Intangible Assets, Net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	291	$	(236)	$	55	$	291	$	(231)	$	60
TiO2 technology	93		(39)		54		93		(37)		56
Internal-use software and other	186		(46)		140		179		(45)		134
Intangible assets, net	$	570	$	(321)	$	249	$	563	$	(313)	$	250

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, internal-use software included approximately $111 million and $106 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.

The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of goods sold	$	1	$	—
Selling, general and administrative expenses	7		8
Total	$	8	$	8

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $23 million for the remainder of 2023, $42 million for 2024, $41 million for 2025, $23 million for 2026, $21 million for 2027 and $99 million thereafter.