10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to

Commission file number: 001-35403

Verastem, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	27-3269467 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500 Needham, MA (Address of principal executive offices)	02494 (Zip Code)

(781) 292-4200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	VSTM	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒
​ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 8, 2023 there were 200,861,380 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	4
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	39
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	40
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	40
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	40
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	40
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Item 5.	Other Information	41
Item 6.	Exhibits	41
EXHIBIT INDEX		42
SIGNATURES		43

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements related to present facts or current conditions or historical facts, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. Such statements relate to, among other things, the development and activity of our programs and product candidates, avutometinib (VS-6766) (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (“RAF”)/ mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (“MEK”) program) and defactinib (focal adhesion kinase (“FAK”) program), the structure of our planned and pending clinical trials, and the timeline and indications for clinical development, regulatory submissions and commercialization of activities. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and our actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements we make. Applicable risks and uncertainties include the risks and uncertainties, among other things, regarding: the uncertainties inherent in research and development of avutometinib and defactinib, such as negative or unexpected results of clinical trials; whether and when any applications for avutometinib and defactinib may be filed with regulatory authorities in any jurisdictions; whether and when regulatory authorities in any jurisdictions may approve any such other applications that may be filed for avutometinib and defactinib, which will depend on the assessment by such regulatory authorities of the benefit-risk profile suggested by the totality of the efficacy and safety information submitted and, if approved, whether avutometinib or defactinib will be commercially successful in such jurisdictions; our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce patent and other intellectual property protection for avutometinib and defactinib; the scope, timing, and outcome of any legal proceedings; decisions by regulatory authorities regarding labeling and other matters that could affect the availability or commercial potential of avutometinib and defactinib; whether preclinical testing of our product candidates and preliminary or interim data from clinical trials will be predictive of the results or success of ongoing or later clinical trials; that the timing, scope and rate of reimbursement for our product candidates is uncertain; that there may be competitive developments affecting our product candidates; that data may not be available when expected; that enrollment of clinical trials may take longer than expected; that avutometinib or defactinib will cause unexpected safety events, experience manufacturing or supply interruptions or failures, or result in unmanageable safety profiles as compared to their levels of efficacy; that any of our third party contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, clinical sites, or contractors, among others, who we rely on fail to fully perform; that we face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do which could result in reduced market share or market potential for avutometinib or defactinib; that we will be unable to in-license additional compounds or successfully initiate or complete the clinical development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates; that the development and commercialization of our product candidates will take longer or cost more than planned; that we may not have sufficient cash to fund our contemplated operations; that we may not attract and retain high quality personnel; that we or Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co. Ltd., will fail to fully perform under the license agreement; that our target market for our product candidates might be smaller than we are presently estimating; that we or Secura Bio, Inc. will fail to fully perform under the asset purchase agreement; that we may be unable to obtain adequate financing in the future through product licensing, co-promotional arrangements, public or private equity, debt financing or otherwise; that we will not pursue or submit regulatory filings for our product candidates, that our product candidates will not receive regulatory approval, become commercially successful products, or result in new treatment options being offered to patients; and that the duration and impact of COVID-19 may affect, precipitate or exacerbate one or more of the foregoing risks and uncertainties. Other risks and uncertainties include those identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023, and in any subsequent filings with the SEC.

As a result of these and other factors, we may not achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect our views as of the date hereof. We do not assume and specifically disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).

Verastem, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	97,260	$	74,933
Short-term investments		13,944		12,961
Accounts receivable, net		—		31
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		7,689		4,945
Total current assets		118,893		92,870
Property and equipment, net		62		92
Right-of-use asset, net		1,645		1,789
Restricted cash		241		241
Other assets		36		58
Total assets	$	120,877	$	95,050
Liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	4,903	$	4,901
Accrued expenses		13,938		14,983
Note Payable		1,004		—
Deferred liabilities		1,403		710
Lease liability, short-term		829		794
Convertible senior notes		282		275
Total current liabilities		22,359		21,663
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt		39,574		24,526
Lease liability, long-term		1,250		1,470
Preferred stock tranche liability		3,510		—
Total liabilities		66,693		47,659
Convertible preferred stock:
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 2,144 and 0 shares designated at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; 1,200 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		21,159		—
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized:
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000 shares designated, 1,000 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—		—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 300,000 shares authorized, 200,836 and 200,541 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		20		20
Additional paid-in capital		786,236		784,894
Accumulated other comprehensive income		6		—
Accumulated deficit		(753,237)		(737,523)
Total stockholders’ equity		33,025		47,391
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity	$	120,877	$	95,050

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Verastem, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue:
Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets	$	—	$	2,596
Total revenue		—		2,596
Operating expenses:
Research and development		12,015		13,642
Selling, general and administrative		7,329		5,934
Total operating expenses		19,344		19,576
Loss from operations		(19,344)		(16,980)
Other income (expense)		(7)		28
Interest income		976		46
Interest expense		(769)		(56)
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		3,430		—
Net loss	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)
Net loss per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.08)	$	(0.09)
Weighted average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share—basic and diluted		200,679		186,264
Net loss	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities		6		(147)
Comprehensive loss	$	(15,708)	$	(17,109)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Verastem, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

												Accumulated
										Additional		other				Total
	Series B Convertible Preferred Stock			Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			Common stock			paid-in		comprehensive		Accumulated		stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		capital		income		deficit		equity
Balance at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	1,000,000	$	—	200,540,946	$	20	$	784,894	$	—	$	(737,523)	$	47,391
Net loss	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(15,714)		(15,714)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale marketable securities	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		6		—		6
Issuance of common stock resulting from vesting of restricted stock units	—		—	—		—	212,075		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—	—		—		1,313		—		—		1,313
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	—		—	—		—	82,496		—		29		—		—		29
Issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs of $1,901 and preferred stock tranche liability of $6,940	1,200,000		21,159	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2023	1,200,000	$	21,159	1,000,000	$	—	200,835,517	$	20	$	786,236	$	6	$	(753,237)	$	33,025

						Accumulated
						other
				Additional		comprehensive				Total
	Common stock			paid-in		(loss)		Accumulated		stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		capital		income		deficit		equity
Balance at December 31, 2021	185,286,480	$	19	$	751,217	$	34	$	(663,711)	$	87,559
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(16,962)		(16,962)
Unrealized (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities	—		—		—		(147)		—		(147)
Issuance of common stock resulting from at-the-market transactions, net	285,900		—		575		—		—		575
Issuance of common stock resulting from vesting of restricted stock units	699,635		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		1,646		—		—		1,646
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	57,636		—		100		—		—		100
Balance at March 31, 2022	186,329,651	$	19	$	753,538	$	(113)	$	(680,673)	$	72,771

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Verastem, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		30		30
Amortization of right-of-use asset and lease liability		(41)		(37)
Stock-based compensation expense		1,313		1,646
Amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and premiums and discounts on available-for-sale marketable securities		(36)		17
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		(3,430)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		31		(2,128)
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets		(2,089)		510
Accounts payable		2		92
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(1,045)		(2,449)
Deferred liabilities		693		—
Net cash used in operating activities		(20,286)		(19,281)
Investing activities
Purchases of investments		(13,804)		(4,986)
Maturities of investments		13,000		24,250
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(804)		19,264
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net		28,099		—
Proceeds from long-term debt, net		14,918		24,772
Proceeds from insurance premium financing		1,430		—
Payments on insurance premium financing		(426)		—
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase program		29		100
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net		—		580
Net cash provided by financing activities		44,050		25,452
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		22,960		25,435
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		75,789		21,493
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	98,749	$	46,928
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Issuance of preferred stock tranche liability		6,940		—
Deferred financing costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	—	$	624

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

Verastem, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Nature of business

Verastem, Inc. (the “Company”) is a late stage development biopharmaceutical company, with an ongoing registration directed trial, committed to advancing new medicines for patients battling cancer. The Company’s pipeline is focused on novel anticancer agents that inhibit critical signaling pathways in cancer that promote cancer cell survival and tumor growth, particularly RAF/ MEK inhibition and FAK inhibition.

The Company’s most advanced product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, are being investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various solid tumors, including, but not limited to low-grade serous ovarian cancer (“LGSOC”), non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), colorectal cancer (“CRC”), pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. The Company believes that avutometinib may be beneficial as a therapeutic as a single agent or when used together in combination with defactinib, other agents, other pathway inhibitors or other current and emerging standard of care treatments in cancers that do not adequately respond to currently available therapies.

On September 24, 2018, the Company’s first commercial product, COPIKTRA® (duvelisib), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of adult patients with certain hematologic cancers including relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia/ small lymphocytic lymphoma after at least two prior therapies and relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma after at least two prior systemic therapies. On August 10, 2020, the Company and Secura Bio, Inc. (“Secura”) entered into an asset purchase agreement (“Secura APA”). Pursuant to the Secura APA, the Company sold to Secura its exclusive worldwide license, including certain related assets for the research, development, commercialization, and manufacture in oncology indications of products containing COPIKTRA (duvelisib). The transaction closed on September 30, 2020. Refer to Note 14. License, collaboration, and commercial agreements for a detailed discussion of the Secura APA.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Verastem Securities Company and Verastem Europe GmbH, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. All financial information presented has been consolidated and includes the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company is subject to the risks associated with other life science companies, including, but not limited to, possible failure of preclinical testing or clinical trials, competitors developing new technological innovations, inability to obtain marketing approval of the Company’s product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, market acceptance and commercial success of the Company’s product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, following receipt of regulatory approval, and, protection of proprietary technology and the continued ability to obtain adequate financing to fund the Company’s future operations. If the Company does not obtain marketing approval and successfully commercialize its product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, following regulatory approval, it will be unable to generate product revenue or achieve profitability and may need to raise additional capital.

The Company has historical losses from operations and anticipates that it may continue to incur operating losses as it continues the research and development of its product candidates. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $111.2 million, and an accumulated deficit of $753.2 million. The Company expects its existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund its planned operations through at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company expects to finance the future development costs of its clinical product portfolio with its existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments, through potential future milestones and royalties received pursuant to the Secura APA, through the loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford”), or through other strategic financing opportunities that could include, but are not limited to collaboration agreements, future offerings of its equity, or the incurrence of debt. However, there is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be

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executed or executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. If the Company fails to obtain additional future capital, it may be unable to complete its planned preclinical studies and clinical trials and obtain approval of certain investigational product candidates from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01 under the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements, or any adjustments that might result from the uncertainty related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year ending December 31, 2023. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. Significant accounting policies in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, except as outlined within “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates” section immediately below.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 will replace the incurred loss impairment methodology under current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-13. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued No. ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40) (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 simplifies the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company elected to adopt this standard on January 1, 2023 under the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations (“ASU 2022-04”). ASU 2022-04 requires the buyer in a supplier finance program to disclose information about the key terms of the program, outstanding confirmed amounts as of the end of the period, a rollforward of such amounts during each annual period, and a description of where in the financial statements outstanding amounts are presented. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption of the standard only resulted in new disclosures for amounts presented within Notes Payable and did not affect the Company’s recognition,

9

measurement, or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations on the condensed consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the new disclosures, see Note 9, Notes Payable.

Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk

Cash, cash equivalents, investments and trade accounts receivable are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. The Company mitigates this risk by maintaining its cash and cash equivalents and investments with high quality, accredited financial institutions. The management of the Company’s investments is not discretionary on the part of these financial institutions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments were deposited at four financial institutions and it has no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not have an accounts receivable balance. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not record any revenue.

Proceeds from Grants

In May 2022, the Company was awarded the “Therapeutic Accelerator Award” grant from Pancreatic Cancer Network (“PanCAN”) for up to $3.8 million (the “PanCAN Grant”). In August 2022, PanCAN agreed to provide the Company with an additional $0.5 million for the collection and analysis of patient samples. The grant is expected to support a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial of GEMZAR (gemcitabine) and ABRAXANE (Nab-paclitaxel) in combination with avutometinib and defactinib entitled RAMP 205. The RAMP 205 trial will evaluate whether combining avutometinib (to target mutant KRAS, which is found in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas) and defactinib (to reduce stromal density and adaptive resistance to avutometinib) to the standard GEMZAR/ABRAXANE regimen improves outcomes for patients with such pancreatic cancers. Through March 31, 2023, the Company has received $1.8 million of cash proceeds in which was initially recorded as deferred liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company recognizes grants as contra research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. The Company recorded $0.1 million of the proceeds as a reduction of research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1.4 million as deferred liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet related to the PanCAN Grant.

3. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	97,260	$	74,933
Restricted cash		1,489		856
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	98,749	$	75,789

Amounts included in restricted cash as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represent (i) cash received pursuant to the PanCAN Grant restricted for future expenditures for specific research and development activities of $1.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, and (ii) cash held to collateralize outstanding letters of credit provided as a security deposit for the Company’s office space located in Needham, Massachusetts in the amount of $0.2 million. Cash received pursuant to the PanCAN Grant is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The letters of credit are included in non-current restricted cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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4. Fair value of financial instruments

The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based upon the fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation inputs based on the observable nature of those inputs. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:

Level 1 inputs	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access at the measurement date.
Level 2 inputs	Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 inputs	Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	78,301	$	70,824	$	7,477	$	—
Short-term investments		13,944		—		13,944		—
Total financial assets	$	92,245	$	70,824	$	21,421	$	—
Preferred stock tranche liability	$	3,510	$	—	$	—	$	3,510

	December 31, 2022
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	73,613	$	72,617	$	996	$	—
Short-term investments		12,961		—		12,961		—
Total financial assets	$	86,574	$	72,617	$	13,957	$	—

The Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of U.S. Government money market funds, corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper of publicly traded companies. The investments and cash equivalents have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. The Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. After completing its validation procedures, the Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

A preferred stock tranche liability was recorded as a result of the entry into the Securities Purchase Agreement (defined herein) (see Note 11. Capital Stock). The fair value measurement of the preferred stock tranche liability is classified as Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the preferred stock tranche liability was determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation. The inputs to the Monte-Carlo include the risk-free rate, stock price volatility, expected dividends and remaining term. Significant increases or decreases in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

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Below are the inputs used to value the preferred stock tranche liability at January 24, 2023 and March 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2023		January 24, 2023
Risk-free interest rate	4.45-4.94	%	4.41-4.84	%
Volatility	95	%	90	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Remaining term (years)	1.3		1.5

The following table represents a reconciliation of the preferred stock right liability recorded in connection with the entry into the Securities Purchase Agreement:

January 1, 2023	$	—
Fair value recognized upon entering into Securities Purchase Agreement		6,940
Fair value adjustment		(3,430)
March 31, 2023	$	3,510

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of the Company’s 2018 issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2018 Notes”) was approximately $0.3 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which equals the carrying value of the 2018 Notes on each date. The fair value of the 2018 Notes is influenced by the Company’s stock price, stock price volatility, and current market yields and was determined using Level 3 inputs.

The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis with current applicable rates for similar instruments as of the condensed consolidated balance sheet dates. The Company estimates that the fair value of its long-term debt was approximately $39.1 million as of March 31, 2023, which differs from the carrying value of $39.6 million. The Company estimates that the fair value of its long-term debt was approximately $24.9 million as of December 31, 2022, which differs from the carrying value of $24.5 million. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt was determined using Level 3 inputs.

5. Investments

Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	91,271	$	—	$	—	$	91,271
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		7,476		2		—		7,478
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	98,747	$	2	$	—	$	98,749
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total investments	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	112,687	$	6	$	—	$	112,693

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	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	74,794	$	—	$	—	$	74,794
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		995		—	$	—		995
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	75,789	$	—	$	—	$	75,789
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total investments	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	88,750	$	2	$	(2)	$	88,750

There were no realized gains or losses on investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company's investments. Accrued interest receivable of $0.1 million is presented separately within the prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There were no investments in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2023. There were two debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022. None of these investments had been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of these securities as of December 31, 2022 was $6.0 million and the aggregate unrealized loss was immaterial. The Company considered the decline in the market value for these securities to be primarily attributable to current economic conditions and not credit related. At December 31, 2022, the Company has the intent and ability to hold such securities until recovery. As a result, the Company did not record any charges for credit-related impairments for its investments as of December 31, 2022.

6. Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Research and development expenses	$	8,952	$	8,535
Compensation and related benefits		1,786		3,844
Professional fees		972		469
Consulting fees		991		902
Interest		204		192
Commercialization costs		90		148
Other		943		893
Total accrued expenses	$	13,938	$	14,983

7. Debt

On March 25, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Oxford, as collateral agent and a lender, and Oxford Finance Credit Fund III LP, as a lender (“OFCF III” and together with Oxford, the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders have agreed to lend the Company up to an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million in a series of term loans (the “Term Loans”).

Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Company received an initial Term Loan of $25.0 million on the Closing Date and may borrow an additional $125.0 million of Term Loans at its option upon the satisfaction of certain conditions as follows:

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i. $15.0 million (the “Term B Loan”), when the Company has either (a) received the Regulatory Milestone Payment (as defined in the Secura APA) from Secura of $35.0 million which is due upon receipt of regulatory approval of COPIKTRA in the United States for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (“PTCL”) or (b) received at least $50.0 million in unrestricted cash proceeds from the sale or issuance of equity securities after the Closing Date (the “Term B Milestones”). The Company may draw the Term B Loan within 60 days after the occurrence of one of the Term B Milestones, but no later than March 31, 2023.

ii. $25.0 million (the “Term C Loan”), when the Company has received accelerated or full approval from the FDA of avutometinib for the treatment of LGSOC (the “Term C Milestone”). The Company may draw the Term C Loan within 60 days after the occurrence of the Term C Milestone, but no later than March 31, 2024.

iii. $35.0 million (the “Term D Loan”), when the Company has achieved at least $50.0 million in gross product revenue calculated on a trailing six-month basis (the “Term D Milestone”). The Company may draw the Term D Loan within 30 days after the occurrence of the Term D Milestone, but no later than March 31, 2025.

iv. $50.0 million (the “Term E Loan”), at the sole discretion of the Lenders.

On March 22, 2023, the Company elected to draw down the $15.0 million Term B Loan, having received at least $50.0 million in unrestricted cash proceeds from the sale or issuance of equity securities.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to (a) the greater of (i) the one-month CME Secured Overnight Financing Rate and (ii) 0.13% plus (b) 7.37%, which is subject to an overall floor and cap. Interest is payable monthly in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar month. As a result of the Term B Loan drawdown, beginning (i) April 1, 2025, or (ii) April 1, 2026, if either (A) avutometinib has received FDA approval for the treatment of LGSOC or (B) COPIKTRA has received FDA approval for the treatment of PTCL, the Company shall repay the Term Loans in consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears. All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each Term Loan is due and payable in full on March 1, 2027.

The Company is required to make a final payment of 5.0% of the original principal amount of the Term Loans that are drawn, payable at maturity or upon any earlier acceleration or prepayment of the Term Loans (the “Final Payment Fee”). The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, of the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment fee equal to (i) 3.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid on or before the first anniversary date of the funding date of such Term Loan, (ii) 2.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of the funding date of such Term Loan, and (iii) 1.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the second anniversary of the applicable funding date of such Term Loan. All Term Loans are subject to a facility fee of 0.5% of the principal amount.

The Loan Agreement contains no financial covenants. The Loan Agreement includes customary events of default, including, among others, payment defaults, breach of representations and warrants, covenant defaults, judgment defaults, insolvency and bankruptcy defaults, and a material adverse change. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the Loan Agreement, termination of the Term Loan commitments and the right to foreclose on the collateral securing the obligations. During the existence of an event of default, the Term Loans will accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to 5.0% above the otherwise applicable interest rate.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company granted Oxford a security interest in all of the Company’s personal property now owned or hereafter acquired, excluding intellectual property (but including the right to payments and proceeds of intellectual property), and a negative pledge on intellectual property.

The Company assessed all terms and features of the Loan Agreement in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the Loan Agreement, including put and call features. The Company determined that all features of the Loan Agreement were clearly and closely associated with a debt host and did not require bifurcation as a derivative liability, or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company's financial statements. The Company

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reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s assessment through March 31, 2023.

 The debt issuance costs and the Final Payment Fee have been recorded as a debt discount which are being accreted to interest expense through the maturity date of the Term Loan using the effective interest method. The components of the carrying value of the debt as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed below (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Principal loan balance	$	40,000	$	25,000
Final Payment Fee		304		225
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion		(730)		(699)
Long-term debt, net of discount	$	39,574	$	24,526

The following table sets forth total interest expense for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Contractual Interest	$	632	$	41
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		58		10
Amortization of Final Payment Fee		79		5
Total	$	769	$	56

As of March 31, 2023, future principal payments due are as follows (in thousands):

2023		—
2024		—
2025		15,000
2026		20,000
2027		5,000
Total principal payments	$	40,000

8. Leases

On April 15, 2014, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 15,197 square feet of office and laboratory space in Needham, Massachusetts. Effective February 15, 2018, the Company amended its lease agreement to relocate within the facility to another location consisting of 27,810 square feet of office space (the “Amended Lease Agreement”). The Amended Lease Agreement extends the expiration date of the lease from September 2019 through June 2025. Pursuant to the Amended Lease Agreement, the initial annual base rent amount is approximately $0.7 million, which increases during the lease term to $1.1 million for the last twelve-month period.

The Company accounted for its Needham, Massachusetts office space as an operating lease. The Company’s lease contains an option to renew and extend the lease terms and an option to terminate the lease prior to the expiration date. The Company has not included the lease extension or the termination options within the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as neither option is reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company’s lease includes variable non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, maintenance, consumables, etc.) that are not included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are reflected as an expense in the period incurred. The Company does not have any other operating or finance leases.

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As of March 31, 2023, a right-of-use asset of $1.6 million and lease liability of $2.1 million are reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The elements of lease expense were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Lease Expense
Operating lease expense	$	221	$	221
Total Lease Expense	$	221	$	221
Other Information - Operating Leases
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities	$	262	$	257

		March 31, 2023
Other Balance Sheet Information - Operating Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		2.3
Weighted average discount rate		14.6%
Maturity Analysis
2023		798
2024		1,081
2025		546
Total	$	2,425
Less: Present value discount		(346)
Lease Liability	$	2,079

9. Notes Payable

In February 2023, the Company entered into a finance agreement with AFCO Premium Credit LLC (“AFCO”). Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AFCO loaned the Company the principal amount of $1.4 million, which accrues interest at 7.4% per annum, to fund a portion of the Company’s insurance policies. The Company is required to make monthly payments of $0.1 million through October 2023 including principal and interest. The agreement assigns AFCO a security interest in (i) all unearned premiums and dividends which may become payable under the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement, (ii) loss payments which reduce the unearned premiums, and (iii) the Company’s interest in any state insurance guarantee fund related to any of the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement. The outstanding balance at March 31, 2023 was $1.0 million recorded as note payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

10. Convertible Senior Notes

2018 Notes

On October 17, 2018, the Company closed a registered direct public offering of $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2018 Notes for net proceeds of approximately $145.3 million. The 2018 Notes are governed by the terms of a base indenture for senior debt securities (the “2018 Base Indenture”), as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture thereto (the “2018 Notes Supplemental Indenture” and together with the 2018 Base Indenture, the “2018 Indenture”), each dated October 17, 2018, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington”), as trustee. The 2018 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, beginning on May 1, 2019. The 2018 Notes will mature on November 1, 2048, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.

The 2018 Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at an initial conversion rate of 139.5771 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2018 Notes, which corresponds to an initial conversion price of

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approximately $7.16 per share of common stock. Upon conversion, converting noteholders will be entitled to receive accrued interest on their converted 2018 Notes.

The Company has the right, exercisable at its option, to cause all 2018 Notes then outstanding to be converted automatically if the “Daily VWAP” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture) per share of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the conversion price on each of at least 20 VWAP Trading Days (as defined in the 2018 Indenture), whether or not consecutive, during any 30 consecutive VWAP Trading Day period commencing on or after the date the Company first issued the 2018 Notes.

The conversion rate is subject to adjustment from time to time upon the occurrence of certain events, including, but not limited to, the issuance of stock dividends and payment of cash dividends, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Prior to November 1, 2022, the Company did not have the right to redeem the 2018 Notes. After November 1, 2022, the Company may elect to redeem the 2018 Notes, in whole or in part, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

Unless the Company has previously called all outstanding 2018 Notes for redemption, the 2018 Notes will be subject to repurchase by the Company at the holders’ option on each of November 1, 2023, November 1, 2028, November 1, 2033, November 1, 2038 and November 1, 2043 (or, if any such date is not a business day, on the next business day) at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

If a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture) occurs at any time, subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to purchase all or any portion of their 2018 Notes at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The 2018 Indenture includes customary covenants and set forth certain events of default after which the 2018 Notes may be declared immediately due and payable and set forth certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company or certain of its subsidiaries after which the 2018 Notes become automatically due and payable.

The Company determined that the expected life of the 2018 Notes was equal to the period through November 1, 2023, as this represents the point at which the 2018 Notes are subject to repurchase by the Company at the option of the holders. Accordingly, for the 2018 Notes, the total debt discount, inclusive of the fair value of the embedded conversion feature derivative at issuance is being amortized using the effective interest method through November 1, 2023 at the effective interest rate of 15.65%.

The Company assessed all terms and features of the 2018 Notes in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the 2018 Notes, including the conversion, put and call features. The conversion feature was initially bifurcated as an embedded derivative but subsequently qualified for a scope exception to derivative accounting upon the Company’s stockholders approving an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock in December 2018. The Company determined that all other features of the 2018 Notes were clearly and closely associated with the debt host and did not require bifurcation as a derivative liability, or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s original assessment through March 31, 2023.

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The components of the carrying value of the 2018 Notes as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed below (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
2018 Notes principal balance	$	300	$	300
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion		(18)		(25)
2018 Notes, net	$	282	$	275

2019 Notes

In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company entered into privately negotiated agreements to exchange approximately $121.7 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes for (i) approximately $66.9 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% Convertible Senior Second Lien Notes due 2048 (the “2019 Notes”), (ii) an aggregate of approximately $12.1 million in 2018 Notes principal repayment and (iii) accrued interest on the 2018 Notes through the exchange date. As of March 31, 2020, all 2019 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

2020 Notes

On November 6, 2020, the Company entered into a privately negotiated agreement with an investor who was a holder of the Company’s 2018 Notes to exchange approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2018 Notes for approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of newly issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2020 Notes”). The issuance of the 2020 Notes closed on November 13, 2020. In the third quarter of 2021, all 2020 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

11. Capital stock

Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company’s board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock

On January 24, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the purchasers in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) up to 2,144,160 shares of its Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock”), in two tranches. On January 24, 2023, the Company filed the Certificate of Designation of the Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation”) setting forth the preferences, rights and limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation became effective upon filing.

Each share of the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares is convertible into 42.3657 shares of the Company’s common stock, at the option of the holders at any time, subject to certain limitations, including that the holder will be prohibited from converting Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% (the “Conversion Blocker”) of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are permitted to increase the Conversion Blocker to an amount not to exceed 19.99% upon 60 days’ notice.

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The Company agreed to sell and issue in the first tranche of the Private Placement 1,200,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $25.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.5901 per share of common stock). The first tranche of the Private Placement closed on January 27, 2023. The Company received gross proceeds from the first tranche of the Private Placement of approximately $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company (“Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Proceeds”).

In addition, the Company agreed to sell and issue in the second tranche of the Private Placement 944,160 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $31.77 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.75 per share of common stock) if at any time within 18 months following the closing of the first tranche the 10-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock (as quoted on Nasdaq and as calculated by Bloomberg) should reach at least $1.125 per share (adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction as needed) with aggregate trading volume during the same 10-day period of at least $25 million within 18 months from the closing date of the initial tranche. (the “Second Tranche Right”). The second tranche of the Private Placement is expected to close within seven trading days of meeting the second tranche conditions and will be subject to additional, customary closing conditions. If the Second Tranche Right conditions are satisfied, the Company anticipates receiving gross proceeds from the second tranche of the Private Placement of approximately $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock ranks (i) senior to the common stock; (ii) senior to all other classes and series of equity securities of the Company that by their terms do not rank senior to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (iii) senior to all shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock the equity securities described in (i)-(iii), the “Junior Stock”); (iv) on parity with any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms on parity with the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Parity Stock”); (v) junior to any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms senior to any Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Senior Stock”); and (vi) junior to all of the Company’s existing and future debt obligations, including convertible or exchangeable debt securities, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily and as to the right to receive dividends.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, after payment or provision for payment of the debts and other liabilities of the Company, and subject to the prior and superior rights of any Senior Stock, each holder of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive, in preference to any distributions of any of the assets or surplus funds of the Company to the holders of the common stock and any of the Company’s securities that are Junior Stock and pari passu with any distribution to the holders of any Parity Stock, an amount equal to $1.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, plus an additional amount equal to any dividends declared but unpaid on such shares, before any payments shall be made or any assets distributed to holders of the common stock or any of our securities that Junior Stock.

So long as any shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the Company cannot without the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of majority of the shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock then-outstanding, in which the holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock vote separately as a class: (a) amend, alter, modify or repeal (whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise) the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation, the Company’s certificate of incorporation, or the Company’s bylaws in any manner that adversely affects the rights, preferences, privileges or the restrictions provided for the benefit of, the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (b) issue further shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (c) authorize or issue any Senior Stock; or (d) enter into any agreement to do any of the foregoing that is not expressly made conditional on obtaining the affirmative vote or written consent of the majority of then-outstanding Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive when, as and if dividends are declared and paid on the common stock, an equivalent dividend, calculated on an as-converted basis. Shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are otherwise not entitled to dividends.

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The Company classified the first tranche of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock as temporary equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as the Company could be required to redeem the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock if the Company cannot convert the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of common stock for any reason including due to any applicable laws or by the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system, or other self-regulatory organization with jurisdiction over the Company which is not solely in the control of the Company. If the Company were required to redeem the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, it would be based upon the volume-weighted-average price of common stock on an as converted basis on the date the holders provided a conversion notice to the Company. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not adjust the carrying value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock since it was not probable the holders would be unable to convert the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of common stock due to any reason including due to any applicable laws or by the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system, or other self-regulatory organization with jurisdiction over the Company.

The Company evaluated the Second Tranche Right under ASC 480 and determined that it met the requirements for separate accounting from the initial issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock as a freestanding financial instrument. The Company then determined the Second Tranche Right should be liability classified pursuant to ASC 480. As a result, the Company classified the Second Tranche Right as a non-current liability within the condensed consolidated balance sheets and the Second Tranche Right was initially recorded at fair value and is subsequently re-measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the Second Tranche Right on the date of issuance was determined to be $6.9 million based on a Monte-Carlo valuation and the Company allocated $6.9 million of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Proceeds to this liability and recorded this amount as preferred stock tranche liability. On March 31, 2023, the fair value of the Second Tranche Right was determined to be $3.5 million, and the Company recorded this amount as preferred stock tranche liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded the mark-to-market adjustment of $3.4 million under change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and loss.

The Company determined that all other features of the securities offered pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement were clearly and closely associated with the equity host and did not require bifurcation or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s original assessment through March 31, 2023.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into an exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV, LLC (collectively referred to as “BVF”), pursuant to which BVF exchanged 10,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for 1,000,000 shares of newly designated Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”) (the “Exchange”).

Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at the option of the holder at any time, subject to certain limitations, including that the holder will be prohibited from converting Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% (the “Conversion Blocker”) of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Preferred Stock. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are permitted to increase the Conversion Blocker to an amount not to exceed 19.99% upon 60 days’ notice.

Shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights, except as required by law and except that the consent of a majority of the holders of the outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be required to amend the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. In the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will participate pari passu with any distribution of proceeds to holders of common stock. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive when, as and if

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dividends are declared and paid on the common stock, an equivalent dividend, calculated on an as-converted basis. Shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are otherwise not entitled to dividends.

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (i) senior to any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms junior to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; (ii) on parity with the common stock and any class or series of capital stock of the Company created specifically ranking by its terms on parity with the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; and (iii) junior to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and to any class or series of capital stock of the Company created specifically ranking by its terms senior to any Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.

12. Stock-based compensation

Stock options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average exercise price per share		Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	14,018,610	$	2.80	7.1	$	18
Granted	9,925,247		0.66
Forfeited/cancelled	(98,248)		2.21
Expired	(130,000)		9.80
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	23,715,609	$	1.87	8.1	$	20
Vested at March 31, 2023	9,132,740	$	3.09	6.1	$	5

The fair value of each stock option granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.56	%	2.18	%
Volatility	90	%	87	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	6.2		5.6

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Restricted stock units

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,074,967	$	2.09
Granted	96,700	$	0.54
Vested	(228,824)	$	2.18
Forfeited/cancelled	(15,000)	$	1.13
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	1,927,843	$	2.08

Employee stock purchase plan

At the Special Meeting of Stockholders, held on December 18, 2018, the stockholders approved the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2018 ESPP”). On June 21, 2019, the board of directors of the Company amended and restated the 2018 ESPP, to account for certain non-material changes to the plan’s administration (the “Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP”). The Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP provides eligible employees with the opportunity, through regular payroll deductions, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (a) the date the option is granted, which is the first day of the purchase period, and (b) the exercise date, which is the last business day of the purchase period. The Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP generally allows for two six-month purchase periods per year beginning in January and July, or such other periods as determined by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors. The Company has reserved 2,000,000 shares of common stock for the administration of the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP. The fair value of shares expected to be purchased under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP was calculated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.77	%	0.22	%
Volatility	106	%	50	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	0.5		0.5

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized less than $0.1 million in each period of stock-based compensation expense under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 82,496 shares of common stock for proceeds of less than $0.1 million under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP.

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13. Net loss per share

Basic loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is calculated by increasing the denominator by the weighted-average number of additional shares that could have been outstanding from securities convertible into common stock, such as stock options, restricted stock units, and employee stock purchase plan shares (using the “treasury stock” method), and the 2018 Notes, Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (using the “if-converted” method), unless their effect on net loss per share is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Outstanding stock options	23,715,609	15,943,060
Outstanding restricted stock units	1,927,843	2,599,205
2018 Notes	41,873	41,873
Employee stock purchase plan	81,629	51,050
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	10,000,000	—
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock	50,838,840	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	86,605,794	18,635,188

14. License, collaboration and commercial agreements

Secura

On August 10, 2020, the Company and Secura signed the Secura APA and on September 30, 2020, the transaction closed.

Pursuant to the Secura APA, the Company sold to Secura its exclusive worldwide license, including related assets, for the research, development, commercialization, and manufacture in oncology indications of products containing duvelisib. The sale included certain intellectual property related to duvelisib in oncology indications, certain existing duvelisib inventory, claims and rights under certain contracts pertaining to duvelisib. Pursuant to the Secura APA, Secura assumed all operational and financial responsibility for activities that were part of the Company’s duvelisib oncology program, including all commercialization efforts related to duvelisib in the United States and Europe, as well as the Company’s ongoing duvelisib clinical trials. Further, Secura assumed all obligations with existing collaboration partners developing and commercializing duvelisib, which include Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. (“Yakult”), CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (“CSPC”), and Sanofi. Additionally, Secura assumed all royalty payment obligations due under the amended and restated license agreement with Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Pursuant to the terms of the Secura APA, Secura has paid the Company an up-front payment of $70.0 million in September 2020 and has agreed to pay the Company (i) regulatory milestone payments up to $45.0 million, consisting of a payment of $35.0 million upon receipt of regulatory approval of COPIKTRA in the United States for the treatment of PTCL and a payment of $10.0 million upon receipt of the first regulatory approval for the commercial sale of COPIKTRA in the European Union for the treatment of PTCL, (ii) sales milestone payments of up to $50.0 million, consisting of $10.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $100.0 million, $15.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $200.0 million and $25.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $300.0 million, (iii) low double-digit royalties on the annual aggregate net sales above $100.0 million in the United States, European Union, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and (iv) 50% of all royalty, milestone and sublicense revenue payments payable to Secura under the Company’s existing license agreements with Sanofi, Yakult, and CSPC, and 50% of all royalty and milestone payments payable to Secura under any license or sublicense agreement entered into by Secura in certain jurisdictions.

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The Company evaluated the Secura APA in accordance with ASC 606 as the Company concluded that the counterparty, Secura, is a customer. The Company identified the following bundled performance obligation under the Secura APA:

● a bundled performance obligation consisting of delivery of the duvelisib global license and intellectual property, certain existing duvelisib inventory, certain duvelisib contracts and clinical trials, certain regulatory approvals, and certain regulatory documentation and books and records (the “Bundled Secura Performance Obligation”).

The Company concluded that the duvelisib global license and intellectual property were not distinct within the context of the contract (i.e. separately identifiable) because the other assets including certain existing duvelisib inventory, certain duvelisib contracts and clinical trials, certain regulatory approval, and certain regulatory documentation and books and records do not have stand-alone value from other duvelisib global license and intellectual property and Secura could not benefit from them without the duvelisib global license and intellectual property. Consistent with the guidance under ASC 606-10-25-16A, the Company disregarded immaterial promised goods and services when determining performance obligations.

The Company has determined that the upfront payment of $70.0 million, future potential milestone payments and royalties including from Secura’s sublicensees should be allocated to the delivery of the Bundled Secura Performance Obligation.

The Company determined $0.1 million of future potential royalties the Company expects to receive pursuant to the Secura APA were not constrained as of March 31, 2023. When estimating the amount of royalties to be received that were not constrained, the Company used the expected value method as there are a range of possible outcomes. When estimating royalties to be received, the Company used a combination of internal projections and forecasts and data from external sources. The Company determined that all other future potential royalties were constrained under the guidance as of March 31, 2023. As part of the Company’s evaluation of the constraint on future royalties, the Company considered a number of factors in determining whether there is significant uncertainty associated with future events that would result in royalty payments. Those factors include: the likelihood and magnitude of revenue reversals related to future royalties, the amount of variable consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence, the amount of time to resolve the uncertainty, and lack of significant history of selling COPIKTRA outside of the United States.

As the consideration for future royalties is conditional, the Company recorded a corresponding contract asset for the expected royalties. Portions of the contract asset are reclassified to accounts receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contract asset has been recorded within prepaid and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract asset for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Contract Asset:	December 31, 2022		Additions		Reclassification to receivable		March 31, 2023
Contract asset - Secura	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62
Total	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62

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During the first quarter of 2023, the Company determined all future potential milestones were excluded from the transaction price, as all other milestone amounts were fully constrained under the guidance as of March 31, 2023. As part of the Company’s evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered a number of factors in determining whether there is significant uncertainty associated with the future events that would result in the milestone payments. Those factors included: the likelihood and magnitude of revenue reversals related to future milestones, the amount of variable consideration that is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence and the uncertainty about the consideration is not expected to be resolved for an extended period of time. All future potential milestone payments were fully constrained as the risk of significant revenue reversal related to these amounts has not yet been resolved.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized $2.6 million of sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue within the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily related to one regulatory milestone for $2.5 million achieved by Secura’s sublicensee, CSPC, and $0.1 million related to royalties on COPIKTRA sales in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and future royalties expected to be received pursuant to the Secura APA that were not constrained.

15. Income taxes

The Company did not record a federal or state income tax provision or benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the expected loss before income taxes to be incurred for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the Company’s continued maintenance of a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets.

16. Commitments and contingencies

The Company has no other commitments other than minimum lease payments as disclosed in Note 8. Leases.

17. Subsequent events

The Company reviews all activity subsequent to the end of the quarter but prior to issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements for events that could require disclosure or that could impact the carrying value of assets or liabilities as of the balance sheet date. The Company is not aware of any material subsequent events.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of certain events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Please also refer to the sections under headings “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

OVERVIEW

We are a late stage development biopharmaceutical company, with an ongoing registration directed trial, committed to advancing new medicines for patients battling cancer. Our pipeline is focused on novel anticancer agents that inhibit critical signaling pathways in cancer that promote cancer cell survival and tumor growth, particularly RAF/ MEK inhibition and FAK inhibition.

Our most advanced product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, are being investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various solid tumors, including, but not limited to low-grade serous ovarian cancer (“LGSOC”), non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), colorectal cancer (“CRC”), pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. We believe that avutometinib may be beneficial as a therapeutic as a single agent or when used together in combination with defactinib, other pathway inhibitors, or other current and emerging standard of care treatments in cancers that do not adequately respond to currently available therapies.

Avutometinib is an orally available first-in-class unique small molecule RAF/MEK clamp. In contrast to other MEK inhibitors that are commercially available and in development, avutometinib is a dual RAF/MEK clamp that blocks MEK kinase activity and induces the formation of dominant negative RAF-MEK complexes preventing phosphorylation of MEK by A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (“ARAF”), B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (“BRAF”) and C-raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (“CRAF”). MEK-only inhibitors (e.g. trametinib) may have limited efficacy because they induce MEK phosphorylation (“pMEK”) by relieving extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase (“ERK”)-dependent feedback inhibition of RAF. By inhibiting RAF-mediated phosphorylation of MEK, avutometinib has the advantage of not inducing pMEK. This unique mechanism of avutometinib enables it to inhibit ERK signaling more effectively and may confer enhanced therapeutic activity against mitogen-activated pathway kinase (“MAPK”) pathway-driven cancers.

Avutometinib has been shown to inhibit signaling and proliferation of tumor cell lines with a variety of MAPK pathway alterations including Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (“KRAS”), neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (“NRAS”), and BRAF mutations, among others. Avutometinib has demonstrated strong antitumor activity in combination with (i) agents targeting parallel pathways (e.g. inhibitors of FAK, CDK4/6 and mTOR), (ii) agents targeting other nodes in the MAPK pathway (e.g. anti-EGFR, SOS1, KRAS G12C, and KRAS G12D inhibitors), (iii) chemotherapy, and (iv) anti-PD-1.

Defactinib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of FAK and proline-rich tyrosine kinase (“PYK2”) that is currently being evaluated as a potential combination therapy for various solid tumors. FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the protein tyrosine kinase-2 (“PTK-2”) gene that is involved in cellular adhesion and, in cancer, metastatic capability. Defactinib targets malignant cells both directly and through modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Defactinib has received orphan drug designation in ovarian cancer in the United States, the European Union, and Australia. Preclinical research by our scientists and collaborators at world-renowned research institutions has described the effect of FAK inhibition as enhancing immune response by decreasing immuno-suppressive cells, increasing cytotoxic T cells and reducing stromal density, which allows tumor-killing immune cells to enter the tumor. Furthermore, it has been shown that FAK activation in response to MAPK inhibitor therapy may bypass MAPK pathway blockade by driving tumor growth through activation of downstream pathways such as RhoA and YAP, supporting the clinical evaluation of avutometinib in combination with defactinib for treatment of cancers harboring MAPK alterations.

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The combination of avutometinib and defactinib has been found to be clinically active in some patients with KRAS mutant and KRAS wild-type LGSOC and has received breakthrough designation from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of all patients with recurrent LGSOC, regardless of KRAS status, after one or more prior lines of therapy including platinum-based chemotherapy.

In the fourth quarter of 2020, we commenced two registration-directed trials investigating avutometinib as a monotherapy and in combination with defactinib. The registration-directed trials are entitled RAMP (RAF and MEK Program) 201 and RAMP 202. RAMP 201 is an adaptive two-part multicenter, parallel cohort, randomized, open label trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of avutometinib alone and in combination with defactinib in patients with recurrent LGSOC. RAMP 202 is a Phase 2, adaptive two-part multicenter, parallel cohort, randomized, open-label trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of avutometinib alone and in combination with defactinib in patients with KRAS G12V NSCLC, following treatment with a platinum-based regimen and immune checkpoint inhibitor. Additionally, and based on preclinical rationale, additional cohorts were added to the RAMP 202 study including KRAS non-G12V NSCLC and BRAF mutant (V600E and non-V600E) NSCLC.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, a type B meeting with the FDA was held to discuss the results to date of the ongoing RAMP 201 trial, confirm the go-forward treatment regimen selection and discuss the regulatory path forward. The combination of avutometinib with defactinib has been selected versus monotherapy as the go-forward treatment in all recurrent LGSOC regardless of KRAS status, acknowledging the demonstrated contribution of defactinib.

We intend to include mature data from the RAMP 201 study and the FRAME study, an investigator sponsored Phase ½ study, to potentially support filing for accelerated approval in patients with recurrent LGSOC. Both studies are evaluating avutometinib and defactinib in patients with recurrent LGSOC. We are in ongoing discussions with the FDA on the confirmatory study and plan to provide an update after agreement with the FDA. Continued enrollment in the combination arm of RAMP 201 is planned to expand the clinical experience in anticipation of initiation of a confirmatory study.

We will continue future enrollment of RAMP 201 in the combination arm only in all patients with recurrent LGSOC, regardless of their KRAS status. Target enrollment for the combination arm has been achieved. An abstract highlighting updated interim results from Part A of RAMP 201 has been selected for a presentation in a Poster Discussion Session at the upcoming American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting taking place June 2-6, 2023 in Chicago, Illinois.

In September 2021, we entered into a clinical collaboration agreement with Amgen, Inc. (“Amgen”) to evaluate the combination of avutometinib with Amgen’s KRAS G12C inhibitor LUMAKRAS^® (sotorasib) in a Phase 1/2 trial entitled RAMP 203. The Phase 1/2 trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of avutometinib in combination with LUMAKRAS in patients with KRAS G12C NSCLC who have not been previously treated with a KRAS G12C inhibitor, as well as in patients who have progressed on a KRAS-G12C inhibitor. The study will investigate the potential benefits of a more complete vertical blockade of the MAPK pathway with the combination of avutometinib (RAF/MEK inhibition) with LUMAKRAS (KRAS G12C inhibition) in KRAS G12C locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC. The RAMP 203 trial has advanced to the Phase 2 dose of 4 mg avutometinib in combination with 960 mg of LUMAKRAS and initiation of Part B dose expansion in patients who are G12C inhibitor treatment naïve and in patients who experienced disease progression on prior G12C monotherapy.

In November 2021, we entered into a clinical collaboration agreement with Mirati Therapeutics, Inc. (“Mirati”) to evaluate the combination of avutometinib with Mirati’s KRAS G12C inhibitor KRAZATI^® (adagrasib) in a Phase 1/2 trial entitled RAMP 204. The Phase 1/2 trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of avutometinib in combination with KRAZATI in patients with KRAS G12C NSCLC who have progressed on a KRAS G12C inhibitor. The trial will build on preclinical data showing a deeper blockade of MAPK pathway signaling resulting in enhanced anti-tumor efficacy with the combination of KRAZATI (KRAS G12C inhibition) and avutometinib (RAF/MEK inhibition) relative to either agent alone. The RAMP 204 trial is open and enrolling. Dose escalation is ongoing.

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In May 2022, we received the first “Therapeutic Accelerator Award” from the Pancreatic Cancer Network (“PanCAN”) for up to $3.8 million. The grant is expected to support a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial of avutometinib in combination with defactinib entitled RAMP 205. This Phase 1b/2 trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of GEMZAR^® (gemcitabine) and ABRAXANE^® (Nab-paclitaxel) in combination with avutometinib and defactinib in patients with previously untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The RAMP 205 trial will evaluate whether combining avutometinib (to target mutant KRAS which is mutated in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas) and defactinib (to reduce stromal density and adaptive resistance to avutometinib) to the standard GEMZAR/ABRAXANE regimen improves outcomes for patients with this type of pancreatic cancer. In August 2022, PanCAN agreed to provide us with an additional $0.5 million for the collection and analysis of patient samples. We opened and began enrollment in the RAMP 205 study.

Our operations to date have been organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, identifying and acquiring potential product candidates, undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates and initiating U.S. commercial operations following the approval of COPIKTRA through our ownership period ending in September 2020. We have financed our operations to date primarily through public offerings of our common stock, sales of common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs, our loan and security agreement executed with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) in March 2017, as amended, the upfront payments and milestone payments under our license and collaboration agreements with Sanofi, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (“CSPC”), and Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. (“Yakult”), the upfront payment and milestone payments received under the Secura APA, the issuance of the 2018 Notes (defined herein) in October 2018, the proceeds in connection with the private investment in public equity (the “PIPE”), our loan and security agreement executed with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford”) in March 2022, and sales of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (as defined below). Additionally, from our U.S. commercial launch of COPIKTRA on September 24, 2018 through our ownership period ending in September 2020, we financed a portion of our operations through product revenue.

As of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $753.2 million. Our net loss was $15.7 million and $17.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We expect to incur significant expenses and may continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future as a result of the continued research and development of avutometinib and defactinib. As of March 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $111.2 million. We expect our existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations through at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

We expect to finance the future development costs of our clinical product portfolio with our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, through future milestones and royalties received pursuant to the Secura APA, through our loan and security agreement with Oxford, or through other strategic financing opportunities that could include, but are not limited to, collaboration agreements, future offerings of our equity, or the incurrence of debt. However, there is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed or executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. If we fail to obtain additional future capital, we may be unable to complete our planned preclinical studies and clinical trials and obtain approval of certain investigational product candidates from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SIGNIFICANT JUDGMENTS AND ESTIMATES

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements, and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods.

We believe that several accounting policies are important to understanding our historical and future performance. We refer to these policies as “critical” because these specific areas generally require us to make judgments

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and estimates about matters that are uncertain at the time we make the estimate, and different estimates—which also would have been reasonable—could have been used, which would have resulted in different financial results.

The critical accounting policies we identified in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, related to revenue recognition, collaborative agreements, accrued and prepaid research and development expenses, stock-based compensation, and leases. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

	Three months ended March 31,
	(dollar amounts in thousands)
	2023		2022		Change		% Change
Revenue:
Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets	$	—	$	2,596	$	(2,596)	(100)%
Total revenue		—		2,596		(2,596)	(100)%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		12,015		13,642		(1,627)	(12)%
Selling, general and administrative		7,329		5,934		1,395	24%
Total operating expenses		19,344		19,576		(232)	(1)%
Loss from operations		(19,344)		(16,980)		(2,364)	14%
Other income (expense)		(7)		28		(35)	(125)%
Interest income		976		46		930	2022%
Interest expense		(769)		(56)		(713)	1273%
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		3,430		—		3,430	100%
Net loss	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)	$	1,248	(7)%

Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue. Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (the “2023 Period”) was $0.0 million compared to $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 (the “2022 Period”). Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue for the 2022 Period was comprised of one regulatory milestone for $2.5 million achieved by Secura’s sublicensee, CSPC, and $0.1 million related to royalties on COPIKTRA sales in the 2022 Period and future royalties expected to be received pursuant to the Secura APA that were not constrained.

Research and development expense. Research and development expense for the 2023 Period was $12.0 million compared to $13.6 million for the 2022 Period. The $1.6 million decrease from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period was primarily driven by a decrease of $0.7 million of drug substance and drug product costs, a decrease of $0.7 million of contract research organization costs, and a decrease of $0.4 million of investigator fees, partially offset by an increase of $0.2 million of personnel costs, including non-cash stock compensation.

Research and development expenses consist of costs associated with our research activities, including the development of our product candidates. Research and development expenses include product/ product candidate and/or project-specific costs, as well as unallocated costs. We allocate the expenses related to external research and development services, such as contract research organizations (“CROs”), clinical sites, manufacturing organizations and consultants, by project and/or product candidate. We use our employee and infrastructure resources in a cross-functional manner across multiple research and development projects. Our project costing methodology does not allocate personnel, infrastructure and other indirect costs to specific clinical programs or projects.

Product/ product candidate/ project specific costs include:

● direct third-party costs, which include expenses incurred under agreements with CROs, the cost of consultants who assist with the development of our product candidates on a program-specific basis, clinical site costs, and any other third-party expenses directly attributable to the development of the product candidates;

● costs related to contract manufacturing operations including manufacturing costs in connection with producing product candidates for use in conducting preclinical and clinical studies. Costs associated with manufacturing avutometinib are included in “Avutometinib manufacturing and non-clinical trial specific” category below as these costs relate to both the “Avutometinib + defactinib” and “Avutometinib + other combinations” categories and are not specifically allocated to any particular project. Costs to produce defactinib are included in “Avutometinib + defactinib” below; and

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● license fees.

Unallocated costs include:

● research and development employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel, and stock-based compensation expense;

● cost of consultants, including our scientific advisory board, who assist with our research and development but are not allocated to a specific program; and

● facilities, depreciation, and other allocated expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, and laboratory supplies.

The table below summarizes our direct research and development expenses for our product/ product candidates/ projects and our unallocated research and development costs for the 2023 Period and the 2022 Period.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in thousands)
Product/ product candidate / project specific costs
Avutometinib + defactinib	$	4,714	$	5,905	$	(1,191)
Avutometinib + other combinations		1,104		282		822
Avutometinib manufacturing and non-clinical trial specific		1,655		3,170		(1,515)
COPIKTRA		30		71		(41)
Unallocated costs
Personnel costs, excluding stock-based compensation		2,947		2,755		192
Stock-based compensation expense		461		450		11
Other unallocated expenses		1,104		1,009		95
Total research and development expense	$	12,015	$	13,642	$	(1,627)

The decrease in avutometinib + defactinib costs of $1.2 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period is primarily driven by a decrease of $1.1 million in RAMP 202 trial costs and a decrease of $0.6 million in RAMP 201 trial costs, partially offset by an increase of $0.3 million of other CRO costs primarily for toxicology studies, and an increase of $0.2 million in defactinib drug product, drug substance and other costs. The increase of avutometinib + other combinations costs of $0.8 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period is primarily driven by an increase of $0.5 million in RAMP 203 trial costs, an increase of $0.2 million in investigator sponsored trial costs, and an increase of $0.1 million in RAMP 204 trial and other costs. The decrease in avutometinib manufacturing and non-clinical trial specific costs of $1.5 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period is primarily driven a decrease of $1.0 million in drug substance and drug product costs for avutometinib, and a decrease of $0.5 million of CRO costs.

Selling, general and administrative expense. Selling, general and administrative expense for the 2023 Period was $7.3 million compared to $5.9 million for the 2022 Period. The increase of $1.4 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period primarily resulted from an increase of $0.6 million of costs associated with financing activities, an increase of $0.5 million of additional costs in anticipation of potential launch of avutometinib and defactinib in LGSOC, and an increase of $0.3 million in travel and other costs.

Other Income (expense). Other expense for the 2023 Period was less than $0.1 million compared to other income of less than $0.1 million in the 2022 Period. Other expense for the 2023 Period was comprised of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Other income for the 2022 Period was comprised of a gain on the sale of fixed assets and changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest income. Interest income for the 2023 Period was $1.0 million compared to less $0.1 million for the 2022 Period. The increase of $0.9 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period in interest income is primarily driven by an increase in interest rates on debt securities.

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Interest expense. Interest expense for the 2023 Period was $0.8 million compared to $0.1 million for the 2022 Period. The increase of $0.7 million from the 2022 Period to the 2023 Period was primarily driven by the interest expense pursuant to the loan and security agreement entered into with Oxford on March 25, 2022.

Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability. The change in fair value of the preferred stock tranche liability of $3.4 million for the 2023 Period was comprised of the mark-to-market adjustment related to the second tranche right issued as part of the Securities Purchase Agreement (defined herein). There was no preferred stock tranche liability outstanding during the 2022 Period.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of liquidity

We have financed our operations to date primarily through public and private offerings of our common stock, sales of common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs, our loan and security agreement executed with Hercules in March 2017, as amended, the upfront payments and under our license and collaboration agreements with Sanofi, Yakult, and CSPC, the upfront payment under the Secura APA, the issuance of 2018 Notes in October 2018, the proceeds in connection with the PIPE, the Loan Agreement with Oxford, and the issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. With the commercial launch of COPIKTRA in the United States in September 2018 through our ownership period ending in September 2020, we financed a portion of our operations through product revenue. As of September 30, 2020, we have sold our COPIKTRA license and no longer sell COPIKTRA in the United States. We expect to finance a portion of our business through future potential milestones and royalties received pursuant to the Secura APA.

As of March 31, 2023, we had $111.2 million of cash, cash equivalents, and investments. We primarily invest our cash, cash equivalents and investments in U.S. Government money market funds, agency bonds, corporate bonds and commercial paper of publicly traded companies.

Risks and uncertainties include those identified under Item 1A. Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023.

Cash flows

The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for the 2023 Period and the 2022 Period (in thousands):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(20,286)	$	(19,281)
Investing activities		(804)		19,264
Financing activities		44,050		25,452
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	22,960	$	25,435

Operating activities. The use of cash in both periods resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in the components of working capital. Our cash outflow from net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and adjustments was $17.9 million and $15.3 million for the 2023 Period and the 2022 Period, respectively. Non-cash charges and adjustments were primarily related to change in fair value of the preferred stock tranche liability and stock-based compensation expense in the 2023 Period and stock-based compensation expense in the 2022 Period. Our cash outflow from operating activities due to changes in operating assets and liabilities was $2.4 million and $4.0 million for the 2023 Period and the 2022 Period, respectively. Cash outflow due to changes in operating assets and liabilities for the 2023 Period was primarily driven by an increase of 2.1 million of prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets, a decrease of $1.0 million of accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in deferred liabilities. The increase in prepaid expenses, other current assets, and other assets is exclusive of cash received from PanCAN and used on the RAMP 205 study. Cash outflow due to changes in operating assets and liabilities for the 2022 Period was primarily driven by a decrease of $2.4 million in accrued expenses and other liabilities, an increase of $2.1 million in accounts receivables, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in prepaid expenses, other current assets, and other assets. Cash used in operating activities was $20.3 million and $19.3 million for the 2023 Period and the 2022 Period, respectively.

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Investing activities. The cash used by investing activities for the 2023 Period primarily relates to the net purchases of investments of $0.8 million. The cash provided by investing activities for the 2022 Period primarily relates to the net maturities of investments of $19.3 million.

Financing activities. The cash provided by financing activities for the 2023 Period primarily represents $28.1 million of proceeds received from issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs, $14.9 million of proceeds received pursuant to the loan and security agreement with Oxford, $1.4 million of proceeds received from insurance premium financing and less than $0.1 million of proceeds received related to our employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by $0.4 million of payments on insurance premium financing. The cash provided by financing activities for the 2022 Period primarily represents $24.8 million of net proceeds received from the loan and security agreement with Oxford, $0.6 million of net proceeds received under our at-the market equity offering program, and $0.1 million of proceeds received related to exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan.

On January 24, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to the purchasers in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) up to 2,144,160 shares of our Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock”), in two tranches. On January 24, 2023, we filed the Certificate of Designation of the Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation”) setting forth the preferences, rights and limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation became effective upon filing.

Each share of the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares is convertible into 42.3657 shares of our common stock, at the option of the holders at any time, subject to certain limitations, including that the holder will be prohibited from converting Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% (the “Conversion Blocker”) of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are permitted to increase the Conversion Blocker to an amount not to exceed 19.99% upon 60 days’ notice.

We agreed to sell and issue in the first tranche of the Private Placement 1,200,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $25.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.5901 per share of common stock). The first tranche of the Private Placement closed on January 27, 2023. We received gross proceeds from the first tranche of the Private Placement of $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable us.

In addition, we agreed to sell and issue in the second tranche of the Private Placement 944,160 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $31.77 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.75 per share of common stock) if at any time within 18 months following the closing of the first tranche the 10-day volume weighted average price of our common stock (as quoted on Nasdaq and as calculated by Bloomberg) should reach at least $1.125 per share (adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction as needed) with aggregate trading volume during the same 10-day period of at least $25 million within 18 months from the closing date of the initial tranche. (the “Second Tranche Right”) The second tranche of the Private Placement is expected to close within seven trading days of meeting the second tranche conditions and will be subject to additional, customary closing conditions. If the Second Tranche Right conditions are satisfied, we anticipate receiving gross proceeds from the second tranche of the Private Placement of approximately $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock ranks (i) senior to the common stock; (ii) senior to all other classes and series of our equity securities that by their terms do not rank senior to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (iii) senior to all shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock the equity securities described in (i)-(iii), the “Junior Stock”); (iv) on parity with any class or series of capital stock hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms on parity

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with the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Parity Stock”); (v) junior to any class or series of our capital stock hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms senior to any Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Senior Stock”); and (vi) junior to all of our existing and future debt obligations, including convertible or exchangeable debt securities, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, whether voluntarily or involuntarily and as to the right to receive dividends.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of us, whether voluntary or involuntary, after payment or provision for payment of all our debts and other liabilities, and subject to the prior and superior rights of any Senior Stock, each holder of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive, in preference to any distributions of any of the assets or surplus funds of ours to the holders of common stock and any of our securities that are Junior Stock and pari passu with any distribution to the holders of any Parity Stock, an amount equal to $1.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, plus an additional amount equal to any dividends declared but unpaid on such shares, before any payments shall be made or any assets distributed to holders of the common stock or any of our securities that Junior Stock.

So long as any shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock remain outstanding, We cannot without the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of majority of the shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock then-outstanding, in which the holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock vote separately as a class: (a) amend, alter, modify or repeal (whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise) the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation, our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws in any manner that adversely affects the rights, preferences, privileges or the restrictions provided for the benefit of, the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (b) issue further shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (c) authorize or issue any Senior Stock; or (d) enter into any agreement to do any of the foregoing that is not expressly made conditional on obtaining the affirmative vote or written consent of the majority of then-outstanding Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive when, as and if dividends are declared and paid on the common stock, an equivalent dividend, calculated on an as-converted basis. Shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are otherwise not entitled to dividends.

On March 25, 2022 (the “Closing Date”) we entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”), with Oxford as collateral agent and a lender, and Oxford Finance Credit Fund III LP, as a lender (“OFCF III” and together with Oxford, the “Lenders”) pursuant to which the Lenders have agreed to lend us up to an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million in a series of term loans (the “Term Loans”). The initial Term Loan of $25.0 million was funded at the Closing Date of the Loan Agreement, an additional $15.0 million was funded on March 22, 2023 upon achievement of the Term B Milestones as defined in Note 7. Debt to our unaudited condensed financial statements included in this quarterly report, an additional $60.0 million will be available at our option upon achievement of certain milestones as outlined in Note 7. Debt to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report, and $50.0 million is subject to the Lenders’ sole discretion.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to (a) the greater of (i) the one-month CME Secured Overnight Financing Rate and (ii) 0.13% plus (b) 7.37%, which is subject to an overall floor and cap. Interest is payable monthly in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar month. As a result of the Term B Loan drawdown, beginning (i) April 1, 2025, or (ii) April 1, 2026, if either (A) avutometinib has received FDA approval for the treatment of LGSOC or (B) COPIKTRA has received FDA approval for the treatment of PTCL, we shall repay the Term Loans in consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears. All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each Term Loan is due and payable in full on March 1, 2027.

We are required to make a final payment of 5.0% of the original principal amount of the Term Loans that were drawn, payable at maturity or upon any earlier acceleration or prepayment of the Term Loans. We may prepay all, but not less than all, of the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment fee equal to (i) 3.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid on or before the first anniversary date of the funding date of such Term Loan, (ii) 2.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of the funding date of such Term Loan, and (iii) 1.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the second anniversary of the applicable funding date of such Term Loan. All Term Loans are subject to a facility fee of 0.5% of the principal amount.

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The Loan Agreement contains no financial covenants. The Loan Agreement includes customary events of default, including, among others, payment defaults, breach of representations and warrants, covenant defaults, judgment defaults, insolvency and bankruptcy defaults, and a material adverse change. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the Loan Agreement, termination of the Term Loan commitments and the right to foreclose on the collateral securing the obligations. During the existence of an event of default, the Term Loans will accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to 5.0% above the otherwise applicable interest rate.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, we granted Oxford a security interest in all of our personal property now owned or hereafter acquired, excluding intellectual property (but including the right to payments and proceeds of intellectual property), and a negative pledge on intellectual property.

In February 2023, we entered into a finance agreement with AFCO Premium Credit LLC (“AFCO”). Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AFCO loaned us the principal amount of $1.4 million which accrues interest at 7.4% per annum, in order to fund a portion of our insurance policies. We are required to make monthly payments of $0.1 million including principal and interest through October 2023. The agreement assigns AFCO a security interest in (i) all unearned premiums and dividends which may become payable under the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement, (ii) loss payments which reduce the unearned premiums, and (iii) our interest in any state insurance guarantee fund related to any of the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement.

On October 17, 2018, we closed a registered direct public offering of $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2018 issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2018 Notes”), for net proceeds of approximately $145.3 million. The 2018 Notes are governed by the terms of a base indenture for senior debt securities (the “Base Indenture”), as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture thereto (the “2018 Notes Supplemental Indenture” and together with the Base Indenture, the “2018 Indenture”), each dated October 17, 2018, by and between us and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington”), as trustee. The 2018 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of us and bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year. The 2018 Notes will mature on November 1, 2048, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.

The 2018 Notes are convertible into shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at an initial conversion rate of 139.5771 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2018 Notes, which corresponds to an initial conversion price of approximately $7.16 per share of common stock. Upon conversion, converting noteholders will be entitled to receive accrued interest on their converted 2018 Notes.

We will have the right, exercisable at our option, to cause all 2018 Notes then outstanding to be converted automatically if the “Daily VWAP” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture) per share of our common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the conversion price, which equates to approximately $9.31 per share, on each of at least 20 “VWAP Trading Days” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture), whether or not consecutive, during any 30 consecutive VWAP Trading Day period commencing on or after the date we first issued the 2018 Notes.

In the fourth quarter of 2019, we entered into privately negotiated agreements to exchange approximately $121.7 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes for (i) approximately $66.9 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% Convertible Senior Second Lien Notes due 2048 (the “2019 Notes”), (ii) an aggregate of approximately $12.1 million in 2018 Notes principal repayment and (iii) accrued interest on the 2018 Notes through the exchange date. As of March 31, 2020, all 2019 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

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On November 6, 2020, we entered into a privately negotiated agreement with an investor who is a holder of our 2018 Notes to exchange approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2018 Notes for approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of newly issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2020 Notes”). The issuance of the 2020 Notes closed on November 13, 2020. In the third quarter of 2021, all 2020 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was $0.3 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of 2018 Notes.

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License and collaboration agreements

Secura

On August 10, 2020, we and Secura signed the Secura APA and on September 30, 2020, the transaction closed.

Pursuant to the Secura APA, we sold to Secura our exclusive worldwide license for the research, development, commercialization, and manufacture in oncology indications of products containing duvelisib. The sale included certain intellectual property related to duvelisib in oncology indications, certain existing duvelisib inventory, claims and rights under certain contracts pertaining to duvelisib. Pursuant to the Secura APA, Secura assumed all operational and financial responsibility for activities that were part of the duvelisib oncology program, including all commercialization efforts related to duvelisib in the United States and Europe, as well as our ongoing duvelisib clinical trials. Further, Secura assumed all obligations with existing collaboration partners developing and commercializing duvelisib, which include Yakult, CSPC, and Sanofi. Additionally, Secura assumed all royalty payment obligations due under the amended and restated license agreement with Infinity.

Pursuant to the terms of the Secura APA, Secura has paid us an up-front payment of $70.0 million and has agreed to pay us (i) regulatory milestone payments up to $45.0 million, consisting of a payment of $35.0 million upon receipt of regulatory approval of COPIKTRA in the United States for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (“PTCL”) and a payment of $10.0 million upon receipt of the first regulatory approval for the commercial sale of COPIKTRA in the European Union for the treatment of PTCL, (ii) sales milestone payments of up to $50.0 million, consisting of $10.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $100.0 million, $15.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $200.0 million and $25.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $300.0 million, (iii) low double-digit royalties on the annual aggregate net sales above $100.0 million in the United States, European Union, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and (iv) 50% of all royalty, milestone and sublicense revenue payments payable to Secura under our existing license agreements with Sanofi, Yakult, and CSPC, and 50% of all royalty and milestone payments payable to Secura under any license or sublicense agreement entered into by Secura in certain jurisdictions.

Secura’s royalty obligations remain in effect on a country-by-country basis upon the last to occur (a) 10 years from the first commercial sale of product containing duvelisib in such country or (b) the expiration of all valid patent claims covering products containing duvelisib in such country.

During the 2023 Period, we did not recognize any revenue pursuant to the Secura APA. During the 2022 Period, we recognized $2.6 million of sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue primarily related to one regulatory milestone for $2.5 million achieved by Secura’s sublicensee, CSPC, and $0.1 million related to royalties on COPIKTRA sales in the 2022 Period and future royalties expected to be received pursuant to the Secura APA.

Funding requirements

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and may continue to incur operating losses. We anticipate that our expenses will continue and operating losses may continue as we:

● continue our ongoing clinical trials with our product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib;

● initiate additional clinical trials for our product candidates;

● maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

● acquire or in-license other products and technologies;

● hire additional clinical, development and scientific personnel;

● add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts; and

● establish and maintain a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval.

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We expect our existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund our obligations for at least the next twelve months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, and the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the development of our current product candidates. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

● the costs and timing of commercialization activities for our product candidates for which we expect to receive marketing approval; 

● the scope, progress and results of our ongoing and potential future clinical trials; 

● the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies; 

● the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates (including our efforts to seek approval and fund the preparation and filing of regulatory submissions); 

● revenue received from commercial sales our product candidates, should any of our other product candidates receive marketing approval; 

● the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property related claims;

● our ability to establish collaborations or partnerships on favorable terms, if at all; and

● receipt of milestone payments and royalties pursuant to the Secura APA including timing of such receipt.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, and through future potential milestones and royalties received pursuant to the Secura APA. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS

The disclosure of our contractual obligations and commitments was reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have not been any material changes from the contractual obligations and commitments previously disclosed in such report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $111.2 million as of March 31, 2023, consisting of cash, U.S. Government money market funds, agency bonds, corporate bonds and commercial paper of publicly traded companies. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because most of our investments are interest bearing. Our available for sale securities are subject to interest rate risk and will fall in value if market interest rates increase. Due to the short-term duration most of our investment portfolio and the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio.

We contract with CROs and contract manufacturers globally which may be denominated in foreign currencies. We may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with these agreements. Transactions

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denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. As of March 31, 2023, an immaterial amount of our total liabilities were denominated in currencies other than the functional currency.

On March 25, 2022, we entered into the Loan Agreement, under which we borrowed $25.0 million in March 2022 and $15.0 million in March 2023, for a total of $40.0 million. The Term Loans under the Loan Agreement bear interest at a floating rate equal to (a) the greater of (i) the one-month CME Secured Overnight Financing Rate and (ii) 0.13% plus (b) 7.37%, which is subject to an overall floor and cap. Changes in interest rates will cause interest charges to fluctuate under the Loan Agreement. A 10% increase in current interest rates would have resulted in an immaterial increase in the amount of cash interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to the overall interest rate floor and cap.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and our Vice President of Finance (principal financial and accounting officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023 our Chief Executive Officer and our Vice President of Finance concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully review and consider the information regarding certain factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results set forth under Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the SEC on March 14, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES

None.

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PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES

We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

c
3.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Registrant on March 12, 2019).
3.2		Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Registrant on March 12, 2019).
3.3		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-177677) filed by the Registrant on January 13, 2012).
3.4		Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verastem, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 21, 2020).
3.5		Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 7, 2022)
3.6		Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2023)
10.1		Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 24, 2023, by and among Verastem, Inc. and each purchaser party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2023)
31.1	*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	*	Certification of Vice President, Finance pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	*	Certification of Vice President, Finance pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1	*	Press Release issued by Verastem, Inc. on May 9, 2023 (furnished herewith).
101.INS	*	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104		The cover page from this Current Report on form 10-Q, formatted in Inline XBRL

* Filed or furnished herewith.

42

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	VERASTEM, INC.
Date: May 9, 2023	By:	/s/ BRIAN M. STUGLIK
		Brian M. Stuglik
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal executive officer)
Date: May 9, 2022	By:	/s/ DANIEL CALKINS
		Daniel Calkins
		Vice President, Finance
		(Principal financial and accounting officer)

43

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Brian M. Stuglik, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Verastem, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ BRIAN M. STUGLIK

Brian M. Stuglik

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal executive officer)

Date: May 9, 2023

1

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Daniel Calkins, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Verastem, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

OO
	/s/ DANIEL CALKINS
	Daniel Calkins
	Vice President, Finance (Principal financial and accounting officer)

Date: May 9, 2023

1

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Verastem, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Brian M. Stuglik, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ BRIAN M. STUGLIK

Brian M. Stuglik

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal executive officer)

Date: May 9, 2023

1

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Verastem, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Daniel Calkins, Vice President of Finance, of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ DANIEL CALKINS

Daniel Calkins

Vice President, Finance

(Principal financial and accounting officer)

Date: May 9, 2023

1

EX-99.1

Exhibit 99.1

Verastem Oncology Reports First Quarter 2023 Financial Results and Highlights Recent Company Progress

New Data from Interim Analysis of Verastem Oncology’s RAMP 201 Trial Evaluating Avutometinib and Defactinib in Recurrent Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (LGSOC) to be Presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting

Studies of Avutometinib Combinations in KRAS G12C Mutant Non-Small Lung Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer and Other RAS Pathway-Driven Cancers Advancing

Strong Financial Position with Company Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments of $111.2 Million as of March 31, 2023

BOSTON, MA – May 9, 2023 – Verastem Oncology (Nasdaq: VSTM), a biopharmaceutical company committed to advancing new medicines for patientswith cancer, today reported financial results for the first quarter ending March 31, 2023, and highlighted recent progress.

“During the first quarter of this year, we announced the positive results from a planned interim analysis of Part A from our RAMP 201 trial in LGSOC. This, combined with a productive meeting with the FDA, has confirmed avutometinib and defactinib as the go-forward treatmentregimenand reaffirmed ourgoaloffilingforaccelerated approval upon data maturity in the RAMP 201 trial and initiation of a confirmatory study,” said Brian Stuglik, Chief Executive Officer of Verastem Oncology. “We believe we are well positioned to deliver on our 2023 goals to initiate a confirmatory study of avutometinib and defactinib in recurrent LGSOC upon agreement with the FDA on study design, advance our KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC program and our frontline metastatic pancreatic cancer and progress our signal-finding, investigator-initiated trial program of combinations with avutometinib in additional RAS pathway-driven cancers with high unmet need.”

First Quarter 2023 and Recent Highlights

Low Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (LGSOC)

● TheCompanyheldaproductivemeetingwiththeFDAtodiscusstheencouragingresultstodateof the ongoing RAMP 201 LGSOC trial evaluating avutometinib ± defactinib among patients with recurrent LGSOC, confirmed the go-forward treatment regimen selection of avutometinib with defactinib based on a planned interim analysis with prespecified criteria and discussed the regulatory path forward.

● Completedenrollmentin the primarycohortof72patientsinthecombinationarmofRAMP201. Continued enrollment in the combination arm of RAMP 201 is ongoing to expand the clinical experience in anticipation of initiation of a confirmatory study.

● Announced RAMP 201 abstract highlighting updated interim results from Part A of the ongoing Phase 2, registration-directed RAMP 201 trial has been selected for a presentation in a Poster Discussion Session at the upcoming American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting taking place June 2–6, 2023 in Chicago, IL.

● Launched Let’s Talk About LGSOC, a new patient initiative that provides detailed information about LGSOC and its symptoms, its differences from the more common high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), tips and resources, and ways to connect with others in the LGSOC community. The initiative, developed with advocacy groups, clinicians, and patients, serves to bring broader attention to this rare and underserved ovarian cancer.

Other Programs

● In the Company’s RAMP 203 and RAMP 204 Phase 1/2 clinical trials, the combinations of avutometinib with Amgen’s LUMAKRAS® (sotorasib) (RAMP 203) and with Mirati’s KRAZATI® (adagrasib) (RAMP 204) are evaluated in patients with KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC. RAMP 203 progressed to the recommendation of the Phase 2 dose (avutometinib 4 mg BIW PO and sotorasib 960 mg QD PO) and initiation of Part B dose expansion in patients who are G12C inhibitor treatment naïve and in patients who experienced disease progression on prior G12C inhibitor monotherapy. Dose escalation is ongoing in RAMP 204.

● Opened and began enrollment in the Company’s RAMP 205 Phase 1b/2 clinical trial evaluating avutometinib and defactinib in combination with standard of care chemotherapy (GEMZAR® (gemcitabine) and ABRAXANE®) in patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The trial is supported by the Company’s receipt of the first “Therapeutic Accelerator Award” from the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN).

● Opened and began enrollment in two new investigator sponsored trials to support our avutometinib clinical trial program. One trial investigating the use of avutometinib and defactinib in advanced or recurrent mesonephric gynecologic cancers being conducted by Dr Rachel Grisham at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The other trial, investigating the single-dose brain penetration of either avutometinib or defactinib in glioblastoma patients who are undergoing debulking surgery being conducted by Dr Jeffrey Olson at Emory University.

CorporateUpdates

● The Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell up to approximately 2.1 million shares of its Series B convertible preferred stock to affiliates of BVF Partners L.P. in a private placement to raise aggregate gross proceeds of up to approximately $60 million in two tranches. On January 27, 2023,VerastemOncologyclosedontheinitialtrancheof1.2millionsharesofits SeriesBconvertible preferred stock and received gross proceeds of $30 million.

● The Company achieved the Term B Milestone pursuant to its credit facility with Oxford Finance LLC and drew downanadditional$15million in March 2023. Under the credit facility, Verastemcan accessupto anadditional $110 million in a series of tranches, $60 million of which are based on certain pre-determined milestones and $50 million of which are at the lender’s discretion.

First Quarter 2023 Financial Results

VerastemOncologyendedthefirst quarterof2023withcash,cashequivalentsandinvestmentsof

$111.2million.

TotaloperatingexpensesforthethreemonthsendedMarch 31, 2023 (the“2023Quarter”)were

$19.3million,comparedto$19.6millionforthethreemonthsendedMarch 31, 2022(the“2022 Quarter”).

Research&developmentexpensesforthe2023Quarterwere$12.0million,comparedto$13.6 millionforthe2022 Quarter. The decreaseof$1.6million,or11.8%, primarilyresulted from a decrease in drug product and drug substance costs, contract research organization costs, and investigator fees.

Selling, general & administrative expenses for the 2023 Quarter were $7.3 million, compared to $5.9 million for the 2022 Quarter. The increase of $1.4 million, or 23.7%, was primarily related to increased costs associated with financing activities, and additional costs in anticipation of potential launch of avutometinib and defactinib in LGSOC.

Net loss for the 2023 Quarter was$15.7 million, or$0.08per share (basic and diluted), compared to net loss of $17.0 million, or $0.09 per share (basic and diluted) for the 2022 Quarter.

For the 2023 Quarter, non-GAAP adjusted net loss was$17.8 million, or$0.09 per share (diluted), compared to non-GAAP adjusted net loss of $15.3 million, or$0.08 per share (diluted) for the 2022 Quarter. Please refer to the GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation attached to this press release.

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement Verastem Oncology’s condensed consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), theCompanyusesthefollowingnon-GAAPfinancialmeasuresinthispressrelease:non-GAAP adjusted net loss and non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share. These non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain amounts orexpenses from the correspondingfinancial measures determined in accordance with GAAP.Managementbelievesthisnon-GAAPinformationisusefulforinvestors,takeninconjunctionwith the Company’s GAAP financial statements, because it provides greater transparency and period-over-period comparability with respect to the Company’s operating performance and can enhance investors’ abilitytoidentifyoperatingtrendsintheCompany’sbusiness.Managementusesthesemeasures,among otherfactors,toassessandanalyzeoperationalresultsandtrendsandtomakefinancialandoperational decisions. Non-GAAP information is not prepared under a comprehensive set of accounting rules and should only be used to supplement an understanding of the Company’s operating results as reported under GAAP, not in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures are unlikely to be comparablewithnon-GAAPinformationprovidedbyothercompanies.Thedeterminationoftheamounts that areexcluded from non-GAAP financialmeasuresis amatterofmanagementjudgment and depends upon, among other factors, the nature of the underlying expense or income amounts. Reconciliations between these non-GAAP financial measures and the most comparable GAAP financial measures for the threemonthsendedMarch 31, 2023,and2022 areincludedinthetablesaccompanyingthis press release after the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

About Avutometinib (VS-6766)

Avutometinib is a RAF/MEK clamp that induces inactive complexes of MEK with ARAF, BRAF and CRAF potentially creating a more complete and durable anti-tumor response through maximal RAS pathway inhibition. Avutometinib is currently in late-stage development.

In contrast to other MEK inhibitors, avutometinib blocks both MEK kinase activity and the ability of RAF to phosphorylate MEK. This unique mechanism allows avutometinib to block MEK signaling without the compensatory activation of MEK that appears to limit the efficacy of other inhibitors. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for the combination of Verastem

Oncology’sinvestigationalRAF/MEKclampavutometinib,withdefactinib,itsFAKinhibitor,forthe treatment of all patients with recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) regardless of KRAS status after one or more prior lines of therapy, including platinum-based chemotherapy.

Verastem Oncology is currently conducting clinical trials with its RAF/MEK clamp avutometinib in RAS- driven tumors as part of its (Raf And Mek Program). RAMP 201 is a registration-directed trial of avutometinib in combination with defactinib in patients with recurrent LGSOC. Verastem Oncology has established clinical collaborations with Amgen and Mirati to evaluate LUMAKRAS® (sotorasib) and KRAZATI®(adagrasib)incombinationwithavutometinibinKRASG12CmutantNSCLCaspartoftheRAMP 203andRAMP204trials,respectively.Aspartofthe“TherapeuticAcceleratorAward”VerastemOncology receivedfromPanCAN,VerastemOncologyisconductingRAMP205,aPhase1b/2clinicaltrialevaluating avutometinib and defactinib with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in patients with front-line metastatic pancreatic cancer.

About Verastem Oncology

Verastem Oncology (Nasdaq: VSTM) is a development-stage biopharmaceutical company committed to thedevelopmentandcommercializationofnewmedicinestoimprovethelivesofpatientsdiagnosedwith cancer. Our pipeline is focused on novel small molecule drugs that inhibit critical signaling pathways in cancer that promote cancer cell survival and tumor growth, including RAF/MEK inhibition and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition. For more information, please visit www.verastem.com.

Forward-Looking Statements Notice

Thispressreleaseincludesforward-lookingstatementsaboutVerastemOncology’sstrategy,futureplans and prospects, including statements related to its financial condition, its potential borrowings, the potential clinical value of various of its clinical trials, the timing of commencing and completing trials, including topline data reports and interactions with regulators. The words "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "predict," "project," "target," "potential," "will," "would," "could," "should,""continue,"“can,”“promising”andsimilarexpressionsareintendedtoidentifyforward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Each forward- looking statement is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statement.

Applicable risks and uncertainties include the risks and uncertainties, among other things, regarding: the success in the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, including avutometinib in combination with other compounds, including defactinib, LUMAKRAS® and others; the occurrence of adverse safety events and/or unexpected concerns that may arise from additional data or analysis or result in unmanageable safety profiles as compared to their levels of efficacy; our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce patent and other intellectual property protection for our product candidates; the scope, timing, and outcome of any legal proceedings; decisions by regulatory authorities regarding trial design, labeling and other matters that could affect the timing, availability or commercial potentialofourproductcandidates;whetherpreclinicaltestingofourproductcandidatesandpreliminary or interim data from clinical trials will be predictive of the results or success of ongoing or later clinical trials;thatthetiming,scopeandrateofreimbursementforourproductcandidatesisuncertain;thatthird- party payors (including government agencies) may not reimburse; that there may be competitive developments affecting our product candidates; that data may not be available when expected; that enrollmentofclinicaltrialsmaytakelongerthanexpected;thatourproductcandidateswillexperience manufacturing or supply interruptions or failures; that we will be unable to successfully initiate or complete the clinical development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates; that the

development and commercialization of our product candidates will take longer or cost more than planned,includingasaresultofconductingadditionalstudies;thatweorChugaiPharmaceuticalCo.,Ltd. will fail to fully perform under the avutometinib license agreement; that we or our other collaboration partners may fail to perform under our collaboration agreements; that we may not have sufficient cash to fund our contemplatedoperations; that we may be unable to obtain adequate financing in the future through product licensing, co-promotional arrangements, public or private equity, debt financing or otherwise;thatSecurawillachievethemilestonesthatresultinpaymentstousunderourassetpurchase agreement with Secura; that we will be unable to execute on our partnering strategies for avutometinib incombinationwithothercompounds;thatwewillnotpursueorsubmitregulatoryfilingsforourproduct candidates; and that our product candidates will not receive regulatory approval, become commercially successful products, or result in new treatment options being offered to patients.

Other risks and uncertainties include those identified under the heading “Risk Factors” in Verastem Oncology’sAnnualReportonForm10-KfortheyearendedDecember31,2022asfiledwiththeSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 14, 2023 and in any subsequent filings with the SEC. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release reflect Verastem Oncology’s views as of the datehereof,andVerastemOncology doesnotassumeandspecificallydisclaimsanyobligationtoupdate any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Investors:

DanCalkins

+1781-469-1694

Investor Relations dcalkins@verastem.com

NateLiaBraaten

+1212-600-1902

nate@argotpartners.com

Media:

Lisa Buffington

CorporateCommunications

+1781-292-4205

lbuffington@verastem.com

Verastem Oncology

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash,cashequivalents,&investments	$	111,204	$	87,894
Accountsreceivable, net		—		31
Prepaidexpensesandothercurrent assets		7,689		4,945
Propertyandequipment,net		62		92
Right-of-useasset,net		1,645		1,789
Restrictedcashandother assets		277		299
Total assets	$	120,877	$	95,050
CurrentLiabilities	$	22,359	$	21,663
Longtermdebt		39,574		24,526
Lease liability, long-term		1,250		1,470
Preferred stock tranche liability		3,510		—
Convertible preferred stock		21,159		—
Stockholders’equity		33,025		47,391
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity	$	120,877	$	95,050

Verastem Oncology

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue:
SaleofCOPIKTRAlicense and relatedassetsrevenue	$	—	$	2,596
Totalrevenue		—		2,596
Operatingexpenses:
Researchand development		12,015		13,642
Selling,generaland administrative		7,329		5,934
Totaloperatingexpenses		19,344		19,576
Lossfromoperations		(19,344)		(16,980)
Other income (expense)		(7)		28
Interest income		976		46
Interest Expense		(769)		(56)
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		3,430		—
Net loss	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)
Netlosspershare—basic and diluted	$	(0.08)	$	(0.09)
Weightedaveragecommonshares outstandingusedincomputing:
Netlosspershare– basicand diluted		200,679		186,264

Verastem Oncology

Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Information

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net loss reconciliation
Netloss(GAAPbasis)	$	(15,714)	$	(16,962)
Adjust:
Stock-basedcompensationexpense		1,313		1,646
Non-cashinterest,net		(36)		17
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		(3,430)		—
Severanceandother		38		—
Adjusted net loss (non-GAAP basis)	$	(17,829)	$	(15,299)
Reconciliation of net loss per share
Netlosspershare–diluted(GAAP basis)	$	(0.08)	$	(0.09)
Adjust per diluted share
Stock-basedcompensationexpense		0.01		0.01
Non-cashinterest,net		—		—
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability		(0.02)		—
Severanceandother		—		—
Adjusted net loss per share – diluted (non-GAAP basis)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.08)
Weightedaveragecommonshares outstandingusedincomputingnet loss per share—diluted		200,679		186,264

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	May 08, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Entity File Number	001-35403
Entity Registrant Name	Verastem, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	27-3269467
Entity Address, Address Line One	117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500
Entity Address, City or Town	Needham
Entity Address, State or Province	MA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	02494
City Area Code	781
Local Phone Number	292-4200
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share
Trading Symbol	VSTM
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		200,861,380
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Central Index Key	0001526119
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 97,260	$ 74,933
Short-term investments	13,944	12,961
Accounts receivable, net		31
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7,689	4,945
Total current assets	118,893	92,870
Property and equipment, net	62	92
Right-of-use asset, net	1,645	1,789
Restricted cash	241	241
Other assets	36	58
Total assets	120,877	95,050
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	4,903	4,901
Accrued expenses	13,938	14,983
Note Payable	1,004
Deferred liabilities	1,403	710
Lease liability, short-term	829	794
Convertible senior notes	282	275
Total current liabilities	22,359	21,663
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt	39,574	24,526
Lease liability, long-term	1,250	1,470
Preferred stock tranche liability	3,510
Total liabilities	66,693	47,659
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,856 and 4,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 300,000 shares authorized, 200,836 and 200,541 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	20	20
Additional paid-in capital	786,236	784,894
Accumulated other comprehensive income	6
Accumulated deficit	(753,237)	(737,523)
Total stockholders' equity	33,025	47,391
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	120,877	$ 95,050
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Convertible Preferred Stock:
Convertible Preferred Stock	$ 21,159

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	200,836,000	200,541,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	200,541,000	200,541,000
Series A Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	1,000,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,144,000	0
Preferred stock, shares issued	1,200,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0
Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Revenue:
Total revenue		$ 2,596
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 12,015	13,642
Selling, general and administrative	7,329	5,934
Total operating expenses	19,344	19,576
Loss from operations	(19,344)	(16,980)
Other income (expense)	(7)	28
Interest income	976	46
Interest expense	(769)	(56)
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability	3,430
Net loss	$ (15,714)	$ (16,962)
Net loss per share-basic	$ (0.08)	$ (0.09)
Net loss per share-diluted	$ (0.08)	$ (0.09)
Weighted average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share - basic	200,679	186,264
Weighted average common shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share - diluted	200,679	186,264
Net loss	$ (15,714)	$ (16,962)
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities	6	(147)
Comprehensive loss	$ (15,708)	$ (17,109)

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Preferred stock Series A Preferred Stock	Preferred stock Series B Preferred Stock	Common stock	Additional paid-in capital	Accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss)	Accumulated deficit	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021			$ 19	$ 751,217	$ 34	$ (663,711)	$ 87,559
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			185,286,480
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss						(16,962)	(16,962)
Unrealized (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities					(147)		(147)
Issuance of common stock resulting from exercise of stock options				575			575
Issuance of common stock resulting from exercise of stock options (in shares)			285,900
Issuance of common stock resulting from vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			699,635
Stock-based compensation expense				1,646			1,646
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan				100			100
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan (in shares)			57,636
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022			$ 19	753,538	(113)	(680,673)	72,771
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022			186,329,651
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022			$ 20	784,894		(737,523)	$ 47,391
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	1,000,000		200,540,946				200,541,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net loss						(15,714)	$ (15,714)
Unrealized (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities					6		6
Issuance of common stock resulting from vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			212,075
Stock-based compensation expense				1,313			1,313
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan				29			29
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan (in shares)			82,496
Issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs of $1,901 and preferred stock tranche liability of $6,940		$ 21,159
Issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs of $1,901 and preferred stock tranche liability of $6,940, in shares		1,200,000
Balance at Mar. 31, 2023		$ 21,159	$ 20	$ 786,236	$ 6	$ (753,237)	$ 33,025
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	1,000,000	1,200,000	200,835,517				200,836,000

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, issuance costs	$ 1,901
Preferred stock tranche liability	$ 6,940

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (15,714)	$ (16,962)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation	30	30
Amortization of right-of-use asset and lease liability	(41)	(37)
Stock-based compensation expense	1,313	1,646
Amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and premiums and discounts on available-for-sale marketable securities	(36)	17
Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability	(3,430)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	31	(2,128)
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets	(2,089)	510
Accounts payable	2	92
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(1,045)	(2,449)
Deferred liabilities	693
Net cash used in operating activities	(20,286)	(19,281)
Investing activities
Purchases of investments	(13,804)	(4,986)
Maturities of investments	13,000	24,250
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(804)	19,264
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, net	28,099
Proceeds from long-term debt, net	14,918	24,772
Proceeds from insurance premium financing	1,430
Payments on insurance premium financing	(426)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase program	29	100
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net		580
Net cash provided by financing activities	44,050	25,452
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	22,960	25,435
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	75,789	21,493
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	98,749	46,928
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Issuance of preferred stock tranche liability	$ 6,940
Conversion of notes into common stock		$ 624

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Nature of business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Nature of business

Nature of business

1. Nature of business

Verastem, Inc. (the “Company”) is a late stage development biopharmaceutical company, with an ongoing registration directed trial, committed to advancing new medicines for patients battling cancer. The Company’s pipeline is focused on novel anticancer agents that inhibit critical signaling pathways in cancer that promote cancer cell survival and tumor growth, particularly RAF/ MEK inhibition and FAK inhibition.

The Company’s most advanced product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, are being investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various solid tumors, including, but not limited to low-grade serous ovarian cancer (“LGSOC”), non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), colorectal cancer (“CRC”), pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. The Company believes that avutometinib may be beneficial as a therapeutic as a single agent or when used together in combination with defactinib, other agents, other pathway inhibitors or other current and emerging standard of care treatments in cancers that do not adequately respond to currently available therapies.

On September 24, 2018, the Company’s first commercial product, COPIKTRA® (duvelisib), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of adult patients with certain hematologic cancers including relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia/ small lymphocytic lymphoma after at least two prior therapies and relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma after at least two prior systemic therapies. On August 10, 2020, the Company and Secura Bio, Inc. (“Secura”) entered into an asset purchase agreement (“Secura APA”). Pursuant to the Secura APA, the Company sold to Secura its exclusive worldwide license, including certain related assets for the research, development, commercialization, and manufacture in oncology indications of products containing COPIKTRA (duvelisib). The transaction closed on September 30, 2020. Refer to Note 14. License, collaboration, and commercial agreements for a detailed discussion of the Secura APA.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Verastem Securities Company and Verastem Europe GmbH, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. All financial information presented has been consolidated and includes the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company is subject to the risks associated with other life science companies, including, but not limited to, possible failure of preclinical testing or clinical trials, competitors developing new technological innovations, inability to obtain marketing approval of the Company’s product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, market acceptance and commercial success of the Company’s product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, following receipt of regulatory approval, and, protection of proprietary technology and the continued ability to obtain adequate financing to fund the Company’s future operations. If the Company does not obtain marketing approval and successfully commercialize its product candidates, avutometinib and defactinib, following regulatory approval, it will be unable to generate product revenue or achieve profitability and may need to raise additional capital.

The Company has historical losses from operations and anticipates that it may continue to incur operating losses as it continues the research and development of its product candidates. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $111.2 million, and an accumulated deficit of $753.2 million. The Company expects its existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund its planned operations through at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company expects to finance the future development costs of its clinical product portfolio with its existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments, through potential future milestones and royalties received pursuant to the Secura APA, through the loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford”), or through other strategic financing opportunities that could include, but are not limited to collaboration agreements, future offerings of its equity, or the incurrence of debt. However, there is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be

executed or executed on favorable terms, and some could be dilutive to existing stockholders. If the Company fails to obtain additional future capital, it may be unable to complete its planned preclinical studies and clinical trials and obtain approval of certain investigational product candidates from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

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Summary of significant accounting policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of significant accounting policies

Summary of significant accounting policies

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01 under the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements, or any adjustments that might result from the uncertainty related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year ending December 31, 2023. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. Significant accounting policies in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, except as outlined within “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates” section immediately below.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 will replace the incurred loss impairment methodology under current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-13. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued No. ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40) (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 simplifies the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company elected to adopt this standard on January 1, 2023 under the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations (“ASU 2022-04”). ASU 2022-04 requires the buyer in a supplier finance program to disclose information about the key terms of the program, outstanding confirmed amounts as of the end of the period, a rollforward of such amounts during each annual period, and a description of where in the financial statements outstanding amounts are presented. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption of the standard only resulted in new disclosures for amounts presented within Notes Payable and did not affect the Company’s recognition,

measurement, or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations on the condensed consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the new disclosures, see Note 9, Notes Payable.

Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk

Cash, cash equivalents, investments and trade accounts receivable are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. The Company mitigates this risk by maintaining its cash and cash equivalents and investments with high quality, accredited financial institutions. The management of the Company’s investments is not discretionary on the part of these financial institutions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments were deposited at four financial institutions and it has no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not have an accounts receivable balance. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not record any revenue.

Proceeds from Grants

In May 2022, the Company was awarded the “Therapeutic Accelerator Award” grant from Pancreatic Cancer Network (“PanCAN”) for up to $3.8 million (the “PanCAN Grant”). In August 2022, PanCAN agreed to provide the Company with an additional $0.5 million for the collection and analysis of patient samples. The grant is expected to support a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial of GEMZAR (gemcitabine) and ABRAXANE (Nab-paclitaxel) in combination with avutometinib and defactinib entitled RAMP 205. The RAMP 205 trial will evaluate whether combining avutometinib (to target mutant KRAS, which is found in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas) and defactinib (to reduce stromal density and adaptive resistance to avutometinib) to the standard GEMZAR/ABRAXANE regimen improves outcomes for patients with such pancreatic cancers. Through March 31, 2023, the Company has received $1.8 million of cash proceeds in which was initially recorded as deferred liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company recognizes grants as contra research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. The Company recorded $0.1 million of the proceeds as a reduction of research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1.4 million as deferred liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet related to the PanCAN Grant.

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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

3. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	97,260	$	74,933
Restricted cash		1,489		856
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	98,749	$	75,789

Amounts included in restricted cash as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represent (i) cash received pursuant to the PanCAN Grant restricted for future expenditures for specific research and development activities of $1.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, and (ii) cash held to collateralize outstanding letters of credit provided as a security deposit for the Company’s office space located in Needham, Massachusetts in the amount of $0.2 million. Cash received pursuant to the PanCAN Grant is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The letters of credit are included in non-current restricted cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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Fair value of financial instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value of financial instruments

4. Fair value of financial instruments

The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based upon the fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation inputs based on the observable nature of those inputs. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:

Level 1 inputs	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access at the measurement date.
Level 2 inputs	Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 inputs	Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	78,301	$	70,824	$	7,477	$	—
Short-term investments		13,944		—		13,944		—
Total financial assets	$	92,245	$	70,824	$	21,421	$	—
Preferred stock tranche liability	$	3,510	$	—	$	—	$	3,510

	December 31, 2022
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	73,613	$	72,617	$	996	$	—
Short-term investments		12,961		—		12,961		—
Total financial assets	$	86,574	$	72,617	$	13,957	$	—

The Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of U.S. Government money market funds, corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper of publicly traded companies. The investments and cash equivalents have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. The Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. After completing its validation procedures, the Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

A preferred stock tranche liability was recorded as a result of the entry into the Securities Purchase Agreement (defined herein) (see Note 11. Capital Stock). The fair value measurement of the preferred stock tranche liability is classified as Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the preferred stock tranche liability was determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation. The inputs to the Monte-Carlo include the risk-free rate, stock price volatility, expected dividends and remaining term. Significant increases or decreases in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

Below are the inputs used to value the preferred stock tranche liability at January 24, 2023 and March 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2023		January 24, 2023
Risk-free interest rate	4.45-4.94	%	4.41-4.84	%
Volatility	95	%	90	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Remaining term (years)	1.3		1.5

The following table represents a reconciliation of the preferred stock right liability recorded in connection with the entry into the Securities Purchase Agreement:

January 1, 2023	$	—
Fair value recognized upon entering into Securities Purchase Agreement		6,940
Fair value adjustment		(3,430)
March 31, 2023	$	3,510

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of the Company’s 2018 issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2018 Notes”) was approximately $0.3 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which equals the carrying value of the 2018 Notes on each date. The fair value of the 2018 Notes is influenced by the Company’s stock price, stock price volatility, and current market yields and was determined using Level 3 inputs.

The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis with current applicable rates for similar instruments as of the condensed consolidated balance sheet dates. The Company estimates that the fair value of its long-term debt was approximately $39.1 million as of March 31, 2023, which differs from the carrying value of $39.6 million. The Company estimates that the fair value of its long-term debt was approximately $24.9 million as of December 31, 2022, which differs from the carrying value of $24.5 million. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt was determined using Level 3 inputs.

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Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investments

Investments

5. Investments

Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	91,271	$	—	$	—	$	91,271
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		7,476		2		—		7,478
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	98,747	$	2	$	—	$	98,749
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total investments	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	112,687	$	6	$	—	$	112,693

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	74,794	$	—	$	—	$	74,794
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		995		—	$	—		995
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	75,789	$	—	$	—	$	75,789
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total investments	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	88,750	$	2	$	(2)	$	88,750

There were no realized gains or losses on investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company's investments. Accrued interest receivable of $0.1 million is presented separately within the prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There were no investments in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2023. There were two debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022. None of these investments had been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of these securities as of December 31, 2022 was $6.0 million and the aggregate unrealized loss was immaterial. The Company considered the decline in the market value for these securities to be primarily attributable to current economic conditions and not credit related. At December 31, 2022, the Company has the intent and ability to hold such securities until recovery. As a result, the Company did not record any charges for credit-related impairments for its investments as of December 31, 2022.

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Accrued expenses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses

6. Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Research and development expenses	$	8,952	$	8,535
Compensation and related benefits		1,786		3,844
Professional fees		972		469
Consulting fees		991		902
Interest		204		192
Commercialization costs		90		148
Other		943		893
Total accrued expenses	$	13,938	$	14,983

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Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Long-term debt

Debt

7. Debt

On March 25, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Oxford, as collateral agent and a lender, and Oxford Finance Credit Fund III LP, as a lender (“OFCF III” and together with Oxford, the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders have agreed to lend the Company up to an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million in a series of term loans (the “Term Loans”).

Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Company received an initial Term Loan of $25.0 million on the Closing Date and may borrow an additional $125.0 million of Term Loans at its option upon the satisfaction of certain conditions as follows:

i. $15.0 million (the “Term B Loan”), when the Company has either (a) received the Regulatory Milestone Payment (as defined in the Secura APA) from Secura of $35.0 million which is due upon receipt of regulatory approval of COPIKTRA in the United States for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (“PTCL”) or (b) received at least $50.0 million in unrestricted cash proceeds from the sale or issuance of equity securities after the Closing Date (the “Term B Milestones”). The Company may draw the Term B Loan within 60 days after the occurrence of one of the Term B Milestones, but no later than March 31, 2023.

ii. $25.0 million (the “Term C Loan”), when the Company has received accelerated or full approval from the FDA of avutometinib for the treatment of LGSOC (the “Term C Milestone”). The Company may draw the Term C Loan within 60 days after the occurrence of the Term C Milestone, but no later than March 31, 2024.

iii. $35.0 million (the “Term D Loan”), when the Company has achieved at least $50.0 million in gross product revenue calculated on a trailing six-month basis (the “Term D Milestone”). The Company may draw the Term D Loan within 30 days after the occurrence of the Term D Milestone, but no later than March 31, 2025.

iv. $50.0 million (the “Term E Loan”), at the sole discretion of the Lenders.

On March 22, 2023, the Company elected to draw down the $15.0 million Term B Loan, having received at least $50.0 million in unrestricted cash proceeds from the sale or issuance of equity securities.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to (a) the greater of (i) the one-month CME Secured Overnight Financing Rate and (ii) 0.13% plus (b) 7.37%, which is subject to an overall floor and cap. Interest is payable monthly in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar month. As a result of the Term B Loan drawdown, beginning (i) April 1, 2025, or (ii) April 1, 2026, if either (A) avutometinib has received FDA approval for the treatment of LGSOC or (B) COPIKTRA has received FDA approval for the treatment of PTCL, the Company shall repay the Term Loans in consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears. All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to each Term Loan is due and payable in full on March 1, 2027.

The Company is required to make a final payment of 5.0% of the original principal amount of the Term Loans that are drawn, payable at maturity or upon any earlier acceleration or prepayment of the Term Loans (the “Final Payment Fee”). The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, of the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment fee equal to (i) 3.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid on or before the first anniversary date of the funding date of such Term Loan, (ii) 2.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary of the funding date of such Term Loan, and (iii) 1.0% of the principal amount of the applicable Term Loan if prepaid after the second anniversary of the applicable funding date of such Term Loan. All Term Loans are subject to a facility fee of 0.5% of the principal amount.

The Loan Agreement contains no financial covenants. The Loan Agreement includes customary events of default, including, among others, payment defaults, breach of representations and warrants, covenant defaults, judgment defaults, insolvency and bankruptcy defaults, and a material adverse change. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the Loan Agreement, termination of the Term Loan commitments and the right to foreclose on the collateral securing the obligations. During the existence of an event of default, the Term Loans will accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to 5.0% above the otherwise applicable interest rate.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company granted Oxford a security interest in all of the Company’s personal property now owned or hereafter acquired, excluding intellectual property (but including the right to payments and proceeds of intellectual property), and a negative pledge on intellectual property.

The Company assessed all terms and features of the Loan Agreement in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the Loan Agreement, including put and call features. The Company determined that all features of the Loan Agreement were clearly and closely associated with a debt host and did not require bifurcation as a derivative liability, or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company's financial statements. The Company

reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s assessment through March 31, 2023.

 The debt issuance costs and the Final Payment Fee have been recorded as a debt discount which are being accreted to interest expense through the maturity date of the Term Loan using the effective interest method. The components of the carrying value of the debt as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed below (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Principal loan balance	$	40,000	$	25,000
Final Payment Fee		304		225
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion		(730)		(699)
Long-term debt, net of discount	$	39,574	$	24,526

The following table sets forth total interest expense for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Contractual Interest	$	632	$	41
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		58		10
Amortization of Final Payment Fee		79		5
Total	$	769	$	56

As of March 31, 2023, future principal payments due are as follows (in thousands):

2023		—
2024		—
2025		15,000
2026		20,000
2027		5,000
Total principal payments	$	40,000

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases

Leases

8. Leases

On April 15, 2014, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 15,197 square feet of office and laboratory space in Needham, Massachusetts. Effective February 15, 2018, the Company amended its lease agreement to relocate within the facility to another location consisting of 27,810 square feet of office space (the “Amended Lease Agreement”). The Amended Lease Agreement extends the expiration date of the lease from September 2019 through June 2025. Pursuant to the Amended Lease Agreement, the initial annual base rent amount is approximately $0.7 million, which increases during the lease term to $1.1 million for the last twelve-month period.

The Company accounted for its Needham, Massachusetts office space as an operating lease. The Company’s lease contains an option to renew and extend the lease terms and an option to terminate the lease prior to the expiration date. The Company has not included the lease extension or the termination options within the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as neither option is reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company’s lease includes variable non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, maintenance, consumables, etc.) that are not included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are reflected as an expense in the period incurred. The Company does not have any other operating or finance leases.

As of March 31, 2023, a right-of-use asset of $1.6 million and lease liability of $2.1 million are reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The elements of lease expense were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Lease Expense
Operating lease expense	$	221	$	221
Total Lease Expense	$	221	$	221
Other Information - Operating Leases
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities	$	262	$	257

		March 31, 2023
Other Balance Sheet Information - Operating Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		2.3
Weighted average discount rate		14.6%
Maturity Analysis
2023		798
2024		1,081
2025		546
Total	$	2,425
Less: Present value discount		(346)
Lease Liability	$	2,079

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Notes Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Notes Payable [Abstract]

Notes Payable

9. Notes Payable

In February 2023, the Company entered into a finance agreement with AFCO Premium Credit LLC (“AFCO”). Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AFCO loaned the Company the principal amount of $1.4 million, which accrues interest at 7.4% per annum, to fund a portion of the Company’s insurance policies. The Company is required to make monthly payments of $0.1 million through October 2023 including principal and interest. The agreement assigns AFCO a security interest in (i) all unearned premiums and dividends which may become payable under the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement, (ii) loss payments which reduce the unearned premiums, and (iii) the Company’s interest in any state insurance guarantee fund related to any of the insurance policies financed pursuant to this agreement. The outstanding balance at March 31, 2023 was $1.0 million recorded as note payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Convertible senior notes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Convertible Senior Notes

Convertible Senior Notes

10. Convertible Senior Notes

2018 Notes

On October 17, 2018, the Company closed a registered direct public offering of $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2018 Notes for net proceeds of approximately $145.3 million. The 2018 Notes are governed by the terms of a base indenture for senior debt securities (the “2018 Base Indenture”), as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture thereto (the “2018 Notes Supplemental Indenture” and together with the 2018 Base Indenture, the “2018 Indenture”), each dated October 17, 2018, by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association (“Wilmington”), as trustee. The 2018 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, beginning on May 1, 2019. The 2018 Notes will mature on November 1, 2048, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms.

The 2018 Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share, at an initial conversion rate of 139.5771 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2018 Notes, which corresponds to an initial conversion price of

approximately $7.16 per share of common stock. Upon conversion, converting noteholders will be entitled to receive accrued interest on their converted 2018 Notes.

The Company has the right, exercisable at its option, to cause all 2018 Notes then outstanding to be converted automatically if the “Daily VWAP” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture) per share of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the conversion price on each of at least 20 VWAP Trading Days (as defined in the 2018 Indenture), whether or not consecutive, during any 30 consecutive VWAP Trading Day period commencing on or after the date the Company first issued the 2018 Notes.

The conversion rate is subject to adjustment from time to time upon the occurrence of certain events, including, but not limited to, the issuance of stock dividends and payment of cash dividends, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Prior to November 1, 2022, the Company did not have the right to redeem the 2018 Notes. After November 1, 2022, the Company may elect to redeem the 2018 Notes, in whole or in part, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

Unless the Company has previously called all outstanding 2018 Notes for redemption, the 2018 Notes will be subject to repurchase by the Company at the holders’ option on each of November 1, 2023, November 1, 2028, November 1, 2033, November 1, 2038 and November 1, 2043 (or, if any such date is not a business day, on the next business day) at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

If a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the 2018 Indenture) occurs at any time, subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to purchase all or any portion of their 2018 Notes at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2018 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The 2018 Indenture includes customary covenants and set forth certain events of default after which the 2018 Notes may be declared immediately due and payable and set forth certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company or certain of its subsidiaries after which the 2018 Notes become automatically due and payable.

The Company determined that the expected life of the 2018 Notes was equal to the period through November 1, 2023, as this represents the point at which the 2018 Notes are subject to repurchase by the Company at the option of the holders. Accordingly, for the 2018 Notes, the total debt discount, inclusive of the fair value of the embedded conversion feature derivative at issuance is being amortized using the effective interest method through November 1, 2023 at the effective interest rate of 15.65%.

The Company assessed all terms and features of the 2018 Notes in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the 2018 Notes, including the conversion, put and call features. The conversion feature was initially bifurcated as an embedded derivative but subsequently qualified for a scope exception to derivative accounting upon the Company’s stockholders approving an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock in December 2018. The Company determined that all other features of the 2018 Notes were clearly and closely associated with the debt host and did not require bifurcation as a derivative liability, or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s original assessment through March 31, 2023.

The components of the carrying value of the 2018 Notes as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed below (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
2018 Notes principal balance	$	300	$	300
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion		(18)		(25)
2018 Notes, net	$	282	$	275

2019 Notes

In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company entered into privately negotiated agreements to exchange approximately $121.7 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes for (i) approximately $66.9 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% Convertible Senior Second Lien Notes due 2048 (the “2019 Notes”), (ii) an aggregate of approximately $12.1 million in 2018 Notes principal repayment and (iii) accrued interest on the 2018 Notes through the exchange date. As of March 31, 2020, all 2019 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

2020 Notes

On November 6, 2020, the Company entered into a privately negotiated agreement with an investor who was a holder of the Company’s 2018 Notes to exchange approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2018 Notes for approximately $28.0 million aggregate principal amount of newly issued 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2048 (the “2020 Notes”). The issuance of the 2020 Notes closed on November 13, 2020. In the third quarter of 2021, all 2020 Notes have converted into shares of common stock and are no longer outstanding.

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Capital stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Capital stock

Capital stock

11. Capital stock

Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company’s board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock

On January 24, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the purchasers in a private placement (the “Private Placement”) up to 2,144,160 shares of its Series B convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock”), in two tranches. On January 24, 2023, the Company filed the Certificate of Designation of the Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation”) setting forth the preferences, rights and limitations of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation became effective upon filing.

Each share of the Series B Convertible Preferred Shares is convertible into 42.3657 shares of the Company’s common stock, at the option of the holders at any time, subject to certain limitations, including that the holder will be prohibited from converting Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% (the “Conversion Blocker”) of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are permitted to increase the Conversion Blocker to an amount not to exceed 19.99% upon 60 days’ notice.

The Company agreed to sell and issue in the first tranche of the Private Placement 1,200,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $25.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.5901 per share of common stock). The first tranche of the Private Placement closed on January 27, 2023. The Company received gross proceeds from the first tranche of the Private Placement of approximately $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company (“Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Proceeds”).

In addition, the Company agreed to sell and issue in the second tranche of the Private Placement 944,160 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $31.77 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (equivalent to $0.75 per share of common stock) if at any time within 18 months following the closing of the first tranche the 10-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock (as quoted on Nasdaq and as calculated by Bloomberg) should reach at least $1.125 per share (adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction as needed) with aggregate trading volume during the same 10-day period of at least $25 million within 18 months from the closing date of the initial tranche. (the “Second Tranche Right”). The second tranche of the Private Placement is expected to close within seven trading days of meeting the second tranche conditions and will be subject to additional, customary closing conditions. If the Second Tranche Right conditions are satisfied, the Company anticipates receiving gross proceeds from the second tranche of the Private Placement of approximately $30.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock ranks (i) senior to the common stock; (ii) senior to all other classes and series of equity securities of the Company that by their terms do not rank senior to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (iii) senior to all shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock the equity securities described in (i)-(iii), the “Junior Stock”); (iv) on parity with any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms on parity with the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Parity Stock”); (v) junior to any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms senior to any Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Senior Stock”); and (vi) junior to all of the Company’s existing and future debt obligations, including convertible or exchangeable debt securities, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily and as to the right to receive dividends.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, after payment or provision for payment of the debts and other liabilities of the Company, and subject to the prior and superior rights of any Senior Stock, each holder of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive, in preference to any distributions of any of the assets or surplus funds of the Company to the holders of the common stock and any of the Company’s securities that are Junior Stock and pari passu with any distribution to the holders of any Parity Stock, an amount equal to $1.00 per share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, plus an additional amount equal to any dividends declared but unpaid on such shares, before any payments shall be made or any assets distributed to holders of the common stock or any of our securities that Junior Stock.

So long as any shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the Company cannot without the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of majority of the shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock then-outstanding, in which the holders of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock vote separately as a class: (a) amend, alter, modify or repeal (whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise) the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation, the Company’s certificate of incorporation, or the Company’s bylaws in any manner that adversely affects the rights, preferences, privileges or the restrictions provided for the benefit of, the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (b) issue further shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (c) authorize or issue any Senior Stock; or (d) enter into any agreement to do any of the foregoing that is not expressly made conditional on obtaining the affirmative vote or written consent of the majority of then-outstanding Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive when, as and if dividends are declared and paid on the common stock, an equivalent dividend, calculated on an as-converted basis. Shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are otherwise not entitled to dividends.

The Company classified the first tranche of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock as temporary equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as the Company could be required to redeem the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock if the Company cannot convert the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of common stock for any reason including due to any applicable laws or by the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system, or other self-regulatory organization with jurisdiction over the Company which is not solely in the control of the Company. If the Company were required to redeem the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, it would be based upon the volume-weighted-average price of common stock on an as converted basis on the date the holders provided a conversion notice to the Company. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not adjust the carrying value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock since it was not probable the holders would be unable to convert the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of common stock due to any reason including due to any applicable laws or by the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system, or other self-regulatory organization with jurisdiction over the Company.

The Company evaluated the Second Tranche Right under ASC 480 and determined that it met the requirements for separate accounting from the initial issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock as a freestanding financial instrument. The Company then determined the Second Tranche Right should be liability classified pursuant to ASC 480. As a result, the Company classified the Second Tranche Right as a non-current liability within the condensed consolidated balance sheets and the Second Tranche Right was initially recorded at fair value and is subsequently re-measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the Second Tranche Right on the date of issuance was determined to be $6.9 million based on a Monte-Carlo valuation and the Company allocated $6.9 million of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Proceeds to this liability and recorded this amount as preferred stock tranche liability. On March 31, 2023, the fair value of the Second Tranche Right was determined to be $3.5 million, and the Company recorded this amount as preferred stock tranche liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded the mark-to-market adjustment of $3.4 million under change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and loss.

The Company determined that all other features of the securities offered pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement were clearly and closely associated with the equity host and did not require bifurcation or the fair value of the feature was immaterial to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company reassesses the features on a quarterly basis to determine if they require separate accounting. There have been no changes to the Company’s original assessment through March 31, 2023.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into an exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV, LLC (collectively referred to as “BVF”), pursuant to which BVF exchanged 10,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for 1,000,000 shares of newly designated Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”) (the “Exchange”).

Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at the option of the holder at any time, subject to certain limitations, including that the holder will be prohibited from converting Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% (the “Conversion Blocker”) of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Preferred Stock. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are permitted to increase the Conversion Blocker to an amount not to exceed 19.99% upon 60 days’ notice.

Shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights, except as required by law and except that the consent of a majority of the holders of the outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be required to amend the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. In the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will participate pari passu with any distribution of proceeds to holders of common stock. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive when, as and if

dividends are declared and paid on the common stock, an equivalent dividend, calculated on an as-converted basis. Shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are otherwise not entitled to dividends.

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (i) senior to any class or series of capital stock of the Company hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms junior to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; (ii) on parity with the common stock and any class or series of capital stock of the Company created specifically ranking by its terms on parity with the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; and (iii) junior to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and to any class or series of capital stock of the Company created specifically ranking by its terms senior to any Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Stock-based compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation

12. Stock-based compensation

Stock options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average exercise price per share		Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	14,018,610	$	2.80	7.1	$	18
Granted	9,925,247		0.66
Forfeited/cancelled	(98,248)		2.21
Expired	(130,000)		9.80
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	23,715,609	$	1.87	8.1	$	20
Vested at March 31, 2023	9,132,740	$	3.09	6.1	$	5

The fair value of each stock option granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.56	%	2.18	%
Volatility	90	%	87	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	6.2		5.6

Restricted stock units

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,074,967	$	2.09
Granted	96,700	$	0.54
Vested	(228,824)	$	2.18
Forfeited/cancelled	(15,000)	$	1.13
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	1,927,843	$	2.08

Employee stock purchase plan

At the Special Meeting of Stockholders, held on December 18, 2018, the stockholders approved the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2018 ESPP”). On June 21, 2019, the board of directors of the Company amended and restated the 2018 ESPP, to account for certain non-material changes to the plan’s administration (the “Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP”). The Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP provides eligible employees with the opportunity, through regular payroll deductions, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (a) the date the option is granted, which is the first day of the purchase period, and (b) the exercise date, which is the last business day of the purchase period. The Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP generally allows for two six-month purchase periods per year beginning in January and July, or such other periods as determined by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors. The Company has reserved 2,000,000 shares of common stock for the administration of the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP. The fair value of shares expected to be purchased under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP was calculated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.77	%	0.22	%
Volatility	106	%	50	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	0.5		0.5

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized less than $0.1 million in each period of stock-based compensation expense under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 82,496 shares of common stock for proceeds of less than $0.1 million under the Amended and Restated 2018 ESPP.

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Net loss per share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net loss per share

Net loss per share

13. Net loss per share

Basic loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is calculated by increasing the denominator by the weighted-average number of additional shares that could have been outstanding from securities convertible into common stock, such as stock options, restricted stock units, and employee stock purchase plan shares (using the “treasury stock” method), and the 2018 Notes, Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (using the “if-converted” method), unless their effect on net loss per share is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Outstanding stock options	23,715,609	15,943,060
Outstanding restricted stock units	1,927,843	2,599,205
2018 Notes	41,873	41,873
Employee stock purchase plan	81,629	51,050
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	10,000,000	—
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock	50,838,840	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	86,605,794	18,635,188

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License, collaboration and commercial agreements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

License, collaboration and commercial agreements

License, collaboration and commercial agreements

14. License, collaboration and commercial agreements

Secura

On August 10, 2020, the Company and Secura signed the Secura APA and on September 30, 2020, the transaction closed.

Pursuant to the Secura APA, the Company sold to Secura its exclusive worldwide license, including related assets, for the research, development, commercialization, and manufacture in oncology indications of products containing duvelisib. The sale included certain intellectual property related to duvelisib in oncology indications, certain existing duvelisib inventory, claims and rights under certain contracts pertaining to duvelisib. Pursuant to the Secura APA, Secura assumed all operational and financial responsibility for activities that were part of the Company’s duvelisib oncology program, including all commercialization efforts related to duvelisib in the United States and Europe, as well as the Company’s ongoing duvelisib clinical trials. Further, Secura assumed all obligations with existing collaboration partners developing and commercializing duvelisib, which include Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd. (“Yakult”), CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited (“CSPC”), and Sanofi. Additionally, Secura assumed all royalty payment obligations due under the amended and restated license agreement with Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Pursuant to the terms of the Secura APA, Secura has paid the Company an up-front payment of $70.0 million in September 2020 and has agreed to pay the Company (i) regulatory milestone payments up to $45.0 million, consisting of a payment of $35.0 million upon receipt of regulatory approval of COPIKTRA in the United States for the treatment of PTCL and a payment of $10.0 million upon receipt of the first regulatory approval for the commercial sale of COPIKTRA in the European Union for the treatment of PTCL, (ii) sales milestone payments of up to $50.0 million, consisting of $10.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $100.0 million, $15.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $200.0 million and $25.0 million when total worldwide net sales of COPIKTRA exceed $300.0 million, (iii) low double-digit royalties on the annual aggregate net sales above $100.0 million in the United States, European Union, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and (iv) 50% of all royalty, milestone and sublicense revenue payments payable to Secura under the Company’s existing license agreements with Sanofi, Yakult, and CSPC, and 50% of all royalty and milestone payments payable to Secura under any license or sublicense agreement entered into by Secura in certain jurisdictions.

The Company evaluated the Secura APA in accordance with ASC 606 as the Company concluded that the counterparty, Secura, is a customer. The Company identified the following bundled performance obligation under the Secura APA:

● a bundled performance obligation consisting of delivery of the duvelisib global license and intellectual property, certain existing duvelisib inventory, certain duvelisib contracts and clinical trials, certain regulatory approvals, and certain regulatory documentation and books and records (the “Bundled Secura Performance Obligation”).

The Company concluded that the duvelisib global license and intellectual property were not distinct within the context of the contract (i.e. separately identifiable) because the other assets including certain existing duvelisib inventory, certain duvelisib contracts and clinical trials, certain regulatory approval, and certain regulatory documentation and books and records do not have stand-alone value from other duvelisib global license and intellectual property and Secura could not benefit from them without the duvelisib global license and intellectual property. Consistent with the guidance under ASC 606-10-25-16A, the Company disregarded immaterial promised goods and services when determining performance obligations.

The Company has determined that the upfront payment of $70.0 million, future potential milestone payments and royalties including from Secura’s sublicensees should be allocated to the delivery of the Bundled Secura Performance Obligation.

The Company determined $0.1 million of future potential royalties the Company expects to receive pursuant to the Secura APA were not constrained as of March 31, 2023. When estimating the amount of royalties to be received that were not constrained, the Company used the expected value method as there are a range of possible outcomes. When estimating royalties to be received, the Company used a combination of internal projections and forecasts and data from external sources. The Company determined that all other future potential royalties were constrained under the guidance as of March 31, 2023. As part of the Company’s evaluation of the constraint on future royalties, the Company considered a number of factors in determining whether there is significant uncertainty associated with future events that would result in royalty payments. Those factors include: the likelihood and magnitude of revenue reversals related to future royalties, the amount of variable consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence, the amount of time to resolve the uncertainty, and lack of significant history of selling COPIKTRA outside of the United States.

As the consideration for future royalties is conditional, the Company recorded a corresponding contract asset for the expected royalties. Portions of the contract asset are reclassified to accounts receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contract asset has been recorded within prepaid and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract asset for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Contract Asset:	December 31, 2022		Additions		Reclassification to receivable		March 31, 2023
Contract asset - Secura	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62
Total	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company determined all future potential milestones were excluded from the transaction price, as all other milestone amounts were fully constrained under the guidance as of March 31, 2023. As part of the Company’s evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered a number of factors in determining whether there is significant uncertainty associated with the future events that would result in the milestone payments. Those factors included: the likelihood and magnitude of revenue reversals related to future milestones, the amount of variable consideration that is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence and the uncertainty about the consideration is not expected to be resolved for an extended period of time. All future potential milestone payments were fully constrained as the risk of significant revenue reversal related to these amounts has not yet been resolved.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized $2.6 million of sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue within the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily related to one regulatory milestone for $2.5 million achieved by Secura’s sublicensee, CSPC, and $0.1 million related to royalties on COPIKTRA sales in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and future royalties expected to be received pursuant to the Secura APA that were not constrained.

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Income taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income taxes

Income taxes

15. Income taxes

The Company did not record a federal or state income tax provision or benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the expected loss before income taxes to be incurred for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the Company’s continued maintenance of a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets.

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Commitments and contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

16. Commitments and contingencies

The Company has no other commitments other than minimum lease payments as disclosed in Note 8. Leases.

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Subsequent events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent events.

Subsequent events

17. Subsequent events

The Company reviews all activity subsequent to the end of the quarter but prior to issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements for events that could require disclosure or that could impact the carrying value of assets or liabilities as of the balance sheet date. The Company is not aware of any material subsequent events.

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Summary of significant accounting policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01 under the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements, or any adjustments that might result from the uncertainty related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year ending December 31, 2023. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023.

Proceeds from Grants

Proceeds from Grants

In May 2022, the Company was awarded the “Therapeutic Accelerator Award” grant from Pancreatic Cancer Network (“PanCAN”) for up to $3.8 million (the “PanCAN Grant”). In August 2022, PanCAN agreed to provide the Company with an additional $0.5 million for the collection and analysis of patient samples. The grant is expected to support a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial of GEMZAR (gemcitabine) and ABRAXANE (Nab-paclitaxel) in combination with avutometinib and defactinib entitled RAMP 205. The RAMP 205 trial will evaluate whether combining avutometinib (to target mutant KRAS, which is found in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas) and defactinib (to reduce stromal density and adaptive resistance to avutometinib) to the standard GEMZAR/ABRAXANE regimen improves outcomes for patients with such pancreatic cancers. Through March 31, 2023, the Company has received $1.8 million of cash proceeds in which was initially recorded as deferred liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company recognizes grants as contra research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. The Company recorded $0.1 million of the proceeds as a reduction of research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1.4 million as deferred liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet related to the PanCAN Grant.

Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk

Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk

Cash, cash equivalents, investments and trade accounts receivable are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. The Company mitigates this risk by maintaining its cash and cash equivalents and investments with high quality, accredited financial institutions. The management of the Company’s investments is not discretionary on the part of these financial institutions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments were deposited at four financial institutions and it has no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not have an accounts receivable balance. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not record any revenue.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 will replace the incurred loss impairment methodology under current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-13. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued No. ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40) (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 simplifies the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The ASU also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The Company elected to adopt this standard on January 1, 2023 under the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.

In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations (“ASU 2022-04”). ASU 2022-04 requires the buyer in a supplier finance program to disclose information about the key terms of the program, outstanding confirmed amounts as of the end of the period, a rollforward of such amounts during each annual period, and a description of where in the financial statements outstanding amounts are presented. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. The adoption of the standard only resulted in new disclosures for amounts presented within Notes Payable and did not affect the Company’s recognition,

measurement, or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations on the condensed consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the new disclosures, see Note 9, Notes Payable.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. Significant accounting policies in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, except as outlined within “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates” section immediately below.

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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Schedule of reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	97,260	$	74,933
Restricted cash		1,489		856
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	98,749	$	75,789

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Fair value of financial instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair value of financial instruments

Schedule of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	78,301	$	70,824	$	7,477	$	—
Short-term investments		13,944		—		13,944		—
Total financial assets	$	92,245	$	70,824	$	21,421	$	—
Preferred stock tranche liability	$	3,510	$	—	$	—	$	3,510

	December 31, 2022
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	$	73,613	$	72,617	$	996	$	—
Short-term investments		12,961		—		12,961		—
Total financial assets	$	86,574	$	72,617	$	13,957	$	—

Schedule of derivative liability reconciliation

	March 31, 2023		January 24, 2023
Risk-free interest rate	4.45-4.94	%	4.41-4.84	%
Volatility	95	%	90	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Remaining term (years)	1.3		1.5

Schedule of reconciliation of derivative liability

January 1, 2023	$	—
Fair value recognized upon entering into Securities Purchase Agreement		6,940
Fair value adjustment		(3,430)
March 31, 2023	$	3,510

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Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investments

Schedule of cash, cash equivalents and investments

Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	91,271	$	—	$	—	$	91,271
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		7,476		2		—		7,478
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	98,747	$	2	$	—	$	98,749
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total investments	$	13,940	$	4	$	—	$	13,944
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	112,687	$	6	$	—	$	112,693

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:
Cash and money market accounts	$	74,794	$	—	$	—	$	74,794
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)		995		—	$	—		995
Total cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash:	$	75,789	$	—	$	—	$	75,789
Investments:
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total investments	$	12,961	$	2	$	(2)	$	12,961
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	88,750	$	2	$	(2)	$	88,750

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Accrued expenses (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accrued expenses

Schedule of accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Research and development expenses	$	8,952	$	8,535
Compensation and related benefits		1,786		3,844
Professional fees		972		469
Consulting fees		991		902
Interest		204		192
Commercialization costs		90		148
Other		943		893
Total accrued expenses	$	13,938	$	14,983

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Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Long-term debt

Schedule of carrying value of debt

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Principal loan balance	$	40,000	$	25,000
Final Payment Fee		304		225
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion		(730)		(699)
Long-term debt, net of discount	$	39,574	$	24,526

Schedule of interest expenses

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Contractual Interest	$	632	$	41
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		58		10
Amortization of Final Payment Fee		79		5
Total	$	769	$	56

Schedule of future principal payments under the Loan Agreement

As of March 31, 2023, future principal payments due are as follows (in thousands):

2023		—
2024		—
2025		15,000
2026		20,000
2027		5,000
Total principal payments	$	40,000

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases

Summary of elements of lease expenses

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Lease Expense
Operating lease expense	$	221	$	221
Total Lease Expense	$	221	$	221
Other Information - Operating Leases
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities	$	262	$	257

		March 31, 2023
Other Balance Sheet Information - Operating Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		2.3
Weighted average discount rate		14.6%
Maturity Analysis
2023		798
2024		1,081
2025		546
Total	$	2,425
Less: Present value discount		(346)
Lease Liability	$	2,079

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Stock-based compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stock-based compensation

Summary of stock option activity and related information

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average exercise price per share		Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	14,018,610	$	2.80	7.1	$	18
Granted	9,925,247		0.66
Forfeited/cancelled	(98,248)		2.21
Expired	(130,000)		9.80
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	23,715,609	$	1.87	8.1	$	20
Vested at March 31, 2023	9,132,740	$	3.09	6.1	$	5

Schedule of assumptions used to estimate fair value of each stock option on grant date

The fair value of each stock option granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.56	%	2.18	%
Volatility	90	%	87	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	6.2		5.6

Schedule of restricted stock units

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows:

	Shares	Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,074,967	$	2.09
Granted	96,700	$	0.54
Vested	(228,824)	$	2.18
Forfeited/cancelled	(15,000)	$	1.13
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	1,927,843	$	2.08

Schedule of assumptions used to estimate fair value of each employee stock purchase plan on grant date

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.77	%	0.22	%
Volatility	106	%	50	%
Dividend yield	—		—
Expected term (years)	0.5		0.5

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Net loss per share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net loss per share

Schedule of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share

The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Outstanding stock options	23,715,609	15,943,060
Outstanding restricted stock units	1,927,843	2,599,205
2018 Notes	41,873	41,873
Employee stock purchase plan	81,629	51,050
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock	10,000,000	—
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock	50,838,840	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	86,605,794	18,635,188

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License, collaboration and commercial agreements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

License, collaboration and commercial agreements

Schedule of contract assets

The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract asset for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Contract Asset:	December 31, 2022		Additions		Reclassification to receivable		March 31, 2023
Contract asset - Secura	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62
Total	$	96	$	—	$	(34)	$	62

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Nature of business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 25, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Nature of business
Cash, cash equivalents, and investments		$ 111,200
Accumulated deficit		$ 753,237	$ 737,523
Term loan
Nature of business
Issuance of debt	$ 25,000

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Summary of significant accounting policies - Proceeds from grants (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2022	May 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of significant accounting policies
Grant awarded, amount		$ 3,800
Cash proceeds	$ 500		$ 1,800
Reduction of research and development expense			100
Deferred liabilities			$ 1,403	$ 710

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Summary of significant accounting policies - Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2022	May 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023
Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk
Off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk description			As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments were deposited at four financial institutions and it has no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk, such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the Company did not have an accounts receivable balance. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company
Grant awarded, amount		$ 3,800
Cash proceeds	$ 500		$ 1,800
Reduction of research and development expense			100
Deferred liabilities			$ 693

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Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 97,260	$ 74,933
Restricted cash	241	241
Restricted cash	1,489	856
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	98,749	75,789	$ 46,928	$ 21,493
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Restricted cash	1,200	$ 600
Letter of credit | Office and Laboratory Space in Needham, Massachusetts. | Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Restricted cash	$ 200

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Fair value of financial instruments - Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial assets
Preferred stock tranche liability	$ 3,510
Level 3
Financial assets
Preferred stock tranche liability	3,510
Recurring basis
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	78,301	$ 73,613
Short-term investments	13,944	12,961
Total financial assets	92,245	86,574
Preferred stock tranche liability	3,510
Recurring basis | Level 1
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	70,824	72,617
Total financial assets	70,824	72,617
Recurring basis | Level 2
Financial assets
Cash equivalents	7,477	996
Short-term investments	13,944	12,961
Total financial assets	21,421	$ 13,957
Recurring basis | Level 3
Financial assets
Preferred stock tranche liability	$ 3,510

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Fair value of financial instruments (Details) $ in Thousands	Nov. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jan. 24, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Oct. 17, 2018
Financial liabilities
Long-term debt		$ 39,574		$ 24,526
Debt, carrying value		$ 40,000		25,000
2018 Notes principle balance
Financial liabilities
Interest rate (as a percent)	15.65%	5.00%			5.00%
Debt, carrying value		$ 300		300
Level 3 | 2018 Notes principle balance
Financial liabilities
Fair value of long-term debt				24,900
Debt, fair value		300
Long-term debt		39,600		$ 24,500
Level 3 | Term loan
Financial liabilities
Fair value of long-term debt		$ 39,100
Risk-free interest rate | Maximum
Financial liabilities
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input		0.0494	0.0484
Risk-free interest rate | Minimum
Financial liabilities
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input		0.0445	0.0441
Volatility
Financial liabilities
Debt Instrument, Measurement Input		0.95	0.9
Remaining term
Financial liabilities
Remaining term (years)		1 year 4 months	1 year 6 months

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Fair value of financial instruments - Preferred stock right liability (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Financial assets
Fair value recognized upon entering into Securities Purchase Agreement	$ 6,940
Fair value adjustment	3,430
March 31, 2023	3,510
Level 3
Financial assets
Fair value recognized upon entering into Securities Purchase Agreement	6,940
Fair value adjustment	(3,430)
March 31, 2023	$ 3,510

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Investments (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) item	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Amortized Cost	$ 97,260		$ 74,933
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, Gross Unrealized Gains	6		2
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, Gross Unrealized Losses			$ (2)
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, Fair Value	111,200
Accrued interest receivable	100
Realized gains or losses on investments	$ 0	$ 0
Number of investments in unrealized loss position | item			2
Number of investments in unrealized loss position for more than 12 months | item	0		0
Fair value less than 12 months			$ 6,000
Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, Amortized Cost	$ 112,687		88,750
Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, Fair Value	$ 112,693		$ 88,750
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days)
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Original maturity period, cash and cash equivalents	90 days		90 days
Gross Unrealized Gains	$ 2
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days) | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Amortized Cost	7,476
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 90 days) | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Fair Value	$ 7,478
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year)
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Maturity period, investments	1 year		1 year
Gross Unrealized Gains	$ 4		$ 2
Gross Unrealized Losses			(2)
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year) | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Due within 1 year, Amortized Cost	13,940		12,961
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper (due within 1 year) | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Due within 1 year, Fair Value	13,944		12,961
Investments.
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Gross Unrealized Gains	4		2
Gross Unrealized Losses			(2)
Investments. | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Investments, Amortized Cost	13,940		12,961
Investments. | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	13,944		12,961
Cash and money market accounts. | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Amortized Cost	91,271		74,794
Cash and money market accounts. | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Fair Value	91,271		74,794
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Amortized Cost			995
Corporate bonds, agency bonds and commercial paper | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Fair Value			995
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Gross Unrealized Gains	2
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash | Amortized Cost
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Amortized Cost	98,747		75,789
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash | Total
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents & restricted cash, Fair Value	$ 98,749		$ 75,789

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Accrued expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accrued expenses
Research and development expenses	$ 8,952	$ 8,535
Compensation and related benefits	1,786	3,844
Professional fees	972	469
Consulting fees	991	902
Interest	204	192
Commercialization costs	90	148
Other	943	893
Total accrued expenses	$ 13,938	$ 14,983

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Long-term debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 22, 2023	Mar. 25, 2022
Loan Agreement
Long-term debt
Financial covenants		$ 0.0
Accrued interest rate		5.00%
Term loan
Long-term debt
Aggregate principal amount		$ 150.0
Issuance of debt		25.0
Current borrowing capacity		$ 125.0
Percentage of final prepayment fee		5.00%
Additional interest rate in an event of default		0.50%
Term loan | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
Long-term debt
Interest rate		7.37%
Basis spread		0.13%
Term loan | If prepaid on or before the first anniversary
Long-term debt
Percentage of final prepayment fee		3.00%
Term loan | If prepaid after the first anniversary and on or before the second anniversary
Long-term debt
Percentage of final prepayment fee		2.00%
Term loan | If prepaid after the second anniversary
Long-term debt
Percentage of final prepayment fee		1.00%
Term B Loan
Long-term debt
Aggregate principal amount	$ 15.0	$ 15.0
Regulatory milestone payments		35.0
Minimum unrestricted cash proceeds from sale or issuance of equity securities	$ 50.0	$ 50.0
Debt instrument period to draw loan, Minimum		60 days
Term C Loan
Long-term debt
Aggregate principal amount		$ 25.0
Debt instrument period to draw loan, Minimum		60 days
Term D Loan
Long-term debt
Aggregate principal amount		$ 35.0
Debt instrument period to draw loan, Minimum		30 days
Gross product revenue to be achieved		$ 50.0
Term E Loan
Long-term debt
Aggregate principal amount		$ 50.0

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Long-term debt - Components of carrying value of debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Long-term debt
Principal loan balance	$ 40,000	$ 25,000
Final Payment Fee	304	225
Debt issuance costs, net of accretion	(730)	(699)
Long-term debt, net of discount	$ 39,574	$ 24,526

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Debt - Schedule of interest expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Long-term debt
Contractual Interest	$ 632	$ 41
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	58	10
Amortization of Final Payment Fee	79	5
Interest Expense, Total	$ 769	$ 56

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Long-term debt - Future principal payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Future principal payments
2025	$ 15,000
2026	20,000
2027	5,000
Total principal payments	$ 40,000

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Leases (Details) - Office and Laboratory Space in Needham, Massachusetts. $ in Millions	Feb. 15, 2018 USD ($) ft²	Apr. 15, 2014 ft²
Leases
Area of space | ft²	27,810	15,197
Minimum
Leases
Operating lease expense	$ 0.7
Maximum
Leases
Operating lease expense	$ 1.1

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Leases - Balance sheet and other information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Leases
Right-of use asset	$ 1,645		$ 1,789
Lease liability	2,079
Lease Expense
Operating lease expense	221	$ 221
Total Lease Expense	221	221
Other Information - Operating Leases
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities	$ 262	$ 257
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	2 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted average discount rate	14.60%
Maturity Analysis
2023	$ 798
2024	1,081
2025	546
Total	2,425
Less: Present value discount	(346)
Lease Liability	$ 2,079

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Notes Payable (Details) - AFCO - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Short-Term Debt [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount	$ 1.4
Interest rate (as a percent)	7.40%
Monthly payments	$ 0.1
Note Payable		$ 1.0

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Convertible Senior Notes - Schedule of Notes Carrying Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Convertible Notes
Debt, carrying value	$ 40,000		$ 25,000
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	(58)	$ (10)
2018 Notes principle balance
Convertible Notes
Debt, carrying value	300		300
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	(18)		(25)
Convertible senior notes	$ 282		$ 275

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Convertible Senior Notes (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended
	Nov. 06, 2020 USD ($)	Oct. 17, 2018 USD ($) D $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Convertible Notes
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares			$ 0.0001				$ 0.0001
Percentage price of principal amount to be purchased plus accrued and unpaid interest			100.00%
Other Nonoperating Income (Expenses)			$ (7)	$ 28
Notes outstanding			39,574				$ 24,526
Debt, carrying value			$ 40,000				25,000
2018 Notes principle balance
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount		$ 150,000
Interest rate (as a percent)		5.00%	5.00%			15.65%
Net proceeds		$ 145,300
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 0.0001
Initial conversion rate		139.5771
Initial conversion price of Common Stock | $ / shares		$ 7.16
Percentage of stock price trigger for conversion		130.00%
Trading days | D		20
Consecutive trading days | D		30
Debt, carrying value			$ 300				$ 300
2019 Notes
Convertible Notes
Debt Conversion, Original Debt, Amount					$ 121,700
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Amount					66,900
Repayments of Convertible Debt					$ 12,100
Interest rate (as a percent)					5.00%
Debt, carrying value								$ 0
2018 Notes, net
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount	$ 28,000
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Amount	$ 28,000
Interest rate (as a percent)	5.00%

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Capital stock (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Jan. 24, 2023 USD ($) tranche D $ / shares shares	Nov. 04, 2022 $ / shares shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized | shares	5,000,000
Preferred stock tranche liability | $	$ 3,510
SeriesA Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, shares issued upon conversion | shares			10
Conversion of preferred stock, conversion blocker, percent			9.99%
Conversion of Preferred Stock, Conversion Blocker, Notice Period			60 days
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Convertible preferred stock, shares issued upon conversion | shares		42.3657
Conversion of preferred stock, conversion blocker, percent		9.99%
Conversion of Preferred Stock, Conversion Blocker, Notice Period		60 days
Threshold share price | $ / shares		$ 31.77
Expected closing period of issuance		10 days
Liquidation preference per share | $ / shares		$ 1.00
Fair value of the Second Tranche Right | $	3,500	$ 6,900
Preferred stock tranche liability | $		$ 6,900
Mark-to-market adjustment under change in fair value of preferred stock tranche liability | $	$ 3,400
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock | Private placement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued | shares		944,160
Conversion price | $ / shares		$ 0.5901
Gross proceeds | $		$ 30,000
Threshold share price | $ / shares		$ 1.125
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 0.75
Share issue period		10 days
Threshold trading volume | $		$ 25,000
Trading days | D		7
Maximum | SeriesA Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion of Preferred Stock, Conversion Blocker, Percent, Upon Giving Notice			19.99%
Maximum | Series B Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate shares to be sold | shares		2,144,160
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 0.0001
Number of tranches | tranche		2
Conversion of Preferred Stock, Conversion Blocker, Percent, Upon Giving Notice		19.99%
Shares issued | shares		1,200,000
Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 25.00
BVP | Common stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Conversion of stock, shares converted | shares			10,000,000
BVP | SeriesA Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares			$ 0.0001
Shares issued on conversion | shares			1,000,000

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Stock-based compensation - Stock Options (Details) - Stock options - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Shares
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	14,018,610
Granted (in shares)	9,925,247
Forfeited/cancelled (in shares)	(98,248)
Expired	(130,000)
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	23,715,609		14,018,610
Vested at the end of the period (in shares)	9,132,740
Weighted-average exercise price per share
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 2.80
Granted (in dollars per share)	0.66
Forfeited/cancelled (in dollars per share)	2.21
Expired (in dollars per share)	9.80
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	1.87		$ 2.80
Vested at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 3.09
Weighted-average remaining contractual term
Outstanding at the end of the period	8 years 1 month 6 days		7 years 1 month 6 days
Vested at the end of the period	6 years 1 month 6 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars)	$ 18
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars)	20		$ 18
Vested at the end of the period (in dollars)	$ 5
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of each stock-based award on the grant date
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)	3.56%	2.18%
Volatility (as a percent)	90.00%	87.00%
Expected term (years)	6 years 2 months 12 days	5 years 7 months 6 days

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Stock-based compensation - Restricted Stock (Details) - Restricted stock units	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Shares
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares) | shares	2,074,967
Granted (in shares) | shares	96,700
Vested (in shares) | shares	(228,824)
Forfeited/cancelled (in shares) | shares	(15,000)
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares) | shares	1,927,843
Weighted-average grant date fair value
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.09
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0.54
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	2.18
Forfeited/cancelled (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	1.13
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.08

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Stock-based compensation - Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jun. 21, 2019 item shares	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of each stock-based award on the grant date
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase program		$ 29	$ 100
Employee Stock purchase plan
Stock-based compensation
Percent of common stock at market price to be purchased	85.00%
Number of vesting periods | item	2
Vesting period	6 months
Shares reserved for issuance | shares	2,000,000
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of each stock-based award on the grant date
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)		4.77%	0.22%
Volatility (as a percent)		106.00%	50.00%
Dividend yield (as a percent)		0.00%	0.00%
Expected term (years)		6 months	6 months
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | shares		82,496
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase program		$ 29
Employee Stock purchase plan | Maximum
Assumptions used to estimate fair value of each stock-based award on the grant date
Stock-based compensation expense		$ 100	$ 100

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Net loss per share - Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	86,605,794	18,635,188
Outstanding stock options
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	23,715,609	15,943,060
Restricted stock units
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	1,927,843	2,599,205
2018 Notes.
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	41,873	41,873
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	81,629	51,050
Series A Preferred Stock
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	10,000,000
Series B Preferred Stock
Net loss per share
Potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	50,838,840

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License, collaboration and commercial agreements - Secura (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) Milestone	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Revenue recognized		$ 2,596
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Upfront payment	$ 70,000
Milestone payments receivable upon approval of COPIKTRA	35,000
Milestone payments receivable upon approval for commercial sale	10,000
Threshold sales to trigger royalty payments	$ 100,000
Percentage of all royalty, milestone and sublicense revenue payments payable	50.00%
Percentage of all royalty and milestone payments payable under certain jurisdictions	50.00%
Future potential royalties expected to be received			$ 100
Revenue recognized		2,600
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura | Sale of COPIKTRA license and related assets
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Regulatory milestone payments		2,500
Proceeds related to royalties		$ 100
Number of regulatory milestone achieved | Milestone		1
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura | Sales Exceeds $100 Million
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Sales milestone receivable	$ 10,000
Threshold sales to trigger milestone payments	100,000
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura | Sales Exceeds $200 Million
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Sales milestone receivable	15,000
Threshold sales to trigger milestone payments	200,000
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura | Sales Exceeds $300 Million
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Sales milestone receivable	25,000
Threshold sales to trigger milestone payments	300,000
License and Collaboration Agreement | Secura | Maximum
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Regulatory milestone payments	45,000
Sales milestone receivable	$ 50,000

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License, collaboration and commercial agreements - Secura - Contract asset (Details) - License and Collaboration Agreement $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Balance at the beginning of period	$ 96
Reclassification to receivable	(34)
Balance at the end of period	62
Secura
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Balance at the beginning of period	96
Reclassification to receivable	(34)
Balance at the end of period	$ 62

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Income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income taxes
Income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0

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Commitments and contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and contingencies
Other commitments	$ 0.0