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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior period consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
Currency Translation
The functional currency of the Company’s Brazilian operations and India joint venture are the Brazilian real and Indian rupee, respectively. The Company’s foreign operations translate their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rates in effect at the end of the fiscal period. The gains or losses that result from this process are shown as cumulative translation adjustments within accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The revenue and expense accounts of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates that prevailed during the period.
Some transactions of the Company’s Brazilian operations and India joint venture are conducted in currencies different from their functional currency. Gains and losses from these foreign currency transactions are included in income as they occur. Our share of equity method losses in India resulting from foreign currency transactions was $0.6 million, $0.3 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The gains from these foreign currency transactions from our Brazilian operations were $0.9 million, $0.4 million and $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Revenue Recognition
The Company sells metallurgical coal and coke as well as steam and electricity and also provides coal mixing and/or handling services to third-party customers. The Company also receives fees for operating the cokemaking plant in Brazil and for the licensing of its proprietary technology for use at this facility as well as reimbursement of substantially all of its operating costs. Revenues related to the sale of products are recognized when title passes, while service revenues are recognized when services are provided as defined by customer contracts. Licensing fees, which are determined on a per ton basis, are recognized when coke is produced in accordance with the contract terms. Title passage generally occurs when products are shipped or delivered in accordance with the terms of the respective sales agreements. Revenues are not recognized until sales prices are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.
Substantially all of the coke produced by the Company is sold pursuant to long-term contracts with its customers. The Company evaluates each of its contracts to determine whether the arrangement contains a lease under the applicable accounting standards. If the specific facts and circumstances indicate that it is remote that parties other than the contracted customer will take more than a minor amount of the coke that will be produced by the property, plant and equipment during the term of the coke supply agreement, and the price that the customer is paying for the coke is neither contractually fixed per unit nor equal to the current market price per unit at the time of delivery, then the long-term contract is deemed to contain a lease. The lease component of the price of coke represents the rental payment for the use of the property, plant and equipment, and all such payments are accounted for as contingent rentals as they are only earned by the Company when the coke is delivered and title passes to the customer. The total amount of revenue recognized by the Company for these contingent rentals represents less than 10 percent of combined sales and other operating revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.
The Company receives payment for shortfall obligations on certain Coal Logistics take-or-pay contracts. The payments in excess of services performed are recorded as deferred revenue and are included in accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred revenue on take-or-pay contracts is recognized into income when earned as determined by the terms of the contract. See Note 15.
Business Combinations
On August 12, 2015, the Partnership completed the acquisition of a 100 percent ownership interest in Raven Energy LLC, which owns CMT, for a total transaction value of $403.1 million. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to long-lived tangible and intangible assets.  Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives.  Although our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, actual results may differ. See Note 3.
Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. These cash equivalents consist principally of time deposits and money market investments.
Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method, except for the Company’s materials and supplies inventory, which are determined using the average-cost method.
The Company utilizes the selling prices under its long-term coke supply contracts to record lower of cost or market inventory adjustments.
Properties, Plants and Equipment
Plants and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Coke and energy plant, machinery and equipment are depreciated over 25 to 30 years. Coal Logistics plant and equipment are depreciated over 15 to 35 years. All depreciation and amortization is excluded from cost of products sold and operating expenses and is presented separately on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Gains and losses on the disposal or retirement of fixed assets are reflected in earnings when the assets are sold or retired. Amounts incurred that extend an asset’s useful life, increase its productivity or add production capacity are capitalized. The Company had capitalized interest costs related to its environmental remediation projects and capital expansion projects at CMT of $3.7 million in 2015, and capitalized interest costs related to its environmental remediation projects of $3.2 million and $1.0 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively. See Note 18. Direct costs, such as outside labor, materials, internal payroll and benefits costs incurred during capital projects are capitalized; indirect costs are not capitalized. Normal repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
We revised the estimated useful lives of certain assets at our domestic cokemaking facilities and recorded additional depreciation of $10.2 million, $15.6 million and $9.5 million, or $0.16, $0.23 and $0.14 per common share, during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, in 2014, the Company revised the estimated useful lives of certain coal preparation plant assets, which resulted in additional depreciation in our Coal Mining segment of $4.9 million and $1.0 million, or $0.08 and $0.01 per common share, during 2015 and 2014, respectively. See Note 25.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Equity Method Investment
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Such events and circumstances include, among other factors: operating losses; unused capacity; market value declines; changes in the expected physical life of an asset; technological developments resulting in obsolescence; changes in demand for our products or in end-use goods manufactured by others utilizing our products as raw materials; changes in our business plans or those of our major customers, suppliers or other business partners; changes in competition and competitive practices; uncertainties associated with the U.S. and world economies; changes in the expected level of capital, operating or environmental remediation project expenditures; and changes in governmental regulations or actions.
A long-lived asset, or group of assets, is considered to be impaired when the undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than its carrying amount. Such estimated future cash flows are highly subjective and are based on numerous assumptions about future operations and market conditions. The impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair market value of the impaired asset, or group of assets. It is also difficult to precisely estimate fair market value because quoted market prices for our long-lived assets may not be readily available. Therefore, fair market value is generally based on the present values of estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risks associated with the assets being reviewed for impairment.
During 2014, we recorded total impairment charges related to the Coal Mining business of $150.3 million, including both long-lived asset and goodwill impairment charges on our coal mining assets previously held for sale, which were stated at fair value less costs to sell. Additionally, during 2015 and 2014, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges on our investment in VISA SunCoke of $19.4 million and $30.5 million, respectively. These impairment charges were included in loss from equity method investment on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and brought our investment in VISA SunCoke to zero. See Note 5, Note 6 and Note 24.
Cash flows at our Indiana Harbor facility were negative during 2015, driven by changes to our contracted reimbursement of operating and maintenance costs as well as volume shortfalls caused by operational inefficiencies.  Based on these results and recent operational challenges, we performed an impairment test and concluded that our undiscounted cash flows were sufficient to recover our long-lived assets at Indiana Harbor.  However, we continue to closely monitor our performance at Indiana Harbor, and if operational challenges continue or conditions deteriorate, our current conclusion as to recoverability of assets at that location could change.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
Goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, is tested for impairment as of October 1 of each year, or when events occur or circumstances change that would, more likely than not, reduce the fair value of a reporting unit to below its carrying value. The Company had goodwill carrying amounts of $71.1 million and $11.6 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The analysis of potential goodwill impairment employs a two-step process. The first step involves the estimation of fair value of our reporting units. If step one indicates that impairment of goodwill potentially exists, the second step is performed to measure the amount of impairment, if any. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated implied fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. There were no impairments, other than those previously discussed, of goodwill or other intangible assets during the periods presented. See Note 12 and Note 24.
We have finite-lived intangible assets with net values of $190.2 million and $10.4 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Intangible assets are primarily comprised of customer contracts, customer relationships and permits. Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives in a manner that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefit of the intangible asset is consumed. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment when a triggering event occurs. No triggering events occurred during periods presented. See Note 12.
Investment in Brazilian Cokemaking Operations
SunCoke Energy’s investment in preferred shares of the company that owns the cokemaking facility in Vitória, Brazil, which SunCoke Energy operates under licensing and operating agreements, is accounted for at cost. Income received by SunCoke Energy from this investment, which is in the form of a dividend, is contingent upon achieving certain minimum production levels at the facility and payment is guaranteed by the parent company of the plant’s owner, which is a lessee of the facility. Accordingly, the Company recognizes income from this investment in other income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations when certain required production levels have been met and the amount is deemed collectible, typically in the fourth quarter.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax asset and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are projected to be recovered or settled.
The Company recognizes uncertain tax positions in its financial statements when minimum recognition threshold and measurement attributes are met in accordance with current accounting guidance. Unrecognized tax benefits and accruals for interest and penalties are included in other deferred credits and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Retirement Benefit Liabilities
The postretirement benefit plans are unfunded and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation is fully recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Actuarial gains (losses) and prior service (benefits) costs which have not yet been recognized in net income are recognized as a credit (charge) to accumulated other comprehensive loss. The credit (charge) to accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reflected net of related tax effects, is subsequently recognized in net income when amortized as a component of postretirement benefit plans expense. In addition, the credit (charge) may also be recognized in net income as a result of a plan curtailment or settlement.
Effective May 30, 2014, Dominion Coal Corporation ("Dominion Coal"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, terminated its defined benefit plan, a plan that was previously offered generally to all full-time employees of Dominion Coal. In June 2015, the plan settled its obligations by purchasing annuities using plan assets, which triggered settlement accounting and resulted in a non-cash loss of $12.6 million recorded in cost of products sold and operating expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The associated asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the asset and depreciated over its remaining estimated useful life. The Company’s asset retirement obligations primarily relate to costs associated with restoring land to its original state.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of products sold and operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Share-based Compensation
We measure the cost of employee services in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. The total cost is reduced by estimated forfeitures over the awards’ vesting period, and the cost is recognized over the requisite service period. Forfeiture estimates are reviewed on an annual basis.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As required, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs (levels 1 and 2) and minimize the use of unobservable inputs (level 3) within the fair value hierarchy included in current accounting guidance. The Company generally applies the “market approach” to determine fair value. This method uses pricing and other information generated by market transactions for identical or comparable assets and liabilities. Assets and liabilities are classified within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level (least observable) input that is significant to the measurement in its entirety.
Recently Issued Pronouncements    
In November 2015, Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-17, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes." ASU 2015-17 requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. It is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this ASU retrospectively during the fourth quarter of 2015.  See Note 9.
In September 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-16, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments." ASU 2015-16 eliminates the requirement to retrospectively account for adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date. It is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this ASU during the third quarter of 2015. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date,” which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period and permits early adoption on a limited basis. ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” requires an entity to recognize revenue upon transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The Company is currently reviewing the provisions of ASU 2014-09 but does not expect it to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, "Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory." ASU 2015-11 requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, removing the consideration of current replacement cost. It is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, "Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Cost." ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. It is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this ASU during the first quarter of 2015. See Note 9.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, "Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis." ASU 2015-02 eliminates the deferral of FASB Statement No. 167, "Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)," and makes changes to both the variable interest model and the voting model. It is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Labor Concentrations
As of December 31, 2015, we have approximately 1,125 employees in the U.S. Approximately 32 percent of our domestic employees, principally at our cokemaking operations, are represented by the United Steelworkers union under various contracts. Additionally, approximately 2 percent of our domestic employees are represented by the International Union of Operating Engineers. On July 27, 2015, we reached a new four-year labor agreement for our Haverhill location, which will expire on November 1, 2019. The labor agreement at our Indiana Harbor cokemaking facility expired on September 1, 2015. We are currently negotiating the extension of the agreement and do not anticipate any work stoppages. The labor agreements at our Quincy and Lake Terminal coal handling facilities expire on April 30, 2016 and June 30, 2016, respectively. We will be negotiating the renewal of these agreements in 2016 and do not anticipate any work stoppages.
As of December 31, 2015, we have approximately 273 employees at the cokemaking facility in Vitória, Brazil, all of whom are represented by a union under a labor agreement. The labor agreement at our Vitoria, Brazil facility expired on October 31, 2015. We are currently negotiating the extension of the agreement and do not anticipate any work stoppages.