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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Acutus Medical, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Acutus Medical NV (“Acutus NV”), which was incorporated under the laws of Belgium in August 2013. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The most significant estimates and assumptions in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, useful lives of intangible assets, assessment of impairment of goodwill, measurement of operating lease liabilities, and the fair value of common stock, stock options, warrants, intangible assets, contingent consideration and goodwill. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Segments
Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash equivalents have liquid markets and high credit ratings. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposits and other accounts, the balances of which, at times and as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, exceeded federally insured limits.
Restricted cash serves as collateral for the Company’s corporate credit card program. The following table reconciles cash and restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets to the totals shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands).
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents$24,071 $25,234 
Restricted cash150 150 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$24,221 $25,384 
Marketable Securities
The Company considers its debt securities to be available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are initially classified as cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities or long-term marketable securities based on the maturity date at time of purchase and their availability to meet current operating requirements. Marketable securities that mature in three months or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents. Marketable securities, excluding cash equivalents, that mature in one year or less are classified as short-term available-for-sale securities and are reported as a component of current assets.
Securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair value with temporary unrealized gains and losses reported in other comprehensive loss, and as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) until their disposition or maturity. See “Fair Value Measurements” below. The Company reviews all available-for-sale securities at each period end to determine if they remain available-for-sale based on the Company’s current intent and ability to sell the security if it is required to do so. Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities, if any, are calculated using the specific-identification method.
Marketable securities are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company may recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of investments below the cost basis is determined to be other-than-temporary. In determining whether a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and
severity of the impairment, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. Declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairments related to marketable securities in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.
Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and marketable securities. Cash and restricted cash are maintained in accounts with financial institutions, which, at times may exceed the Federal depository insurance coverage of $0.25 million. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant. The Company’s marketable securities portfolio consists of investments in money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, Yankee debt securities, supranational, asset-backed securities and short-term high credit quality corporate debt securities.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The Company accounts for revenue earned from contracts with customers under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), and ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). The core principle of ASC 606 is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:
Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer.
Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.
Step 3: Determine the transaction price.
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.
Step 5: Recognize revenue when, or as, the company satisfies a performance obligation.
ASC 842 provides guidance on determining if an agreement contains a lease. ASC 842 defines a lease as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
For new customers, the Company places its medical diagnostic equipment, AcQMap System, at customer sites under evaluation agreements and generates revenue from the sale of disposable products used with the AcQMap System. Disposable products primarily include AcQMap Catheters and AcQGuide Steerable Sheaths. Outside of the U.S., the Company also has the Qubic Force Device which generates revenue from the sale of the AcQBlate FORCE Ablation Catheters. The Company provides the disposable products in exchange for consideration, which occurs when a customer submits a purchase order and the Company provides disposables at the agreed upon prices in the invoice. Generally, customers purchase disposable products using separate purchase orders after the equipment has been provided to the customer for free with no binding agreement or requirement to purchase any disposable products. The Company has elected the practical expedient and accounting policy election to account for the shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the disposable products and not as a separate performance obligation.
The Company sells the AcQMap System to customers along with software updates on a when-and-if-available basis, as well as the Qubic Force Device and a transseptal crossing line of products which can be used in a variety of heart procedures and does not need to be accompanied with an AcQMap System or Qubic Force Device. Included in the transseptal crossing line of products are primarily the AcQRef introducer sheath, the AcQGuide sheaths and the AcQCross Transseptal Dilator/Needle.

The Company also enters into deferred equipment agreements that are generally structured such that the Company agrees to provide an AcQMap System at no up-front charge, with title of the device transferring to the customer at the end of the contract term, in exchange for the customer’s commitment to purchase disposables at a specified price over the term of the agreement, which generally ranges from two to four years. The Company has determined that the deferred equipment agreements include an embedded sales-type lease. The Company allocates contract consideration under deferred equipment agreements containing fixed annual disposable purchase commitments to the underlying lease and non-lease components at contract inception. The Company expenses the cost of the device at the inception of the agreement and records a financial lease asset equal to the gross
consideration allocated to the lease. The lease asset will be reduced by payments for minimum disposable purchases that are allocated to the lease.

Lastly, the Company enters into short-term operating leases, for the rental of the system after an evaluation. These lease agreements impose no requirement on the customer to purchase the equipment and the equipment is not transferred to the customer at the end of the lease term. The short-term nature of the lease agreements does not result in lease payments accumulating to an amount that equals the value of the equipment nor is the lease term reflective of the economic life of the equipment.

The Company’s contracts primarily include fixed consideration. Generally, there are no discounts, rebates, returns or other forms of variable consideration. Customers are generally required to pay within 30 to 60 days.

The delivery of disposable products are performance obligations satisfied at a point in time. The disposable products are shipped Free on Board (“FOB”) shipping point or FOB destination. For disposable products that are shipped FOB shipping point, the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and legal title to the assets when the disposable products leave the Company’s shipping facilities, thus the customer obtains control and revenue is recognized at that point in time. Revenue is recognized on delivery for disposable products shipped via FOB destination.

For direct customers, the installation and delivery of the AcQMap System is satisfied at a point in time when the installation is complete, which is when the customer can benefit and has control of the system. For AcQMap System sales sold to Biotronik SE & Co. KG (“Biotronik”), the installation is not a performance obligation as it is performed by Biotronik, and therefore the AcQMap System is satisfied at a point in time when they have control of the system. The Company’s software updates and equipment service performance obligations are satisfied evenly over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the Company’s performance for these services throughout the service period.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on the relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). The Company determines SSP for the purposes of allocating the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the adjusted market assessment approach that maximizes the use of observable inputs, which includes, but is not limited to, transactions where the specific performance obligations are sold separately, list prices and offers to customers.

Except for the deferred equipment agreements noted above, the Company’s contracts with customers generally have an expected duration of one year or less, and therefore the Company has elected the practical expedient in ASC 606 to not disclose information about its remaining performance obligations. Any incremental costs to obtain contracts are recorded as selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense as incurred due to the short duration of the Company’s contracts. The Company’s contract balances consisted solely of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

In May 2020, the Company entered into bi-lateral distribution agreements with Biotronik (the “Bi-Lateral Distribution Agreements”). Pursuant to the Bi-Lateral Distribution Agreements, the Company obtained a non-exclusive license to distribute a range of Biotronik’s products and accessories in the United States, Canada, China, Hong Kong and multiple Western European countries under the Company’s private label. Moreover, if an investigational device exemption (“IDE”) clinical trial is required for these products to obtain regulatory approval in the United States, or a clinical trial is required for these products to obtain regulatory approval in China, the Company will obtain an exclusive distribution right in such territories for a term of up to five years commencing on the date of regulatory approval if the Company covers the cost of the IDE or other clinical trial and the Company conducts such study within a specified period. Biotronik also agreed to distribute the Company’s products and accessories in Germany, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland and multiple countries in Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America. The Company also granted Biotronik a co-exclusive right to distribute these products in Hong Kong. Each party will pay to the other party specified transfer prices on the sale of the other party’s products and, accordingly, will earn a distribution margin on the sale of the other party’s products.
The following table sets forth the Company’s revenue for disposables, systems, and service/other for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Disposables$11,938 $6,713 
Systems4,058 1,660 
Service/Other1,267 91 
Total revenue$17,263 $8,464 
The following table provides revenue by geographic location for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
United States$8,325 $4,854 
Outside the United States8,938 3,610 
Total revenue$17,263 $8,464 
Inventory
Inventory is comprised of raw materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead and is stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. The Company recorded write-downs for excess and obsolete inventory based on management’s review of inventories on hand, compared to estimated future usage and sales, shelf-life and assumptions about the likelihood of obsolescence of $1.3 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Accounts Receivable
Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for uncollectible accounts. The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on various factors including historical experience, the length of time the receivables are past due and the financial health of the customer. The Company reserves specific receivables if collectability is no longer reasonably assured. Based upon the assessment of these factors, the Company did not record an allowance for uncollectible accounts as of December 31, 2021 or 2020.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally three to five years, or, in the case of leasehold improvements, over the lesser of the useful life of the related asset or the lease term.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of acquired developed technology, acquired in-process technology, trademarks and trade names and a customer-related intangible which were acquired as part of the acquisition of Rhythm Xience, Inc. (“Rhythm Xience”) in June 2019. The Company’s intangible assets also include a license agreement with Biotronik. The Company determines the appropriate useful life of its finite-lived intangible assets by performing an analysis of expected cash flows of the acquired assets. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed. Acquired in-process technology was classified as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, until the receipt of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval for the technology in January 2020. Once the FDA approval was received, the in-process technology was classified as a finite-lived intangible and amortization for in-process technology began. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired if their estimated fair values are less than their carrying value.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an entity over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and it is presented as goodwill in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Under ASC 350,
Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill is not amortized but is subject to periodic impairment testing. ASC 350 requires that an entity assign its goodwill to reporting units and test each reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment at least on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, which is performed annually during the fourth quarter, the Company could first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances led to a determination that it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company is required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company could also elect to perform a quantitative impairment test without first assessing qualitative factors. The Company has one reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the quantitative testing did not indicate any impairment for the carrying amount of goodwill.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the asset’s carrying value exceeds the total undiscounted cash flows expected from its use and eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss is determined as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company determined that there was no impairment of property and equipment or intangible assets.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
The assets, liabilities and results of operations of Acutus NV are measured using their functional currency, the Euro, which is the currency of the primary foreign economic environment in which this subsidiary operates. Upon consolidating this entity with the Company, its assets and liabilities are translated to U.S. dollars at currency exchange rates as of the balance sheet date and its revenues and expenses are translated at the weighted-average currency exchange rates during the applicable reporting periods. Translation adjustments resulting from the process of translating this entity’s financial statements are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets and foreign currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Lessee Leases
The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases, and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as both a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset results in straight-line rent expense over the lease term. Variable lease expenses are recorded when incurred.
In calculating the right-of-use asset and lease liability, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components. The Company excludes short-term leases having initial terms of twelve months or less from the new guidance as an accounting policy election.
Cost of Products Sold
Cost of products sold includes raw materials, direct labor, manufacturing overhead, shipping and receiving costs and other less significant indirect costs related to the production of the Company’s products.
Research and Development
The Company is actively engaged in new product research and development efforts. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) for personnel directly engaged in research and development activities, clinical trial expenses, equipment costs, material costs, allocated rent and facilities costs and depreciation.

In April 2021, the Company and Biotronik entered into a Feasibility and Development Agreement to pursue the development of hardware, software and IT infrastructure to implement the Qubic Connect System (“QBS”). The QBS will allow data transfer
from multiple diagnostic and therapeutic medical products during an electrophysiology procedure to be aggregated and analyzed for the purposes of designing improved treatment protocols.

Research and development expenses relating to possible future products are expensed as incurred. The Company also accrues and expenses costs for activities associated with clinical trials performed by third parties as incurred. All other costs relative to setting up clinical trial sites are expensed as incurred. Clinical trial site costs related to patient enrollment are accrued as patients are entered into the trials.
Selling, General and Administrative
SG&A expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) for personnel in sales, executive, finance and other administrative functions, allocated rent and facilities costs, legal fees relating to intellectual property and corporate matters, professional fees for accounting and consulting services, marketing costs and insurance costs. The Company expenses all SG&A costs as incurred.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value measurements are based on the premise that fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the following three-tier fair value hierarchy has been used in determining the inputs used in measuring fair value:
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and that are financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.
Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Management’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair values. Accordingly, the fair value estimates disclosed or initial amounts recorded may not be indicative of the amount that the Company or holders of the instruments could realize in a current market exchange. There were no transfers made among the three levels in the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s cash (excluding cash equivalents which are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis), restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses were carried at cost, which approximates the fair values due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt approximates fair value due to its variable market interest rate and management’s opinion that current rates and terms that would be available to the Company with the same maturity and security structure would be essentially equivalent to that of the Company’s long-term debt.
The following tables classify the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): 
Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2021
Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Fair Value at December 31, 2021
Assets included in:
Cash and cash equivalents
Money market securities$21,893 $— $— $21,893 
Marketable securities at fair value
Corporate debt securities— 18,860 — 18,860 
U.S. treasury securities— 5,064 — 5,064 
Commercial paper— 36,759 — 36,759 
Yankee debt securities— 3,932 — 3,932 
Supranational— 3,051 — 3,051 
Asset-backed securities— 16,156 — 16,156 
Total fair value$21,893 $83,822 $— $105,715 
Liabilities included in:
Contingent consideration$— $— $2,000 $2,000 
Total fair value$— $— $2,000 $2,000 
Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2020
Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Fair Value at December 31, 2020
Assets included in:
Cash and cash equivalents
Money market securities$19,070 $— $— $19,070 
Marketable securities at fair value
Corporate debt securities— 31,353 — 31,353 
Asset-backed securities— 8,726 — 8,726 
U.S. treasury securities— 20,531 — 20,531 
Commercial paper— 53,955 — 53,955 
Total fair value$19,070 $114,565 $— $133,635 
Liabilities included in:
Contingent consideration$— $— $9,300 $9,300 
Total fair value$— $— $9,300 $9,300 
The fair value of the Company’s money market funds is determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets.
The Company’s portfolio of marketable securities is comprised of commercial paper, asset-backed securities, U.S. treasury securities, Yankee debt securities, supranational and short-term highly liquid, high credit quality corporate debt securities. The fair value for the available-for-sale marketable securities is determined based on trade prices in active markets for identical
assets (Level 1 inputs) or valuation models using inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2 inputs), such as quoted prices for similar assets, yield curve, volatility factors, credit spreads, default rates, loss severity, current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, broker and dealer quotes, as well as other relevant economic measures.
The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):
 Common
and
Preferred
Stock
Warrant
Liability
Contingent
Consideration
Total
Balance, December 31, 2019$8,919 $13,900 $22,819 
Payment of contingent consideration— (2,500)(2,500)
Issuance of preferred stock for contingent
consideration
— (2,197)(2,197)
Reclassification of warrant liability
to additional paid-in capital
(14,474)— (14,474)
Change in fair value5,555 97 5,652 
Balance, December 31, 2020$— $9,300 $9,300 
Payment of contingent consideration— (3,435)(3,435)
Escrow release— (119)(119)
Change in fair value— (3,746)(3,746)
Balance, December 31, 2021$— $2,000 $2,000 
Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities) inputs.
The fair value of the contingent consideration from the acquisition of Rhythm Xience represents the estimated fair value of future payments due to the sellers of Rhythm Xience based on the achievement of certain milestones and revenue-based targets in certain years. The initial fair value of the revenue-based contingent consideration was calculated through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation using revenue projections for the respective earn-out period, corresponding targets and approximate timing of payments as outlined in the purchase agreement. The analyses used the following assumptions: (i) expected term; (ii) risk-adjusted net sales; (iii) risk-free interest rate; and (iv) expected volatility of net sales. Estimated payments, as determined through the respective model, were further discounted by a credit spread assumption to account for credit risk. The fair value of the milestones-based contingent consideration was determined by probability weighting and discounting to the respective valuation date at the Company’s cost of debt. The Company’s cost of debt was determined by performing a synthetic credit rating for the Company and selecting yields based on companies with a similar credit rating. The contingent consideration is revalued to fair value each period, and any increase or decrease is recorded in operating loss. The fair value of the contingent consideration may be impacted by certain unobservable inputs, most significantly with regard to discount rates, expected volatility and historical and projected performance. Significant changes to these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly different fair value measurement. The weighted-average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the contingent consideration from the acquisition of Rhythm Xience as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Risk-free interest rate0.60%0.20%
Expected term in years
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 - 2.0
Expected volatility28.8%17.2%
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for all stock-based payments to employees and non-employees, including grants of stock options, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and restricted stock units with non-market performance and service conditions (“PSUs”) to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements, based on their respective grant date fair
values. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The RSAs, RSUs and PSUs are valued based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company expenses stock-based compensation related to stock options, RSAs and RSUs over the requisite service period. As the PSUs have a performance condition, compensation expense was recognized for each vesting tranche over the respective requisite service period of each tranche upon the registration statement becoming effective on August 5, 2020, when the Company’s management deemed it probable that the performance conditions were satisfied. The Company recognized a cumulative true-up adjustment related to PSUs once the conditions became probable of being satisfied as the related service period had been completed in a prior period. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in cost of products sold, research and development expense or SG&A expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based upon the respective employee’s or non-employee’s roles within the Company. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur. See also “Note 16—Stock-Based Compensation” below.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse, and net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and research and development (“R&D”) tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to the unrecognized tax benefits.
Warrant Liability
The Company accounted for certain common stock warrants and convertible preferred stock warrants outstanding as a liability, in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), at fair value. This liability was subject to re-measurement at each reporting period and upon conversion to equity-classified warrants, and any change in fair value was recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In connection with the IPO on August 10, 2020, the common stock warrants and convertible preferred stock warrants that had been liability-classified were automatically converted into an equal number of warrants to purchase common stock and became equity-classified. The fair value of the outstanding liability on the conversion date was reclassified to additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. 
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting based on ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), which requires recognition and measurement of all identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair value as of the date control is obtained. The Company determines the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon its best estimates of the acquisition-date fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU No. 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2021, which did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Pronouncements to Be Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326). The ASU sets forth a “current expected credit loss” model which requires the Company to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, available-for-sale debt securities and applies to certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This ASU is effective for smaller reporting companies in 2023. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-4, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. These transactions include: contract modifications, hedging relationships and sale or transfer of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. Entities may apply the provisions of the new standard as of the beginning of the reporting period when the election is made (i.e., as early as the first quarter 2020). Unlike other topics, the provisions of this update are only available until December 31, 2022, when the reference rate replacement activity is expected to have been completed. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and has yet to elect an adoption date.

In April 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40), which provides clarification on how to account for a modification or exchange of free-standing equity-classified written call options that remain equity classified after the modification or exchange. This ASU is effective for smaller reporting companies in 2022. The Company does not expect the impact of the adoption of this ASU to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842), Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments, which clarifies that lessors should classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease. This ASU is effective for smaller reporting companies in 2022. The Company does not expect the impact of the adoption of this ASU to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.