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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, income tax expense was $40.1 million and $173.4 million, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 31% and 34%, respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate of 35% due primarily to tax benefit from the domestic production activities deduction of $2.8 million and $13.1 million, tax expense of $5.5 million and tax benefit of $1.2 million from foreign subsidiary earnings indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S., tax benefit of $8.4 million and $0.9 million resulting from a decrease in the valuation allowances for foreign and local taxes, tax benefit of $0.6 million and tax expense of $2.0 million relating to uncertain tax positions (including accrued interest) and state and local income tax expense of $2.4 million and $8.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, income tax expense was $21.2 million and $119.1 million, respectively, representing an effective tax rate of 24% and 31%, respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate of 35% due primarily to tax benefit from the domestic production activities deduction of $2.8 million and $12.5 million, tax benefit of $3.4 million and $12.4 million from foreign subsidiary earnings indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S., tax benefit of $6.7 million and $4.0 million relating to uncertain tax positions (including accrued interest), state and local income tax expense of $0.8 million and $6.1 million and tax expense of $2.3 million and $7.0 million resulting from an increase in the valuation allowances for foreign and local taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The tax benefit relating to a reduction in uncertain tax positions is primarily due to a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations.
At September 30, 2017, the Company had foreign tax credit carry forwards of approximately $28 million, expiring on various dates from 2021 through 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, $1.2 million, relating to amortization of tax deductible second component goodwill, was realized as a reduction in tax liability (as determined on a ‘with-and-without’ approach).