License, Collaboration and Other Significant Agreements |
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Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
License, Collaboration and Other Significant Agreements | License, Collaboration and Other Significant Agreements During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized the following revenues from its license, collaboration and other significant agreements and had the following deferred revenue balances as of March 31, 2022:
The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract assets and liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
(1)Excludes accounts receivable from other services related to clinical and regulatory activities performed by the Company on behalf of MTPC that are not included in the performance obligations identified under the MTPC Agreement as of March 31, 2022 and 2021 and December 31, 2021 and 2020. Also excludes accounts receivable related to amounts due to the Company from product sales which are included in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized the following revenues as a result of changes in the contract asset and contract liability balances in the respective periods (in thousands):
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Collaboration Agreement Summary of Agreement On December 11, 2015, the Company and MTPC entered into the MTPC Agreement, providing MTPC with exclusive development and commercialization rights to vadadustat in Japan and certain other Asian countries, collectively, the MTPC Territory. In addition, the Company will supply vadadustat for both clinical and commercial use in the MTPC Territory, subject to MTPC’s option to manufacture commercial drug product in the MTPC Territory. In February 2021, the Company entered into the Royalty Agreement with HCR, whereby the Company sold its right to receive royalties and sales milestones under the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions (see Note 5 for additional information). A more detailed description of the MTPC Agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified two performance obligations in connection with its material promises under the MTPC Agreement as follows: (i) License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation and (ii) Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of the standalone selling price for the Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement and determined it is immaterial. As such, the Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation and allocated the entire transaction price to this performance obligation. The deliverables associated with the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation were satisfied as of June 30, 2018. As of March 31, 2022, the transaction price was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $20.0 million, (ii) the cost for the Phase 2 studies of $20.5 million, (iii) the cost of all clinical supply provided to MTPC for the Phase 3 studies, (iv) $10.0 million in development milestones received, (v) $25.0 million in regulatory milestones received, comprised of $10.0 million relating to the NDA filing in Japan and $15.0 million relating to regulatory approval of vadadustat in Japan, and (vi) $1.6 million in royalties from net sales of Vafseo. As of March 31, 2022, all development milestones and $25.0 million in regulatory milestones have been achieved. No other regulatory milestones have been assessed as probable of being achieved and as a result have been fully constrained. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. Revenue for the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation for the MTPC Agreement is being recognized using a proportional performance method, for which all deliverables have been completed. The Company recognized $0.3 million of revenue and immaterial revenue from MTPC royalties for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As noted above, in February 2021, the Company entered into the Royalty Agreement, whereby the Company sold its right to receive these royalties and sales milestones under the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions (see Note 5 for additional information). The revenue is classified as license, collaboration and other revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of March 31, 2022, the Company recorded $0.2 million in accounts receivable, no deferred revenue, and no contract assets. There were no asset or liability balances classified as long-term in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. Supply of Drug Product to MTPC In March 2020, in connection with the MTPC Agreement, the Company and MTPC entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to supply MTPC with certain vadadustat process validation drug product for commercial use and MTPC agreed to reimburse the Company for certain manufacturing-related expenses. In connection with this arrangement, the Company invoiced the upfront payment of $10.4 million, which it received during the three months ended June 30, 2020. The Company does not recognize revenue under this arrangement until delivery has occurred and risk of loss passes to MTPC. No revenues were recognized during each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 for drug product that was delivered during the applicable period. As of March 31, 2022, the Company recorded no accounts receivable, no deferred revenue, $1.9 million in other current liabilities and no other non-current liabilities for drug product that was subject to return by MTPC. On July 15, 2020, the Company and its collaboration partner MTPC entered into a supply agreement, or the MTPC Supply Agreement. The MTPC Supply Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which the Company will supply vadadustat drug product to MTPC for commercial use in Japan and certain other Asian countries, as contemplated by the MTPC Agreement. A more detailed description of this supply agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company recognized $7.6 million and no revenue under the MTPC Supply Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, the Company recorded $12.9 million in accounts receivable, no deferred revenue, $18.3 million in other current liabilities and $5.0 million in other non-current liabilities. U.S. Collaboration and License Agreement with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. On December 18, 2016, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Otsuka, or the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. The collaboration is focused on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in the United States. The Company is responsible for leading the development of vadadustat, for which it submitted an NDA to the FDA in March of 2021, and for which it received a CRL in March 2022. The Company will co-commercialize vadadustat in the United States with Otsuka, subject to the approval of vadadustat by the FDA. The Company controls and retains final decision-making authority with respect to certain matters, including U.S. pricing strategy and manufacturing. Under the terms of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, the Company granted to Otsuka a co-exclusive, non-sublicensable license under certain intellectual property controlled by the Company solely to perform medical affairs activities and to conduct non-promotional and commercialization activities related to vadadustat in the United States in accordance with the associated plans. The co-exclusive license relates to activities that will be jointly conducted by the Company and Otsuka pursuant to the terms of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. Additionally, the parties agreed not to promote, market or sell any competing product in the territory covered by the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company has identified three performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement as follows: (i) License and Development Services Combined (License Performance Obligation); (ii) Rights to Future Intellectual Property (Future IP Performance Obligation) and (iii) Joint Committee Services (Committee Performance Obligation). The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Committee Performance Obligation after considering the nature of the services to be performed and estimates of the associated effort and rates applicable to such services that would be expected to be realized under similar contracts. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Future IP Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement. The Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License Performance Obligation due to the following: (i) the best estimates of standalone selling price associated with the Future IP Performance Obligation was determined to be immaterial and (ii) the period of performance and pattern of recognition for the License Performance Obligation and the Committee Performance Obligation was determined to be similar. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. The Company determined that under ASC 606, the contract was modified in the second quarter of 2019, when the Company elected to require Otsuka to increase the aggregate percentage of current global development costs it funds under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement, as defined below, from 52.5% to 80%, or the Otsuka Funding Option, and the Company became eligible to receive the Additional Funding (defined below) amount. In connection with the modification, the Company adjusted the transaction price to include the Additional Funding amount as additional variable consideration. The Company constrains the variable consideration to an amount for which a significant revenue reversal is not probable. The Company estimates the additional funding as a result of exercising the Otsuka Funding Option, or the Additional Funding, will total approximately $149.6 million or more, depending on the actual costs incurred toward the current global development plan. The Additional Funding is fully creditable against future payments due to the Company under the arrangement, provided that future payments due to the Company may not be reduced by more than 50% in any calendar year and any remaining creditable amount above 50% in any calendar year will be applied to subsequent future payments until fully credited. As of March 31, 2022, the Additional Funding was $117.4 million. As of March 31, 2022, the transaction price totaling $514.4 million was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $125.0 million, (ii) the cost share payment with respect to amounts incurred by the Company through December 31, 2016 of $33.8 million, and (iii) the estimate of the net cost share consideration to be received of approximately $355.6 million with respect to amounts incurred by the Company subsequent to December 31, 2016. As of March 31, 2022, the Company is eligible to receive up to $65.0 million in regulatory milestone payments for the first HIF product to achieve the associated event and up to $575 million in commercial milestone payments associated with aggregate sales of licensed products. These future milestones are subject to reduction as a result of the Company's exercise of the Otsuka Funding Option, as described above. As of March 31, 2022, no development or regulatory milestones have been assessed as probable of being reached and thus have been fully constrained. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue totaling approximately $5.6 million and $13.7 million, respectively, with respect to the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. The revenue is classified as collaboration revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2022, there was approximately $22.3 million of deferred revenue related to the Otsuka U.S. Agreement of which $6.2 million is classified as current and $16.1 million is classified as long-term in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet based on the performance period of the underlying obligations. Additionally, as of March 31, 2022, there was $9.0 million in accounts receivable and $2.7 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $2.0 million in contract liabilities (included in accounts payable) and $3.0 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company determined that the medical affairs, commercialization and non-promotional activities elements of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement represent joint operating activities in which both parties are active participants and of which both parties are exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the success of the activities. Accordingly, the Company is accounting for the joint medical affairs, commercialization and non-promotional activities in accordance with ASC No. 808, Collaborative Arrangements. As a result, the activities conducted pursuant to the medical affairs, commercialization and non-promotional activities plans will be accounted for as a component of the related expense in the period incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred approximately $7.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of costs related to the cost-sharing provisions of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, of which approximately $3.8 million and $0.5 million are reimbursable by Otsuka and recorded as a reduction to research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, Otsuka incurred no costs related to the cost-sharing provisions of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, Otsuka incurred $0.3 million of costs related to the cost-sharing provisions of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, of which approximately $0.2 million were reimbursable by the Company and recorded as an increase to research and development expense during the three months ended March 31, 2021. International Collaboration and License Agreement with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. On April 25, 2017, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Otsuka, or the Otsuka International Agreement. The collaboration is focused on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in Europe, Russia, China, Canada, Australia, the Middle East and certain other territories, collectively, the Otsuka International Territory. Under the terms of the Otsuka International Agreement, the Company granted to Otsuka an exclusive, sublicensable license under certain intellectual property controlled by the Company to develop and commercialize vadadustat and products containing or comprising vadadustat in the Otsuka International Territory. Additionally, under the terms of this agreement, the Company is responsible for leading the development of vadadustat. Otsuka has the sole responsibility, at its own cost, for the commercialization of vadadustat in the Otsuka International Territory, subject to the approval by the relevant regulatory authorities. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company has accounted for the Otsuka International Agreement separately from the collaboration arrangement with Otsuka with respect to the U.S. due to the lack of interrelationship and interdependence of the elements and payment terms within each of the contracts as they relate to the respective territories. Accordingly, the Company has applied the guidance in ASC 606 solely in reference to the terms and conditions of the Otsuka International Agreement, while the Otsuka U.S. Agreement has continued to be accounted for as a discrete agreement in its own right. The Company evaluated the Otsuka International Agreement in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Otsuka, is a customer. The Company has identified three performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the Otsuka International Agreement as follows: (i) License and Development Services Combined (License Performance Obligation); (ii) Rights to Future Intellectual Property (Future IP Performance Obligation) and (iii) Joint Committee Services (Committee Performance Obligation). The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Committee Performance Obligation after considering the nature of the services to be performed and estimates of the associated effort and rates applicable to such services that would be expected to be realized under similar contracts. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Future IP Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement. The Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License Performance Obligation due to the following: (i) the best estimates of standalone selling price associated with the Future IP Performance Obligation was determined to be immaterial and (ii) the period of performance and pattern of recognition for the License Performance Obligation and the Committee Performance Obligation was determined to be similar. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. As of March 31, 2022, the transaction price totaling $316.9 million was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $73.0 million, (ii) the cost share payment with respect to amounts incurred by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 of $0.2 million, and (iii) an estimate of the net cost share consideration to be received with respect to amounts incurred by the Company subsequent to March 31, 2017 of $243.7 million. As of March 31, 2022, the Company is eligible to receive up to $17.0 million in regulatory milestone payments for the licensed HIF product if the Company achieves the associated event within 12 to 24 months of the first HIF product approval. Additionally, the Company is eligible for up to $525.0 million in commercial milestone payments associated with the aggregate sales of all licensed products. As of March 31, 2022, no development or regulatory milestones have been assessed as probable of being reached and thus have been fully constrained. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue totaling approximately $5.5 million and $7.0 million, respectively, with respect to the Otsuka International Agreement. The revenue is classified as collaboration revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2022, there was approximately $10.2 million of deferred revenue related to the Otsuka International Agreement of which $4.2 million is classified as current and $6.0 million is classified as long-term in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet based on the performance period of the underlying obligations. Additionally, as of March 31, 2022, there was $11.3 million in accounts receivable and $1.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $0.9 million in contract liabilities (included in accounts payable) and $1.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Research and License Agreement On February 9, 2017, the Company entered into a Research and License Agreement, or the Janssen Agreement, with Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, or Janssen, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, pursuant to which Janssen granted the Company an exclusive license under certain intellectual property rights to develop and commercialize worldwide certain HIF prolyl hydroxylase targeted compounds. Under the terms of the Janssen Agreement, Janssen granted to the Company a license for a three-year research term to conduct research on the HIF compound portfolio, which research term is now expired. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Under the terms of the Janssen Agreement, the Company made an upfront payment of $1.0 million in cash to Janssen and issued a warrant, or the Warrant, to purchase 509,611 shares of the Company’s common stock, which expired on February 9, 2022. In addition, Janssen could be eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $16.5 million from the Company in specified development milestone payments on a product-by-product basis. Janssen could also be eligible to receive up to $215.0 million from the Company in specified commercial milestones as well as tiered, escalating royalties ranging from a low- to mid-single digit percentage of net sales, on a product-by-product basis, and subject to reduction upon expiration of patent rights or the launch of a generic product in the territory. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Cyclerion Therapeutics License Agreement On June 4, 2021, the Company entered into a License Agreement, the Cyclerion Agreement, with Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc., or Cyclerion, pursuant to which Cyclerion granted the Company an exclusive global license under certain intellectual property rights to research, develop and commercialize praliciguat, an investigational oral soluble guanylate stimulator. Under the terms of the Cyclerion Agreement, the Company made an upfront payment of $3.0 million in cash to Cyclerion, which was paid during the second quarter of 2021 and recorded to research and development expense in June 2021. Substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired in conjunction with the Cyclerion Agreement was concentrated in the acquired license. As a result, the Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition under ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The upfront payment was charged to expense at acquisition, as it relates to a development stage compound with no alternative future use. In addition, Cyclerion is eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $222.0 million from the Company in specified development and regulatory milestone payments on a product-by-product basis. Cyclerion will also be eligible to receive specified commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from a low-single-digit- to mid-double-digit percentage of net sales, on a product-by-product basis, and subject to reduction upon expiration of patent rights or the launch of a generic product in the territory. A more detailed description of this agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Vifor Pharma License Agreement Summary of Agreement On May 12, 2017, the Company entered into a License Agreement, or the Vifor Agreement, with Vifor (International) Ltd., or Vifor Pharma, pursuant to which the Company granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat solely to Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, or FKC, an affiliate of Fresenius Medical Care North America, or FMCNA, in the United States. On April 8, 2019, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor First Amended Agreement, which amended and restated in full the Vifor Agreement. On February 18, 2022, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into a Second Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, which amends and restates the Vifor First Amended Agreement. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, the Company granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, including Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, to certain third party dialysis organizations approved by the Company, to independent dialysis organizations that are members of certain group purchasing organizations, and to certain non-retail specialty pharmacies, or collectively, the Supply Group, in the United States, or the Territory. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma agreed that it would not sell or otherwise supply vadadustat until the FDA has granted regulatory approval for vadadustat in the DD-CKD Indication in the Territory and until Vifor Pharma has entered a supply agreement with the applicable member of the Supply Group. Similar to the Vifor First Amended Agreement, the Vifor Second Amended Agreement is structured as a profit share arrangement between the Company and Vifor Pharma in which the Company will receive approximately 66% of the profit, net of certain pre-specified costs. Under the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma made an upfront payment to the Company of $25.0 million in lieu of the previously disclosed milestone payment of $25.0 million that Vifor Pharma was to pay the Company following approval of vadadustat by the FDA, as established under the Vifor First Amended Agreement. Unless earlier terminated, the Vifor Second Amended Agreement will expire upon the later of the expiration of all patents that claim or cover vadadustat or expiration of marketing or regulatory exclusivity for vadadustat in the Territory. Vifor Pharma may terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in its entirety upon 30 months' prior written notice after the first anniversary of the receipt of regulatory approval, if approved from the FDA for vadadustat for dialysis-dependent CKD patients. The Company may terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in its entirety for convenience, following the earlier of a certain period of time elapsing or following certain specified regulatory events, and upon six months’ prior written notice. If the Company so terminates for convenience, subject to specified exceptions, the Company will pay a termination fee to Vifor Pharma. In addition, either party may, subject to a cure period, terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy. Vifor Pharma may also terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement upon thirty days' notice following receipt of the CRL from the FDA for vadadustat. Investment Agreement In connection with the Vifor Agreement, in May 2017, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an investment agreement, or the First Investment Agreement, pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of 3,571,429 shares of the Company’s common stock, or the 2017 Shares, to Vifor Pharma at a price per share of $14.00 for a total of $50.0 million. The amount representing the premium over the closing stock price of $12.69 on the date of the transaction, totaling $4.7 million, was determined by the Company to represent consideration related to the Vifor Agreement. Vifor Pharma agreed to a lock-up restriction such that it agreed not to sell the 2017 Shares for a period of time following the effective date of the First Investment Agreement as well as a customary standstill agreement. In addition, the First Investment Agreement contains voting agreements made by Vifor Pharma with respect to the 2017 Shares. The 2017 Shares have not been registered pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and were issued and sold in reliance upon the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 promulgated thereunder. In connection with entering into the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, on February 18, 2022, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an investment agreement, or the Second Investment Agreement, pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, or the 2022 Shares, to Vifor Pharma for a total of $20 million on February 22, 2022. The amount representing the premium over the grant date fair value on the date of the transaction, $13.6 million, was determined by the Company to represent the consideration related to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement. Vifor Pharma has agreed to a lock-up restriction to not sell or otherwise dispose of the 2022 Shares for a period of time following the effective date of the Second Investment Agreement as well as a customary standstill agreement. In addition, the Second Investment Agreement contains voting agreements made by Vifor Pharma with respect to the 2022 Shares. The 2022 Shares have not been registered pursuant to the Securities Act and were issued and sold in reliance upon the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 promulgated thereunder, as the transaction does not involve any public offering within the meaning of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Revenue Recognition The Company evaluated the elements of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Vifor Pharma, is a customer. The Company’s arrangement with Vifor Pharma contains one material promise under the contract at inception, which is the non-sublicensable, non-transferrable license under certain of the Company’s intellectual property to (i) sell vadadustat solely to the Supply Group, (ii) sell vadadustat to Designated Wholesalers solely for resale to members of the Supply Group, (iii) conduct medical affairs with respect to vadadustat in the Territory in the field during the term of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement and (iv) use the Akebia Trademark solely in connection with the sale of vadadustat (the License Deliverable). The Company has identified one performance obligation in connection with its obligations under the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, which is the License Deliverable, or License Performance Obligation. The transaction price at inception was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $25.0 million, (ii) the premium on paid by Vifor Pharma on the First Investment Agreement of $4.7 million, and (iii) the premium paid by Vifor Pharma on the Second Investment Agreement of $13.6 million. Pursuant to the terms of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, these payments from Vifor Pharma are non-refundable and non-creditable against any other amount due to the Company. Also pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, if the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, determines that vadadustat is excluded from the Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment, or TDAPA, the Company can terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement and will be required to repay the up-front payment and the premiums paid by Vifor Pharma in the First Investment Agreement and Second Investment Agreement, respectively. The Company considered whether the transaction price was constrained as required per the guidance in ASC 606-10-32-11. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including the CRL received from the FDA for vadadustat, the uncertainty associated with a potential future approval of vadadustat by the FDA, and if approval of vadadustat is received in the future, whether vadadustat would be included in certain reimbursement bundles by CMS, which are all outside of the Company’s control. Vifor Pharma also agreed that it will not sell or otherwise supply vadadustat until the FDA has granted regulatory approval for vadadustat in the DD-CKD Indication. The Company constrains the variable consideration to an amount for which a significant revenue reversal is not probable. Therefore, the Company determined that the entire transaction price at inception was constrained under ASC 606, and the Company has recorded the transaction price to deferred revenue as of March 31, 2022. Refund Liability to Customer Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma contributed $40.0 million to a working capital fund established to partially fund the Company’s costs of purchasing vadadustat from its contract manufacturers, or the Working Capital Fund, which amount of funding will fluctuate, and which funding the Company will repay to Vifor over time. The $40 million initial contribution to the Working Capital Fund represents 50% of the amount of purchase orders that the Company has placed with its contract manufacturers for the supply of vadadustat for the Territory already delivered as of the effective date of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, and to be delivered through the end of 2022. The amount of the Working Capital Fund will be reviewed at specified intervals and is adjusted based on a number of factors including outstanding supply commitments for vadadustat for the Territory and agreed upon vadadustat inventory levels held by the Company for the Territory. Upon termination or expiration of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement for any reason other than convenience by Vifor Pharma (including following receipt of a CRL for vadadustat), the Company will be required to refund the outstanding balance of the Working Capital Fund on the date of termination or expiration. The Company has recorded the Working Capital Fund as a refund liability under ASC 606. The Company has determined that the refund liability itself does not represent an obligation to transfer goods or services to Vifor Pharma in the future. The Company has therefore determined that this refund liability is not a contract liability under ASC 606. The Company accounted for the refund liability as a debt arrangement with zero coupon interest. The Company imputed interest on the refund liability to the customer at a rate of 15.0% per annum, which was determined based on certain factors, including the Company's credit rating, comparable securities yield, and the expected repayment period of the Working Capital Fund. The Company recorded an initial discount on the refund liability to the customer and a corresponding deferred gain to the refund liability to customer on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the date the funds were received from Vifor Pharma, which was March 18, 2022. The discount on the note payable is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the expected term of the refund liability. The deferred gain is being amortized to interest income on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the refund liability. The amortization of the discount and the amortization of the deferred gain as of March 31, 2022 were not material. Of the $39.9 million total refund liability, net of deferred gain and discount, the Company classified $16.5 million as a short-term refund liability based on management's estimate of potential amounts that could be refundable within a one-year period as a result of anticipated changes to the Company's operating plan following the CRL. Priority Review Voucher Letter Agreement On February 14, 2020, the Company entered into a letter agreement, or the Letter Agreement, with Vifor Pharma relating to Vifor Pharma’s agreement with a third party to purchase a Priority Review Voucher, or the PRV, issued by the FDA, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions, or the PRV Purchase. A PRV entitles the holder to priority review of an NDA, or a Biologics License Application for a new drug, which reduces the target FDA review time to six months after official acceptance of the submission, and could lead to expedited approval. Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, Akebia paid Vifor Pharma $10.0 million in connection with the closing of the PRV Purchase. On August 21, 2021, the Company and Vifor Pharma executed an amendment to the Letter Agreement whereby the parties agreed that Vifor Pharma would sell the PRV to a third party, and the Company and Vifor Pharma would share the proceeds from the sale based on certain terms. In the fourth quarter of 2021, Vifor Pharma sold the PRV to a third party, and Vifor Pharma paid the Company $8.6 million in proceeds from the sale, which was recorded as contra research and development expense. These proceeds were subsequently paid to Otsuka as reimbursement for their contribution to the purchase of the PRV, as required under a separate letter agreement executed with Otsuka. A more detailed description of this transaction can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. License Agreement with Panion & BF Biotech, Inc. As a result of the merger with Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Keryx, or the Merger, the Company had a license agreement, which was amended from time to time, with Panion & BF Biotech, Inc., or Panion, under which Keryx, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, was the contracting party, or the Panion License Agreement, pursuant to which Keryx in-licensed the exclusive worldwide rights, excluding certain Asian-Pacific countries, or the Licensor Territory, for the development and commercialization of ferric citrate. On April 17, 2019, the Company and Panion entered into a second amended and restated license agreement, or the Panion Amended License Agreement, which amends and restates in full the Panion License Agreement, effective as of April 17, 2019. The Panion Amended License Agreement provides Keryx with an exclusive license under Panion-owned know-how and patents with the right to sublicense, develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and export ferric citrate worldwide, excluding the Licensor Territory. The Panion Amended License Agreement also provides Panion with an exclusive license under the Keryx-owned patents, with the right to sublicense (with the Company’s written consent), develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and export ferric citrate in certain countries in the Licensor Territory. Under the Panion Amended License Agreement, Panion is eligible to receive from the Company or any sublicensee royalty payments based on a mid-single digit percentage of sales of ferric citrate in the Company’s licensed territories. The Company is eligible to receive from Panion or any sublicensee royalty payments based on a mid-single digit percentage of net sales of ferric citrate in Panion’s licensed territories. A more detailed description of this license agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company recognized royalty payments due to Panion of approximately $2.5 million during each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, relating to the Company’s sales of Auryxia in the United States and JT and Torii’s net sales of Riona in Japan, as the Company is required to pay a mid-single digit percentage of net sales of ferric citrate in the Company’s licensed territories to Panion under the terms of the Panion Amended License Agreement. Sublicense Agreement with Japan Tobacco, Inc. and its subsidiary, Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. As a result of the Merger, the Company has an Amended and Restated Sublicense Agreement, which was amended in June 2013, with JT and Torii, or the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement, under which Keryx, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, remains the contracting party. Under the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement, JT and Torii obtained the exclusive sublicense rights for the development and commercialization of ferric citrate hydrate in Japan. JT and Torii are responsible for the future development and commercialization costs in Japan. A more detailed description of this sublicense agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified two performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement: (i) License and Supply Performance Obligation and (ii) Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation. The Company allocated the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of the standalone selling price for the Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement and determined it immaterial. As such, the Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License and Supply Performance Obligation and allocated the entire transaction price to this performance obligation. The Company recognized license revenue of $1.1 million and $1.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to royalties earned on net sales of Riona in Japan. The Company records the associated mid-single digit percentage of net sales royalty expense due to Panion, the licensor of Riona, in the same period as the royalty revenue from JT and Torii is recorded.
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