 31, 2016. The other line of business is comprised of our surety program (currently in run off), Gateway’s truck and workers’ compensation programs (currently in run off), American Service’s non-standard personal lines business (currently in run off), Atlas’ workers’ compensation related to taxi, other liability, Global Liberty’s homeowners program (currently in run off) and assigned risk pool business. See MD&A, ‘Overview’ section for further information regarding these lines of business.

Provision for Unpaid Claims by Type - Gross of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017		2016		YTD% Change
Case reserves	$	62,769	$	52,132	20.4	%
IBNR	148,879		86,872		71.4	%
Total	$	211,648	$	139,004	52.3	%

Provision for Unpaid Claims by Line of Business – Gross of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017		2016		YTD% Change
Commercial automobile liability	$	204,654	$	132,732	54.2	%
Other	6,994		6,272		11.5	%
Total	$	211,648	$	139,004	52.3	%

Provision for Unpaid Claims by Line of Business - Net of Reinsurance Recoverables ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31,	2017		2016		YTD% Change
Commercial automobile liability	$	153,319	$	101,220	51.5	%
Other	4,927		2,414		104.1	%
Total	$	158,246	$	103,634	52.7	%

The provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses increased by 52.3% to $211.6 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to $139.0 million as of December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, case reserves increased by 20.4% compared to December 31, 2016, while IBNR reserves increased by 71.4%. The increase in case reserves resulted from the increase in current accident year claims due to business growth offset by a decrease in claims in older accident years due to the acceleration of claim payments for those years. Based on year end 2017 actuarial work Atlas determined that a significant IBNR increase was necessary to ensure levels are sufficient to extinguish the remaining claims, especially for older accident years.

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The following tables summarize the provision for unpaid claims, gross of reinsurance by type and line of business and accident year:

Provision for Unpaid Claims, Gross of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31, 2017	Case Reserves							IBNR
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability		Other			Total		Commercial Auto Liability		Other		Total
2016 and prior	$	30,393	$	2,219		$	32,612	$	65,017	$	4,057	$	69,074
2017	30,619		(462		)	30,157		78,625		1,180		79,805
Totals	$	61,012	$	1,757		$	62,769	$	143,642	$	5,237	$	148,879

Provision for Unpaid Claims, Gross of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31, 2016	Case Reserves							IBNR
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability		Other			Total		Commercial Auto Liability		Other		Total
2015 and prior	$	25,295	$	3,129		$	28,424	$	24,558	$	2,553	$	27,111
2016	24,222		(514		)	23,708		58,657		1,104		59,761
Totals	$	49,517	$	2,615		$	52,132	$	83,215	$	3,657	$	86,872

The following tables summarize the provision for unpaid claims, net of reinsurance by type and line of business and accident year:

Provision for Unpaid Claims, Net of Reinsurance Recoverables ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31, 2017	Case Reserves							IBNR
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability		Other			Total		Commercial Auto Liability		Other		Total
2016 and prior	$	25,701	$	1,303		$	27,004	$	50,309	$	3,089	$	53,398
2017	27,421		(309		)	27,112		49,888		844		50,732
Totals	$	53,122	$	994		$	54,116	$	100,197	$	3,933	$	104,130

Provision for Unpaid Claims, Net of Reinsurance Recoverables ($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31, 2016	Case Reserves							IBNR
Accident Year	Commercial Auto Liability		Other			Total		Commercial Auto Liability		Other		Total
2015 and prior	$	21,909	$	1,350		$	23,259	$	16,869	$	1,023	$	17,892
2016	20,461		(338		)	20,123		41,981		379		42,360
Totals	$	42,370	$	1,012		$	43,382	$	58,850	$	1,402	$	60,252

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The changes in the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were as follows ($ in ‘000s):

For the year ended December 31,	2017		2016		2015
Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, beginning of period	$	139,004	$	127,011	$	102,430
Less: reinsurance recoverable	35,370		29,399		18,421
Net unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, beginning of period	103,634		97,612		84,009
Net reserves acquired	—		—		19,396
Change in retroactive reinsurance ceded	1,361		107		2,037
Incurred related to:
Current year	128,476		102,133		89,828
Prior years	75,397		32,613		166
	203,873		134,746		89,994
Paid related to:
Current year	50,626		39,652		32,402
Prior years	99,996		89,179		65,422
	150,622		128,831		97,824
Net unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, end of period	$	158,246	$	103,634	$	97,612
Add: reinsurance recoverable	53,402		35,370		29,399
Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, end of period	$	211,648	$	139,004	$	127,011

The process of establishing the estimated provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is complex and imprecise, as it relies on the judgment and opinions of a large number of individuals, on historical precedent and trends, on prevailing legal, economic, social and regulatory trends and on expectations as to future developments. The process of determining the provision necessarily involves risks that the actual results may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the best estimates made. The change to the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is consistent with the changes in written premium. However, because the establishment of reserves is an inherently uncertain process involving estimates, current provisions may not be sufficient. Adjustments to reserves, both positive and negative, are reflected quarterly in the statement of income as estimates are updated.

The financial statements are presented on a calendar year basis for all data. Claims payments and changes in reserves, however, may be made on accidents that occurred in prior years, not solely on business that is currently insured. Calendar year claims consist of payments and reserve changes that have been recorded in the financial statements during the applicable reporting period, without regard to the period in which the accident occurred. Calendar year results do not change after the end of the applicable reporting period, even as new claim information develops. Accident year claims consist of payments and reserve changes that are assigned to the period in which the accident occurred. Accident year results will change over time as the estimates of claims change due to payments and reserve changes for all accidents that occurred during that period.

Atlas experienced $75.4 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2017 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line. Atlas previously identified that claim expenses in Michigan were significantly outpacing other states and took a significant charge. Although exposure in Michigan was reduced to approximately 1.4% of the Company’s insured vehicles inforce by year end 2017, payments for claims in this state continued to be disproportionate to historic premiums earned. In addition, the remaining liability for non-New York Global Liberty business written prior to 2016 is expected to settle for greater amounts than previously expected. Overall, the actuarially determined liability for remaining claims related to accident year 2015 and prior in general, across all jurisdictions, was indicated to be significantly higher than carried reserves.

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Atlas experienced $32.6 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2016 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line. Excluding pre-acquisition Global Liberty reserve development, the development of our core lines on prior accident years was $23.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Michigan commercial automobile claims accounted for approximately 62.5% of this development. Pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserve development was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The remaining unfavorable prior year development of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 is attributable to assigned risk pools and run-off of non-core business.

Atlas experienced $166,000 in unfavorable prior accident year development during the year ended December 31, 2015 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. Prior accident year development on non-core lines and assigned risk pools was $870,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was offset by favorable prior accident year development of $475,000 and $230,000 on our core lines and pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserves, respectively. This favorable development on our core lines was attributable to our traditional taxi and excess taxi products.

Contractual Obligations

The table below summarizes future payments under contractual obligations and estimated claims settlements for the year ended December 31, 2017:

($ in ‘000s)	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years
Notes payable, including interest payments	$	33,281	$	1,656	$	3,312	$	28,313	$	—
Operating leases	4,269		1,053		2,122		1,094		—
Estimated claims liabilities, net of reinsurance	158,246		76,671		60,658		14,484		6,433
Other contractual obligations	1,150		1,150		—		—		—
Total	$	196,946	$	80,530	$	66,092	$	43,891	$	6,433

On April 26, 2017, Atlas issued $25 million of five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes. Total interest expense over the five years is expected to be $8.3 million. Interest on the senior unsecured notes is payable quarterly on each January 26, April 26, July 26 and October 26.

Estimated claims liabilities are calculated based on actuarial assumptions and may differ from actual future claims settlements. The amounts in the table above have been presented net of reinsurance.

The Company entered into various contracts to renovate and furnish the building that was purchased in 2016 to serve as the Company’s new headquarters (see Note 8, ‘Commitments and Contingencies’ and Note 9, ‘Property and Equipment’). The remaining contractual obligations related to the renovation and furnishing of Atlas’ new headquarters building are included under ‘Other contractual obligations’.

As of December 31, 2017, we had contractual obligations to provide additional funds for investments in limited liability investments included in other investments for up to $7.0 million not included in the table above. There is no certainty of when these amounts will be required to be provided.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As ofDecember 31, 2017, we did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by SEC rules.

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Shareholders’ Equity

The table below identifies changes in shareholders’ equity for the years ended years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
($ in ‘000s)	Ordinary Voting Common Shares		Restricted Voting Common Shares		Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Shareholders' Equity
Balance December 31, 2014 r	$	34	$	—	$	196,079		$	(88,794	)	$	80		$	107,399
Net income	—		—		—			14,430			—			14,430
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—			—			(1,112		)	(1,112		)
Options exercised	—		—		145			—			—			145
Share-based compensation	2				1,817			—			—			1,819
Balance December 31, 2015 r	$	36	$	—	$	198,041		$	(74,364	)	$	(1,032	)	$	122,681
Net income	—		—		—			2,646			—			2,646
Preferred dividends paid	—		—		(409		)	—			—			(409		)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—			—			812			812
Share-based compensation	—		—		1,612			—			—			1,612
Balance December 31, 2016	$	36	$	—	$	199,244		$	(71,718	)	$	(220	)	$	127,342
ASU 2018-02, reclassification of certain tax effects	—		—		—			(7		)	7			—
Net loss	—		—		—			(38,810		)	—			(38,810		)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—			—			252			252
Options exercised	—		—		655			—			—			655
Share-based compensation	—		—		1,176			—			—			1,176
Other	—		—		30			—			—			30
Balance December 31, 2017	$	36	$	—	$	201,105		$	(110,535	)	$	39		$	90,645

^r - Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity to remove the preferred shares and related activity as previously stated for the periods as of January 1, 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Although this impacted total equity for 2015, it had no impact on total equity as of December 31, 2016 due to the redemption and clawback of preferred shares previously issued. In addition, this change did not impact the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), earnings per common share or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has evaluated the effect of the incorrect presentation in the prior period, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it did not have a material impact on, nor did it require amendment of, any previously filed annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements. See Note 20, ‘Change in Accounting Principle and Error Corrections’ for additional information regarding preferred shares.

As of December 31, 2017, there were 12,164,041 ordinary voting common shares outstanding and no preferred shares outstanding.

During 2017, the 128,191 restricted voting common shares that were beneficially owned or controlled by Kingsway were sold to non-affiliates of Kingsway. The restricted voting common shares are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders, except at meetings of holders of a specific class that are entitled to vote separately as a class. The restricted voting common shares as a class shall not carry more than 30% of the aggregate votes eligible to be voted at a general meeting of common shareholders. The Kingsway-owned restricted voting common shares automatically converted to ordinary voting common shares upon their sale to non-affiliates of Kingsway. There are no restricted voting common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

There were 14,816 and 22,224 non-vested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) issued as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. These RSUs are participative and are included in the computations of earnings per common share and book value per common share for these periods.

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During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 7,408 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the vesting of RSUs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 133,338 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the exercise of options. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued 7,407 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the vesting of RSUs.

Mezzanine Equity

During the first quarter of 2015, the Company issued 4,000,000 preferred shares as a portion of the consideration related to the Anchor acquisition and an additional 940,500 preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company canceled 401,940 preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement. During the third quarter of 2016, the Company redeemed all 2,538,560 of the remaining preferred shares issued to the former owner of Gateway. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company canceled the remaining 4,000,000 preferred shares pursuant to the Anchor stock purchase agreement. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were no outstanding preferred shares. The preferred shares redeemed and canceled during 2016 and the preferred shares issued during the first quarter of 2015 pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement have been recorded as a recovery of acquisition expense and additional acquisition expense, respectively, and not as an adjustment to goodwill, because the fair value of the contingent consideration was determined to be zero at the date of acquisition. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, such adjustments are reflected in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period that the contingency is re-estimated. The Anchor cancellation was recorded as a recovery of acquisition expense.

Preferred shareholders are entitled to dividends on a cumulative basis, whether or not declared by the Board of Directors, at the rate of $0.045 per share per year (4.5%) and may be paid in cash or in additional preferred shares at the option of Atlas. In liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Atlas, preferred shareholders receive the greater of $1.00 per share plus all declared and unpaid dividends or the amount they would receive in liquidation if the preferred shares had been converted to restricted voting common shares or ordinary voting common shares immediately prior to liquidation. Preferred shareholders are not entitled to vote.

On September 30, 2016, Atlas paid $409,000 in dividends earned on the preferred shares to the former owner of Gateway, the cumulative amount to which they were entitled through September 15, 2016, leaving no accrued and unpaid dividends owed to the former owner of Gateway. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, Atlas has accrued $333,000 in dividends on the preferred shares for the former owner of Anchor, which remains unpaid. The paid claims development on Global Liberty’s pre-acquisition claims reserves was in excess of $4.0 million, and as a result, pursuant to the terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement, dividends will no longer accrue to the former owner of Anchor. Although the re-issuance of preferred shares to the former owner of Anchor may be highly unlikely, the contingent consideration terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement will remain in effect for a period of five years from the date of acquisition.

Book Value per Common Share

Book value per common share was as follows:

($ in ‘000s, except for shares and per share data)	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Shareholders’ equity	$	90,645	$	127,342
Less: Accumulated dividends on preferred stock	333		333
Common equity	$	90,312	$	127,009
Participative shares:
Common shares outstanding	12,164,041		12,023,295
Restricted stock units (RSUs)	14,816		22,224
Total common shares	12,178,857		12,045,519
Book value per common share outstanding	$	7.42	$	10.54

Book value per common share decreased by $3.12 relative to December 31, 2016 as follows: a decrease of $2.35 related to net loss after tax (excluding expenses recovered pursuant to stock purchase agreements), a decrease of $0.87 related to the change in statutory tax rate due to the Tax Act, an increase of $0.05 related to realized investment gains after tax, an increase of $0.02 related to the change in unrealized gains/losses after tax, and a net increase of $0.03 related to share-based compensation impacts. These changes are attributed to the combined effects of the reasons cited in the ‘Net Premiums Earned’, ‘Net Claims Incurred’, ‘Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses’, ‘Net Investment Income’, ‘Interest Expense’, ‘Net Realized Investment Gains’, and ‘Other Income’ subsections of the ‘Operating Results’ section.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity Management - The purpose of liquidity management is to ensure there is sufficient cash to meet all financial commitments and obligations as they become due. The liquidity requirements of Atlas’ business have been met primarily by funds generated from operations, asset maturities and income and other returns received on securities. Cash provided from these sources is used primarily for payment of claims and operating expenses. Atlas may also use cash provided from these sources to repurchase common shares in open market transactions under the new Share Repurchase Program.

As a holding company, Atlas may derive cash from its subsidiaries generally in the form of dividends and in the future may charge management fees to the extent allowed by statute or other regulatory approval requirements to meet its obligations. The Insurance Subsidiaries fund their obligations primarily through premium and investment income and maturities in their securities portfolio. Refer also to the discussion in the MD&A’s ‘Investments Overview and Strategy’ section. The Insurance Subsidiaries require regulatory approval for the return of capital and, in certain circumstances, payment of dividends. In the event that dividends and management fees available to the holding company are inadequate to service its obligations, the holding company would need to raise capital, sell assets or incur debt obligations.

On April 26, 2017, Atlas issued $25 million of five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes and received net proceeds of approximately $23.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. Interest on the senior unsecured notes is payable quarterly on each January 26, April 26, July 26 and October 26. Atlas may, at its option, beginning with the interest payment date of April 26, 2020, and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter, redeem the senior unsecured notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The senior unsecured notes will rank senior in right of payment to any of Atlas’ existing and future indebtedness that is by its terms expressly subordinated or junior in right of payment to the senior unsecured notes. The senior unsecured notes will rank equally in right of payment to all of Atlas’ existing and future senior indebtedness, but will be effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such secured indebtedness. In addition, the senior unsecured notes will be structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other obligations of Atlas’ subsidiaries.

The senior unsecured notes were issued under an indenture and supplemental indenture that contain covenants that, among other things, limit: (i) the ability of Atlas to merge or consolidate, or lease, sell, assign or transfer all or substantially all of its assets; (ii) the ability of Atlas to sell or otherwise dispose of the equity securities of certain of its subsidiaries; (iii) the ability of certain of Atlas’ subsidiaries to issue equity securities; (iv) the ability of Atlas to permit certain of its subsidiaries to merge or consolidate, or lease, sell, assign or transfer all or substantially all of their respective assets; and (v) the ability of Atlas and its subsidiaries to incur debt secured by equity securities of certain of its subsidiaries.

On March 9, 2015, American Insurance Acquisition, Inc. (“American Acquisition”), a wholly-owned direct subsidiary of Atlas, entered into a loan and security agreement (“Loan Agreement”) for a $35.0 million loan facility with Fifth Third Bank. On May 7, 2016, American Acquisition entered into a Modification of Loan Documents with Fifth Third Bank to amend its Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement, as modified, included a $30.0 million line of credit (“Draw Amount”), which could have been drawn in increments at any time until December 31, 2016. The $30.0 million line of credit had a five year term and bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus 4.5%. The Loan Agreement also included a $5.0 million revolving line of credit (“Revolver”), which could have been drawn upon until May 7, 2018, that bore interest at one month LIBOR plus 2.75%.

The Loan Agreement also provided for the issuance of letters of credit in an amount up to $2.0 million outstanding at any time. In addition, there was a non-utilization fee for each of the $30.0 million line of credit and $5.0 million revolving line of credit equal to 0.50% per annum of an amount equal to $30.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively, less the daily average of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under such credit lines (plus, in the case of the $30.0 million line of credit, the aggregate amount of the letter of credit obligations outstanding).

The Loan Agreement was terminated in April 2017. Atlas used a portion of the net proceeds of the senior unsecured notes offering, together with cash on hand, for the repayment of all outstanding balances under the Draw Amount and Revolver, $15.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2016, American Acquisition was in compliance with the covenants of the Loan Agreement.  In February 2017, American Acquisition filed its statutorily required financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, which are used to determine on-going compliance with the covenants contained in the Loan Agreement. As a result of the reserve strengthening and its effect on American Acquisition’s December 31, 2016 financial statements, American Acquisition was not in compliance with the Loan Agreements’ EBITDA Ratio covenant as of March 13, 2017. American Acquisition had a thirty day period to cure this covenant non-compliance, and the Company and American Acquisition agreed with the lender to a modification to the loan covenants to more specifically address the effects of reserve modifications and/or obtaining a waiver with respect to the existing non-compliance.

Interest expense on notes payable was $1.8 million, $1.0 million, and $694,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

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The following table summarizes consolidated cash flow activities:

Summary of Cash Flows ($ in ‘000s)
For the years ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Net cash flows provided by operating activities	$	26,472		$	170		$	8,814
Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities	(15,909		)	8,412			(40,354		)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities	5,164			(1,048		)	17,308
Net increase (decrease) in cash	$	15,727		$	7,534		$	(14,232	)

Cash provided by operations during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was primarily as a result of net income and increases in unpaid claims liabilities and unearned premium reserves. We receive most premiums in advance of the payment of claims. Our ability to generate positive operating cash flows depends on the frequency and severity of claims and the timing of collection of premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables on paid claims.

Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was due to the net purchases of fixed income and equity securities and the furnishings and improvements for the Company’s new headquarters offset by the net sales of other investments. Cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 was due to the net sale of invested assets offset by the purchase of a building and land used for the Company’s headquarters. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 was due to the net purchase of invested assets and the acquisition of Anchor. For the year ended December 31, 2015, investing activities included $11.0 million in cash used in the Anchor acquisition net of the cash received.

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 resulted from the proceeds of the issuance of the Company’s senior unsecured notes and options exercised partially offset by the repayment of the Revolver and Draw Amount. Cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 resulted from the buyback of preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement partially offset by the proceeds from the Revolver and Draw Amount. Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 resulted from proceeds from the Revolver and Draw Amount and the exercise of options.

On March 21, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a Share Repurchase Program of up to 650,000 shares of ordinary voting common shares. The repurchases may be made from time to time in open market transactions, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases, or otherwise in accordance with securities laws at the discretion of the Company’s management until March 21, 2018. The Company’s decisions around the timing, volume, and nature of share repurchases, and the ultimate amount of shares repurchased, will be dependent on market conditions, applicable securities laws, and other factors. The Share Repurchase Program and the Board’s authorization of the program may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2017, no shares were repurchased under this Share Repurchase Program.

Capital resources - The Company manages capital using both regulatory capital measures and internal metrics. The Company’s capital is primarily derived from common shareholders’ equity, retained deficit and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

As a holding company, Atlas could derive cash from its Insurance Subsidiaries generally in the form of dividends to meet its obligations, which will primarily consist of operating expense payments and debt payments. Atlas’ Insurance Subsidiaries fund their obligations primarily through premium and investment income and maturities in the securities portfolio. The Insurance Subsidiaries require regulatory approval for the return of capital and, in certain circumstances, prior to the payment of dividends. In the event that dividends available to the holding company are inadequate to cover its operating expenses and debt payments, the holding company would need to raise capital, sell assets or incur future debt.

The Insurance Subsidiaries must each maintain a minimum statutory capital and surplus of $1.5 million, $2.4 million, and $3.5 million under the provisions of the Illinois Insurance Code, the Missouri Insurance Code, and New York Insurance Code, respectively. Dividends may only be paid from statutory unassigned surplus, and payments may not be made if such surplus is less than a stipulated amount. The dividend restriction for the ASI Pool Subsidiaries is the greater of statutory net income or 10% of total statutory capital and surplus. The dividend restriction for Global Liberty is the lower of 10% of statutory surplus or 100% of adjusted net investment income for the preceding twelve month period.

Net loss computed under statutory-basis accounting was $9.1 million, $15.2 million, $5.9 million, and $5.1 million for American Country, American Service, Gateway and Global Liberty, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.3 million, $1.2 million, $1.1 million, and $49,000 for American Country, American Service, Gateway and Global Liberty, respectively. The combined statutory capital and surplus of the Insurance Subsidiaries was $87.8 million and $113.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Atlas did not declare or pay any dividends to its common shareholders during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market Risk

Market risk is the risk that Atlas will incur losses due to adverse changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or equity prices. Having increased our mortgage and asset backed securities holdings, our primary market risk exposures in the fixed income securities portfolio are to changes in interest rates, inflation and the uncertainty of prepayment assumptions. Because Atlas’ securities portfolio is comprised of primarily fixed income securities, periodic changes in interest rate levels generally impact its financial results to the extent that the securities in its available-for-sale portfolio are recorded at market value. During periods of rising interest rates, the market value of the existing fixed income securities will generally decrease, and realized gains on fixed income securities will likely be reduced. The reverse is true during periods of declining interest rates. Changes in inflation can influence the interest rates, which can impact the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed income portfolio and yields on new investments.

Although mortgages can have a contractual term of a certain number of years, quite often mortgages are paid off much sooner. Because of these unscheduled prepayments, predicting the maturity of mortgage backed securities can be problematic. In addition, mortgage backed securities are marketable and can trade at premiums, discounts or par value, depending upon changes in current market rates. A current-coupon pass through trades at par value, while high-coupon pass throughs trade at premiums and low-coupon securities trade at discounts. Prepayment speed can affect premium and discount pass-throughs adversely. Prepayments at par value result in cash flows that can only be reinvested at the lower, current rate. Consequently, faster-than-anticipated prepayments deny the investor the high cash flows that justified the premium price in the first place. On the other hand, slower prepayments offer the investor more time to earn the higher coupon rate. For mortgage backed securities trading at a discount pass-through, faster-than-expected prepayments can allow the investor to reinvest in securities with higher coupon rates. The reverse happens when prepayments are slower than expected. The investor can be forced to hold on to the lower coupons for a longer period of time, thereby reducing realized yield.

With a weighted average contractual duration of 3.9 years, changes in interest rates will have a modest market value impact on the Atlas fixed income portfolio relative to longer duration portfolios. Atlas can, and typically does, hold bonds to maturity by matching duration with the anticipated liquidity needs.

Atlas’ available-for-sale equity securities are primarily subject to equity price risk. Equity price risk is the risk of loss in the fair value of equity securities due to the adverse changes in equity prices. The available-for-sale equity securities portfolio is approximately 4.3% of Atlas’ total investment portfolio, and any adverse impact from equity price risk would not be material to Atlas’ investment portfolio.

Interest Rate Risk

Sensitivity analysis expresses the potential loss in future earnings, fair values, or cash flows of market sensitive instruments resulting from one or more selected hypothetical changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and other relevant market rates or prices over a select period of time. The actual results may differ from the hypothetical results below, since the analysis does not include any action that would be taken by the company to reduce the negative impact of changes in the interest rate.

Atlas’ available-for-sale fixed income securities held as of December 31, 2017 were $158.0 million. A 100 basis point increase in interest rates on such held fixed income securities would have increased net investment income and income before income taxes by approximately $131,000. Conversely, a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates on such held fixed income securities would decrease net investment income and income before income taxes by $163,000. Atlas uses a 1 year time period with a 100 basis point increase and decrease to determine the impact on the fixed income security portfolio.

A 100 basis point increase would have also decreased other comprehensive income by approximately $6.6 million due to “mark-to-market” requirements; however, holding investments to maturity would be expected to mitigate this impact. Conversely, a 100 basis point decrease would increase other comprehensive income by the same amount. The impacts described here are approximately linear to the change in interest rates. Atlas uses the duration of the portfolio to determine the impact on other comprehensive income from 100 basis point changes in the interest rate.

Atlas has five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes as of December 31, 2017 with an outstanding balance of $24.0 million. For the sensitivity analysis, an instantaneous 100 basis point increase and decrease are assumed on the market discount rate and the change in net present value from these hypothetical changes in the market discount rate are measured. An instantaneous 100 basis point decrease would increase the fair market value on notes payable by $988,000. Conversely, an instantaneous 100 basis point increase would decrease the fair market value on notes payable by $945,000.

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Credit Risk

Atlas is exposed to credit risk principally through its fixed income securities and balances receivable from policyholders and reinsurers. Atlas controls and monitors concentration and credit quality risk through policies to limit and monitor its exposure to individual issuers or related groups (with the exception of U.S. Government bonds) as well as through ongoing review of the credit ratings of issuers held in the securities portfolio. Atlas’ credit exposure to any one individual policyholder is not material. Atlas has policies requiring evaluation of the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities, or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvency.

Equity price risk

This is the risk of loss due to adverse movements in equity prices. Atlas’ investment in equity securities comprises a small percentage of its total portfolio, and as a result, the exposure to this type of risk is minimal.

Foreign currency risk

Atlas is not currently exposed to material changes in the U.S. dollar currency exchange rates with any other foreign currency.

Liquidity and Cash Flow Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk of having insufficient cash resources to meet current financial obligations without raising funds at unfavorable rates or selling assets on a forced basis. Liquidity risk arises from general business activities and in the course of managing the assets and liabilities of Atlas. There is the risk of loss to the extent that the sale of a security prior to its maturity is required to provide liquidity to satisfy policyholder and other cash outflows. Cash flow risk arises from risk that future inflation of policyholder cash flow exceeds returns on long-term investment securities. The purpose of liquidity and cash flow management is to ensure that there is sufficient cash to meet all financial commitments and obligations as they fall due. The liquidity and cash flow requirements of Atlas’ business have been met primarily by funds generated from operations, asset maturities and income and other returns received on securities. Cash provided from these sources is used primarily for claims and claims adjustment expense payments and operating expenses. The timing and amount of catastrophe and/or single large loss claims are inherently unpredictable and may create increased liquidity requirements. We purchase reinsurance coverage in an effort to mitigate the risk of an unexpected rise in claims severity or frequency from catastrophe and/or single large loss claims. The availability, amount and cost of the reinsurance depend on market conditions and may fluctuate significantly.

Underwriting Risk

Underwriting risk is the risk that the total cost of claims and acquisition expenses will exceed premiums received and can arise from numerous factors, including pricing risk, reserving risk, catastrophic claims risk, reinsurance coverage risk and the risk that claims and claims adjustment expense reserves are not sufficient.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc.

Schaumburg, Illinois

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index, and our report dated April 2, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Grand Rapids, MI

April 2, 2018

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc.

Schaumburg, Illinois

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated April 2, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

Grand Rapids, MI

April 2, 2018

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

($ in ‘000s, except for share and per share data)

	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
Assets
Investments, available for sale
Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost $158,411 and $157,451)	$	157,984		$	156,487
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $7,969 and $5,598)	8,446			6,223
Other investments	31,438			32,181
Total Investments	197,868			194,891
Cash and cash equivalents	45,615			29,888
Accrued investment income	1,248			1,228
Premiums receivable (net of allowance of $3,418 and $2,366)	79,664			77,386
Reinsurance recoverables on amounts paid	7,982			7,786
Reinsurance recoverables on amounts unpaid	53,402			35,370
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	12,878			13,372
Deferred policy acquisition costs	14,797			13,222
Deferred tax asset, net	16,985			18,498
Goodwill	2,726			2,726
Intangible assets, net	4,145			4,535
Property and equipment, net	24,439			11,770
Other assets	20,754			12,905
Total Assets	$	482,503		$	423,577
Liabilities
Claims liabilities	$	211,648		$	139,004
Unearned premium reserves	128,043			113,171
Due to reinsurers	8,411			8,369
Notes payable, net	24,031			19,187
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	19,725			16,504
Total Liabilities	$	391,858		$	296,235
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 8)
Shareholders’ Equity
Ordinary voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 266,666,667 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 12,164,041 and December 31, 2016 - 11,895,104	$	36		$	36
Restricted voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 33,333,334 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 0 and December 31, 2016 - 128,191	—			—
Additional paid-in capital	201,105			199,244
Retained deficit	(110,535		)	(71,718		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	39			(220		)
Total Shareholders' Equity	$	90,645		$	127,342
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	482,503		$	423,577

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

($ in ‘000s, except for share and per share data)

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Net premiums earned	$	215,771		$	171,058		$	152,064
Net investment income	4,897			4,824			3,976
Net realized gains	872			1,230			455
Other income	435			467			356
Total revenue	221,975			177,579			156,851
Net claims incurred	203,873			134,746			89,994
Acquisition costs	27,885			18,803			18,592
Other underwriting expenses	32,140			28,399			23,269
Amortization of intangible assets	390			390			315
Interest expense	1,840			1,026			694
Expenses (recovered) incurred pursuant to stock purchase agreements	—			(6,297		)	942
Expenses incurred related to acquisition of subsidiaries	—			—			999
Total expenses	266,128			177,067			134,805
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes	(44,153		)	512			22,046
Income tax (benefit) expense	(5,343		)	(2,134		)	7,616
Net (loss) income	(38,810		)	2,646			14,430
Less: Preferred share dividends	—			281			276
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	$	(38,810	)	$	2,365		$	14,154
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880			12,045,519			11,975,579
(Loss) earnings per common share basic	$	(3.22	)	$	0.20		$	1.18
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880			12,222,883			12,735,679
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(3.22	)	$	0.19		$	1.13
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses)	437			855			(1,912		)
Reclassification to net (loss) income	(49		)	394			203
Effect of income taxes	(136		)	(437		)	597
Other comprehensive income (loss)	252			812			(1,112		)
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(38,558	)	$	3,458		$	13,318

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

($ in ‘000s)

	Ordinary Voting Common Shares		Restricted Voting Common Shares		Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Shareholders' Equity
Balance December 31, 2014 r	$	34	$	—	$	196,079		$	(88,794	)	$	80		$	107,399
Net income	—		—		—			14,430			—			14,430
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—			—			(1,112		)	(1,112		)
Options exercised	—		—		145			—			—			145
Share-based compensation	2		—		1,817			—			—			1,819
Balance December 31, 2015 r	$	36	$	—	$	198,041		$	(74,364	)	$	(1,032	)	$	122,681
Net income	—		—		—			2,646			—			2,646
Preferred dividends paid	—		—		(409		)	—			—			(409		)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—			—			812			812
Share-based compensation	—		—		1,612			—			—			1,612
Balance December 31, 2016	$	36	$	—	$	199,244		$	(71,718	)	$	(220	)	$	127,342
ASU 2018-02, reclassification of certain tax effects	—		—		—			(7		)	7			—
Net loss	—		—		—			(38,810		)	—			(38,810		)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—			—			252			252
Options exercised	—		—		655			—			—			655
Share-based compensation	—		—		1,176			—			—			1,176
Other	—		—		30			—			—			30
Balance December 31, 2017	$	36	$	—	$	201,105		$	(110,535	)	$	39		$	90,645

^r - Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity to remove the preferred shares and related activity as previously stated for the periods as of January 1, 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Although this impacted total equity for 2015, it had no impact on total equity as of December 31, 2016 due to the redemption and clawback of preferred shares previously issued. In addition, this change did not impact the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), earnings per common share or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has evaluated the effect of the incorrect presentation in the prior period, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it did not have a material impact on, nor did it require amendment of, any previously filed annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements. See Note 20, ‘Change in Accounting Principle and Error Corrections’ for additional information regarding the preferred shares restatement.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

($ in ‘000s)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash flows provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	1,372			1,000			966
Share-based compensation expense	1,176			1,612			1,819
Amortization of deferred gain on sale of headquarters building	(17		)	(43		)	(43		)
Amortization of intangible assets	390			390			315
Deferred income taxes	1,376			452			(174		)
Net realized gains	(872		)	(1,230		)	(455		)
Gain in equity of investees	(810		)	(1,271		)	(1,238		)
Amortization of bond premiums and discounts	961			1,217			1,525
Amortization of financing costs	365			67			56
Expenses (recovered) incurred pursuant to stock purchase agreements	—			(6,623		)	941
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income	(20		)	(192		)	(13		)
Premiums receivable, net	(2,278		)	5,143			(35,144		)
Due from reinsurers and prepaid reinsurance premiums	(17,735		)	(6,440		)	(7,931		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(1,575		)	(2,987		)	(240		)
Other assets	(7,847		)	(6,210		)	8,956
Claims liabilities	72,644			11,993			(6,150		)
Unearned premium reserves	14,872			4,969			26,276
Due to reinsurers	42			(2,412		)	3,542
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	3,238			(1,911		)	1,376
Net cash flows provided by operating activities	26,472			170			8,814
Investing activities:
Purchase of subsidiary (net of cash acquired)	—			—			(10,956		)
Purchases of:
Fixed income securities	(48,529		)	(58,061		)	(78,921		)
Equity securities	(7,900		)	(2,000		)	(3,340		)
Other investments	(3,615		)	(11,404		)	(7,332		)
Property, equipment and other	(14,055		)	(10,181		)	(713		)
Proceeds from sale and maturity of:
Fixed income securities	46,853			86,013			59,395
Equity securities	6,161			615			1,402
Other investments	5,174			3,430			—
Property, equipment and other	2			—			—
Assets held for sale	—			—			111
Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities	(15,909		)	8,412			(40,354		)
Financing activities:
Preferred share buyback	—			(2,539		)	—
Capital contributions	30			—			—
Proceeds from notes payable, net of issuance costs	23,879			2,000			17,663
Repayment of notes payable	(19,400		)	(100		)	(500		)
Preferred dividends paid	—			(409		)	—
Options exercised	655			—			145
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities	5,164			(1,048		)	17,308
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	15,727			7,534			(14,232		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	29,888			22,354			36,586
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	45,615		$	29,888		$	22,354

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Supplemental disclosure of cash information:	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016			2015
Cash paid for:
Income taxes	$	744	$	7,015		$	8,636
Interest	1,338		885			567
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Issuance of preferred shares related to purchase of subsidiary	$	—	$	—		$	4,000
Issuance of preferred shares pursuant to Gateway stock purchase agreement	—		—			941
Redemption of preferred shares related to Gateway stock purchase agreement	—		(2,297		)	—
Cancellation of preferred shares pursuant to Anchor stock purchase agreement	—		(4,000		)	—

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. (“Atlas” or “We” or the “Company”) commenced operations on December 31, 2010. The primary business of Atlas is underwriting commercial automobile insurance in the United States, with a niche market orientation and focus on insurance for the “light” commercial automobile sector. This sector includes taxi cabs, non-emergency para-transit, limousine, livery and business autos. Automobile insurance products provide insurance coverage in three major areas: liability, accident benefits and physical damage. Liability insurance provides coverage subject to policy terms and conditions where the insured is determined to be responsible and/or liable for an automobile accident, for the payment for injuries and property damage to third parties. Accident benefit policies or personal injury protection policies provide coverage for loss of income, medical and rehabilitation expenses for insured persons who are injured in an automobile accident, regardless of fault. Physical damage coverage subject to policy terms and conditions provides for the payment of damages to an insured automobile arising from a collision with another object or from other risks such as fire or theft. In the short run, automobile physical damage and liability coverage generally provides more predictable results than automobile accident benefit or personal injury insurance.

Atlas’ business is carried out through its “Insurance Subsidiaries”: American Country Insurance Company (“American Country”), American Service Insurance Company, Inc. (“American Service”), Gateway Insurance Company (“Gateway”), and as of March 11, 2015, Global Liberty Insurance Company of New York (“Global Liberty”); and other non-insurance company subsidiaries: Anchor Group Management Inc. (“Anchor Management”), Plainview Premium Finance Company, Inc. (“Plainview Delaware”), Plainview Delaware’s wholly owned subsidiary, Plainview Premium Finance Company of California, Inc. (“Plainview California” and together with Plainview Delaware, “Plainview”), UBI Holdings Inc. (“UBI Holdings”) and UBI Holdings’ wholly-owned subsidiary, DriveOn Digital IP Inc. (“DOIP” and together with UBI Holdings, “UBI”).

The Insurance Subsidiaries distribute their insurance products through a network of retail independent agents. Together, the Insurance Subsidiaries are licensed to write property and casualty insurance in 49 states and the District of Columbia in the United States. Atlas’ core products are actively distributed in 42 of those states plus the District of Columbia. The Insurance Subsidiaries share common management and operating infrastructure.

Atlas’ ordinary voting common shares are listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol “AFH.”

Basis of presentation - These statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atlas and the entities it controls. Equity investments in entities that we do not consolidate, including corporate entities in which we have significant influence and partnership and partnership-like entities in which we have more than minor influence over operating and financial policies, are accounted for under the equity method unless we have elected the fair value option. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Seasonality - The property and casualty (“P&C”) insurance business is seasonal in nature. While Atlas’ net premiums earned are generally stable from quarter to quarter, Atlas’ gross premiums written follow the common renewal dates for the “light” commercial risks that represent its core lines of business. For example, January 1 and March 1 are common taxi cab renewal dates in Illinois and New York, respectively. Additionally, we implemented our New York “excess taxi program” in the third quarter of 2012, which has an annual renewal date in the third quarter. Net underwriting income is driven mainly by the timing and nature of claims, which can vary widely.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of consolidation-The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atlas and the entities it controls. Subsidiaries are entities over which Atlas, directly or indirectly, has the power to govern the financial and operating policies in order to obtain the benefits from their activities, generally accompanying an equity shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to Atlas and would be de-consolidated from the date that control ceases. The operating results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the year will be included in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) from the effective date of acquisition and up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. All significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by Atlas.

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The following are Atlas’ subsidiaries, all of which are 100% owned, either directly or indirectly, together with the jurisdiction of incorporation, that are included in consolidated financial statements:

American Insurance Acquisition Inc. (Delaware)

American Country Insurance Company (Illinois)

American Service Insurance Company, Inc. (Illinois)

Camelot Services, Inc. (Missouri) - merged into American Insurance Acquisition Inc. during 2014

Gateway Insurance Company (Missouri)

Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. (New York)

Global Liberty Insurance Company of New York (New York)

Plainview Premium Finance Company, Inc. (Delaware)

Plainview Premium Finance Company of California, Inc. (California)

Anchor Group Management Inc. (New York)

UBI Holdings Inc. (Delaware)

DriveOn Digital IP Inc. (Delaware)

Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity to remove the preferred shares and related activity as previously stated for the periods as of January 1, 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Although this impacted total equity for 2015, it had no impact on total equity as of December 31, 2016 due to the redemption and clawback of preferred shares previously issued. In addition, this change did not impact the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), earnings per common share or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has evaluated the effect of the incorrect presentation in the prior period, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it did not have a material impact on, nor did it require amendment of, any previously filed annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements. See Note 20, ‘Change in Accounting Principle and Error Corrections’ for additional information regarding the preferred shares restatement.

Estimates and assumptions -The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and changes in estimates are recorded in the accounting period in which they are determined. The liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses and related amounts recoverable from reinsurers represents the most significant estimate in the accompanying financial statements, and differences between such estimates and actual results could be material. Significant estimates in the accompanying financial statements also include the fair values of investments, deferred policy acquisition cost recoverability, deferred tax asset valuation and business combinations.

Financial instruments-Financial instruments are recognized and unrecognized using trade date accounting, since that is the date Atlas contractually commits to the purchase or sale with the counterparty.

Effective interest method -For securities other than mortgage backed and asset backed, Atlas utilizes the effective interest method to calculate the amortized cost of the financial asset and to amortize the premium or accrete the discount over the remaining life. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts the estimated future cash flows through the expected life of the financial instrument. Mortgage backed and asset backed securities are valued using the retrospective adjustment method, which uses the effective interest method and includes anticipated prepayments. Interest income is reported net of amortization of premium and accretion of discount. Realized gains and losses on disposition of available-for-sale securities are based on the net proceeds and the adjusted cost of the securities sold using the specific identification method.

Cash and cash equivalents -Cash and cash equivalents include cash and highly liquid securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.

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Available for sale -Investments in fixed income and equity securities are classified as available for sale. Securities are classified as available for sale when Atlas may decide to sell those securities due to changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs, changes in yields or alternative investments, and for other reasons. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.

Impairment of financial assets-Atlas assesses, on a quarterly basis, whether there is evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. An investment is considered impaired when the fair value of the investment is less than its cost or amortized cost. When an investment is impaired, the Company must make a determination as to whether the impairment is other than temporary.

The analysis includes some or all of the following procedures as deemed appropriate by management:

◦ identifying all security holdings in unrealized loss positions that have existed for at least six months or other circumstances that management believes may impact the recoverability of the security;

◦ obtaining a valuation analysis from third party investment managers regarding these holdings based on their knowledge, experience and other market based valuation techniques;

◦ reviewing the trading range of certain securities over the preceding calendar period;

◦ assessing whether declines in market value are other than temporary for debt security holdings based on credit ratings from third party security rating agencies; and

◦ determining the necessary provision for declines in market value that are considered other than temporary based on the analyses performed.

The risks and uncertainties inherent in the assessment methodology utilized to determine declines in market value that are other than temporary include, but may not be limited to, the following:

◦ the opinion of professional investment managers could prove to be incorrect;

◦ the past trading patterns of individual securities may not reflect future valuation trends;

◦ the credit ratings assigned by independent credit rating agencies may prove to be incorrect due to unforeseen or unknown facts related to a company’s financial situation; and

◦ the debt service pattern of non-investment grade securities may not reflect future debt service capabilities and may not reflect a company’s unknown underlying financial problems.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), with respect to an investment in an impaired debt security, other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) occurs if (a) there is intent to sell the debt security, (b) it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery, or (c) it is probable that all amounts due will be unable to be collected such that the entire cost basis of the security will not be recovered. If Atlas intends to sell the debt security, or will more likely than not be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery, a loss in the entire amount of the impairment is reflected in net investment gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of income (loss). If Atlas determines that it is probable it will be unable to collect all amounts and Atlas has no intent to sell the debt security, a credit loss is recognized in net investment gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of income (loss) to the extent that the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis; any difference between fair value and the new amortized cost basis (net of the credit loss) is reflected in other comprehensive income (losses), net of applicable income taxes.

For equity securities, the Company evaluates its ability to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Evidence considered to determine anticipated recovery are analysts’ reports on the near-term prospects of the issuer and the financial condition of the issuer or the industry, in addition to the length and extent of the market value decline. If an OTTI is identified, the equity security is adjusted to fair value through a charge to earnings.

Fair values of financial instruments - Atlas has used the following methods and assumptions in estimating its fair value disclosures:

Fair values for investments are based on quoted market prices, when available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or values obtained from independent pricing services.

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Atlas’ fixed income portfolio is managed by a SEC registered investment advisor specializing in the management of insurance company portfolios. Management works directly with them to ensure that Atlas benefits from their expertise and also evaluates investments as well as specific positions independently using internal resources. Atlas’ investment advisor has a team of credit analysts for all investment grade fixed income sectors. The investment process begins with an independent analyst review of each security’s credit worthiness using both quantitative tools and qualitative review. At the issuer level, this includes reviews of past financial data, trends in financial stability, projections for the future, reliability of the management team in place, market data (credit spread, equity prices, trends in this data for the issuer and the issuer’s industry). Reviews also consider industry trends and the macro-economic environment. This analysis is continuous, integrating new information as it becomes available. As of December 31, 2017, this process did not generate any significant difference in the rating assessment between Atlas’ review and the rating agencies.

Atlas employs specific control processes to determine the reasonableness of the fair value of its financial assets. These processes are designed to supplement those performed by Atlas’ investment advisor to ensure that the values received from them are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and the valuation techniques utilized are appropriate, consistently applied, and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. For example, on a continuing basis, Atlas assesses the reasonableness of individual security values that have stale prices or whose changes exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous values received from Atlas’ investment advisor or to expected prices. The portfolio is reviewed routinely for transaction volumes, new issuances, any changes in spreads, as well as the overall movement of interest rates along the yield curve to determine if sufficient activity and liquidity exists to provide a credible source for market valuations. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, they are validated through reviews by members of management or the Board of Directors who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

Atlas employs a fair value hierarchy to categorize the inputs it uses in valuation techniques to measure the fair value. The hierarchy is comprised of quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), third party pricing models using available trade, bid and market information (Level 2) and internal models without observable market information (Level 3). The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the period in which events occur impacting the availability of inputs to the fair value methodology.

Premiums receivable-Premiums receivable include premium balances due and uncollected and installment premiums not yet due from agents and insureds.

Atlas evaluates the collectibility of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. When aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy or deterioration in the customer’s operating results or financial position, Atlas records a specific reserve for bad debt to reduce the related receivable to the amount Atlas reasonably believes is collectible. Atlas also records reserves for bad debt for all other customers based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due and historical collection experience. Accounts are reviewed for potential write-off on a case-by-case basis. Accounts deemed uncollectible are written off, net of expected recoveries. If circumstances related to specific customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables could be further adjusted.

Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) -Atlas defers producers’ commissions, premium taxes and other underwriting costs directly relating to the successful acquisition of premiums written to the extent they are considered recoverable. These costs are then expensed as the related premiums are earned. The method followed in determining the deferred policy acquisition costs limits the deferral to its realizable value by giving consideration to estimated future claims and expenses to be incurred as premiums are earned. Changes in estimates, if any, are recorded in the accounting period in which they are determined. Anticipated investment income is included in determining the realizable value of the deferred policy acquisition costs. Atlas’ deferred policy acquisition costs are reported net of deferred ceding commissions.

When anticipated claims, claims adjustment expenses, commissions and other acquisition costs exceed recorded unearned premium and any future installment premiums on existing policies, a premium deficiency reserve is recognized by recording a reduction to DPAC with a corresponding charge to operations. Atlas utilizes anticipated investment income as a factor in its premium deficiency calculation. Atlas concluded that no premium deficiency adjustments were necessary in any of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Income taxes-Income taxes expense (benefit) includes all taxes based on taxable income (loss) of Atlas and its subsidiaries, and are recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income, in which case the income tax effect is also recognized in other comprehensive income.

Deferred taxes are recognized based on the differences in the tax basis of assets, liabilities and items recognized directly in equity and the financial reporting basis of such items.

Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on future tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of enactment.

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When considering the extent of the valuation allowance on Atlas’ deferred tax asset, weight is given by management to both positive and negative evidence. U.S. GAAP states that a cumulative loss in recent years is a significant piece of negative evidence that is difficult to overcome in determining that a valuation allowance is not needed against deferred tax assets. However, the strength and trend of earnings, as well as other relevant factors are considered.

Atlas accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the income taxes accounting guidance. Atlas analyzes filing positions in the federal and state jurisdiction where it is required to file tax returns, as well as the open tax years in these jurisdictions. Atlas would recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the provision for federal income taxes.

Goodwill– Atlas recognized goodwill as part of the acquisition of Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. The amounts recognized represent the cost of the acquisition above the fair value of the net assets acquired. Atlas reviews goodwill at least annually for impairment. Atlas concluded that there was no goodwill impairment in any of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Intangible assets–Atlas recognized intangible assets as part of the acquisitions of Gateway and Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. The intangible assets are classified as either indefinite-lived or definite-lived depending on whether the useful lives can be identified. Atlas indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of state insurance licenses, and these intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually. Atlas concluded that there was no indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment in any of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives on a straight-line basis except for customer related intangibles, which are on an accelerated basis. Atlas definite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and trademarks with useful lives of 15 years and customer relationships with useful lives of 10 years.

Business combinations - The value of certain assets and liabilities acquired are subject to adjustment from the initial purchase price allocation as additional information is obtained, including, but not limited to, valuation of separately identifiable intangibles, the preferred stock issued to the seller, and deferred taxes.

The valuations are finalized within 12 months of the close of the acquisition (not including claims reserve development consideration, if applicable). The changes upon finalization to the initial purchase price allocation and valuation of assets and liabilities may result in an adjustment to identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. Adjustments to the provisional amounts identified during the measurement period are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The effect of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date, are recorded in the financial statements and presented separately on the statements of income and comprehensive income in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined.

Property and equipment–Buildings, office equipment, and internal use software are stated at historical cost less depreciation. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or capitalized as a separate asset only when it is probable that future economic benefits will be realized. Land is stated at historical cost. Repairs and maintenance are recognized as an expense during the period incurred. Depreciation on buildings and building improvements are provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 33 years. Depreciation on equipment is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives which range from 5 years for vehicles, 5 years for furniture, 5 years for enterprise software and 3 years for all other software and computer equipment and the term of the lease for leased equipment.

Insurance contracts–Contracts under which Atlas’ Insurance Subsidiaries accept risk at the inception of the contract from another party (the insured holder of the policy) by agreeing to compensate the policyholder or other insured beneficiary if a specified future event (the insured event) adversely affects the holder of the policy are classified as insurance contracts. All policies are short-duration contracts.

Revenue recognition-Premium income is recognized on a pro rata basis over the terms of the respective insurance contracts. Unearned premium reserves represent the portion of premiums written that are related to the unexpired terms of the policies in force.

Claims liabilities-The provision for unpaid claims represent the estimated liabilities for reported claims, plus those incurred but not yet reported and the related estimated claims adjustment expenses, such as legal fees. Unpaid claims adjustment expenses are determined using case-basis evaluations and statistical analyses, including insurance industry claims data, and represent estimates of the ultimate cost of all claims incurred. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is adequate. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary; such adjustments are included in current operations and are accounted for as changes in estimates.

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Reinsurance-As part of Atlas’ insurance risk management policies, portions of its insurance risk is ceded to reinsurers. Reinsurance premiums and claims expenses are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums and claims ceded to other companies have been reported as a reduction of premium revenue and claims incurred. Commissions paid to Atlas by reinsurers on business ceded have been accounted for as a reduction of the related policy acquisition costs. Reinsurance recoverables are recorded for that portion of paid and unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses that are ceded to other companies. Prepaid reinsurance premiums are recorded for unearned premiums that have been ceded to other companies.

Share-based compensation-Atlashas a share-based compensation plan that is described in Note 12, ‘Share-Based Compensation,’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Atlas uses the fair-value method of accounting to determine and account for equity settled transactions and to determine stock-based compensation for awards granted to employees and non-employees. For stock-based compensation for awards granted to employees and non-employees that include a performance provision, the Monte-Carlo simulation model is utilized to determine fair value. Stock-based compensation prior to 2015 was valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Compensation expense is recognized over the period that the stock options vest, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital.

For option awards with graded vesting, expense is recognized on a straight line basis over the service period for the entire award.

Operating segments - Atlas operates in one business segment, the property and casualty insurance business.

Reclassifications - Certain accounts in the prior years’ consolidated financial statement have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the current year’s presentation.

2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Pertinent Accounting Standard Updates (“ASUs”) are issued from time to time by the FASB and are adopted by the Company as they become effective. All recently issued accounting pronouncements with effective dates prior to January 1, 2018 have been adopted by the Company.

Recently Adopted

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This update provides guidance on the reclassification of stranded tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”). Companies will have the option to reclassify the effect of the change in the federal corporate tax rate on gross deferred tax items and related valuation allowances for item in AOCI. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. This update can be applied retrospectively or at the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company elected to early adopt and will apply the change at the beginning of the period of adoption within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity. The adoption of this ASU resulted in a increase to AOCI and an decrease in retained earnings of $7,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017 with no net effect on total shareholders’ equity.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The provisions of this update simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the quantitative analysis. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted after January 1, 2017. Atlas has goodwill associated with one of the insurance subsidiaries and is subject to annual goodwill impairment testing. Atlas early adopted this ASU beginning with the 2017 goodwill impairment testing. The adoption of this ASU did not have any required prior period adjustments and did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718). The provisions of this update simplify certain areas around share-based compensation transactions including income taxes and cash flow classifications. Each amendment within this update has specific guidance on the method of application, which includes prospective, retrospective, and modified retrospective applications. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2017. Atlas did not have any tax “windfall” net operating loss carryforwards as of January 1, 2017, therefore no cumulative effect adjustment is needed. All tax related cash flows are included in the operating section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows with other income taxes retrospectively. Atlas has made the election to estimate future forfeitures, which is consistent with current accounting treatment.

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Not Yet Adopted

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. This update provides guidance on when an entity should apply modification accounting when changes are made to a share-based compensation award. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date using the prescribed prospective approach. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. This update shortens the amortization period for certain callable fixed income securities held at a premium to the earliest possible call date. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date using the prescribed modified retrospective approach. Atlas has a number of fixed income securities that are callable and held at a premium. The amount of the difference in amortization from current accounting treatment to the change prescribed in this ASU will be recorded upon adoption as an adjustment to retained earnings and treated as a change in accounting principle. Atlas is currently evaluating the potential impact of the ASU on these certain securities, which will change as securities mature, are sold, or are purchased.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The provisions of this update modify the income tax consequences for intra-entity transaction not involving inventory. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date using the prescribed modified retrospective approach. Although Atlas has a number of fixed income securities that were transferred between companies owned by Atlas, this ASU will not affect the consolidated financial statements, because the transactions are between two U.S. entities that are part of the same consolidated group, the transactions were elected to be deferred for U.S. tax purposes until the items leave the group, which is consistent with the pre-tax GAAP treatment, and the Company already reports as part of its computational approach, the State tax results (which are zero) under the new ASU.  If the sales were between a U.S. company and a foreign affiliate or between non-consolidated U.S. affiliates this would be applicable.  However, the investment sales did not fall under either of these two fact patterns.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230). The provisions of this update address the diversity in practice of eight issues on the statement of cash flows. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date by retrospectively restating all required amounts for the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Atlas’ current presentation of its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is not expected to change as a result of this ASU. Atlas plans to elect the cumulative earnings approach for distributions from equity method investees upon adoption, which is consistent with current practice.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The provisions of this update require an entity to broaden the information that it considers in developing its allowance for credit losses for assets. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date. Atlas does not currently have any investments with credit losses recorded or other significant credit allowances, therefore the provisions of this update are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Atlas will continue to monitor the investment portfolio and other financial instruments until adoption for any changes.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The provisions of this update impact the classification criteria, disclosure requirements, and other specific transactions in lease accounting. The update requires the use of a modified retrospective approach, which requires leases to be measured at the beginning of the earliest period presented. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date using the modified retrospective approach to restate beginning with the earliest period presented. See Note 8, ‘Commitments and Contingencies’ for further discussion of the future lease commitments. The adoption of this update is expected to increase both assets and liabilities, equally, on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position by the present value of the leases at each reporting date. There is no expected impact to any of Atlas’ current financial covenants as a result of the increase to reported liabilities.

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In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. One provision of this update requires that equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method, be measured at fair value and changes in fair value recognized in net income. The provisions of this update are recognized as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. For public entities, this guidance is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is not permitted, except for certain provisions. The Company plans on adopting the update on the required effective date. The adoption of this ASU will result in the recognition of $377,000 of net after-tax unrealized gains on equity investments as a cumulative-effect adjustment to increase retained earnings and decrease AOCI.

The FASB issued ASU 2014-09, ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12, ASU 2016-20 and ASU 2017-05, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This update is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that applies to all entities that have contracts with customers, except for those that fall within the scope of other standards, such as insurance contracts. Updates may be applied retrospectively to each period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized at the date of initial application. The update is now effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company plans to adopt the update on the required effective date. While these updates to Topic 606 are expected to have a significant impact on many companies, the majority of Atlas’ revenue is derived from transactions that do not fall within the scope of Topic 606, namely insurance contracts, investment income, and lease income. The adoption of these ASUs will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Atlas will continue to monitor and examine transactions that could potentially fall within the scope of Topic 606.

All other recently issued pronouncements with effective dates after December 31, 2017 are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

3. ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Anchor Holdings Group, Inc. et. al.

On March 11, 2015, Atlas acquired Anchor Holdings Group, Inc., a privately owned insurance holding company, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Global Liberty, along with its affiliated entities, Anchor Management, and Plainview (collectively, “Anchor”), from an unaffiliated third party. Anchor provides specialized commercial insurance products, including commercial automobile insurance to niche markets such as taxi, black car and sedan service owners and operators primarily in the New York market. Atlas’ acquisition of Anchor expands our distribution channel for core commercial automobile lines and provides incremental licensure as well as important infrastructure in the large New York market. Global Liberty also wrote homeowners insurance in the northeast, which was put into runoff, subject to applicable regulatory requirements, prior to the transaction.

Under the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the purchase price was based on the combined U.S. GAAP book value of Anchor as of December 31, 2014. The total purchase price for the combined entities of Anchor was $23.2 million, consisting of a combination of cash and Atlas preferred shares, and was approximately 1.3 times combined U.S. GAAP book value. Consideration consisted of approximately $19.2 million in cash and $4.0 million of Atlas preferred shares (consisting of a total of 4,000,000 preferred shares at $1.00 per preferred share), subject to the future development of Global Liberty’s actual claims reserves for certain lines of business during the five year period after the acquisition. During the fourth quarter of 2016, Atlas canceled all 4,000,000 of the preferred shares pursuant to the terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement due to the adverse development of Global Liberty’s pre-acquisition claims reserves.

The Anchor acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method. Atlas began consolidating Anchor on March 11, 2015, therefore their financial results are included in Atlas’ consolidated financial results starting with the three month period ended March 31, 2015. However, the following unaudited pro forma summary presents Atlas’ consolidated financial information for the year ended December 31, 2015 as if Anchor had been acquired on January 1, 2014. These amounts have been calculated after applying the Company’s accounting policies had the acquisition been completed on January 1, 2014. These results were prepared for comparative purposes only and do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that may have actually resulted had the acquisition occurred on the indicated dates, nor are they indicative of potential future operating results of the Company.

($ in ‘000s, except per share information)	Year Ended
	December 31, 2015
Revenue	$	162,311
Income from operations before income taxes1	23,601
Net income1	15,420
Earnings per common share basic 1	$	1.26
Earnings per common share diluted 1	$	1.21

¹ - Excludes expenses incurred in the connection with the Anchor acquisition

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From the date of acquisition through December 31, 2015, Anchor earned revenue of $27.5 million and net income of $2.4 million.

The acquisition of Anchor resulted in the recognition of intangible assets and goodwill valued at $4.5 million and $2.7 million, respectively. The Company recorded an adjustment to the purchase price allocation and amortization related to the identified intangible assets during the fourth quarter of 2015. Atlas recognized amortization expense of $390,000, $390,000 and $315,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to intangible assets acquired in the Anchor transaction. Atlas incurred no transaction expenses related to the Anchor acquisition for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and $999,000 in transaction expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Intangible Assets

The following table presents a summary of definite-lived intangible assets by major asset class as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in ‘000s)
As of December 31, 2017	Economic Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Trade name and trademark	15 years	$	1,800	$	337	$	1,463
Customer relationship	10 years	2,700		758		1,942
State insurance licenses	Indefinite	740		—		740
		$	5,240	$	1,095	$	4,145
As of December 31, 2016	Economic Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Trade name and trademark	15 years	$	1,800	$	217	$	1,583
Customer relationship	10 years	2,700		488		2,212
State insurance licenses	Indefinite	740		—		740
		$	5,240	$	705	$	4,535

Estimated future amortization expense for definite-lived intangible assets is $390,000 for each of the next five years.

Acquisition of Gateway Insurance Company

In 2013 we acquired Camelot Services, Inc. (“Camelot Services”), a privately owned insurance holding company, and its sole subsidiary Gateway from an unaffiliated third party. Gateway provides specialized commercial insurance products, including commercial automobile insurance to niche markets such as taxi, black car and sedan service owners and operators.

During the third quarter of 2016, the Company and the former owner of Camelot Services agreed to settle the additional consideration related to future claim development and the utilization of certain tax assets. Atlas redeemed all 2,538,560 of the remaining preferred shares issued as additional consideration and paid all accrued dividends.

The acquisition of Gateway resulted in the recognition of intangible assets, comprised entirely of state insurance licenses valued at $740,000. The state insurance licenses are considered to have an indefinite life and will not be amortized, but will be evaluated for impairment at least annually. Thus, Atlas recognized no amortization expense during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 related to intangible assets acquired in the Gateway transaction.

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4. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per ordinary voting common share, restricted voting common share, and participative restricted stock unit (“RSU”) (collectively, the “common shares”) for the years endedDecember 31, 2017, December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015 are as follows ($ in ‘000s, except share and per share amounts):

Year Ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Basic:
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes	$	(44,153	)	$	512		$	22,046
Income tax (benefit) expense	(5,343		)	(2,134		)	7,616
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Less: Preferred share dividends	—			281			276
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	$	(38,810	)	$	2,365		$	14,154
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880			12,045,519			11,975,579
(Loss) earnings per common share basic	$	(3.22	)	$	0.20		$	1.18
Diluted:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880			12,045,519			11,975,579
Dilutive potential ordinary shares:
Dilutive stock options outstanding	—			177,364			186,656
Dilutive shares upon preferred share conversion	—			—			573,444
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	12,064,880			12,222,883			12,735,679
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(3.22	)	$	0.19		$	1.13

Earnings per common share diluted is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for each period plus the incremental number of shares added as a result of converting dilutive potential ordinary voting common shares, calculated using the treasury stock method (or, in the case of the convertible preferred shares, using the “if-converted” method).

Atlas’ dilutive potential ordinary voting common shares consist of outstanding stock options to purchase ordinary voting common shares and, for the 2016 and 2015 computation, preferred shares potentially convertible to ordinary voting common shares at the option of the holder at any date after December 31, 2018 (2,538,560 preferred shares at the rate of 0.1270 ordinary voting common shares for each preferred share related to the Gateway acquisition, all of which were redeemed during the third quarter of 2016, are considered to have been redeemed on the last day of the third quarter of 2016) and after March 11, 2020 (4,000,000 preferred shares at the rate of 0.0500 ordinary voting common shares for each preferred share related to the Anchor acquisition, all of which were canceled as of December 31, 2016). Refer to Note 14, ‘Share Capital and Mezzanine Equity,’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion regarding the redemption and cancellation of the preferred shares.

The effects of these convertible instruments are excluded from the computation of earnings per common share diluted in periods in which the effect would be anti-dilutive. Convertible preferred shares are anti-dilutive when the amount of dividends declared or accumulated in the current period per common share obtainable upon conversion exceeds earnings per common share basic. For the year ended December 31, 2017, all exercisable stock options were deemed to be anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2016, all exercisable stock options were deemed to be dilutive and all of the convertible preferred shares were deemed to be anti-dilutive. The potentially dilutive impact for the convertible preferred stock excluded from the calculation due to anti-dilution is 441,357 common shares for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2015, all of the convertible preferred shares and all exercisable stock options were deemed to be dilutive.

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5. INVESTMENTS

The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for Atlas’ investments in fixed income securities and equities are as follows as of ($ in ‘000s):

December 31, 2017			Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed Income Securities:
	U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations		$	21,488	$	—	$	(302	)	$	21,186
	States, municipalities and political subdivisions		13,265		78		(100		)	13,243
	Corporate
		Banking/financial services	21,246		189		(53		)	21,382
		Consumer goods	9,674		70		(65		)	9,679
		Capital goods	7,822		181		(11		)	7,992
		Energy	7,460		81		(26		)	7,515
		Telecommunications/utilities	11,179		109		(73		)	11,215
		Health care	1,112		1		(54		)	1,059
	Total Corporate		58,493		631		(282		)	58,842
	Mortgage Backed
		Mortgage backed - agency	30,920		57		(364		)	30,613
		Mortgage backed - commercial	22,689		153		(255		)	22,587
	Total Mortgage Backed		53,609		210		(619		)	53,200
	Other asset backed		11,556		8		(51		)	11,513
Total Fixed Income Securities			$	158,411	$	927	$	(1,354	)	$	157,984
Equities			7,969		503		(26		)	8,446
Totals			$	166,380	$	1,430	$	(1,380	)	$	166,430

December 31, 2016			Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Fixed Income Securities:
	U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations		$	22,716	$	15	$	(257	)	$	22,474
	States, municipalities and political subdivisions		10,647		25		(202		)	10,470
	Corporate
		Banking/financial services	22,890		105		(143		)	22,852
		Consumer goods	8,637		45		(89		)	8,593
		Capital goods	7,807		109		(43		)	7,873
		Energy	3,689		88		(42		)	3,735
		Telecommunications/utilities	7,746		22		(151		)	7,617
		Health care	1,376		3		(22		)	1,357
	Total Corporate		52,145		372		(490		)	52,027
	Mortgage Backed
		Mortgage backed - agency	34,332		98		(416		)	34,014
		Mortgage backed - commercial	21,277		132		(251		)	21,158
	Total Mortgage Backed		55,609		230		(667		)	55,172
	Other asset backed		16,334		39		(29		)	16,344
Total Fixed Income Securities			$	157,451	$	681	$	(1,645	)	$	156,487
Equities			5,598		625		—			6,223
Totals			$	163,049	$	1,306	$	(1,645	)	$	162,710

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The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of fixed income securities by contractual maturity ($ in ‘000s). As certain securities and debentures have the right to call or prepay obligations, the actual settlement dates may differ from contractual maturity.

As of December 31,	2017
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in less than one year	$	11,149	$	11,141
Due in one through five years	33,941		33,857
Due after five through ten years	41,542		41,538
Due after ten years	6,614		6,735
Total contractual maturity	93,246		93,271
Total mortgage and asset backed	65,165		64,713
Total	$	158,411	$	157,984

Management performs a quarterly analysis of Atlas’ investment holdings to determine if declines in fair value are other than temporary. The analysis includes some or all of the following procedures as deemed appropriate by management:

◦ identifying all security holdings in unrealized loss positions that have existed for at least six months or other circumstances that management believes may impact the recoverability of the security;

◦ obtaining a valuation analysis from third party investment managers regarding these holdings based on their knowledge, experience and other market based valuation techniques;

◦ reviewing the trading range of certain securities over the preceding calendar period;

◦ assessing whether declines in market value are other than temporary for debt security holdings based on credit ratings from third party security rating agencies; and

◦ determining the necessary provision for declines in market value that are considered other than temporary based on the analyses performed.

The risks and uncertainties inherent in the assessment methodology utilized to determine declines in market value that are other than temporary include, but may not be limited to, the following:

◦ the opinion of professional investment managers could prove to be incorrect;

◦ the past trading patterns of individual securities may not reflect future valuation trends;

◦ the credit ratings assigned by independent credit rating agencies may prove to be incorrect due to unforeseen or unknown facts related to a company’s financial situation; and

◦ the debt service pattern of non-investment grade securities may not reflect future debt service capabilities and may not reflect a company’s unknown underlying financial problems.

There were no other-than-temporary impairments recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 as a result of the above analysis performed by management.

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The aging of unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in fixed income securities and equities is presented as follows ($ in ‘000s):

		Less Than 12 Months					More Than 12 Months					Total
As of December 31, 2017		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed Income Securities:
	U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations	$	11,179	$	(110	)	$	10,007	$	(192	)	$	21,186	$	(302	)
	States, municipalities and political subdivisions	5,355		(36		)	2,818		(64		)	8,173		(100		)
	Corporate
	Banking/financial services	6,021		(26		)	1,931		(27		)	7,952		(53		)
	Consumer goods	5,835		(47		)	710		(18		)	6,545		(65		)
	Capital goods	2,611		(10		)	101		(1		)	2,712		(11		)
	Energy	3,368		(26		)	—		—			3,368		(26		)
	Telecommunications/utilities	4,488		(23		)	938		(50		)	5,426		(73		)
	Health care	607		(7		)	322		(47		)	929		(54		)
	Total Corporate	22,930		(139		)	4,002		(143		)	26,932		(282		)
	Mortgage Backed
	Mortgage backed - agency	13,203		(136		)	9,786		(228		)	22,989		(364		)
	Mortgage backed - commercial	10,360		(53		)	6,553		(202		)	16,913		(255		)
	Total Mortgage Backed	23,563		(189		)	16,339		(430		)	39,902		(619		)
	Other asset backed	9,817		(44		)	1,087		(7		)	10,904		(51		)
Total Fixed Income Securities		$	72,844	$	(518	)	$	34,253	$	(836	)	$	107,097	$	(1,354	)
Equities		1,007		(26		)	—		—			1,007		(26		)
Totals		$	73,851	$	(544	)	$	34,253	$	(836	)	$	108,104	$	(1,380	)

		Less Than 12 Months					More Than 12 Months					Total
As of December 31, 2016		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Fixed Income Securities:
	U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations	$	16,187	$	(257	)	$	—	$	—		$	16,187	$	(257	)
	States, municipalities and political subdivisions	7,604		(202		)	—		—			7,604		(202		)
	Corporate
	Banking/financial services	12,429		(143		)	132		—			12,561		(143		)
	Consumer goods	5,453		(83		)	222		(6		)	5,675		(89		)
	Capital goods	3,224		(37		)	100		(6		)	3,324		(43		)
	Energy	229		(1		)	959		(41		)	1,188		(42		)
	Telecommunications/utilities	2,620		(73		)	962		(78		)	3,582		(151		)
	Health care	476		(22		)	—		—			476		(22		)
	Total Corporate	24,431		(359		)	2,375		(131		)	26,806		(490		)
	Mortgage Backed
	Mortgage backed - agency	21,818		(372		)	2,092		(44		)	23,910		(416		)
	Mortgage backed - commercial	10,235		(205		)	2,053		(46		)	12,288		(251		)
	Total Mortgage Backed	32,053		(577		)	4,145		(90		)	36,198		(667		)
	Other asset backed	977		(2		)	4,118		(27		)	5,095		(29		)
Total Fixed Income Securities		$	81,252	$	(1,397	)	$	10,638	$	(248	)	$	91,890	$	(1,645	)

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As of December 31, 2017, we held 346 and 2 individual fixed income and equity securities, respectively, that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 103 individual fixed income securities were in a continuous loss position for longer than 12 months. As of December 31, 2016, we held 316 individual fixed income securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which 39 individual fixed income securities were in a continuous loss position for longer than 12 months. We did not recognize the unrealized losses in earnings on these fixed income securities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, because we neither intend to sell the securities nor do we believe that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized costs.

The following table summarizes the components of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 ($ in ‘000s):

Year Ended December 31,		2017			2016			2015
Total investment income
	Interest income	$	3,834		$	3,747		$	3,371
	Dividends	—			—			43
	Income from other investments	1,911			1,942			1,344
Investment expenses		(848		)	(865		)	(782		)
Net investment income		$	4,897		$	4,824		$	3,976

The following table presents the aggregate proceeds, gross realized investment gains and gross realized investment losses from sales and calls of fixed income securities and equities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 ($ in ‘000s):

Year Ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Fixed income securities1:
Proceeds from sales and calls	$	24,274		$	59,161		$	32,089
Gross realized investment gains	300			1,296			686
Gross realized investment losses	(55		)	(131		)	(199		)
Equities:
Proceeds from sales	6,161			662			1,402
Gross realized investment gains	635			65			69
Gross realized investment losses	(2		)	—			(81		)
Total:
Proceeds from sales and calls	$	30,435		$	59,823		$	33,491
Gross realized investment gains	935			1,361			755
Gross realized investment losses	(57		)	(131		)	(280		)

¹- The proceeds from sales and calls, gross realized investment gains and gross realized investment losses on fixed income securities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were restated to include both voluntary and involuntary calls.

The following table summarizes the components of net realized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 ($ in ‘000s):

Year Ended December 31,	2017			2016		2015
Fixed income securities	$	245		$	1,165	$	487
Equities	633			65		(12		)
Other	(6		)	—		(20		)
Net realized gains	$	872		$	1,230	$	455

Other Investments:

Atlas’ other investments are comprised of collateral loans and various limited partnerships that invest in income-producing real estate, equities, or insurance linked securities. Atlas accounts for these limited partnership investments using the equity method of accounting. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying values of these other investments were approximately $31.4 million versus approximately $32.2 million as of December 31, 2016. The carrying values of the equity method limited partnerships were $25.3 million and $24.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The carrying value of these investments is Atlas’ share of the net book value for each limited partnership. The carrying value of the collateral loans was $6.2 million and $7.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

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Net realized investment gains were $6,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017 and resulted from the sale of one equity method investment. There were no net realized investment gains or losses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The following table summarizes investments in equity method investments by investment type as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 ($ in ‘000s):

	Unfunded Commitments		Carrying Value
As of December 31,	2017		2017		2016
Real estate1	$	2,842	$	10,660	$	10,797
Insurance linked securities	—		9,073		9,178
Activist hedge funds	—		4,367		4,336
Venture capital1	4,150		853		623
Other joint venture	—		325		—
Total Equity Method Investments	$	6,992	$	25,278	$	24,934

¹- We recategorized the carrying value of one limited partnership that was valued at $283,000 as of December 31, 2016 from ‘Venture capital’ to ‘Real estate’ based on its operations.

The Company recognizes an impairment loss for equity method limited partnerships when evidence demonstrates that the loss is other-than-temporary. To determine if an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, the Company evaluates whether or not the investee could sustain a level of earnings that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. Collateral loans are considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not collect the contractual principal and interest. Valuation allowances are established for impaired loans equal to the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or the present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Valuation allowances are adjusted for subsequent changes in the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or the present value of the loan’s expected future repayment cash flows. As of December 31, 2017 and as of December 31, 2016, the Company had no valuation allowances established for impaired loans.

Collateral pledged:

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, bonds, cash and cash equivalents with a fair value of $15.0 million and $15.1 million, respectively, were on deposit with state and provincial regulatory authorities. Also, from time to time, the Company pledges securities to and deposits cash with third parties to collateralize liabilities incurred under its policies of reinsurance assumed and other commitments made by the Company. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amounts of such pledged securities were $12.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively. Collateral pledging transactions are conducted under terms that are common and customary to standard collateral pledging and are subject to the Company’s standard risk management controls. These assets and investment income related thereto remain the property of the Company while pledged. Neither the state and/or provincial regulatory authorities nor any other third party has the right to re-pledge or sell said securities held on deposit.

6. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

U.S. GAAP requires certain assets and liabilities to be reported at fair value in the financial statements and provides a framework for establishing that fair value. Level 1 inputs are given the highest priority in the hierarchy while Level 3 inputs are given the lowest priority. Assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified in one of the following three categories based on the nature of the inputs to the valuation technique used:

Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2 - Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. These inputs reflect management’s best estimate of fair value using its own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Atlas’ assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the placement of the asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy levels.

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The following is a summary of significant valuation techniques for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Level 1

Equities: Comprised of publicly-traded common stocks. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that Atlas can access.

Fixed Income: Comprised of certain U.S. Treasury fixed income securities. Valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that Atlas can access.

Level 2

States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions: Comprised of U.S. States, Territories and Possessions, U.S. Political Subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions, U.S. Special Revenue and Special Assessment Obligations. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate Bonds: Comprised of investment-grade fixed income securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Mortgage-backed and Other asset-backed: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by mortgage obligations and other assets. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets or similar assets in active or inactive markets, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads.

The following table summarizes Atlas’ investments at fair value as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 ($ in ‘000s):

December 31, 2017	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed Income Securities:
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations	$	21,186	$	—	$	—	$	21,186
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		13,243		—		13,243
Corporate
Banking/financial services	—		21,382		—		21,382
Consumer goods	—		9,679		—		9,679
Capital goods	—		7,992		—		7,992
Energy	—		7,515		—		7,515
Telecommunications/utilities	—		11,215		—		11,215
Health care	—		1,059		—		1,059
Total Corporate	—		58,842		—		58,842
Mortgage Backed
Mortgage backed - agency	—		30,613		—		30,613
Mortgage backed - commercial	—		22,587		—		22,587
Total Mortgage Backed	—		53,200		—		53,200
Other asset backed	—		11,513		—		11,513
Total Fixed Income Securities	$	21,186	$	136,798	$	—	$	157,984
Equities	8,446		—		—		8,446
Totals	$	29,632	$	136,798	$	—	$	166,430

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December 31, 2016	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed Income Securities:
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government obligations	$	22,474	$	—	$	—	$	22,474
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		10,470		—		10,470
Corporate
Banking/financial services	—		22,852		—		22,852
Consumer goods	—		8,593		—		8,593
Capital goods	—		7,873		—		7,873
Energy	—		3,735		—		3,735
Telecommunications/utilities	—		7,617		—		7,617
Health care	—		1,357		—		1,357
Total Corporate	—		52,027		—		52,027
Mortgage Backed
Mortgage backed - agency	—		34,014		—		34,014
Mortgage backed - commercial	—		21,158		—		21,158
Total Mortgage Backed	—		55,172		—		55,172
Other asset backed	—		16,344		—		16,344
Total Fixed Income Securities	$	22,474	$	134,013	$	—	$	156,487
Equities	6,223		—		—		6,223
Totals	$	28,697	$	134,013	$	—	$	162,710

Atlas primarily uses the services of external securities pricing vendors to obtain these values. Atlas then reviews these valuations to ensure that the values are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and valuation techniques utilized are appropriate, consistently applied, and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value.

Though Atlas believes the valuation methods used in determining fair value are appropriate, different methodologies or assumptions could result in a different fair value as of December 31, 2017. Management does not believe that reasonable changes to the inputs to its valuation methodology would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

The Company had no fair value investments classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. There were no transfers in or out of Level 2 or Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

7. INCOME TAXES

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law.  Among other things, beginning with the 2018 tax year, the Tax Act reduced the Company’s corporate federal tax rate from a marginal rate of 35% to a flat 21%, eliminated the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”), changed reserving and other aspects of the computation of taxable income for insurance companies, and modified the net operating loss carryback and carryforward provisions for all entities in the group except for those subject to tax as property and casualty companies. The modified net operating loss provisions no longer allow a carryback to prior years to recover past taxes, but now allow an indefinite carryforward period subject to a yearly utilization limit. As discussed above, any net operating losses with respect to the insurance entities taxed as property and casualty companies retain the current net operating loss carryback and carryover provisions, which are two years carryback and 20 years carryforward. As of December 31, 2016, the Company measured its deferred tax items at the enacted rate in effect of 35%. Due to the Tax Act’s enactment, the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 have been re-measured at the new enacted tax rate of 21%.  For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized income tax expense of $10.5 million related to reduction in the net deferred tax asset a result of this re-measurement.

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Atlas’ effective tax rate was 12.1%, (416.8)%, and 34.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The table below reconciles the U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate to the effective tax rate ($ in ‘000s):

Year Ended December 31,	2017					2016					2015
	Amount			%		Amount			%		Amount			%
Provision for taxes at U.S. statutory marginal income tax rate	$	(15,453	)	35.0	%	$	179		35.0	%	$	7,716		35.0	%
Nondeductible expenses	51			(0.1	)%	24			4.7	%	124			0.6	%
Tax-exempt income	(23		)	0.1	%	(39		)	(7.6	)%	(89		)	(0.4	)%
State tax (net of federal benefit)	(2		)	—	%	28			5.5	%	118			0.5	%
Stock compensation	(445		)	1.0	%	—			—	%	—			—	%
Nondeductible acquisition accounting adjustment	—			—	%	(2,204		)	(430.5	)%	329			1.5	%
Change in statutory tax rate	10,542			(23.9	)%	—			—	%	(471		)	(2.1	)%
Other	(13		)	—	%	(122		)	(23.9	)%	(111		)	(0.6	)%
Provision for income taxes for continuing operations	$	(5,343	)	12.1	%	$	(2,134	)	(416.8	)%	$	7,616		34.5	%

Income tax (benefit) expense consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 ($ in ‘000s):

Year Ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Current tax (benefit) expense	$	(6,719	)	$	(2,586	)	$	7,790
Deferred tax expense (benefit)	1,376			452			(174		)
Total	$	(5,343	)	$	(2,134	)	$	7,616

Upon the transaction forming Atlas on December 31, 2010, a yearly limitation as required by U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended, “IRC”) Section 382 that applies to changes in ownership on the future utilization of Atlas’ net operating loss carryforwards was calculated. The Insurance Subsidiaries’ prior parent retained those tax assets previously attributed to the Insurance Subsidiaries, which could not be utilized by Atlas as a result of this limitation. As a result, Atlas’ ability to recognize future tax benefits associated with a portion of its deferred tax assets generated during prior years has been permanently limited to the amount determined under IRC Section 382. The result is a maximum expected net deferred tax asset that Atlas has available after the merger, which is believed more-likely-than-not to be utilized in the future, after consideration of valuation allowance.

On July 22, 2013, due to shareholder activity, a “triggering event” as determined under IRC Section 382 occurred. As a result, under IRC Section 382, the use of the Company’s net operating loss and other carryforwards generated prior to the “triggering event” will be limited as a result of this “ownership change” for tax purposes, which is defined as a cumulative change of more than 50% during any three-year period by shareholders owning 5% or greater portions of the Company’s shares. Due to this triggering event, the Company estimates that it will retain total tax effected federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $13.3 million as of December 31, 2017.

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The components of net deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows ($ in ‘000s):

	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Gross deferred tax assets:
Losses carried forward	$	13,313	$	14,535
Claims liabilities and unearned premium reserves	6,171		8,546
Tax credits	1,172		662
Commissions	623		1,269
Stock compensation	602		1,157
Other	1,094		1,027
Total gross deferred tax assets	22,975		27,196
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,107		4,628
Investments	213		475
Fixed assets	847		559
Intangible assets	715		1,328
Other	1,108		1,708
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	5,990		8,698
Net deferred tax assets	$	16,985	$	18,498

Amounts and expiration dates of the operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 are as follows ($ in ‘000s):

Year of Occurrence	Year of Expiration	Amount
2001	2021	$	5,007
2002	2022	4,317
2006	2026	7,825
2007	2027	5,131
2008	2028	1,949
2009	2029	1,949
2010	2030	1,949
2011	2031	4,166
2012	2032	9,236
2015	2035	1
2017	2037	21,864
Total		$	63,394

NOLs and other carryforwards generated in 2015 and 2017 are not limited by IRC Section 382.

Atlas has not established a valuation allowance for its gross future deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 or as of December 31, 2016. Based on Atlas’ expectations of future taxable income, its ability to change its investment strategy, as well as reversing gross future tax liabilities, management believes it is more likely than not that Atlas will fully realize the net future tax assets. However, there can be no guarantee that a valuation allowance will not be required in the future.

Atlas accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the income taxes accounting guidance. Atlas has analyzed filing positions in the federal and state jurisdictions where it is required to file tax returns, as well as the open tax years in these jurisdictions. Atlas believes that its federal and state income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material change to its financial position. Therefore, no reserves for uncertain federal and state income tax positions have been recorded. Atlas would recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the provision for federal income taxes. Atlas did not incur any federal income tax related interest income, interest expense or penalties for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) completed its audit of tax year 2012 during the three month period ended March 31, 2016. No changes to tax year 2012 were made to our reported tax. Tax years 2014 and years thereafter are subject to examination by the IRS.

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8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

On May 22, 2012, Atlas closed the sale and leaseback of the former headquarters building to 150 Northwest Point, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Atlas recognized a gain on the sale of this property of $213,000, which was deferred and recognized over the initial five year lease term, which ended in May 2017. The deferred gain was completely recognized at the end of the second quarter. Atlas recognized $17,000 as an offset to rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $43,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Total rental expense recognized on the former headquarters building was $740,000, $743,000 and $704,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, Atlas has the following future minimum rentals, related principally to office space, required under operating leases having initial or remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year ($ in ‘000s):

Year	2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023 & Beyond		Total
Amount	$	1,053	$	1,066	$	1,056	$	937	$	157	$	—	$	4,269

The Company has entered into various contracts to renovate and furnish the building that was purchased in 2016 to serve as the Company’s new headquarters, which the Company moved into on October 27, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, the remaining contractual obligations related to the renovation and furnishing of Atlas’ new headquarters building are $1.2 million.

The Company has entered into subscription agreements to allow for participation by the Company in limited liability investments, which invest in income-producing real estate, equities and insurance linked securities. As of December 31, 2017, the unfunded commitments are $7.0 million.

In the ordinary course of its business, Atlas is involved in legal proceedings, including lawsuits, regulatory examinations and inquiries.

Atlas is exposed to credit risk on balances receivable from policyholders, agents and reinsurers. Credit exposure to any one individual policyholder is not material. The Company’s policies, however, are distributed by agents who may manage cash collection on its behalf pursuant to the terms of their agency agreement. Atlas has procedures to monitor and minimize its exposure to delinquent agent balances, including, but not limited to, reviewing account current statements, processing policy cancellations for non-payment and other collection efforts deemed appropriate. Atlas also has procedures to evaluate the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities, or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurers’ insolvency.

Virtually all states require insurers licensed to do business therein to bear a portion of contingent and incurred claims handling expenses and the unfunded amount of “covered” claims and unearned premium obligations of impaired or insolvent insurance companies, either up to the policy’s limit, the applicable guaranty fund covered claims obligation cap, or 100% of statutorily defined workers’ compensation benefits, subject to applicable deductibles. These obligations are funded by assessments, made on a retrospective, prospective or pre-funded basis, which are levied by guaranty associations within the state, up to prescribed limits (typically 2% of “net direct written premium”), on all member insurers in the state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in certain covered lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer was engaged.

In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in certain states (and within the jurisdiction of some local governments), insurance companies are subject to or required to participate in various premium or claims based insurance-related assessments, including non-voluntary assigned risk pools, underwriting associations, workers’ compensation second-injury funds, reinsurance funds and other state insurance facilities. Atlas’ proportionate share of these various premium or claims based insurance-related assessments, including non-voluntary assigned risk pools, underwriting associations, workers’ compensation second-injury funds, reinsurance funds and other state insurance facilities is not expected to be material.

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9. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Atlas held the following property and equipment, including internal use software, as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (excluding assets held for sale) ($ in ‘000s):

As of December 31,	2017			2016
Buildings	$	7,425		$	7,425
Land	1,840			1,840
Building improvements	7,900			139
Leasehold improvements	140			527
Internal use software	9,567			8,078
Computer equipment	1,465			2,464
Furniture and other office equipment	2,582			586
Total	$	30,919		$	21,059
Accumulated depreciation	(6,480		)	(9,289		)
Total property and equipment, net	$	24,439		$	11,770

Depreciation expense and amortization was $1.4 million, $1.0 million, and $966,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, Atlas purchased a building and land for $9.3 million to serve as its new corporate headquarters to replace its former leased office space. Atlas’ Chicago area staff moved into this space in late October 2017 and occupies approximately 70,000 square feet on the second and third floors of the building. An unrelated tenant occupies the remaining office space on the first floor of the building. Rental income related to this lease agreement for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $415,000 and $69,000, respectively. Depreciation expense related to the building and its improvements was $171,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. There was no depreciation expense related to the building and its improvements recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Net realized losses on the disposal and sales of equipment were $12,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no realized gains or losses on the disposal of property or equipment for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company sold property in Alabama and recognized a loss of $20,000.

10. REINSURANCE CEDED

As is customary in the insurance industry, Atlas reinsures portions of certain insurance policies it writes, thereby providing a greater diversification of risk and minimizing exposure on larger risks. Atlas remains contingently at risk with respect to any reinsurance ceded and would incur an additional loss if an assuming company were unable to meet its obligation under the reinsurance treaty.

Atlas monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. Letters of credit are maintained for any unauthorized reinsurer to cover ceded unearned premium reserves, ceded claims and claims adjustment expense reserve balances and ceded paid claims. These policies mitigate the risk of credit quality or dispute from becoming a danger to financial strength. To date, the Company has not experienced any material difficulties in collecting reinsurance recoverables.

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Premiums written, premiums earned and amounts related to reinsurance as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 are as follows ($ in ‘000s):

	2017			2016			2015
Direct premiums written	$	261,276		$	221,723		$	208,570
Assumed premiums written	14,685			3,372			716
Ceded premiums written	(44,825		)	(45,028		)	(39,609		)
Net premiums written	$	231,136		$	180,067		$	169,677
Direct premiums earned	$	251,293		$	217,053		$	182,376
Assumed premiums earned	9,796			3,074			634
Ceded premiums earned	(45,318		)	(49,069		)	(30,946		)
Net premiums earned	$	215,771		$	171,058		$	152,064
Ceded claims and claims adjustment expenses	46,643			32,496			19,113
Ceding commissions	11,304			12,065			7,798
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses	53,402			35,370			29,399
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	12,878			13,372			17,412
Reinsurance recoverables on paid claims and claims adjustment expenses	7,982			7,786			3,277

11. CLAIMS LIABILITIES

Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses

The changes in the provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were as follows ($ in ‘000s):

As of the year ended December 31,	2017		2016		2015
Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, beginning of period	$	139,004	$	127,011	$	102,430
Less: reinsurance recoverable	35,370		29,399		18,421
Net unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, beginning of period	103,634		97,612		84,009
Net reserves acquired	—		—		19,396
Change in retroactive reinsurance ceded	1,361		107		2,037
Incurred related to:
Current year	128,476		102,133		89,828
Prior years	75,397		32,613		166
	203,873		134,746		89,994
Paid related to:
Current year	50,626		39,652		32,402
Prior years	99,996		89,179		65,422
	150,622		128,831		97,824
Net unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, end of period	158,246		103,634		97,612
Add: reinsurance recoverable	53,402		35,370		29,399
Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, end of period	$	211,648	$	139,004	$	127,011

The process of establishing the estimated provision for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses is complex and imprecise, as it relies on the judgment and opinions of a large number of individuals, on historical precedent and trends, on prevailing legal, economic, social and regulatory trends and on expectations as to future developments. The process of determining the provision necessarily involves risks that the actual results may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the best estimates made.

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Atlas experienced $75.4 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2017 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line. Atlas previously identified that claim expenses in Michigan were significantly outpacing other states and took a significant charge. Although exposure in Michigan was reduced to approximately 1.4% of the Company’s insured vehicles inforce by year end 2017, payments for claims in this state continued to be disproportionate to historic premiums earned. In addition, the remaining liability for non-New York Global Liberty business written prior to 2016 is expected to settle for greater amounts than previously expected. Overall, the actuarially determined liability for remaining claims related to accident year 2015 and prior in general, across all jurisdictions, was indicated to be higher than carried reserves.

Atlas experienced $32.6 million in unfavorable prior accident year development for the year ended December 31, 2016 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. The unfavorable development is primarily from our core commercial automobile liability line. Excluding pre-acquisition Global Liberty reserve development, the development of our core lines on prior accident years was $23.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Michigan commercial automobile claims accounted for approximately 62.5% of this development. Pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserve development was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The remaining unfavorable prior year development of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 is attributable to assigned risk pools and run-off of non-core business.

Atlas experienced $166,000 in unfavorable prior accident year development during the year ended December 31, 2015 as reflected as incurred related to prior years in the table above. Prior accident year unfavorable development on non-core lines and assigned risk pools was $870,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The unfavorable development on non-core lines and assigned risk pools was offset by favorable prior accident year development of $475,000 and $230,000 on our core lines and pre-acquisition Global Liberty claims reserves, respectively. This favorable development on our core lines was attributable to our traditional taxi and excess taxi products.

Short-duration insurance contracts

For purposes of this discussion, Atlas will disaggregate data based on the type of coverage into commercial automobile liability, including personal injury protection, and all other lines. Commercial automobile liability is the main line of business that Atlas operates. All other lines includes commercial automobile physical damage, taxi workers’ compensation, other liability and Atlas’ short duration lines that are currently in run-off. Amounts related to the Gateway and Global Liberty acquisitions have been included retrospectively for all years presented in the tables below.

Claims payments and changes in reserves may be made on accidents that occurred in prior years, not solely on business that is currently insured. Calendar year claims consist of payments and reserve changes that have been recorded in the financial statements during the applicable reporting period, without regard to the period in which the accident occurred. Calendar year results do not change after the end of the applicable reporting period, even as new claim information develops. Accident year claims consist of payments and reserve changes that are assigned to the period in which the accident occurred. Accident year results will change over time as the estimates of claims change due to payments and reserve changes for all accidents that occurred during that period.

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The following is information about incurred and paid claims and claims adjustment expenses development for the year ended December 31, 2017, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2008 to 2015, is presented as unaudited supplementary information.

Commercial Automobile Liability

Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s, except cumulative number of reported claims)
	For the Years Ended December 31,																					As of the year ended December 31, 2017
Accident Year	2008 unaudited		2009 unaudited			2010 unaudited		2011 unaudited		2012 unaudited		2013 unaudited		2014 unaudited		2015 unaudited		2016		2017		Incurred but Not Reported Liabilities, Net of Reinsurance		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2008	$	29,391	$	29,434		$	29,225	$	29,543	$	27,922	$	28,015	$	27,474	$	28,005	$	28,496	$	28,789	$	31	15,764
2009			37,394			40,309		43,889		43,604		42,909		42,326		42,987		43,728		43,902		61		13,238
2010						35,877		34,677		35,711		37,026		37,205		38,002		38,841		39,246		122		8,575
2011								31,044		38,822		34,887		34,720		35,136		36,080		36,472		149		7,833
2012										35,948		37,839		38,972		40,429		44,627		46,755		804		9,376
2013												48,449		48,636		53,656		64,687		73,749		3,446		11,725
2014														61,145		53,005		69,555		92,245		8,432		14,659
2015																69,060		67,184		96,521		14,255		19,021
2016																		80,824		87,516		20,274		19,373
2017																				101,983		46,580		18,516
Total																		Total		$	647,178
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
	For the Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2008 unaudited		20091 unaudited			2010 unaudited		2011 unaudited		2012 unaudited		2013 unaudited		2014 unaudited		2015 unaudited		2016		2017
2008	$	6,201	$	(6,438	)	$	7,256	$	16,010	$	20,234	$	23,282	$	25,060	$	27,039	$	28,136	$	28,601
2009			(3,218		)	10,711		24,468		31,784		36,385		39,664		42,030		43,287		43,707
2010						10,097		20,483		26,654		31,300		34,831		37,051		38,187		38,930
2011								8,725		18,980		24,978		29,660		33,217		35,324		36,058
2012										8,385		18,230		26,995		35,563		41,587		44,835
2013												10,358		27,198		43,117		59,973		68,612
2014														15,404		38,257		60,486		81,141
2015																18,597		49,556		76,398
2016																		21,850		53,812
2017																				27,977
Total																				$	500,071
All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance																				200
Liabilities for claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				$	147,307
1 - year 2009 - negative amounts resulted from the termination of reinsurance agreements

100

Other short-duration lines

Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s, except cumulative number of reported claims)
	For the Years Ended December 31,																				As of the year ended December 31, 2017
Accident Year	2008 unaudited		2009 unaudited		2010 unaudited		2011 unaudited		2012 unaudited		2013 unaudited		2014 unaudited		2015 unaudited		2016		2017		Incurred but Not Reported Liabilities, Net of Reinsurance		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2008	$	34,673	$	38,502	$	36,796	$	36,489	$	36,580	$	36,576	$	36,222	$	36,254	$	36,260	$	36,233	$	4	47,047
2009			35,688		34,764		34,626		35,453		36,343		36,202		36,736		37,061		37,070		54		27,847
2010					26,884		27,729		24,714		24,922		24,392		24,456		24,477		24,478		4		14,330
2011							20,315		22,176		22,310		21,782		22,122		22,941		22,414		22		10,002
2012									13,054		12,723		13,634		13,854		13,934		14,109		308		3,615
2013											5,897		4,754		4,556		4,687		4,711		90		2,149
2014													6,645		6,849		6,978		7,580		571		2,945
2015															8,320		8,616		9,591		1,148		3,968
2016																	9,357		9,960		428		4,686
2017																			11,086		775		5,013
Total																	Total		$	177,232
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance ($ in ‘000s)
	For the Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2008 unaudited		2009 unaudited		2010 unaudited		2011 unaudited		2012 unaudited		2013 unaudited		2014 unaudited		2015 unaudited		2016		2017
2008	$	21,304	$	23,263	$	30,657	$	33,915	$	35,442	$	36,112	$	36,149	$	36,222	$	36,224	$	36,224
2009			11,296		25,422		30,343		33,186		34,375		35,785		36,164		36,499		36,714
2010					14,182		20,420		22,596		23,812		24,225		24,368		24,414		24,452
2011							11,517		17,419		19,696		20,939		21,600		22,235		22,326
2012									6,446		9,789		11,554		12,782		13,343		13,317
2013											4,195		4,602		4,603		4,612		4,641
2014													6,154		6,677		6,728		6,820
2015															7,886		8,154		8,291
2016																	9,413		9,802
2017																			10,619
Total																			$	173,206
All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance																			699
Liabilities for claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																			$	4,725

Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, show how the initial estimate of incurred claims develop for each of the past 10 accident years. Incurred but not reported liabilities, net of reinsurance, by accident year are estimates that are based on the difference between the reported claims and the estimate of the ultimate paid claims and claims adjustment expenses for known and unknown claims. These estimates involve actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time of what we expect the cost of the ultimate settlement and administration of known and unknown claims. The process reflects the uncertainties and significant judgmental factors inherent in estimating future results of both known and unknown claims, and as such, the process is inherently complex and imprecise. We utilize a third party actuarial firm to assist us in the estimation process.

The cumulative number of reported claims for commercial automobile liability was calculated using actual number of claims at the feature/coverage level. For the other lines, claim counts were calculated using actual claim counts at the feature/coverage level for all claims excluding those from assigned risk pools and surety. The actual claim counts for assigned risk pools and surety may not be available for all years presented and are therefore not included in the reported claims amounts.

101

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims and claims adjustment expenses development tables to the liability for claims and claims adjustment expenses in the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017 is as follows ($ in ‘000s):

As of December 31,	2017
Net outstanding liabilities:
Commercial automobile liability	$	147,307
Other short-duration lines	4,725
Unpaid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	152,032
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses:
Commercial automobile liability	51,335
Other short-duration lines	2,067
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses	53,402
Unallocated claims adjustment expenses	6,214
Unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, gross of reinsurance	$	211,648

The following is supplementary information about the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, for the year ended December 31, 2017 (amounts are unaudited).

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
Commercial automobile liability	18.4	%	20.0	%	25.4	%	19.3	%	11.4	%	7.3	%	4.1	%	3.9	%	2.4	%	1.6	%
Other short-duration lines	68.7	%	15.7	%	8.4	%	5.3	%	2.8	%	1.8	%	0.4	%	0.4	%	0.3	%	—	%

12. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

On January 6, 2011, Atlas adopted a stock option plan (the “Stock Option Plan”) in order to advance the interests of Atlas by providing incentives to eligible persons defined in the plan. In the second quarter of 2013, a new equity incentive plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) was approved by the Company’s common shareholders at the Annual General Meeting, and Atlas ceased to grant new stock options under the preceding Stock Option Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan is a securities based compensation plan, pursuant to which Atlas may issue restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares, restricted units, stock grants for ordinary voting common shares, stock options and other forms of equity incentives to eligible persons as part of their compensation. The Equity Incentive Plan is considered an amendment and restatement of the Stock Option Plan, although outstanding stock options issued pursuant to the Stock Option Plan will continue to be governed by the terms of the Stock Option Plan.

102

Stock options - Stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows (prices in Canadian dollars designated with “C$” and United States dollars designated with “US$”):

	2017				2016
C$ Denominated:	Number of Shares		Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares	Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of period	187,728			C$6.22	187,728		C$6.22
Granted	—		—		—	—
Exercised	(133,338	)		C$6.31	—	—
Outstanding, end of period	54,390			C$6.00	187,728		C$6.22
	2017				2016
US$ Denominated:	Number of Shares		Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares	Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of period	375,000		US$17.01		375,000	US$17.01
Granted	—		—		—	—
Exercised	—		—		—	—
Outstanding, end of period	375,000		US$17.01		375,000	US$17.01

Information about options outstanding as of December 31, 2017 is as follows:

Grant Date	Expiration Date	Number Outstanding	Number Exercisable
January 18, 2011	January 18, 2021	54,390	54,390
March 6, 2014	March 6, 2024	175,000	175,000
March 12, 2015	March 12, 2025	200,000	—
Total		429,390	229,390

There are 229,390 stock options that are exercisable as of December 31, 2017. The stock option grants outstanding have a weighted average remaining life of 6.26 years and have an intrinsic value of $2.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

Under the Equity Incentive Plan, a director who either directly or indirectly purchases up to $100,000 of Atlas ordinary voting common stock on the open market, through the employee stock purchase plan, or via other means acceptable under this plan (see Note 13, ‘Other Employee Benefit Plans’) will receive a 3 to 1 matching grant of restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares (or for Canadian taxpayers, restricted stock units) based on the aggregate purchase price of ordinary voting common shares the director purchases during the six month period that began on June 18, 2013 and ended on December 31, 2013, or for new directors within 6 months of their initial appointment date (the “Purchase Period”).  Matching share grants of 148,152 restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares and 37,038 restricted stock units were made on February 28, 2014 (the “Grant Date”). The number of ordinary voting common shares issued on the Grant Date were determined by dividing (A) the dollar amount of the Company matching contribution due based on purchases during the Purchase Period by (B) the closing common share price of one share of Company ordinary voting common stock at close of market on June 17, 2013 (the “Closing Price”) which was $8.10 per share. The restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares will vest 20% on each anniversary of the Grant Date, subject to the terms of the Guidelines. The matching grant will be subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Equity Incentive Plan and applicable grant agreements. 

On March 12, 2015, the Board of Directors of Atlas granted equity awards of (i) 200,000 restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares of the Company and (ii) 200,000 options to acquire ordinary voting common shares to the executive officers of the Company as part of the Company’s annual compensation process.  The awards were made under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan. The awards vest in 5 equal annual installments of 20%, provided that an installment shall not vest unless an annual performance target based on specific book value growth rates linked to return on equity goals is met.  In the event the performance target is not met in any year, the 20% installment for such year shall not vest, but such non-vested installment shall carry forward and can become vested in future years (up to the fifth year from the date of grant), subject to achievement in a future year of the applicable performance target for such year.  For the year ended December 31, 2017, 40,000 shares of each of the restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares and the options to acquire ordinary voting common shares vested. For the year ended December 31, 2016, performance targets linked to these awards were not achieved, and therefore no vesting occurred.

103

The Monte-Carlo simulation model was used, for both the options and restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares, to estimate the fair value of compensation expense as a result of the performance based component of these grants.  Utilizing the Monte-Carlo simulation model, the fair values were $1.5 million and $1.9 million for the options and restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares, respectively. This expense will be amortized over the anticipated vesting period.

Restricted shares - The activity for the restricted voting common shares and restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

	2017				2016
	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date		Number of Shares		Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date
Non-vested, beginning of period	311,120		$	15.92	348,155		$	15.53
Granted	—		—		—		—
Vested	(77,040	)	15.21		(37,035	)	12.20
Non-vested, end of period	234,080		$	16.15	311,120		$	15.92

In accordance with ASC 718 (Stock-Based Compensation), Atlas has recognized share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the last separately vesting portion of the award. Share-based compensation expense is a component of other underwriting expenses on the statements of income and comprehensive income. Atlas recognized $1.2 million, $1.6 million and $1.8 million in share-based compensation expense, including income tax expense, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Total unearned share-based compensation expense was $660,000 related to all stock option grants and $1.4 million related to restricted stock grants for ordinary voting common shares and restricted share units as of December 31, 2017. This unearned share-based compensation expense will be amortized over the next 26 months.

13. OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Contribution Plan - Atlas has a defined contribution 401(k) plan covering all qualified employees of Atlas and its subsidiaries. Contributions to this plan are limited based on IRS guidelines. Atlas matches 100% of the employee contribution up to 2.5% of annual earnings, plus 50% of additional contributions up to 2.5% of annual earnings, for a total maximum expense of 3.75% of annual earnings per participant. Atlas’ matching contributions are discretionary. Employees are 100% vested in their own contributions and vest in Atlas contributions based on years of service equally over 5 years with 100% vested after 5 years. Company contributions were $441,000, $424,000, and $300,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan - The Atlas Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) encourages employee interest in the operation, growth and development of Atlas and provides an additional investment opportunity to employees. Full time and permanent part time employees working more than 30 hours per week are allowed to invest up to 7.5% of adjusted salary in Atlas ordinary voting common shares. Atlas matches 100% of the employee contribution up to 2.5% of annual earnings, plus 50% of additional contributions up to 5% of annual earnings, for a total maximum expense of 5% of annual earnings per participant. Atlas’ matching contributions are discretionary. Atlas also pays all administrative costs related to this plan. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, Atlas’ costs incurred related to the matching portion of the ESPP were $212,000, $199,000, and $151,000, respectively. Share purchases pursuant to this plan are made in the open market.

14. SHARE CAPITAL AND MEZZANINE EQUITY

Share Capital

The share capital is as follows:

As of December 31,		2017			2016
	Shares Authorized	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Amount ($ in ‘000s)		Shares Issued and Outstanding	Amount ($ in ‘000s)
Ordinary voting common shares	266,666,667	12,164,041	$	36	11,895,104	$	36
Restricted voting common shares	33,333,334	—	—		128,191	—
Total common shares	300,000,001	12,164,041	$	36	12,023,295	$	36

104

During 2017, the 128,191 restricted voting common shares that were beneficially owned or controlled by Kingsway Financial Services, Inc. (including its subsidiaries and affiliated companies, “Kingsway”) were sold to non-affiliates of Kingsway. The restricted voting common shares are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders, except at meetings of holders of a specific class that are entitled to vote separately as a class. The restricted voting common shares as a class shall not carry more than 30% of the aggregate votes eligible to be voted at a general meeting of common shareholders. The Kingsway-owned restricted voting common shares automatically converted to ordinary voting common shares upon their sale to non-affiliates of Kingsway. There are no restricted voting common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

There were 14,816 and 22,224 non-vested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. These RSUs are participative and are included in the computations of earnings per common share and book value per common share for these periods.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 7,408 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the vesting of RSUs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 133,338 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the exercise of options. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued 7,407 ordinary voting common shares as a result of the vesting of RSUs.

On March 21, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a Share Repurchase Program of up to 650,000 shares of common stock. The repurchases may be made from time to time in open market transactions, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases, or otherwise in accordance with securities laws at the discretion of the Company’s management until March 21, 2018. The Company’s decisions around the timing, volume, and nature of share repurchases, and the ultimate amount of shares repurchased, will be dependent on market conditions, applicable securities laws, and other factors. The share repurchase program and the Board’s authorization of the program may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. During 2017, no shares were repurchased under this Share Repurchase Program.

Mezzanine Equity

Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity to remove the preferred shares and related activity as previously stated for the periods as of January 1, 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Although this impacted total equity for 2015, it had no impact on total equity as of December 31, 2016 due to the redemption and clawback of preferred shares previously issued. In addition, this change did not impact the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), earnings per common share or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has evaluated the effect of the incorrect presentation in the prior period, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it did not have a material impact on, nor did it require amendment of, any previously filed annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements.

During the first quarter of 2015, the Company issued 4,000,000 preferred shares as a portion of the consideration related to the Anchor acquisition and an additional 940,500 preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company canceled 401,940 preferred shares pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement. During the third quarter of 2016, the Company redeemed all 2,538,560 of the remaining preferred shares issued to the former owner of Gateway. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company canceled the remaining 4,000,000 preferred shares pursuant to the Anchor stock purchase agreement. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were no outstanding preferred shares. The preferred shares redeemed and canceled during 2016 and the preferred shares issued during the first quarter of 2015 pursuant to the Gateway stock purchase agreement have been recorded as a recovery of acquisition expense and additional acquisition expense, respectively, and not as an adjustment to goodwill, because the fair value of the contingent consideration was determined to be zero at the date of acquisition. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, such adjustments are reflected in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period that the contingency is re-estimated. The Anchor cancellation was recorded as a recovery of acquisition expense.

Preferred shareholders are entitled to dividends on a cumulative basis, whether or not declared by the Board of Directors, at the rate of $0.045 per share per year (4.5%) and may be paid in cash or in additional preferred shares at the option of Atlas. In liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Atlas, preferred shareholders receive the greater of $1.00 per share plus all declared and unpaid dividends or the amount they would receive in liquidation if the preferred shares had been converted to restricted voting common shares or ordinary voting common shares immediately prior to liquidation. Preferred shareholders are not entitled to vote.

105

On September 30, 2016, Atlas paid $409,000 in dividends earned on the preferred shares to the former owner of Gateway, the cumulative amount to which they were entitled through September 15, 2016, leaving no accrued and unpaid dividends owed to the former owner of Gateway. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, Atlas has accrued $333,000 in dividends on the preferred shares for the former owner of Anchor, which remains unpaid. The paid claims development on Global Liberty’s pre-acquisition claims reserves was in excess of $4.0 million, and as a result, pursuant to the terms of the Anchor stock purchase agreement, dividends will no longer accrue to the former owner of Anchor.

15. DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

Deferred policy acquisition costs represent those costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal written premium. Such deferred policy acquisition costs generally include agent commissions, premium taxes and a portion of employee compensation and benefits directly related to time spent performing specific acquisition or renewal activities. The method followed in determining the deferred policy acquisition costs limits the deferral to its realizable value by giving consideration to estimated future claims and expenses to be incurred as premiums are earned. Changes in estimates, if any, are recorded in the accounting period in which they are determined. Anticipated investment income is included in determining the realizable value of the deferred policy acquisition costs. Atlas’ deferred policy acquisition costs are reported net of deferred ceding commissions.

Policy acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums written are earned, typically 12 months. Deferred policy acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 ($ in ‘000s) were:

Year Ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	13,222		$	10,235		$	8,166
Acquisition costs deferred	29,460			21,790			20,661
Amortization charged to income	(27,885		)	(18,803		)	(18,592		)
Balance, end of period	$	14,797		$	13,222		$	10,235

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the periods presented, a portion of the Company’s investment portfolio, which is included in “Other Investments” on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, included investment vehicles that are considered related-party transactions. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 these related-party transactions comprised 8.4% of our investment portfolio.  In these transactions, one or more of the Company’s directors or entities affiliated with such directors may invest in and/or manage these vehicles. These related-party transactions are consistent with the Company’s investment guidelines and have been reviewed and approved by the Investment Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.  The Company believes that these transactions leverage investment resources that would otherwise not be available to the Company.

17. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

($ in ‘000s, except per share data)
	2017
	Q4			Q3		Q2		Q1
Gross premiums written	$	54,213		$	65,898	$	57,354	$	98,496
Net premiums earned	57,431			55,865		54,049		48,426
Net (loss) income	(54,297		)	5,125		5,510		4,852
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	(54,297		)	5,125		5,510		4,852
(Loss) earnings per common share basic	$	(4.48	)	$	0.43	$	0.46	$	0.40
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(4.48	)	$	0.42	$	0.45	$	0.40

106

($ in ‘000s, except per share data)
	2016
	Q4			Q3		Q2		Q1
Gross premiums written	$	51,984		$	60,733	$	48,353	$	64,025
Net premiums earned	44,252			43,251		41,802		41,753
Net (loss) income	(13,561		)	6,496		4,900		4,811
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	(13,608		)	6,423		4,822		4,728
(Loss) earnings per common share basic	$	(1.13	)	$	0.53	$	0.40	$	0.39
(Loss) earnings per common share diluted	$	(1.13	)	$	0.51	$	0.38	$	0.38

18. NOTES PAYABLE

On April 26, 2017, Atlas issued $25 million of five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes and received net proceeds of approximately $23.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. Interest on the senior unsecured notes is payable quarterly on each January 26, April 26, July 26 and October 26. Atlas may, at its option, beginning with the interest payment date of April 26, 2020, and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter, redeem the senior unsecured notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The senior unsecured notes will rank senior in right of payment to any of Atlas’ existing and future indebtedness that is by its terms expressly subordinated or junior in right of payment to the senior unsecured notes. The senior unsecured notes will rank equally in right of payment to all of Atlas’ existing and future senior indebtedness, but will be effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such secured indebtedness. In addition, the senior unsecured notes will be structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other obligations of Atlas’ subsidiaries.

The senior unsecured notes were issued under an indenture and supplemental indenture that contain covenants that, among other things, limit: (i) the ability of Atlas to merge or consolidate, or lease, sell, assign or transfer all or substantially all of its assets; (ii) the ability of Atlas to sell or otherwise dispose of the equity securities of certain of its subsidiaries; (iii) the ability of certain of Atlas’ subsidiaries to issue equity securities; (iv) the ability of Atlas to permit certain of its subsidiaries to merge or consolidate, or lease, sell, assign or transfer all or substantially all of their respective assets; and (v) the ability of Atlas and its subsidiaries to incur debt secured by equity securities of certain of its subsidiaries.

On March 9, 2015, American Insurance Acquisition, Inc. (“American Acquisition”), a wholly-owned direct subsidiary of Atlas, entered into a loan and security agreement (“Loan Agreement”) for a $35.0 million loan facility with Fifth Third Bank. On May 7, 2016, American Acquisition entered into a Modification of Loan Documents with Fifth Third Bank to amend its Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement, as modified, included a $30.0 million line of credit (“Draw Amount”), which could have been drawn in increments at any time until December 31, 2016. The $30.0 million line of credit had a five year term and bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus 4.5%. The Loan Agreement also included a $5.0 million revolving line of credit (“Revolver”), which could have been drawn upon until May 7, 2018, that bore interest at one month LIBOR plus 2.75%.

The Loan Agreement also provided for the issuance of letters of credit in an amount up to $2.0 million outstanding at any time. In addition, there was a non-utilization fee for each of the $30.0 million line of credit and $5.0 million revolving line of credit equal to 0.50% per annum of an amount equal to $30.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively, less the daily average of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under such credit lines (plus, in the case of the $30.0 million line of credit, the aggregate amount of the letter of credit obligations outstanding).

The Loan Agreement was terminated in April 2017. Atlas used a portion of the net proceeds of the senior unsecured notes offering, together with cash on hand, for the repayment of all outstanding balances under the Draw Amount and Revolver, $15.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2016, American Acquisition was in compliance with the covenants of the Loan Agreement.  In February 2017, American Acquisition filed its statutorily required financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, which are used to determine on-going compliance with the covenants contained in the Loan Agreement. As a result of the reserve strengthening and its effect on American Acquisition’s December 31, 2016 financial statements, American Acquisition was not in compliance with the Loan Agreements’ EBITDA Ratio covenant as of March 13, 2017. American Acquisition had a thirty day period to cure this covenant non-compliance, and the Company and American Acquisition agreed with the lender to a modification to the loan covenants to more specifically address the effects of reserve modifications and/or obtaining a waiver with respect to the existing non-compliance.

Interest expense on notes payable was $1.8 million, $1.0 million, and $694,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

107

Notes payable outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in ‘000s) were:

	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due April 26, 2022	$	25,000		$	—
Revolver	—			3,900
Draw Amount	—			15,500
Total outstanding borrowings	25,000			19,400
Unamortized issuance costs	(969		)	(213		)
Total notes payable	$	24,031		$	19,187

19. STATUTORY INFORMATION

As a holding company, Atlas could derive cash from its Insurance Subsidiaries generally in the form of dividends to meet its obligations, which will primarily consist of operating expense payments and debt payments. Atlas’ Insurance Subsidiaries fund their obligations primarily through premium and investment income and maturities in the securities portfolio. The Insurance Subsidiaries require regulatory approval for the return of capital and, in certain circumstances, prior to the payment of dividends. In the event that dividends available to the holding company are inadequate to cover its operating expenses and debt payments, the holding company would need to raise capital, sell assets or incur future debt.

The Insurance Subsidiaries must each maintain a minimum statutory capital and surplus of $1.5 million, $2.4 million, and $3.5 million under the provisions of the Illinois Insurance Code, the Missouri Insurance Code, and New York Insurance Code, respectively. Dividends may only be paid from statutory unassigned surplus, and payments may not be made if such surplus is less than a stipulated amount. The dividend restriction for the ASI Pool Subsidiaries is the greater of statutory net income or 10% of total statutory capital and surplus. The dividend restriction for Global Liberty is the lower of 10% of statutory surplus or 100% of adjusted net investment income for the preceding twelve month period.

Net loss computed under statutory-basis accounting was $9.1 million, $15.2 million, $5.9 million, and $5.1 million for American Country, American Service, Gateway and Global Liberty, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.3 million, $1.2 million, $1.1 million, and $49,000 for American Country, American Service, Gateway and Global Liberty, respectively. The combined statutory capital and surplus of the Insurance Subsidiaries was $87.8 million and $113.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Atlas did not declare or pay any dividends to its common shareholders during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

20. CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE AND ERROR CORRECTIONS

Change in Accounting Principle

The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, for the year ended December 31, 2017. This update provides guidance on the reclassification of stranded tax effects in AOCI resulting from the Tax Act. We reclassified the effect of the change in the federal corporate tax rate on gross deferred tax items and related valuation allowances for item in AOCI. The adoption of this ASU resulted in a increase to AOCI and an decrease in retained earnings of $7,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017 with no net effect on total shareholders’ equity.

Error Corrections

Prior to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company presented preferred shares issued as contingent consideration within the permanent equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, contingent consideration issued as preferred shares wherein the number of shares to be issued is variable should be classified outside of permanent equity and reflected as mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity to remove the preferred shares and related activity as previously stated for the periods as of January 1, 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016. Although this impacted total equity for 2015, it had no impact on total equity as of December 31, 2016 due to the redemption and clawback of preferred shares previously issued. In addition, this change did not impact the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), earnings per common share or the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company has evaluated the effect of the incorrect presentation in the prior period, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that it did not have a material impact on, nor did it require amendment of, any previously filed annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements.

108

The following line items presented in the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity were affected by the restatement:

($ in ‘000s)	As Originally Reported	As Adjusted	Effect of Change
Impact on Total Shareholders’ Equity column as of:
December 31, 2014	109,399	107,399	(2,000	)
December 31, 2015	129,622	122,681	(6,941	)
December 31, 2016	127,342	127,342	—

21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On March 5, 2018, a complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois asserting claims under the federal securities laws against the Company and two of its executive officers on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s securities, styled Fryman v. Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc., et al., No. 1:18-cv-01640 (N.D. Ill.). In the complaint, the plaintiff asserts claims on behalf of a putative class consisting of purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 13, 2017 and March 2, 2018. The complaint alleges that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by making allegedly false and misleading statements or failing to disclose certain information regarding the adequacy of the Company’s reserves. The complaint seeks, among other remedies, unspecified damages, attorneys’ fees and other costs, equitable and/or injunctive relief, and such other relief as the court may find just and proper. Under applicable provisions of the federal securities laws, motions for appointment as lead plaintiffs must be filed within sixty days after a notice announcing the filing of the Fryman complaint. The Company and the other defendants anticipate that they will file a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Under the federal securities laws, discovery and other proceedings automatically will be stayed during the pendency of any such motion to dismiss.

109

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to us, including our consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to the officers who certify our financial reports and to the members of senior management and the Board of Directors.

Based on management’s evaluation as of December 31, 2017, our president and chief executive officer and our vice president, chief financial officer and treasurer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our president and chief executive officer and our vice president, chief financial officer and treasurer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, we have concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2017.

Our management does not expect that the Company’s controls and procedures over financial reporting will prevent all errors and frauds. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, a control system’s design must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple mistake or error.

Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of control. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will successfully achieve its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

The independent registered public accounting firm of BDO USA, LLP, as auditors of the consolidated financial statements of Atlas and its subsidiaries, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of management’s internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The attestation report is included in Item 8 under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting,” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

110

Part III.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item will be included in our proxy statement relating to our 2018 annual general meeting of shareholders (“Proxy Statement”), which information is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

111

Part IV.

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) (1) The following consolidated financial statements, notes thereto and related information of Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. are included in Item 8.

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

(a) (2) The following additional financial statement schedules and independent auditors’ report are furnished herewith pursuant to the requirements of Form 10-K:

Schedules required to be filed under the provisions of Regulation S-X Article 7:

Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Schedule IV - Reinsurance

Schedule V - Valuation and qualifying accounts

Schedule VI - Supplemental information concerning property - casualty insurance operations

All other schedules pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation S-X are omitted because they are not applicable, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or in the notes thereto.

(a) (3) The following is a list of the exhibits filed as part of this Form 10-K. The exhibit numbers followed by an asterisk (*) indicate exhibits that are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

Exhibit	Description
3.1	Memorandum of Association of Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. dated December 24, 2010 (incorporated by reference from our general form for registration of securities on Form 10 filed March 26, 2012)
3.2	Special Resolution amending Article Six of the Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association, filed with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands on January 29, 2013 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed January 30, 2013)
4.1(1)	Specimen Ordinary Share Certificate
4.2(1)	Specimen Warrant Agreement
4.3	Articles of Association of Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc., dated December 24, 2010 (included in Exhibit 3.1 hereto)
4.4	Special Resolution amending Articles 124 and 125(e) of the Articles of Association (incorporated by reference from our registration statement on Form S-3 file November 30, 2017)
4.5	Form of Subordinated Indenture (incorporated by reference from our registration statement on Form S-3 filed April 25, 2014)
4.6	Indenture, dated as of April 26, 2017, between Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed April 26, 2017)
4.7	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 26, 2017, between Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed April 26, 2017)
4.8	Form of Note representing $25,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed April 26, 2017)
10.1(1)	Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. Stock Option Plan dated January 6, 2011 *
10.2(1)	Form of Atlas Employment Agreement for Executive Management, updated January 1, 2012 *
10.3(1)	Employee Share Purchase Plan Agreement, as adopted June 1, 2011 *
10.4(1)	Defined Contribution Plan Document dated August 11, 2011 *
10.5	Transition Services Agreement between Kingsway Financial Services, Inc. and American Insurance Acquisition, Inc., dated December 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference from our annual report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2011 (amendment no. 1), filed on May 4, 2012)

112

10.6(2)	150 Northwest Point - Sale Agreement
10.7(2)	150 Northwest Point - Sale Agreement, Amendment 1
10.8(2)	150 Northwest Point - Sale Agreement, Amendment 2
10.9(2)	150 Northwest Point - Lease Agreement
10.10	Stock Purchase Agreement among Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc., and Hendricks Holding Company, Inc. dated as of October 24, 2012 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed October 31, 2012)
10.11	Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from our proxy statement relating to our 2013 annual meeting of shareholders, filed May 7, 2013) ("Equity Incentive Plan")*
10.12	First amendment to Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed on March 10, 2014)*
10.13	Share Sale Agreement between Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and Kingsway America, Inc. dated August 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed August 2, 2013)
10.14	Director Compensation and Stock Ownership Guidelines (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed June 20, 2013) *
10.15	Amendment to Director Compensation and Stock Ownership Guidelines (incorporated by reference from our registration statement filed on Form S-1 filed September 19, 2013) *
10.16	Amended and Restated Option Agreement, dated November 26, 2013, between Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and Jordon Kupinsky (incorporated by reference from our registration statement filed on Form S-8 filed November 27, 2013) *
10.17	Executed Underwriting Agreement, dated February 11, 2013 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed February 15, 2013)
10.18	Executed Underwriting Agreement, dated May 20, 2014 (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed May 22, 2014)
10.19	Loan and Security Agreement between American Insurance Acquisition Inc. and Fifth Third Bank dated as of May 7, 2014 (incorporated by reference from our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed August 5, 2014)
10.20	First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement between American Insurance Acquisition Inc. and Fifth Third Bank dated as of July 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference from our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed August 5, 2014)
10.21	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2014, between Mr. Hossni Elhelbawi, Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed October 21, 2014)
10.22	Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2015, by and between American Insurance Acquisition, Inc. and Fifth Third Bank (incorporated by reference from our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed May 11, 2015)
10.23	Modification of Loan Documents, dated May 7, 2016, by and between American Insurance Acquisition, Inc. and Fifth Third Bank (incorporated by reference from our current report on Form 8-K filed May 10, 2016)
10.24	Underwriting Agreement, dated April 21, 2017, by and between Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. and Sandler O'Neill & Partners, L.P. (incorporated by reference from our current report on form 8-K filed April 27, 2017)
14	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference from our general form for registration of securities on Form 10 filed March 26, 2012)
21	List of Subsidiaries
23.1	Consent of BDO USA, LLP
Item 31 – Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Item 32 – Section 1350 Certifications
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Item 101 - Interactive Data Files
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(1) Incorporated by reference from our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, filed on March 26, 2012.

(2) Incorporated by reference from our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, filed on August 13, 2012.

(*) Management contracts and compensatory plans or agreements.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

113

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ATLAS FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.

(Registrant)

/s/ Paul A. Romano

By: Paul A. Romano

(Vice President and Chief Financial Officer)

April 2, 2018

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Scott D. Wollney Scott D. Wollney	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	April 2, 2018
/s/ Paul A. Romano Paul A. Romano	Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer	April 2, 2018
/s/ Gordon G. Pratt Gordon G. Pratt	Director, Chairman of the Board	April 2, 2018
/s/ Jordan M. Kupinsky Jordan M. Kupinsky	Director	April 2, 2018
/s/ John T. Fitzgerald John T. Fitzgerald	Director	April 2, 2018
/s/ Walter F. Walker Walter F. Walker	Director	April 2, 2018

114

Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

($ in ‘000s)	Year ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Net investment (expense) income	$	(4	)	$	—		$	7
Other underwriting expense (income)	1,436			(4,550		)	2,566
Interest expense	1,266			—			—
(Loss) income from operations before income taxes	(2,706		)	4,550			(2,559		)
Income tax benefit	(115		)	(559		)	(577		)
(Loss) income before equity in net income of subsidiaries	$	(2,591	)	$	5,109		$	(1,982	)
Equity in net (loss) income of subsidiaries	(36,219		)	(2,463		)	16,412
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses)	437			855			(1,912		)
Reclassification to net (loss) income	(49		)	394			203
Effect of income taxes	(136		)	(437		)	597
Other comprehensive income (loss)	252			812			(1,112		)
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(38,558	)	$	3,458		$	13,318
See accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

115

Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (continued)

Statements of Financial Position

($ in ‘000s, except share and per share data)	December 31,
	2017			2016
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,233		$	271
Deferred tax asset, net	4,116			3,404
Investment in subsidiaries	109,897			126,564
Total Assets	$	118,246		$	130,239
Liabilities
Notes payable, net	$	24,031		$	—
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	3,570			2,897
Total Liabilities	$	27,601		$	2,897
Shareholders’ Equity
Ordinary voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 266,666,667 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 12,164,041 and December 31, 2016 - 11,895,104	$	36		$	36
Restricted voting common shares, $0.003 par value, 33,333,334 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: December 31, 2017 - 0 and December 31, 2016 - 128,191	—			—
Additional paid-in capital	201,105			199,244
Retained deficit	(110,535		)	(71,718		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	39			(220		)
Total Shareholders’ Equity	90,645			127,342
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	118,246		$	130,239
See accompanying notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

116

Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (continued)

Statements of Cash Flow

($ in ‘000s)	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Operating Activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(38,810	)	$	2,646		$	14,430
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities:
Equity in net loss (income) of subsidiaries	36,219			2,463			(16,412		)
Share-based compensation expense	1,176			1,612			1,819
Deferred income taxes	(712		)	(417		)	(251		)
Amortization of financing costs	152			—			—
Expenses (recovered) incurred pursuant to stock purchase agreements	—			(6,623		)	941
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other assets	—			479			(476		)
Other liabilities and accrued expenses	673			2,897			(34		)
Net cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities	(1,302		)	3,057			17
Investing activities:
Capital contributions made to subsidiaries	(19,300		)	—			(23,428		)
Net cash flows used in investing activities	(19,300		)	—			(23,428		)
Financing activities:
Preferred share buyback	—			(2,539		)	—
Capital contribution	30			—			—
Proceeds from notes payable, net of issuance costs	23,879			—			—
Preferred dividends paid	—			(409		)	—
Options exercised	655			—			145
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities	24,564			(2,948		)	145
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	3,962			109			(23,266		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	271			162			23,428
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	4,233		$	271		$	162
Supplemental disclosure of cash information:
Cash paid (recovered) for:
Interest	$	828		$	—		$	—
Income taxes	(192		)	(3,464		)	85
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Issuance of preferred shares related to acquisition of subsidiary	$	—		$	—		$	4,000
Issuance of preferred shares related to Gateway stock purchase agreement	—			—			941
Redemption of preferred shares related to Gateway stock purchase agreement	—			(2,297		)	—
Cancellation of preferred shares related to Anchor stock purchase agreement	—			(4,000		)	—
See accompanying notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

117

Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (continued)

Notes to Condensed Financial Information

The financial statements of the Registrant should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Item 8.

On April 26, 2017, Atlas issued $25 million of five-year 6.625% senior unsecured notes and received net proceeds of approximately $23.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses, as described in Note 18, ‘Notes Payable’. Atlas has no other long-term debt obligations.

See Note 21, ‘Subsequent Events’ for the details of potential litigation.

Atlas has no material contingencies or guarantees except as disclosed in Note 21, ‘Subsequent Event’ to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Atlas has not received cash dividends from its subsidiaries since its inception on December 31, 2010.

Schedule IV – Reinsurance

($ in ‘000s)	Gross Amount		Ceded to Other Companies			Assumed from Other Companies		Net Amount		% of Amount Assumed to Net
December 31, 2017
Premiums earned	$	251,293	$	(45,318	)	$	9,796	$	215,771	4.5	%
December 31, 2016
Premiums earned	$	217,053	$	(49,069	)	$	3,074	$	171,058	1.8	%
December 31, 2015
Premiums earned	$	182,376	$	(30,946	)	$	634	$	152,064	0.4	%

Schedule V – Valuation and qualifying accounts

($ in ‘000s)	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charged to Expenses		Other Additions		Deductions			Balance at End of Period
December 31, 2017
Allowance for uncollectible receivables	$	2,366	$	2,365	$	—	$	(1,313	)	$	3,418
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	—		—		—		—			—
December 31, 2016
Allowance for uncollectible receivables	$	846	$	2,397	$	12	$	(889	)	$	2,366
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	—		—		—		—			—
December 31, 2015
Allowance for uncollectible receivables	$	560	$	566	$	8	$	(288	)	$	846
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	—		—		—		—			—

118

Schedule VI - Supplemental information concerning property-casualty insurance operations

($ in ‘000s)		Year Ended December 31,
		2017		2016		2015
Deferred policy acquisition costs		$	14,797	$	13,222	$	10,235
Claims liabilities		211,648		139,004		127,011
Unearned premium reserves		128,043		113,171		108,202
Net premiums earned		215,771		171,058		152,064
Net investment income		4,897		4,824		3,976
Claims and claims adjustment expenses incurred
	Current year	128,476		102,133		89,828
	Prior year	75,397		32,613		166
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		27,885		18,803		18,592
Paid claims and claims adjustment expenses		150,622		128,831		97,824
Gross premiums written		275,961		225,095		209,286

119