Marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity and are carried at fair value or amortized cost plus accrued income, respectively. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of income taxes, on available-for-sale debt securities are reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. For the purposes of computing realized and unrealized gains and losses, cost is determined on a specific identification basis. We classify all marketable securities within current assets on our accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, including those with maturity dates beyond twelve months, as they are available to support our current operational liquidity needs.

Merchandise inventories are comprised of finished goods offered for sale at our retail stores and online. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the retail inventory method. An initial markup is applied to inventory at cost in order to establish a cost-to-retail ratio. We believe that the retail inventory method approximates cost. Shipping and handling costs for merchandise shipped to customers of $20.0 million, $20.6 million and $12.1 million in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are included in cost of goods sold in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We review our inventory levels to identify slow-moving merchandise and generally use markdowns to clear this merchandise. At any given time, merchandise inventories include items that have been marked down to management’s best estimate of their fair market value at retail price, with a proportionate write-down to the cost of the inventory. Our management bases the decision to mark down merchandise primarily upon its current sell-through rate and the age of the item, among other factors. These markdowns may have an adverse impact on earnings, depending on the extent and amount of inventory affected. Markdowns are recorded as an increase to cost of goods sold in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total markdowns, including permanent and promotional markdowns, on a cost basis were $52.5 million, $46.5 million, and $53.3 million in fiscal year 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As of the end of fiscal 2021 and 2020, total accrued markdowns on the balance sheet were $1.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

We also record an inventory shrinkage reserve calculated as a percentage of net sales for estimated merchandise losses for the period between the last physical inventory count and the balance sheet date. These estimates are based on historical percentages and can be affected by changes in merchandise mix and changes in shrinkage trends. We perform physical inventory counts at least once per year for the entire chain of stores and our distribution center and adjust the inventory shrinkage reserve accordingly. If actual physical inventory losses differ significantly from the estimate, our results of operations could be adversely impacted. The inventory shrinkage reserve reduces the value of total inventory and is a component of inventories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The inventory shrinkage reserve at January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021 was not material.

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Equipment is depreciated over five to seven years. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over five years. Computer software is depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements and the cost of acquiring leasehold rights are amortized over the lesser of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement. The cost of assets sold or retired and the related accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts with any resulting gain or loss included in net (loss) income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Impairments are recorded on long-lived assets used in operations whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the net carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Important factors that could result in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or planned operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or significant changes in business strategies. An evaluation is performed using estimated undiscounted future cash flows from operating activities compared to the carrying value of related assets for the individual stores. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the assets based on the discounted cash flows of the assets using a rate that approximates the weighted average cost of capital. With regard to retail store assets, which are comprised of leasehold improvements, fixtures and computer hardware and software, and operating lease assets, we consider the assets at each individual retail store to represent an asset group. In addition, we have considered the relevant valuation techniques that could be applied without undue cost and effort and have determined that the discounted estimated future cash flow approach provides the most relevant and reliable means by which to determine fair value in this circumstance. Refer to "Note 11: Fair Value Measurements", for further information.

We conduct all of our retail sales and corporate operations in leased facilities. Lease terms for our stores are generally ten years in duration (subject to extensions) and provide for escalations in base rents periodically. Many of our store leases contain one or more options to renew the lease at our sole discretion. Generally, we do not consider any additional renewal periods to be reasonably certain of being exercised.

Most store leases include tenant allowances from landlords, rent escalation clauses and/or contingent rent provisions. Certain leases provide for additional rent based on a percentage of sales and annual rent increases generally based upon the Consumer Price Index. In addition, most of our store leases are net leases, which typically require us to be responsible for certain property operating expenses, including property taxes, insurance, common area maintenance, in addition to base rent. Many of our store leases contain certain co-tenancy provisions that permit us to pay rent based on a pre-determined percentage of sales when the occupancy of the retail center falls below minimums established in the lease. For non-cancelable operating lease agreements, operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are established for leases with an expected term greater than one year and we recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis. Contingent rent, determined based on a percentage of sales in excess of specified levels, is recognized as rent expense when the achievement of the specified sales that triggers the contingent rent is probable.

Revenue is recognized for store sales when the customer receives and pays for the merchandise at the register, net of estimated returns and taxes collected from our customers. For e-commerce sales, we recognize revenue, net of sales taxes and estimated sales returns, and the related cost of goods sold at the time the merchandise is shipped to the customer. Amounts related to shipping and handling that are billed to customers are reflected in net sales, and the related costs are reflected in cost of goods sold in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. For fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, shipping and handling fee revenue included in net sales was $5.8 million, $5.4 million, and $2.9 million, respectively.

We recognize revenue from gift cards as they are redeemed for merchandise. Prior to redemption, we maintain a current liability for unredeemed gift card balances. The customer liability balance was $11.2 million as of January 29, 2022 and $9.6 million as of January 30, 2021, and is included in deferred revenue on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our gift cards do not have expiration dates and in most cases there is no legal obligation to remit unredeemed gift cards to relevant jurisdictions. Based on actual historical redemption patterns, we determined that a small percentage of gift cards are unlikely to be redeemed (which we refer to as gift card “breakage”). Based on our historical gift card breakage rate, we recognize breakage revenue over the redemption period in proportion to actual gift card redemptions. Revenue recognized from gift cards was $17.2 million, $14.7 million and $18.9 million for fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. For fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, the opening gift card balances were $9.6 million, $9.3 million, and $8.7 million, respectively, of which $5.3 million, $5.0 million, and $5.5 million, respectively, were recognized as revenue during the period.

The following table summarizes the percent of net sales by department:


	Fiscal Year Ended
	January 29, 2022	January 30, 2021		February 1, 2020
Mens	37%	36	%	36	%
Womens	26%	27	%	24	%
Accessories	16%	15	%	18	%
Footwear	11%	12	%	12	%
Boys	5%	5	%	6	%
Girls	4%	4	%	4	%
Outdoor	1%	1	%	—	%
Total net sales	100%	100	%	100	%

We have a customer loyalty program where customers accumulate points based on purchase activity. Once a loyalty member achieves a certain point level, the member earns an award that may be used towards the purchase of merchandise. Unredeemed awards and accumulated partial points are accrued as deferred revenue and awards redeemed by the member for merchandise are recorded as an increase to net sales. Our loyalty program allows customers to redeem their awards instantly or build up to additional awards over time. We currently expire unredeemed awards and accumulated partial points 365 days after the last purchase activity. A liability is estimated based on the standalone selling price of awards and partial points earned and estimated redemptions. The deferred revenue for this program was $5.9 million as of January 29, 2022 and $3.9 million as of January 30, 2021. The value of points redeemed through our loyalty program was $10.5 million, $6.5 million and $6.1 million during fiscal year 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. For fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, the opening loyalty program balances were $3.9 million, $2.4 million, and $1.7 million, respectively, of which $3.5 million, $1.8 million, and $0.8 million, respectively, were recognized as revenue during the period.

We expense advertising costs as incurred, except for direct-mail advertising expenses which are recognized at the time of mailing. Advertising costs include such things as production and distribution of print and digital catalogs; print, online and mobile advertising costs; radio advertisements; and grand openings and other events. Advertising expense, which is classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, was $24.5 million, $20.5 million and $15.9 million in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We apply the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), for accounting for equity instruments exchanged for employee services. Under the provisions of this standard, share-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant). Changes in these inputs and assumptions can materially affect the measurement of the estimated fair value of award and related share-based compensation expense. Refer to “Note 12: Share-Based Compensation”, for further information.

We accrue income taxes payable or refundable and recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on differences between GAAP and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse, and recognize the effect of a change in enacted rates in the period of enactment.

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding adjusted for the incremental shares attributed to restricted stock and outstanding options to purchase common stock. Refer to “Note 15: Earnings (Loss) Per Share”, for further information.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. At January 29, 2022 and January 30, 2021, and at various times throughout these years, we had cash in financial institutions in excess of the $250,000 amount insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We typically invest our cash in highly rated, short-term commercial paper, interest-bearing money market funds, municipal bonds and certificates of deposit.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates.

Certain prior year amounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations. A reclassification has been made to prior year's Consolidated Balance Sheets for fiscal year ended January 30, 2021 to identify deferred tax assets of $11.9 million and the long-term portion of credit facility costs of $0.4 million. This change in classification does not affect previously reported cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"), which modifies or replaces existing models for impairment of trade and other receivables, debt securities, loans, beneficial interests held as assets, purchased-credit impaired financial assets and other instruments. The new standard requires entities to measure expected losses over the life of the asset and recognize an allowance for estimated credit losses upon recognition of the financial instrument. ASU 2016-13 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2023, with early adoption permitted and must be adopted using the modified retrospective method. We expect the new rules to apply to our fixed income securities recorded at amortized cost and classified as held-to-maturity and our trade receivables. We do not expect the adoption of this new standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.