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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $43.7 million and $133.1 million, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 27% and 26%, respectively, as compared to the federal statutory rate of 21%. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to tax expense from foreign subsidiary earnings indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. of $5.6 million and state and local income tax expense of $3.4 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate due primarily to tax expense of $15.8 million for an increase in valuation allowances for foreign taxes and U.S. foreign tax credits; state and local income tax expense of $9.5 million; a tax benefit of $8.3 million for the one-time rate change on deferred tax assets and liabilities that resulted from the extension of certain television production cost deductions included in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (enacted February 9, 2018); and a tax benefit from foreign subsidiary earnings of $0.6 million.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, income tax expense was $40.1 million and $173.4 million, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 31% and 34%, respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate of 35% due primarily to tax benefit from the domestic production activities deduction of $2.8 million and $13.1 million, tax expense of $5.5 million and tax benefit of $1.2 million from foreign subsidiary earnings indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S., tax benefit of $8.4 million and $0.9 million resulting from a decrease in the valuation allowances for foreign and local taxes, tax benefit of $0.6 million and tax expense of $2.0 million relating to uncertain tax positions (including accrued interest) and state and local income tax expense of $2.4 million and $8.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
At September 30, 2018, the Company had foreign tax credit carry forwards of approximately $15.6 million, expiring on various dates from 2024 through 2025. These carryforwards have been reduced by a valuation allowance of $15.6 million as it is more likely than not that these carry forwards will not be realized. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $1.0 million relating to amortization of tax deductible second component goodwill was realized as a reduction in tax liability (as determined on a 'with-and-without' approach).