Form 20-F

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

American Depositary Shares, each representing four ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share,

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ¨ Yes x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15)(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ¨ Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ¨ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: ¨ Item 17 ¨ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ¨ Yes x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ¨ Yes ¨ No

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this annual report on Form 20-F, or annual report, to:

Unless otherwise indicated, our historical number of shares and per share data contained in this annual report have been restated to give retroactive effect to the change in authorized and issued share capital and repurchase of our issued and outstanding shares which became effective on February 21, 2011.

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. These statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “going forward,” “intend,” “ought to,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “seek,” “may,” “might,” “can,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “shall,” “should,” “is likely to,” and the negative forms of these words or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless we are required by applicable securities laws and rules to do so. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

The following selected consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and the selected consolidated statements of financial position data as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The following selected consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income data for the year ended December 31, 2009 and 2010, and the selected consolidated statements of financial position data as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, and have been audited by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, an independent registered public accounting firm.

You should read the selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for any future periods.

Our business is primarily conducted in the PRC, and we expect that most of our revenue will be denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates solely for your convenience. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi amounts to U.S. dollar amounts in this annual report were made at the rate of RMB6.0537 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2013.

Source: The exchange rate refers to the noon buying rate as set forth in the weekly H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.

We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or the Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

Our operations are affected by the economic conditions of the overall automotive market, both in the PRC and in other countries, which in turn are subject to the conditions of the overall economic environment, government policies and other factors beyond our control.

As our products, steel wheels, are components of commercial vehicles, our sales are largely dependent on the demand for and usage of such vehicles in the overall automotive market, both in the PRC and in other countries where our products are sold. We sell steel wheels both through a network of distributors to aftermarket end-users as replacements for worn out or lower quality wheels, and directly to OEMs such as automotive manufacturers for use on their commercial vehicles. The demand from both of these types of customers depends on the overall demand for and usage of commercial vehicles, which in turn depends on a number of factors including overall economic conditions, vehicle sales and availability and quality of transportation networks in the markets where we sell and distribute our products. All of these factors are beyond our control.

Outside the PRC, our international sales have been affected by the recent global financial crisis which began in the second half of 2008, as some of the countries to which we export our products experienced an economic slowdown and the demand in the international automotive market reduced significantly between 2008 and 2009. Despite the ongoing economic difficulties in various markets, including India, our international sales improved in 2012 compared to 2011 as a result of our enhanced sales and marketing efforts in various countries in Asia. However, notwithstanding the growth of our sales in various countries in Asia, our international sales decreased in 2013 compared to 2012, primarily due to an increase in the anti-dumping duties imposed by the Indian government in India, which has resulted in a substantial decrease in our sales to the Indian market. In addition, the implementation, renewal, change or cancellation of any government policies in the future, such as economic stimulus or tightening measures or currency controls, in the PRC or in any of the international markets where our products are sold, may significantly affect our business.

If the demand for our steel wheels declines as a result of changes of economic conditions in the automotive industry or does not grow at the pace we anticipate, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed.

We are reliant on our major customers and currently do not have multi-year contracts with almost all such customers.

We rely on our major customers. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, the aggregate sales to our five largest customers (including the PRC aftermarket, PRC OEMs and international sales) accounted for 21.4%, 19.0% and 18.6% of our revenue, respectively. For example, Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group, our second largest customer worldwide in 2011 and our largest customer worldwide in 2012 and 2013 accounted for 4.4%, 5.0% and 5.3% of our revenue for 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We offer our products to end-users in the aftermarket in the PRC through our nationwide distribution network. As of December 31, 2013, such network consisted of more than 4,700 distributors, including 24 tier-one distributors, 3,102 exclusive tier-two distributors and 1,651 non-exclusive tier-two distributors, throughout the PRC. We also sell our products directly to OEMs in the PRC. In addition, we sell our products outside the PRC to both international distributors in the aftermarket and directly to international OEMs, primarily in India and more than 30 other countries worldwide. Although we generally have longstanding business relationships with our major customers, we do not have multi-year contracts with almost all such customers. For our aftermarket customers in the PRC, we sign distribution agreements with our tier-one distributors and three-party distribution agreements with our tier-one distributors and exclusive tier-two distributors. These agreements are automatically renewed every year unless terminated by the parties. We do not, however, enter into any contracts with our non-exclusive tier-two distributors to which the tier-one distributors resell our products. For our OEM customers in the PRC, we typically sign framework agreements that are renewable every year upon mutual agreement. Under these framework agreements, the volume of products to be sold in any given period is not fixed and the sale price is fixed but is periodically revised based on the market price of steel and mutual agreement between the parties. For our ten largest international customers, we enter into strategic cooperation agreements which are renewable every three years upon mutual agreement unless terminated by the parties and pursuant to which such customers place orders from time to time that specify the actual price and amount of purchases. Our remaining international customers purchase our products pursuant to standalone purchase orders.

We cannot assure you that our future sales to our major customers will equal or exceed our previous sales or will continue to exist at all, because we have no multi-year contracts with such customers guaranteeing minimum sales volumes or prices for future years. As the existing agreements with our customers expire, we may be unable to renew these agreements with our desired customers on favorable terms in a timely manner or at all. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be unable to maintain, renew or develop business relationships with current or future distributors, and our tier-one distributors may be unable to maintain, renew or develop their relationships with tier-two distributors, and any of such factors could lead to a reduction of our revenue or our revenue growth.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from distributors, on which we exclusively rely to reach the aftermarket in the PRC. We have 24 tier-one distributors in the PRC, with whom we have direct contractual relationships. In turn, these tier-one distributors resell our products to tier-two distributors. Our five largest tier-one distributors accounted for 16.8%,16.7% and 16.6% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We believe that we will continue to generate a significant portion of our revenue from sales to our tier-one distributors in the PRC.

As described in the preceding risk factor, we cannot assure you that our business relationships with any of our existing distributors will continue or that any such distributor will continue to purchase our products in the same quantities or at the same prices as in prior years. Furthermore, we expect that we will continue to rely on engaging distributors and expanding volume with existing distributors for our revenue growth. However, competition for distributors in our industry is intense. We compete for distributors with other companies that may have greater financial resources or name recognition in certain markets, broader product selection and more favorable pricing than us. If we lose one or more distributors and are unable to replace them at similar terms in a timely manner or if we fail to develop relationships with new distributors, we may be unable to effectively market and sell our products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, we cannot be certain that our tier-one distributors will be able to maintain their relationships with tier-two distributors or that such tier-two distributors will be able to effectively sell our products to the ultimate aftermarket end-users. Our tier-one distributors are not the ultimate end-users of our products, and their orders to us depend on downstream sales to tier-two distributors and such distributors’ sales to ultimate end-users. Any failure by our tier-one distributors to maintain their relationships with tier-two distributors or by the tier-two distributors to effectively sell our products to end-users could also materially and adversely affect us.

Failure to effectively manage our network of distributors or any non-compliance by them under our distribution agreements could negatively affect our ability to sell our products or subject us to liability.

We generally select our tier-one distributors based on business reputation, size, industry and sales experience, quality of the management team and prior sales performance. Under our contractual arrangements, our tier-one distributors may not distribute any other commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer’s products, and are required to sell our products at our suggested prices and in designated sales regions.

We have both exclusive and non-exclusive tier-two distributors, both of which purchase our products from our tier-one distributors. Each of our exclusive tier-two distributors is operated by third parties, exclusively sells our products and follows our branding and marketing requirements, pursuant to annually renewable three-party distribution agreements that such exclusive tier-two distributors enter into with us and the relevant tier-one distributor in the designated sales region. Our non-exclusive tier-two distributors sell our products along with products from our competitors.

Our sales and marketing team manages and supports the activities of our tier-one distributors and exclusive tier-two distributors to ensure that they comply with our sales guidelines, policies and procedures. Despite our contractual arrangements and the efforts of our sales and marketing team, we cannot assure you that our tier-one distributors and exclusive tier-two distributors will fully comply with their contractual obligations to us. For example, they may:

Furthermore, we generally have no direct contractual relations with our non-exclusive tier-two distributors, all of which are independent from us. Instead, our tier-one distributors directly contract with non-exclusive tier-two distributors to implement certain sales policies and restrictions reflected in the contracts between tier-one distributors and us. We rely on tier-one distributors to enforce these arrangements with non-exclusive tier-two distributors, and we cannot assure you that our tier-one distributors can be successful in doing so. As a result, we have limited ability to manage the activities of our non-exclusive tier-two distributors, and we may not be able to timely mitigate or correct any non-compliance by such distributors with our sales policies and restrictions.

If our distributors do not comply with our agreements with them or if they violate applicable laws or otherwise engage in illegal practices with respect to their sales and marketing of our products, then our brand and reputation may be harmed or our sales activities may be disrupted, and we could also be liable for such actions by our distributors. Therefore, if we are unable to effectively manage our network of distributors, our brand, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be successful in expanding our international sales or operations due to various factors, including political or economic issues such as trade barriers.

Our products are mainly sold in the PRC, but international sales to India and more than 30 other countries worldwide, both to international distributors and OEMs, are significant, accounting for 13.8%, 16.2% and 14.7% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. As a result, our operations and financial performance are affected by the social, economic, political and regulatory conditions in these countries and countries where we may operate or where our products may be sold in the future. Furthermore, regulations and policies affecting trade and bilateral relations between the PRC and the countries and regions to which we export our products can adversely affect our international sales in those countries and regions.

We intend to expand our international sales, particularly sales in South Eastern Asia. However, we may not be successful in expanding our international sales or operations or benefiting from any such expansion, due to the following factors:

For example, due to the ongoing economic difficulties in India including the instability of local economic conditions and fluctuation in the value of the Indian Rupee, we have suspended our plan to establish a steel wheel manufacturing facility in India for the time being, and we intend to resume such plan when the economic conditions in India improve.

In addition, we have faced trade barriers in our international markets. For example, the Indian government initiated proceedings in 2006 to impose anti-dumping duties on Indian companies for importing steel wheel products from the PRC primarily in an attempt to protect local Indian steel wheel manufacturers, which generally do not offer steel wheels at the prices that we and our PRC competitors are able to offer in India. We participated in the relevant investigation and proceedings initiated by the Indian government, which ended in 2007. As a result of our efforts, Indian importers are subject to a lower import tax rate when importing from us compared to some of our PRC competitors. The Indian government initiated similar proceedings in 2012 and increased the anti-dumping duties from 14,710 Indian Rupee per ton to 30,700 Indian Rupee per ton in 2013, which has resulted in a substantial decrease in our sales to the Indian market. We and our products may from time to time be subject to further import taxes or anti-dumping duties in India and other countries where our products are sold, which could have an adverse impact on the prices and sales of our products in those countries. In addition, responding to any initiation of protection measures against us or our products in our international markets may significantly divert the resources and attention of our management.

If we are unable to successfully expand our international sales or operations, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent potential resales or transfers of our products to countries, governments, entities, or persons targeted by United States economic sanctions, especially when we sell our products to independent non-U.S. distributors over which we have limited control.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control administers certain laws and regulations, or U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws, that restrict U.S. persons and, under limited circumstances, foreign entities, in conducting activities, transacting business with or making investments in certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of U.S. economic sanctions, or Sanctions Targets. U.S. persons are also generally prohibited from facilitating such activities or transactions engaged in by non-U.S. persons.

We sell a portion of our products in international markets through independent non-U.S. distributors that are responsible for interacting with the end-users of our products. Historically, some of our independent non-U.S. distributors were located in countries that were subject to U.S. economic sanctions, namely, Burma, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon and Syria. In 2010, our aggregate sales to the non-U.S. distributors in those sanctioned countries accounted for less than 2.0% of our revenue in that year. We ceased selling to such non-U.S. distributors in those sanctioned countries in October 2010.

We believe that, under their current terms, U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws are not applicable to our historical activities with respect to the sanctioned countries named above. Nonetheless, we have decided not to engage in any sales to non-U.S. distributors located in any countries that are subject to U.S. economic sanctions and have implemented measures to prevent any future sales of our products to any Sanctions Targets.

Due to our limited control over our independent non-U.S. distributors, however, we may be unable to prevent all potential resales or transfers of our products to Sanctions Targets. We do not always know the end-users to whom our distributors resell our products, and, although we have required our distributors to covenant with us not to resell our products to Sanctions Targets, one or more of our distributors may breach that covenant. If our activities are found to violate applicable sanctions or other trade controls, our reputation could be adversely affected, some of our U.S. investors might be required to sell their interests in our company under the laws of certain U.S. states or under internal investment policies or might decide for reputational reasons to sell such interests, and some U.S. institutional investors might forgo the purchase of our ADSs, all of which could materially and adversely affect the value of our ADSs and your investment in us.

We rely on a limited number of key suppliers for steel, our key raw material, and certain components required for our production.

Our principal raw material is steel which accounts for substantially all of our current total raw material requirements. We source steel from a handful of key suppliers in the PRC, with whom we typically enter into annual supply agreements. In addition, we purchase from a limited number of suppliers a majority of our locking rings, a key component used in our production of tubed steel wheels.

We have optimized our manufacturing process by procuring steel that meets our specifications, and we purchase such steel from a handful of established key suppliers. Although there are alternative steel suppliers in the market, any disruption in steel from our key suppliers may disrupt our manufacturing operations until we can secure customized steel from other suppliers at similar pricing and other terms in a timely manner. We cannot assure you we could always be able to secure customized steels from alternative suppliers in a timely manner at commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that our annual agreements with the relevant suppliers will be renewed on a timely basis, on the same terms as we have previously received or at all. We do not hedge or otherwise fix supply prices in advance by contract, although we typically increase our inventory of steel when prices decline and limit our purchases to the extent possible when steel prices increase. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to purchase sufficient quantities of the appropriate types of steel for our various products at the prices we have historically paid. Similarly, we may be unable to obtain adequate supplies of locking rings at or lower than the prices we have historically paid. If any of the above events occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to risks associated with the volatile prices and availability of raw materials and utilities.

The primary raw material for our production is steel, which is a commodity with frequently fluctuating prices. In addition to steel, utilities, particularly electricity, are another significant input in our manufacturing process.

The prices of raw materials and utilities may fluctuate due to intervening factors such as global demand and supply conditions and changes in economic conditions. Any shortages or interruptions in the supply of raw materials or utilities may result in an increase in raw material or utility prices, and we may not be able to pass on these increases in prices to our customers or we may be unable to find alternative sources of such raw materials or utilities at competitive prices. We cannot assure you that such shortages or interruptions will not occur in the future. Alternatively, if the prices of raw materials decrease significantly, especially in the case of steel, which we typically increase our purchases when prices decline, we may have to reduce the prices we charge for our products to remain competitive. This may require us to write down the value of inventory on hand that we purchased prior to such decrease in prices. If any of these events occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

As we operate in a highly competitive industry, we currently face competition from other manufacturers of steel and aluminum wheels in the PRC. In the PRC market, we primarily compete with companies such as Shandong Xingmin Wheel, Dongfeng Motor Wheel, Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components, Xiamen Sunrise Wheel, Alcoa Inc. and Alex Global Technology, Inc. In the international market, we primarily compete with various local wheel manufacturers at each of our sales region. Our success depends, among other things, on our ability to maintain and improve our products and production capabilities to meet the needs of our existing and new customers. In particular, there is intense competition for a limited number of OEM customers. If our products do not meet the requirements of our existing and new customers, if our competitors offer better products or more competitive prices for similar products, or if our products otherwise fail to compete successfully in the industry, our financial performance may be adversely affected.

In addition, there is increasing consolidation within the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC. If we fail to maintain or increase our market share, this consolidation in our industry could cause our competitors to develop advantages over us in their available capital, per-unit cost in manufacturing operations, purchasing power with suppliers, pricing power with customers, scale of distribution network, brand recognition and other factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

There are changing demands within the commercial vehicle wheel market, involving shifts in demand from certain types of wheels to others, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we fail to meet such changing market demands.

The market for commercial vehicle wheels is constantly evolving, with demand for different types of wheels shifting over time. For example, it is anticipated that tubeless steel wheels will gradually displace demand for tubed steel wheels and that there will be a shift from steel wheels to aluminum wheels. These particular trends are driven by a desire for wheels that provide greater safety and/or fuel efficiency. Successfully meeting the changing market demands will be critical for us to remain competitive in the industry.

These and other market changes may increase or decrease demand for certain of our existing and planned products. We anticipate incurring significant costs to appropriately accommodate such changing market trends. For example, we have increased the weight of tubeless steel wheel production as a proportion of our overall production in recent years and are in the process of ramping up a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility in the PRC. We have devoted significant financial and other resources to these activities and expect to incur additional costs in the future. Furthermore, we may not be successful in keeping up with or foreseeing the changing demands in the market, and we may not otherwise realize the full benefit of our investments made in anticipation of any particular market trend. Although we are actively engaging in research and development activities to keep up with changing market demands, we cannot assure you that we will successfully meet future market demands. Any of these factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our product development efforts may not result in successful new products that meet changing market demands. In particular, our plans to launch new aluminum wheel products may not be successful.

In order to maintain and enhance our leading competitive position and to continue to grow our business, we work to further optimize our manufacturing processes and to design, develop and market new products and improved versions of our existing products to meet changing market demands. In particular, we are conducting research and development for the production of aluminum wheels for use in commercial vehicles in anticipation of changing market demands.

Accordingly, we expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop new and enhanced steel wheels and as we further enhance our research and development for aluminum wheels. However, as a percentage of revenue, we expect our research and development expenses to remain relatively stable for the foreseeable future. Further, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and the success of our new products will depend on a number of factors, including product quality, competition, customer acceptance, price, general market conditions, government policies, our ability to reflect customer feedback into our new products, our ability to accurately assess technological trends and customer needs and the strength of our marketing and distribution capabilities.

We have limited experience in designing and producing aluminum wheels on a commercial scale. Entering the aluminum wheel market may be a challenge for us, since the production of aluminum wheels differs from that of our existing steel wheel products. For example, aluminum wheels require certain manufacturing equipment and techniques different from those used for steel wheels. Therefore, we may not be successful in the aluminum wheel market. Our competitors may be able to introduce aluminum wheels to markets faster than us, adopt more efficient manufacturing techniques or develop products that are more effective or commercially attractive than ours. If we fail to succeed in the aluminum wheel market, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our future success depends on, among other things, our ability to maintain optimal production capacity and to maximize the utilization rate of our production capacity. If we fail to achieve either, we may be unable to benefit from economies of scale to decrease our cost per wheel, apply capital efficiently, improve our profitability, maintain our leading competitive position in the commercial vehicle wheel industry or meet customer needs.

We have undergone a series of expansions to our existing manufacturing facilities in recent years, including in 2010, 2011 and the first half of 2012. While we temporarily suspended such expansion in the second half of 2012 and continued to suspend such expansion in 2013 primarily due to a decrease in our PRC aftermarket and OEM sales, we intend to resume our expansion plan and further steadily expand our manufacturing facilities in the long-term depending on market conditions. In addition, we are in the process of establishing a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility.

Although we have significantly expanded our production capacity and are planning to further steadily expand our manufacturing facilities in the long-term depending on market conditions, it is possible that demand for our products may exceed our production capacity in future periods, in which case we may be required to further expand our production capacity to maintain or increase our market share. However, such future expansion is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including:

After any expansion of production capacity, the utilization rate of our expanded production capacity is subject to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: inability to increase our sales volume due to market conditions, unanticipated disruptions in our operations which may impact our ability to manufacture products or make timely deliveries to our customers, and inadequate access to raw materials, labor or other inputs required for our manufacturing operations. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will always be able to adequately utilize our production capacity at any given time.

If we fail to appropriately expand and manage our production capacity, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

We may seek to expand through acquisitions, but we may be unsuccessful in our ability to manage such acquisitions and we may not realize the anticipated benefits from such acquisitions.

To enhance our growth, we may acquire businesses, manufacturing facilities, technologies or know-how that we believe would benefit us in terms of product development, manufacturing or distribution.

If we acquire businesses that operate outside the PRC or offer products that are different from our existing products, these risks may increase because of our limited experience in operating such businesses.

An acquisition could also materially impair our results of operations by causing us to incur debt or requiring us to amortize acquired intangible assets. We may also discover deficiencies in internal controls, data adequacy and integrity, product quality and regulatory compliance, and product liabilities in acquired businesses which we did not uncover prior to such acquisition. As a consequence, we may become subject to penalties, lawsuits or other liabilities. Any difficulties in the integration of acquired businesses, product or technologies or unexpected penalties, lawsuits or liabilities in connection with acquired businesses, product or technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive management team and other key personnel, and losing their services would severely disrupt our business and materially and adversely impact our results of operations.

Our future success depends substantially on the continuing services of our senior management team, in particular, Mr. Jianhui Lai, our founder, chairman, chief executive officer and controlling shareholder. Mr. Lai has over 20 years of experience in the commercial vehicle wheel industry, particularly in managing vehicle wheel businesses. Mr. Lai’s experience and efforts have been instrumental in the development of our company. If Mr. Lai or any of our other senior executives or key personnel are unable or unwilling to remain with our company, we may not be able to replace them with appropriate candidates, our business may be disrupted and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We do not maintain key-man insurance for members of our management team or any of our other key personnel. If we lose the services of any member of our senior management team or key personnel, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new personnel, which could severely disrupt our business and prospects. In addition, if any member of our senior management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some of our customers and trade secrets. While we generally attempt to protect our trade secrets by entering into non-disclosure/confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our executive officers as well as key personnel who have access to sensitive and confidential information, we cannot assure you that, in light of uncertainties associated with the PRC legal system, these agreements could be enforced in the PRC. Please refer to “—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could limit the protections available to you and us.”

Our business depends on our ability to maintain a skilled labor force, and our business may be adversely disrupted if we fail to continue to attract, train and retain our highly qualified technical personnel.

Our success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train and retain technical experts, research and development personnel, engineers, post-sales services personnel and sales and marketing personnel, particularly those with expertise and experience in the automotive or automotive component industry. There is substantial competition for those professionals, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continuously attract or retain them. If we are unable to attract and retain valuable employees, to keep pace with our expected growth, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Labor is a key component of our manufacturing operations in the PRC. In addition to the labor contract law, discussed below in “—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The enforcement of the PRC labor contract law and its implementation rules and increase in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability,” other factors may increase our costs of labor in the PRC. As the PRC economy continues to develop, its labor force is becoming more educated and is undergoing other demographic changes. As a result, the number of available workers for our manufacturing operations may decrease or such workers may demand higher wages. In addition, increases in the size or number of our competitors or other manufacturing businesses may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain workers for our own manufacturing operations. Our total staff costs in 2011, 2012 and 2013 were RMB263.9 million, RMB285.5 million and RMB 325.3 million (US$53.7 million), which represented 6.4%, 7.6% and 8.6% of our revenue in each of those years, respectively. A significant increase in labor costs for our operations in the PRC could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We are subject to credit risks of our customers, and our trade receivables are relatively large.

Our customers may default in their payments to us from time to time. We conduct regular reviews of our credit exposure to our customers. Credit risk arises from events and circumstances beyond our control or events which are difficult to anticipate or detect, such as an economic downturn or deterioration in the financial position of our customers.

For our PRC aftermarket sales, our tier-one distributors are required to provide us a credit deposit typically equal to approximately one-month of indicative annual purchase amount. Depending on the actual sales amount, we typically provide our tier-one distributors a credit term of 45 to 55 days from the delivery of our products. We typically provide our OEM customers in the PRC a credit term of 55 to 75 days from the delivery of our products, depending on the sales amount. For international sales, we typically provide our customers a credit term of 30 days from delivery of our products. For certain new international customers, we require payment of the entire purchase price at the time of purchase. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, we had trade receivables of RMB728.9 million, RMB530.1 million and RMB 666.8 million (US$110.2 million), respectively, which represented 17.8%, 14.2% and 17.5% of our revenue in each of those years, respectively.

If our customers fail to timely pay us, require us to extend credit to them beyond our customary payment periods, or otherwise default on their payments in an amount in excess of any previously paid deposit, we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our cash flow requirements and we would need to make provisions for doubtful debts or incur bad debt write-offs, which may adversely affect our financial performance. Disputes which arise due to default in payment by customers may also incur time and substantial costs in claiming for such payments and thus affect our liquidity, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our operating results may fluctuate considerably from quarter to quarter, and these fluctuations could have an adverse effect on the price of our ADSs.

Our results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, among others:

Historically, our revenues have typically been higher in the second and fourth quarters and lower in the first and third quarters of each year. We cannot be certain if or how our results of operations will be affected by seasonal trends in future periods.

In addition, if our revenue in a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we may be unable to reduce our operating expenses, in particular our advertising and promotion expenses, for that quarter by a corresponding amount. This could have a material adverse effect on our operating results for that quarter. You should not rely on our results from any quarter as an indication of future performance. Quarterly variations in our operations could result in significant volatility in the market for our ADSs, and the market price for our ADSs might fall below the initial public offering price. The occurrence of any of the risks described above could result in harm to our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, especially if it continues for a period of time or is not mitigated in subsequent periods.

Our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property are important assets for our business, and if we are unable to protect them, or if other parties claim we are infringing their intellectual property, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We have developed a large portfolio of intellectual property rights in the PRC to protect the technologies, inventions and improvements significant to our business, and we believe that this is important for us to maintain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. As of December 31, 2013, we owned a total of 85 patents in the PRC. In addition, we had registered 539 trademarks with China’s Trademark Office as of December 31, 2013, and are currently in the process of applying for eight additional trademarks in the PRC. We also have a number of trademarks and trademark applications in a number of the countries to which we export our products.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and enforce protection for patents, trademarks and other intellectual property against third-party challenges. We will only be able to protect our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that we obtain valid and enforceable intellectual property rights with respect to them. Furthermore, the degree of future protection of our intellectual property rights is uncertain because legal means may only provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our exclusive proprietary interest or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.

We have sold, and expect to continue to sell, a significant portion of our products outside the PRC, where we currently have no patent protection. In these jurisdictions, others may independently develop substantially equivalent technologies or processes, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technologies or processes, and obtain patents for such intellectual properties, including in countries in which we sell our products, which could allow those patent holders to prevent us from selling any of our products that infringe those foreign patents in those countries.

Our competitors are also developing and seeking patent protection for technologies in connection with the manufacturing of steel wheels. We expect our competitors to continue to take steps to protect these technologies, including seeking patent protection. There may be patents issued or pending held by others that cover significant parts of our technology or business methods. Disputes over rights to these technologies may arise in the future. We cannot be certain that our products do not or will not infringe valid patents or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. As a result, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the intellectual property of others.

If we are not able to protect our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property, we will not be able to exclude competitors from developing or producing competing products using the relevant technologies or processes. Similarly, if other parties assert claims that we are infringing their intellectual property, they may be able to prevent us from using certain technologies or processes or from producing certain types of products. Any of these situations may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our future capital needs are uncertain, and we may not be successful in raising sufficient funds in the future, particularly to fund our expansion activities.

Our future capital needs are uncertain because our expenditures may exceed our current expectations. This could occur for a number of reasons, including, for example, if we devote a significant amount of financial resources to expansion of production capacity or to the research and development of new products or manufacturing techniques that we believe to have significant commercial potential. Our ability to raise additional funds in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds that are necessary for our operations on terms favorable to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

If we raise additional funds, we may dilute existing shareholders or increase our debt, which in turn could restrict our operations or ability to pay dividends.

If our revenue is not sufficient to meet our operational needs and capital requirements or if we have future liquidity needs or other business reasons, we may need (or we may elect) to sell additional equity or debt securities or borrow funds to raise capital. The sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders and a reduction in the price of our ADSs. The incurrence of additional debt would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends. As a result, we may be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industrial conditions, be limited in our ability to pursue our expansion plans, be required to allocate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to repay our debts, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund capital expenditures, working capital and other corporate purposes, and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the market environment.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may lose investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs or otherwise harm our reputation.

The SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such companies’ internal control over financial reporting in their respective annual reports. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company may be required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013. Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report, which has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective in all material aspects as of December 31, 2013. Please refer to Item 15 “Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” and “—Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm.” However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Moreover, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could also result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs or otherwise harm our reputation. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may also need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other requirements going forward.

Our manufacturing operations are subject to environmental, health and safety regulations. Any actual or alleged violation of these regulations could result in regulatory actions, fines and other penalties, including suspending production or ceasing operations, civil or criminal claims resulting in potentially significant monetary damages, adverse publicity, and other negative consequences.

Our production process primarily generates and discharges waste water, waste gas, noises and solid wastes, and we are required to comply with certain national and local environmental, health and safety regulations. We believe that we have instituted environmental, health and safety procedures and measures that comply with the relevant regulations in the PRC in all material respects. We also sell certain of our solid wastes, such as scrap steel, to third parties or recycling stations. However, we cannot completely eliminate the environmental, health and safety risks associated with our waste materials. If more stringent regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new regulations could be substantial. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental, health and safety regulations, we could be subject to regulatory actions, fines and other penalties, including suspending production or ceasing operations, civil or criminal claims resulting in potentially significant monetary damages, adverse publicity and other negative consequences, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our business benefits from certain PRC government tax incentives. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives and PRC tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Prior to January 1, 2008, our PRC subsidiaries were subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a statutory tax rate of 33.0%. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, and the implementation rules issued by the State Council of the PRC, or the State Council, became effective as of January 1, 2008. The EIT Law provides that all enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested companies, are subject to a uniform 25.0% enterprise income tax rate and all tax reduction or exemption as well as incentives previously provided to foreign-invested enterprises were to be cancelled. Accordingly, our PRC subsidiaries were subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a statutory rate of 25.0% after January 1, 2008, except for (i) Zhengxing Wheel, which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2008 and 2012 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2008 to 2013. (ii) Zhengxing Group Langfang Wheel Co., Ltd., which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2009 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2009 to 2014, (iii) Zhengxing Group Hefei Wheel Co., Ltd., which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2011 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2010 to 2015 (the preferential tax rate of 15.0% applied retrospectively for 2010, the effect of which was not reflected in our income tax expense in 2010, and relevant adjustments were made in our consolidated financial statements for 2011) and (iv) Zhengxing Group Chengdu Wheel Co., Ltd., which was incorporated in the western region of the PRC in July 2004 and derived more than 70.0% of its total income from the business of state-encouraged industry, and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from its inception in 2004 to 2020.

These preferential income tax rates are subject to periodic review and renewal by PRC authorities. If our subsidiaries fail to maintain their preferential tax statuses, their applicable EIT rate may increase to up to 25.0%, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our current effective tax rate in the future.

We also benefit from PRC tax policies designed to encourage exports. In the PRC, steel wheels are normally subject to a value-added tax, or VAT, of 17.0%, but we receive a full rebate of or exemption from the VAT for the steel wheels that we export. The value of these VAT exemptions and rebates amounted to approximately RMB92.1 million, RMB104.3 million and RMB 91.5 million (US$15.1 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. However, these VAT exemptions and rebates for exported steel wheels may be eliminated by the PRC government. If this occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may suffer uncompensated losses from events that disrupt our operations because we do not have adequate insurance.

We currently only maintain limited insurance, covering our major fixed assets, equipment and machinery. Our manufacturing operations are subject to risks including fire, theft, labor disputes, equipment breakdown or failure, natural disasters and non-compliance with the applicable laws or regulations. If any of these events occur at our manufacturing facilities, our manufacturing operations may be materially and adversely disrupted. There is no certainty that our insurance for our major fixed assets, equipment and machinery is sufficient to indemnify us against the losses that may arise from such events. We do not currently maintain insurance coverage for business interruption, product liability or death of key members of management. If an event occurs for which we have inadequate or no insurance coverage, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

We incurred non-cash share-based compensation expenses in 2011, 2012 and 2013 and expect to continue to incur such expenses. If our company or shareholders grant restricted shares, share options and other share-based compensation to our employees, directors or consultants in consideration of their services to our company in the future, we may incur additional non-cash share-based compensation expenses, and our net income may be adversely affected.

Newrace Limited, one of our shareholders, has made a grant of restricted ordinary shares to Mr. Yifan Li, our former chief financial officer, in consideration of his service to our company. As a result of this grant of restricted shares by Newrace Limited, we incurred non-cash share-based compensation expenses of RMB3.0 million, RMB0.6 million and RMB 0.2 million (US$0.04 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We also incurred non-cash share-based compensation expenses of RMB1.9 million, RMB1.3 million and RMB 0.3 million (US$0.04 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, in connection with the share option granted to one of our executive officers in August 2011 and the restricted share unit awards granted to each of our independent directors in March 2012 under our 2011 Share Incentive Plan. We may incur additional such expenses in connection with other share-based compensation grants we or our shareholders may make to our employees, directors or consultants in the future as an important means to attract and retain such personnel. We account for compensation costs for all such restricted share grants, share options and restricted share unit awards using the fair value determined on the grant date and recognize the expenses in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income. These compensation expenses may materially and adversely affect our net income. Please refer to Item 5A “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Equity-settled Share-based Compensation Expense.”

If we have difficulty obtaining sufficient capital for operations or expansion, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We had net current assets of RMB410.8 million, RMB474.7 million and RMB 660.2 million (US$109.1 million) as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations, combined with funds available to us through financing and the net proceeds from our initial public offering, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, we may need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changed business conditions or other developments or if we wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, strategic cooperation or other similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed our cash on hand, we may seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain a credit facility. Any issuance of equity or equity-linked securities could dilute our shareholders. Any incurrence of indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations and cause us to be subject to restrictive operating and finance covenants. It is possible that, when we need additional cash resources, financing will only be available to us in amounts or on terms that would not be acceptable to us or financing will not be available at all. If we have difficulty obtaining sufficient capital for operations or expansion, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on the overall economic growth of the PRC, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our leading competitive position.

We conduct all of our manufacturing and have historically derived the majority of our revenue in the PRC. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

The PRC economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in the PRC is still owned by the PRC government. The continued control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy by the PRC government could materially and adversely affect our business. The PRC government also exercises significant control over PRC economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC economy has also experienced certain adverse effects due to the recent global financial crisis. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage and maintain economic growth and to guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us, and by government policies or guidance aimed at curtailing the perceived over-capacity of certain industry sectors, such as steel. The PRC government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. The PRC government has also discontinued certain stimulus measures implemented to deal with the recent global financial crisis, including incentives for consumers to purchase automobiles and other vehicles and may implement tightening measures to control inflation. These actions may cause decreased economic activity in the PRC, which could in turn reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in the PRC could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth, particularly in the automotive industry in the PRC, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and consequently have a material and adverse effect on our businesses.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could limit the protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike in common law systems, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in the PRC. We conduct all of our business through our subsidiaries established in the PRC. These subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in the PRC. However, since many laws, rules and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protections that we enjoy either by law or contract.

However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of PRC administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy in the PRC than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the agreements we have entered into with our business partners, distributors, customers and suppliers. Currently, all governmental approvals relating to our operations and production capacity expansion plans have been issued by the relevant competent local government authorities. However, if a central government agency requires us to obtain its approval and if we fail to obtain such approval in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to the imposition of fines against us or the suspension or cessation of our production capacity expansion plans.

In addition, such uncertainties, including the inability to enforce our agreements, could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. Furthermore, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in the PRC may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and other foreign investors, including you. In addition, any litigation in the PRC may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention.

We rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We currently conduct our business through our subsidiaries established in the PRC. We rely on dividends paid by these subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. The payment of dividends by entities established in the PRC is subject to limitations. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in the PRC. Each of our PRC subsidiaries that is a domestic company is also required to set aside at least 10.0% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves or statutory capital reserve fund until the accumulative amount of such reserves reach 50.0% of its respective registered capital. As of December 31, 2013, the accumulated profits of our PRC subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis under PRC accounting standards, that were unrestricted and were available for distribution amounted to RMB 1,757.5 million (US$ 290.3 million). Our restricted reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds we receive from our initial public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries.

In utilizing the proceeds we received from our initial public offering, as an offshore holding company with PRC subsidiaries, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. Loans by us to domestic PRC enterprises must be approved by the relevant government authorities and must also be registered with the SAFE or its local counterpart.

Any capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or the MOFCOM, or its local counterpart. On August 29, 2008, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or the SAFE, promulgated the Circular on Issues Relating to the Improvement of Business Operation With Respect to the Administration of Foreign Exchange Capital Payment and Settlement of FIEs, or Circular 142, which regulates the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. Circular 142 requires that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless specifically provided for otherwise. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight over the flow and use of Renminbi funds converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi may not be changed without approval from the SAFE, and may not be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not yet been used. Violations of Circular 142 may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to our future loans or capital contributions to our direct or indirect subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such registrations or approvals, our ability to use the proceeds of our initial public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and ability to fund and expand our business.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability, limit our ability to inject capital into our consolidated PRC entities, limit the ability of our consolidated PRC entities to distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

The SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control Over Financing and Return Investment of Domestic Residents through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 75, in October 2005, requiring PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling any company outside the PRC for the purpose of capital financing with assets or equities of PRC companies, referred to in the notice as an “offshore special purpose company.” PRC residents that are shareholders of offshore special purpose companies established before November 1, 2005 were required to register with the local SAFE branch before March 31, 2006. Furthermore, PRC residents are required to file amendments to their registrations with the local SAFE branch if their special purpose companies undergo material events involving changes in capital, such as changes in share capital, mergers and acquisitions, share transfers or exchanges, spin-off transactions or long-term equity or debt investments. Our current beneficial owners who, to our knowledge, are PRC residents are in the process of registering with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 75. We cannot, however, provide any assurances that such registration will be completed in a timely manner, or at all, or that any future beneficial owners who are PRC residents will be able to comply with the SAFE regulations in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure of our current or future beneficial owners who are PRC residents to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 75 may subject such beneficial owners to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our consolidated PRC entities, limit our consolidated PRC entities’ ability to distribute dividends to us or the offshore entities set up by our beneficial owners or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business.

Any requirement to obtain prior approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and a failure to obtain this approval, if required, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation and trading price of our ADSs.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, namely, the MOFCOM, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council of the PRC, or the SASAC, the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC, or the SAT, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the PRC, or the SAIC, the CSRC and the SAFE, jointly promulgated the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the 2006 M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended in June 2009. The 2006 M&A Rule purports, among other things, to require offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC issued a clarification that sets forth the criteria and process for obtaining any required approval from the CSRC.

While the application of the 2006 M&A Rule remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC counsel, that CSRC approval was not required in the context of our initial public offering as, among other reasons, we were not considered a special purpose vehicle formed or controlled by PRC companies or PRC individuals. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant PRC government agency, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for our initial public offering, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our initial public offering into the PRC, or take other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs.

We cannot predict when the CSRC will promulgate additional rules or other guidance, if at all. Moreover, implementing rules or guidance, to the extent issued, may fail to resolve current ambiguities under the 2006 M&A Rule. Uncertainties or negative publicity regarding the 2006 M&A Rule also could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

The 2006 M&A Rule and Security Review Rule set forth complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors that could make it more difficult to pursue acquisitions.

The 2006 M&A Rule sets forth complex procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Complying with the requirements of the 2006 M&A Rule to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

In addition, on February 3, 2011, the State Council promulgated the Notice on the Establishment of the Security Review System in Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Security Review Rule, which became effective 30 days after February 3, 2011. The Security Review Rule, among other things, provides that merger and acquisition transactions by foreign investors of domestic enterprises in sensitive sectors or industries may be subject to security review and, as a result may be blocked due to their impact on the national defense security, national economic stability, basic social life order, or capacity of indigenous research and development of key technologies. The impact of the Security Review Rule with respect to our future merger and acquisition transactions of PRC domestic enterprises remains unclear as such rule does not include a detailed list of sensitive sectors or industries. Although our industry is generally deemed as non-sensitive, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities may have a different view or interpretation in this regard when implementing the Security Review Rule. As a result, our future mergers and acquisitions of PRC domestic enterprises may be subject to PRC security review, which could be time-consuming and complex, and in turn affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

The enforcement of the PRC labor contract law and its implementation rules and increase in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

The PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012, and the implementation rules became effective on September 18, 2008. The Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules impose more stringent obligations on employers for, among others, entering into written employment contracts, hiring temporary employees, dismissing employees, setting compensations for dismissal and protecting certain sick or disabled employees from dismissal and setting forth detailed requirements relating to the contents of the employment contracts. The implementation of the Labor Contract Law may increase our operating expenses, in particular our personnel expenses, as the continued success of our business depends significantly on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a manner that we believe to be cost-effective or desirable, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee equity incentive plans may subject our PRC citizen grantees or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

On March 28, 2007, the SAFE promulgated the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Holding Plan or Share Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Share Option Rule. On February 15, 2012, the SAFE issued the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Incentive Plan Rule, which replaced the Share Option Rule. Under the Stock Incentive Plan Rule, PRC citizens who are granted share options or other employee equity incentive awards by an overseas publicly-listed company are required, through a qualified PRC agent or a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the share options or other employee equity incentive plans. We and our PRC citizen grantees are subject to these regulations. If we or our PRC citizen grantees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC citizen grantees may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Fluctuation in the value of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment.

Substantially all of our sales outside the PRC are in U.S. dollars, with the remaining portion in Euros. The change in value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and the Euro is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions. From 1995 until July 2005, the People’s Bank of China intervened in the foreign exchange market to maintain an exchange rate of approximately RMB8.28 per U.S. dollar. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government reformed this policy to allow the Renminbi to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. There have been a number of changes to the currency policy in the PRC since July 2005, and the Renminbi has appreciated significantly since then. There currently remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a substantial liberalization of its currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may also have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we received from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. If such events occur, the value of your investment in our shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar, the Euro or other currencies may adversely affect the competitiveness of our product pricing in markets outside the PRC. If such appreciation occurs, our products will cost more, as denominated in U.S. dollars, Euros or other currencies, when exported to our international markets, and thus our products may not be as competitively priced in those markets as products produced in other countries which use a currency that has not appreciated as much as the Renminbi. As a result, our export volume may be adversely affected, which may cause a decrease in our revenue from international sales. Therefore, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar, the Euro or other currencies could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of the PRC. We receive the majority of our revenue in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our income is primarily derived from dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency-denominated obligations. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from the SAFE or its local branch is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also, at its discretion, restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Dividends we receive from our subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax.

Under the EIT Law, and its implementation rules, both of which came into effect on January 1, 2008, PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 10.0% is generally applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC, unless the tax rate is reduced by a tax treaty between the PRC and the relevant jurisdiction. We are a British Virgin Islands holding company, and substantially all of our income may come from dividends we receive from our subsidiary located in Hong Kong, which in turn derives substantially all of its income from our indirect subsidiaries located in the PRC. If our subsidiary in Hong Kong is considered a non-resident enterprise, dividends it receives from the subsidiaries in the PRC will generally be subject to a 10.0% withholding tax under the EIT Law and its implementing rules, or 5.0% withholding tax if the tax treaty between Hong Kong and the PRC is applicable, either of which will reduce the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders and ADS holders.

We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the EIT Law and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, enterprises established under the laws of foreign countries or regions whose “de facto management bodies” are located within the PRC territory are considered resident enterprises and will generally be subject to the uniform enterprise income tax at the rate of 25.0% on its global income, which excludes dividends received directly from another PRC resident enterprise. “De facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have material and overall management control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the SAT, issued the Notice on Determination of Tax Resident Enterprises of Chinese-controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises in accordance with Their De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, that sets forth certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management bodies” are located in the PRC for an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by PRC enterprises. However, the relevant PRC laws and regulations remain unclear as to how the PRC tax authorities will treat an overseas enterprise, with all of its management team members residing in the PRC, invested or controlled by another overseas enterprise as in our case. If we are treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25.0% on our global income, which could adversely affected our net income and results of operations.

Dividends payable by us to our foreign investors, and gains on the sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs, may be subject to taxes under PRC tax laws, which may materially reduce the value of your investment.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 10.0% is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Similarly, gains realized on the transfer of ordinary shares or ADSs by such investors are also subject to the 10.0% PRC enterprise income tax if such gains are regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. We are a British Virgin Islands holding company, and substantially all of our income may come from dividends we receive from our indirect subsidiaries located in the PRC. It is unclear whether the dividends we pay with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs, or the gains realized on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as PRC-sourced income and be subject to PRC taxes. If we are required under the EIT Law to withhold PRC enterprise income tax on our dividends payable to our non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

The strengthened scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on our acquisition strategy.

In connection with the EIT Law, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC and the SAT jointly issued, on April 30, 2009, the Notice on Issues Concerning Process of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business, or Circular 59. On December 10, 2009, the SAT issued the Notice on Strengthening the Management on Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises Equity Transfer, or Circular 698. Both Circular 59 and Circular 698 became effective retrospectively on January 1, 2008. By promulgating and implementing these circulars, the PRC tax authorities have strengthened their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise. For example, Circular 698 specifies that the SAT is entitled to redefine the nature of an equity transfer where offshore vehicles are interposed by abusing corporate structures for tax-avoidance purposes and without reasonable commercial intention. We may pursue acquisitions as one of our growth strategies, and may conduct acquisitions involving complex corporate structures. We cannot be assured that the PRC tax authorities will not, at their discretion, adjust the taxable capital gains of the seller, which may indirectly increase acquisition costs.

Our financial performance and prospects could be affected by natural disasters or health epidemics.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters or the outbreak of health epidemics. In March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake followed by a tsunami struck northeast Japan devastating much of the affected areas and causing widespread damage and casualties. In addition, in May 2008, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Sichuan Province and certain other parts of the PRC, causing severe damage and casualties. Moreover, certain countries and regions, including the PRC, have encountered incidents of the H5N1 strain of bird flu, or avian flu, as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, over the past few years and, more recently in 2009, the outbreak of influenza A (H1N1). There have also been recent reports of outbreaks of an avian flu caused by the H7N9 virus, including confirmed human cases, in China. We are unable to predict the effect, if any, that any future natural disasters and health and public security hazards may have on our business. Furthermore, such natural disasters and health and public security hazards may severely restrict the level of economic activity in affected areas, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.

The audit report included in this annual report has been prepared by auditors who are not inspected fully by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our annual report filed with the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is required by the laws in the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws in the United States and professional standards. However, because we have substantial operations within the PRC, the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections of the work of our auditors as it relates to those operations without the approval of the Chinese authorities. As a result, our auditors are not currently inspected fully by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside the PRC have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in the PRC prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in the PRC makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of the PRC that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

The market price for our ADSs has been and may continue to be volatile which could result in substantial loss to you.

The market price for our ADSs has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors, including the following:

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. For example, since August 2008, multiple exchanges in the United States, Europe and other countries and regions, including China, experienced sharp declines in response to the growing global credit market crisis and the recession in the United States and Europe. Prolonged global capital markets volatility may affect overall investor sentiment towards our ADSs, which would also negatively affect the trading prices for our ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market after our initial public offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of March 31, 2014, we had 206,500,000 ordinary shares outstanding, including 62,499,988 ordinary shares represented by 15,624,997 ADSs. All ADSs sold in our initial public offering are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares outstanding are available for sale, subject to restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs. Our controlling shareholder has substantial influence over our company and its interests may not be aligned with your interests.

As of March 31, 2014, our controlling shareholder, Mr. Jianhui Lai (through Newrace Limited), beneficially owned approximately 69.5% of our outstanding ordinary shares. Mr. Lai is also our founder, chairman and chief executive officer. Please refer to Item 6E “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Share Ownership” and Item 7B “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Restricted Shares Granted to Mr. Yifan Li by Newrace Limited.” Our controlling shareholder has a substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including those who purchased ADSs in our initial public offering. Moreover, this concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs.

We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.

We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange by virtue of being a foreign private issuer, as such term is defined in the rules promulgated by the SEC. We are required to provide a brief description of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and the corporate governance practice required to be followed by U.S. domestic companies under the New York Stock Exchange rules. The standards applicable to us are considerably different from the standards applied to U.S. domestic issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

We have relied and intend to continue to rely on some or all of these exemptions. As a result, you are not provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange. Please refer to Item16G “Corporate Governance.”

The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not vote, unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.

Holders of our ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, or memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, we will give the depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 30 days in advance of the meeting date and the depositary will send a notice to you about the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. The depositary and its agents, however, may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as you request. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

You may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares or any value for them if such distribution is illegal or if any required government approval cannot be obtained in order to make such distribution available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses and any applicable taxes and government charges. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. For example, in March 2012, our board of directors declared a dividend to our shareholders in the amount of US$3.1 million, which has been paid to holders of ordinary shares and ADSs. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities whose offering would require registration under the Securities Act but not so properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not reasonably practicable to distribute certain property. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under the U.S. securities laws any offering of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to you unless either both the rights and any related securities are registered under the Securities Act, or the distribution of them to ADS holders is exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. If the depository does not distribute the rights, it may, under the deposit agreement, either sell them, if possible, or allow them to lapse. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

If we are a passive foreign investment company, you may experience adverse tax consequences.

We do not expect to be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. The PFIC determination, however, depends on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules concerning the classification of our assets and income for this purpose, and these rules are uncertain in some respects. In addition, the market value of our assets may be determined in large part by the market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate, and the composition of our company’s income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend any cash we raise or generate. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in any future taxable year.

If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, such characterization could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to you if you are a U.S. investor. Please refer to Item 10E “Additional Information—Taxation—Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the British Virgin Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Our business commenced in 2003 with the incorporation of our predecessor, Zhengxing Wheel (initially named Fujian Zhengxing Wheel Co., Ltd.) under the laws of the PRC, which was then 80.0% owned by Mr. Jianhui Lai, our founder, chairman, chief executive officer and controlling shareholder, 5.0% owned by Mrs. Lizhu Lai (Mr. Jianhui Lai’s spouse), 5.0% owned by Mr. Deshun Lai (Mr. Jianhui Lai’s brother), 5.0% owned by Mr. Dexiong Lai (Mr. Jianhui Lai’s brother) and 5.0% owned by Mr. Jianping Lai (Mr. Jianhui Lai’s brother). Mr. Jianhui Lai and the other four founders subsequently made additional capital contributions to Zhengxing Wheel in 2003, 2005 and 2006, which ultimately increased Mr. Jianhui Lai’s shareholding in Zhengxing Wheel to 89.3% with the other four founders owning the remaining equity interest.

In July 2004, Zhengxing Group Benxi Wheel Co., Ltd., or Zhengxing Benxi Wheel, was established under the laws of the PRC by Zhengxing Wheel (which owned 90.0% of its equity interest) and Mrs. Lizhu Lai (who owned 10.0% of its equity interest). In March 2008, Mrs. Lai sold her 10.0% equity interest in Zhengxing Benxi Wheel to Zhengxing Wheel, and Zhengxing Benxi Wheel became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zhengxing Wheel. Zhengxing Benxi Wheel owns our manufacturing facilities in Benxi, Liaoning Province.

In July 2004, Zhengxing Group Chengdu Wheel Co., Ltd., or Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel, was established under the laws of the PRC by Zhengxing Wheel (which owned 60.0% of its equity interest) and Mrs. Lizhu Lai (who owned 40.0% of its equity interest). In March 2008, Mrs. Lai sold her 40.0% equity interest in Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel to Zhengxing Wheel, and Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zhengxing Wheel. Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel owns our manufacturing facilities in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, which we established through an asset purchase from Sichuan Xinbao Wheel Co., Ltd. in July 2004.

In January 2005, Zhengxing Group Langfang Wheel Co., Ltd., or Zhengxing Langfang Wheel, was established under the laws of the PRC by Zhengxing Wheel (which owned 90.0% of its equity interest) and Mrs. Lizhu Lai (who owned 10.0% of its equity interest). In March 2008, Mrs. Lai sold her 10.0% equity interest in Zhengxing Langfang Wheel to Zhengxing Wheel, and Zhengxing Langfang Wheel became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zhengxing Wheel. Zhengxing Langfang Wheel owns our manufacturing facilities in Langfang, Hebei Province.

In June 2005, Zhengxing Group Hefei Wheel Co., Ltd., or Zhengxing Hefei Wheel, was established under the laws of the PRC by Zhengxing Wheel (which owned 90.0% of its equity interest) and Mrs. Lizhu Lai (who owned 10.0% of its equity interest). In March 2008, Mrs. Lai sold her 10.0% equity interest in Zhengxing Hefei Wheel to Zhengxing Wheel, and Zhengxing Hefei Wheel became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zhengxing Wheel. Zhengxing Hefei Wheel owns our manufacturing facilities in Hefei, Anhui Province.

Mrs. Lizhu Lai initially held interests in each of the above-mentioned PRC subsidiaries as a minority shareholder due to certain PRC laws and regulations then in effect, which required that a PRC limited liability company must have more than one shareholder. She subsequently sold her minority interests in March 2008 to facilitate the acquisition of Zhengxing Wheel as described below.

In addition, we established Hua’an Zhengxing Wheel Co., Ltd. in November 2010 which is expected to own our planned aluminum wheel manufacturing facility upon its completion. We also established Zhengxing Indo Wheels Private Limited in India in January 2012 to operate our planned steel wheel manufacturing facility in India. However, due to the ongoing economic difficulties in India including the instability of local economic conditions and fluctuation in the value of the Indian Rupee, we have suspended our plan to operate our planned steel wheel manufacturing facility in India for the time being and have deregistered Zhengxing Indo Wheels Private Limited.

We, China Zenix Auto International Limited, are a British Virgin Islands holding company incorporated on July 11, 2008, with an authorized share capital of US$50,000 consisting of 50,000 ordinary shares with a par value of US$1.00 per share, by Newrace Limited and Richburg Holdings Limited, each incorporated under the laws of the British Virgins Islands. Pursuant to a share subscription and shareholders agreement dated August 10, 2008, as amended on August 12, 2008 (the terms of which were confirmed and further clarified by a deed of confirmation on April 21, 2011), we issued 45,000 and 5,000 ordinary shares, par value US$1.00 per share, to Newrace Limited and Richburg Holdings Limited, respectively. We were initially named Richwheel Limited, and, in preparation for our initial public offering, we changed our name to China Zenix Auto International Limited on November 3, 2010. We also effected a change to our authorized and issued share capital and a repurchase of our issued and outstanding shares on February 21, 2011, as a result of which and as of December 31, 2013, our authorized share capital consisted of 500,000,000 shares, with a par value of US$0.0001 each. As of December 31, 2013, there were 206,500,000 ordinary shares issued, fully-paid and outstanding.

On September 26, 2008, we established a wholly-owned subsidiary, China Wheel Limited, under the laws of Hong Kong. China Wheel Limited is an intermediate holding company with no operations of its own. The dividends it receives from the subsidiaries in the PRC are subject to a PRC withholding tax of 10.0%, to the extent it is considered a non-PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and its implementing rules, or 5.0%, to the extent the tax treaty between Hong Kong and the PRC is applicable. There is uncertainty as to the application of the EIT Law and its implementing rules. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Dividends we receive from our subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax.”

On December 29, 2008, we, through China Wheel Limited, completed the acquisition of the entire equity interest of Zhengxing Wheel from its shareholders, including Mr. Jianhui Lai, with a cash consideration in the aggregate amount of RMB140.0 million as well as the grant of an option to Mr. Jianhui Lai described in the following paragraph. As a result of this acquisition, Zhengxing Wheel, together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Zhengxing Langfang Wheel, Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel, Zhengxing Hefei Wheel and Zhengxing Benxi Wheel, became our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. We currently conduct substantially all of our business through these PRC subsidiaries. This acquisition was approved by the relevant PRC government authorities on December 29, 2008.

In connection with our acquisition of Zhengxing Wheel, Ms. Laifan Chu, who was the then sole shareholder of Newrace Limited and an independent third party from Mr. Jianhui Lai and us prior to this acquisition, entered into a memorandum of understanding with Mr. Jianhui Lai on November 1, 2008, under which the parties agreed that Mr. Lai had an option to purchase any or all of the shares of Newrace Limited from Ms. Chu at a price to be agreed by the parties. On November 26, 2008, Ms. Chu and Mr. Lai orally agreed on the specific terms of Mr. Lai’s option to purchase any or all of the shares of Newrace Limited, including the exercise price and that such option would take effect from January 1, 2009. On October 25, 2010, Ms. Chu and Mr. Lai entered into a share purchase option agreement which reiterated and finalized the terms of, and superseded, the prior memorandum of understanding and oral agreement between Ms. Chu and Mr. Lai. Pursuant to, and subject to the terms of, this share purchase option agreement, Mr. Lai had an option to purchase any or all of the share capital of Newrace Limited, consisting of 50,000 ordinary shares, par value US$1.00 per share, from Ms. Chu during the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013 at a price of US$400.0 per ordinary share, which price increased by 10.0% annually, calculated on a daily basis starting from January 1, 2009, until this option was exercised or lapsed. Mr. Lai previously undertook not to exercise this option until the expiration of the six-month period following May 11, 2011.

On December 19, 2012, Mr. Lai issued a notice of exercise to Ms. Chu pursuant to the terms of the share purchase option agreement. Pursuant to this notice, Mr. Lai exercised the option to purchase all of the 50,000 ordinary shares of Newrace Limited, and Mr. Lai and Ms. Chu agreed that these ordinary shares would be transferred and delivered to Mr. Lai on December 20, 2012 and the exercise price of US$27,934,000.0 would be paid by Mr. Lai to Ms. Chu within 90 business days from December 20, 2012. As a result, Mr. Lai became the sole shareholder of Newrace Limited on December 20, 2012.

We completed our initial public offering, which involved the sale by us and a selling shareholder of 11,610,000 and 1,290,000 of our ADSs, representing 46,440,000 and 5,160,000 of our ordinary shares, on May 17, 2011.

Our principal executive offices are located at No. 1608, North Circle Road State Highway, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363000, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (86) 596-2600308, and our fax number is (86) 596-2600558.

Investor inquiries should be directed to us at the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices set forth above. Our website is www.zenixauto.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., located at 400 Madison Avenue, 4^thFloor, New York, New York 10017.

In 2011, 2012 and 2013, our capital expenditures totaled RMB243.0 million, RMB402.6 million and RMB 175.4 million (US$29.0 million), respectively. In past years, our capital expenditures consisted primarily of the purchase of property, plant and equipment, and the cost of obtaining land use rights and other costs incurred in connection with the construction and expansion of our various manufacturing facilities and a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility. We estimate that our capital expenditure in 2014 will primarily include commitments made in connection with the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, planned investments in power plants to provide electricity supply to such aluminum wheel manufacturing facility and third parties, as well as enhanced automation of our manufacturing process. Our capital expenditures in 2013 have been, and are expected to continue to be in future periods, funded by cash flow from operations.

In November 2013, our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal for a business restructuring of the Company from Mr. Jianhui Lai, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer, and RichWise International Investment Group Limited and certain of its affiliated entities (together, the “Consortium Members”). According to the proposal letter, the proposed business restructuring would involve a reorganization of our shareholding structure concurrently with a number of other transactions which, if consummated, would result in a significant change in our business focus, as described in the proposal letter. According to the proposal letter, the Consortium Members currently own in the aggregate approximately 75% of the Company’s total outstanding ordinary shares. Our board of directors has established a special committee to consider the preliminary non-binding proposal letter for a restructuring of the Company’s business, dated November 23, 2013, from the Consortium Members.

On February 28, 2014, QVT Fund V LP, QVT Fund IV LP and Quintessence Fund L.P., filed a claim against the Company in the British Virgin Islands court on the basis that the proposed business restructuring and reorganization would (i) amount to conduct that contravenes the Business Companies Act (2004) (as amended) of the British Virgin Islands and the articles of association of the Company, and (ii) be, or would be likely to be, unfairly prejudicial to the claimants. The claimants are seeking relief by way of an order declaring that the restructuring is not in the best interests of the Company, that the Company or the Chairman purchase the claimants ADSs for a price no less than fair market value, or alternatively, restrain the Company from implementing the proposed business regularly. The Company intends to actively respond to and defend these claims.

We are the largest commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer in the PRC in both the aftermarket and OEM market in terms of sales volume, and our leading market share has been increasing continuously in recent years. We believe that our products enjoy premium brand recognition in the industry, especially among end-users. We also export our products to more than 30 countries worldwide.

We design, manufacture and sell high quality steel wheels that are widely used by most types of commercial vehicles. Our product offering is one of the most diversified in the PRC commercial vehicle wheel industry. We currently offer more than 510 series of tubed steel wheels (which are typically used for commercial vehicles using tires that contain a rubber inner tube), tubeless steel wheels (which are typically used for commercial vehicles using tubeless tires), and off-road steel wheels (which are typically used for construction and other types of off-road vehicles). Each series of steel wheels comes in a range of performance specifications, sizes and colors to meet the various requirements of our customers. We believe that our products are well recognized for safety, strength and durability by our customers, especially under extreme road conditions, and that our products exceed industry standards in all major technical aspects, including safety, durability and stability. In particular, we have developed a type of tubeless steel wheel using a patented production technique for the design of the wheel disc. This type of wheel, other than its improved strength and reduced weight, exceeds industry standard in terms of durability by approximately three times, according to a test conducted by the National Automobile Quality Supervision and Test Center (Xiangfan). In addition, we have won a number of awards in the PRC in recognition of, among other things, our overall business operation capabilities, brand awareness and market share, including Fujian Brand-name Product Certificate in 2010, Top 30 PRC Automobile Industry Enterprise in 2011, The Most Influential Brands in the PRC Machinery Industry in 2012 and The Nation’s Top 100 Automotive Component Suppliers in 2012 and 2013.

We have a diversified customer base with our products being sold in both the aftermarket and OEM market in the PRC and internationally. We sell our products to end-users in the PRC aftermarket through our nationwide distribution network which we believe is the most extensive distribution network among commercial vehicle wheel manufacturers in the PRC. As of December 31, 2013, our distribution network consisted of more than 4,700 distributors, including 24 tier-one distributors, 3,102 exclusive tier-two distributors and 1,651 non-exclusive tier-two distributors, throughout the PRC. Our OEM customers included more than 80 automotive manufacturers in the PRC as of December 31, 2013, including the group members of a number of large PRC commercial vehicle manufacturers such as SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Commercial Vehicle, Beiqi Foton Motor, Baotou Bei Ben Heavy-Duty Truck, Zhengzhou Yutong, FAW Jiefang Automotive, Dongfeng Motor, Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group and China National Heavy Duty Truck Group. In international markets, we sold our products to more than 80 distributors in the aftermarket and directly to six OEMs as of December 31, 2013, including Tata Motors of India, Tokyo Sharin of Japan, Mahindra of India and Daewoo Motor of South Korea. Thailand is currently our largest international market, and India was our largest international market in 2011 and 2012.

We have five manufacturing facilities across China, located in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, Langfang, Hebei Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Hefei, Anhui Province and Benxi, Liaoning Province. These manufacturing facilities are strategically located in close proximity to our steel suppliers, our OEM customers or ports for export, which we believe provide us with a significant advantage in production costs. Since our inception in 2003, we have established an integrated production platform covering all aspects of the design and production of a wide range of steel wheels, enabling us to quickly develop high quality products which are responsive to our customer needs, as well as to continuously improve our manufacturing process and operational efficiency.

We are committed to the research and development of new models of wheels as well as ongoing enhancements in existing product quality and production technology, in order to effectively adapt to the changing demands of our customers for better quality wheel products, as well as to improve our production efficiency. We maintain our own research and development team which we believe is one of the largest in the PRC commercial vehicle wheel industry, with 328 employees as of December 31, 2013 most having 10 to 20 years of experience in the industry. As part of our commitment to research and development, we have amassed a large patent portfolio covering all three types of patents, namely invention, utility model and design patents, through internal development. As of December 31, 2013, we owned a total of 85 patents in the PRC, including four invention patents, 67 utility model patents and 14 design patents. We place great emphasis on quality control in our operations and have implemented quality control procedures throughout our production process. Our comprehensive quality management system has been awarded ISO/TS 16949 quality management system certification since 2007, which certifies the satisfaction of specific quality management system requirements for the design and development, production and, when relevant, installation and service of automotive-related products, and ISO 9001:2000 quality management system certification from 2003 to 2006, which certifies the satisfaction of specific quality management system requirements for an organization to consistently provide products that meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements. At our headquarters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, we have also maintained one of the national wheel test centers designated by the PRC government for the testing of the specifications and roadworthiness of wheels sold in the PRC since September 2008. This test center has been granted ISO/IEC 17025 certification, which certifies the satisfaction of the general requirements to carry out tests and/or calibrations.

We design, manufacture and sell steel wheels in the PRC and internationally, which are used primarily in commercial vehicles. We offer our products to end-users in the aftermarket in the PRC through our nationwide distribution network. As of December 31, 2013, such network consisted of more than 4,700 distributors, including 24 tier-one distributors, 3,102 exclusive tier-two distributors and 1,651 non-exclusive tier-two distributors, throughout the PRC. We also sell our products directly to OEMs in the PRC. In addition, we sell our products outside the PRC to both international distributors in the aftermarket and directly to international OEMs, primarily in India and more than 30 other countries worldwide. We currently offer more than 510 series of tubed, tubeless and off-road steel wheels, with sizes ranging from 8 to 51 inches in diameter and 3 to 28 inches in width and which meet various specifications (including designs and colors) of our customers. In addition, we also sell our wheel components such as wheel discs to distributors for use in the aftermarket in the PRC and internationally, which accounted for an insignificant portion of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013.

We believe that our broad range of products provides us with a competitive advantage over our competitors, enabling us to supply wheels for most types of commercial vehicles in the aftermarket and OEM market. Our diversified product offering also enables us to capture opportunities in the aftermarket, which is characterized by demand for a wide range of wheel types and sizes, but each in relatively small quantities, as well as to meet the various specifications required by OEMs of commercial vehicles and to adapt to changes in their requirements as they arise.

We focus on developing and manufacturing steel wheels with enhanced safety, strength and durability while, to the extent possible, reduced weight (and thus improved fuel efficiency). We believe that our products are well recognized for safety, strength and durability by our customers, especially under extreme road conditions, and that our products exceed industry standards in all major technical aspects, including in fatigue tests to determine how long the wheel can last and pulsation tests to determine a wheel’s ability to roll smoothly on the road. In particular, we have developed a tubeless steel wheel production method that is patented and unique, whereby we can produce tubeless steel wheels which have enhanced strength and durability by applying certain manufacturing processes traditionally only used for tubed steel wheels. Wheels manufactured under this processes, in addition to improved strength and reduced weight, also exceed industry standard in terms of durability by approximately three times, according to a test conducted by the National Automobile Quality Supervision and Test Center (Xiangfan).

Tubed steel wheels are typically used with traditional tires which have a tube to seal the air inside. These traditional tires have been or are currently being gradually replaced by tubeless tires in most markets in the world (with tubeless tires being widely used in developed countries and increasingly being used in developing countries). Tubed steel wheels and traditional tires are generally stronger than tubeless steel wheels and tubeless tires, and are generally used on unpaved roadways such as rural areas, construction sites and mines under low driving speed. They are also generally used by commercial vehicles carrying heavy loads on paved roadways, such as highways and city streets. A tubed steel wheel typically consists of a wheel rim, a wheel disc and a locking ring which are assembled together. The locking ring is removable to allow tire mounting.

We currently offer more than 220 series of tubed steel wheels with sizes ranging from 15 to 24 inches in diameter and 4.5 to 14 inches in width. Tubed steel wheels generated 56.4%, 57.0% and 59.2% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Tubeless steel wheels are typically used with tubeless tires. Tubeless tires are more advanced than traditional tires (which have a tube to seal the air inside) primarily in terms of safety (as the air is released slowly when the tire is punctured leading to a gentle deflation of the tire), weight and fuel efficiency. Tubeless steel wheels and tubeless tires are suited for high driving speeds and are generally used on paved roadways such as highways and city streets. A tubeless steel wheel typically consists of a wheel rim and a wheel disc which are assembled together.

We currently offer more than 180 series of tubeless steel wheels with sizes ranging from 8 to 26 inches in diameter and 3 to 20 inches in width. Tubeless steel wheels generated 38.8%, 38.8% and 36.9% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively.

Off-road steel wheels are used in off-road vehicles, which are typically designed for short-distance loading and off-loading purposes at locations such as construction sites and mines. Off-road steel wheels can be tubed or tubeless, typically with larger sizes and stronger or thicker materials compared to our other steel wheels. Off-road steel wheels are generally approximately five to eight times more expensive than our other steel wheels because they require the use of more raw materials and are generally produced in relatively small batches due to the specialized nature of such wheels. A majority of our off-road steel wheels are tubed.

We currently offer more than 110 series of off-road steel wheels with sizes ranging from 15 to 51 inches in diameter and 6.5 to 28 inches in width. We commenced sales of off-road steel wheels in 2008 which accounted for 2.1%, 1.6% and 1.3% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

We have five manufacturing facilities across China, located in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province (our headquarters), Langfang, Hebei Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Hefei, Anhui Province and Benxi, Liaoning Province. Our manufacturing facilities are strategically located in close proximity to our steel suppliers, our OEM customers or ports for export. In particular, our manufacturing facilities in Langfang, Hebei Province and Benxi, Liaoning Province are located close to our steel suppliers, and our manufacturing facilities in Chengdu, Sichuan Province and Hefei, Anhui Province are located close to our OEM customers. Our manufacturing facilities in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province are located close to ports for export. These strategic locations enable us to (i) reduce our raw material and product delivery transportation costs, which is an important cost component of both our raw materials and steel wheels, (ii) respond to changes in customer demand quickly, and (iii) access a sufficient supply of skilled local labor force at relatively low cost compared to the labor cost at major urban centers in the PRC.

The following shows the geographic locations of our manufacturing facilities, with floor area and number of employees as of December 31, 2013:

We believe that we have the largest production capacity of any commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer in the PRC. As of December 31, 2013, our manufacturing facilities had an aggregate annual production capacity of approximately 15.0 million units of steel wheels, of which 9,420,000 units were tubed steel wheels, 5,520,000 units were tubeless steel wheels and 33,600 units were off-road steel wheels. The size of our manufacturing platform allows us to achieve significant economies of scale as we increase our production volume. With our large scale, we are also able to lower our costs by preparing various wheel components internally.

The two principal parts of our steel wheels are a wheel rim, onto which the tire is attached, and a wheel disc which fits into the center of the wheel rim. In addition, our tubed steel wheels use one or more removable metal locking rings attached to the outside edge of a wheel rim so that a tire with inner tube can be mounted. Locking rings are typically assembled to the wheels by our distributors or OEM customers.

Our principal raw materials are steel, as well as other auxiliary materials including welding material, paint and powder coating. We use different types of steel for tubed and tubeless steel wheels. We typically use rim-shaped steel (which we make ourselves using raw steel purchased from our suppliers) for tubed steel wheels and rolled steel plates (i.e., steel which is shaped into plates and rolled in a spool under high heat by the steel manufacturer) for tubeless steel wheels. We have also introduced tubeless steel wheels using rim-shaped steel internally produced by applying our unique patented tubeless steel wheel production method, which provides enhanced strength and durability. Our work-in-progress primarily includes wheel rims, wheel discs and locking rings.

We source our principal raw materials and a majority of locking rings from third-party suppliers and manufacture the remaining wheel components, including rim-shaped steel, wheel rims, wheel discs and the remaining portion of locking rings, internally. We believe that self-producing most of our steel wheel components, in particular rim-shaped steel, enables us to reduce our production costs and production time, ensure timely delivery to meet customers orders, and also ensure high product quality. In addition, as the largest commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer in the PRC, we have been able to maintain a more than ten-year relationship with our largest steel supplier, Benxi Iron & Steel, from whom we source steel that meets our specific requirements. This allows us to optimize our production process and increase our raw material utilization rate.

Preparation of raw materials: For our tubed steel wheels, we press and roll under high heat raw steel sourced from our steel suppliers to form rim-shaped steel, which is then cut into rectangular slices and used in the production of wheel rims.

For our tubeless steel wheels, we flatten rolled steel plates sourced from our steel suppliers and cut it into rectangular slices (with the edges refined), which is then used in the production of wheel rims. We have also introduced tubeless steel wheels using rim-shaped steel internally produced by applying our unique patented tubeless steel wheel production method, which provides enhanced strength and durability. Please refer to “—Research and Development” below.

Rounding and welding: The rectangular steel slice is rounded to produce a cylindrical sleeve with the two free edges of the sleeve welded together.

Shaping: For our tubed steel wheels, the sleeve is expanded and compressed into the required circular shape and becomes a wheel rim.

For our tubeless steel wheels, the sleeve is expanded and rolled (as opposed to being compressed, in order to enhance and improve the safety and weight of the wheel rim) into the required circular shape and becomes a wheel rim.

Inspection and testing: The wheel rim is inspected for sizes and undergoes pulsation tests to determine the wheel’s ability to roll smoothly on the road.

Preparation of raw materials: We flatten rolled steel plates sourced from our steel suppliers and stamp the steel to produce multiple rounded plates.

Spinning and pressing: The rounded plate is spun and pressed into geometric shape.

Punching additional holes: Additional holes are punched into the edge of the geometric-shaped plate.

Refining: Geometric shape of the plate is refined and the plate becomes a wheel disc.

Inspection and testing: The wheel disc is inspected for its shape and undergoes pulsation tests.

Welding: The wheel rim and the wheel disc are welded together to become a wheel.

Coating: The assembled wheel is coated through pre-treatment and painting or powder coating.

Packaging: Wheels are packaged using cartons, wooden pallets or packaging foil based on customers’ requirements.

We conduct each of the above steps in-house. When we commence production of new products, we design and manufacture different molds, based on different customers’ requirements and market needs, which are then used in the production process. Using specialized computer software that enables us to create three-dimensional designs, our highly experienced research and development team can efficiently develop new molds for most types of commercial vehicle wheels. With our industry-leading production scale in the PRC and integrated production process, we are able to manufacture a wide variety of molds and quickly commence commercial production of multiple new wheel models at the same time, which distinguishes us from our competitors. Our integrated production process also increases our production efficiency and reduces our dependence on third-party suppliers. Our design expertise, large production scale and integrated production process enable us to adjust our production quickly to respond to changes in market demand for our products. It generally takes us less than one week to produce our existing products after we receive purchase orders.

We maintain separate production lines for our tubed, tubeless and off-road steel wheels, the production of which primarily involves similar processes as described above but different machinery and equipment, molds and techniques. Our production process satisfies ISO/TS 16949 quality management requirements.

Electricity is the primary utility used in our manufacturing process. We receive our electricity supply from local power grids where our plants are located. To date, we have not experienced any material disruption in electricity and other utilities. We sell scrap steel from our manufacturing process to third parties or recycling stations.

We apply various advanced techniques in our production process, which reduce our production costs and make our wheels superior in terms of strength, durability and/or weight in comparison to the wheels offered by our competitors in the PRC. For example, in the manufacturing of wheel discs, we use a refined and more cost-effective steel cutting technique when stamping the steel. This technique enables us to maximize the number of rounded plates we can stamp from a steel plate, thereby increasing our raw material utilization rate and reducing the amount of scrap steel and in turn our production costs. We also use a spinning and pressing technique when making the plates into a geometric shape. By spinning and pressing the wheel disc instead of simply pressing it into the desired shape, which is the traditional method employed, we can reduce the weight of the wheel disc and amount of steel used without lessening the strength and durability of the wheel disc.

We use various advanced machinery and equipment in our production process, substantially all of which is sourced from PRC machinery and equipment manufacturers. We also imported from Germany an advanced spinning and pressing machine used in the manufacturing of our wheel discs. We are in the process of enhancing the automation of our manufacturing process, which will enable us to increase production efficiency and reduce production costs. Our principal manufacturing machinery and equipment is not difficult to obtain. We have implemented a comprehensive maintenance system for our machinery and equipment. To date, we have not experienced any material or prolonged interruptions of our machinery or equipment due to its failure.

Aluminum Wheel Manufacturing Facility in the PRC and Steel Wheel Manufacturing Facility in India

We anticipate that commercial vehicles will increasingly use wheels made of aluminum instead of steel in the future, and we have completed the construction of an advanced aluminum wheel manufacturing facility (including offices, a research and development center, a test center and employee dormitories) with an aggregate floor area of approximately 65,000 square meters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. We have obtained land use rights for this manufacturing facility and will apply for property ownership certificates. We have obtained substantially all of the necessary machinery and equipment and are in the process of developing a specialized production process designed for manufacturing aluminum wheels for commercial vehicles, conducting research and development, procuring raw materials and recruiting additional industry experts in order to ramp up our aluminum wheel production. We believe we are well positioned to enter the aluminum wheel market, and by developing different types of high quality aluminum wheels and being an early market entrant, we believe that we will be well positioned to capture future growth in the market for aluminum wheels in the PRC as it emerges and also to enter select international markets over time.

Due to the ongoing economic difficulties in India including the instability of local economic conditions and fluctuation in the value of the Indian Rupee, we have suspended our plan to establish a steel wheel manufacturing facility in India to support our international expansion for the time being, and we intend to resume such plan when the economic conditions in India improve. We believe that establishing a manufacturing facility in India will reduce our logistics costs and delivery times for transporting products to our Indian customers and enable us to respond more quickly to customer orders and changing market preferences, thereby allowing us to capture additional market share in the Indian commercial vehicle wheel market.

We have a diversified customer base. We offer our products to end-users in the aftermarket in the PRC through our nationwide distribution network. As of December 31, 2013, such network consisted of more than 4,700 distributors, including 24 tier-one distributors, 3,102 exclusive tier-two distributors and 1,651 non-exclusive tier-two distributors, throughout the PRC. We also sell our products directly to OEMs in the PRC. PRC aftermarket sales accounted for 48.5%, 48.9% and 50.7% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. PRC OEM sales accounted for 37.7%, 34.9% and 34.6% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

In addition, we sell our products outside the PRC to both international distributors in the aftermarket and directly to international OEMs, primarily in India and more than 30 other countries worldwide. International sales accounted for 13.8%, 16.2% and 14.7% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

In 2011, 2012 and 2013, the aggregate sales to our five largest customers accounted for 21.4%, 19.0% and 18.6% of our revenue, respectively.

We have a dedicated sales and marketing team, which had 251 and 254 and 251 employees as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, responsible for the sales and marketing of our products and managing and supporting our distributors. We believe that the combination of our extensive distribution network and our effective management of such network provides us with the broadest coverage among PRC commercial vehicle wheel manufacturers, which has contributed to our leadership position in the PRC aftermarket and presents a significant barrier to entry in that market.

Our products are sold to end-users in the aftermarket in the PRC as replacements for worn out or lower quality wheels through our nationwide distribution network which covers all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in the PRC and includes various distributors, retail stores and repair and maintenance shops. In addition to selling our products, these distributors typically also sell other automotive components. End users in the aftermarket typically focus on wheel manufacturers’ product quality, value for money, brand reputation, technology and ability to develop new products, delivery timeliness, after-sales service and customer relationships. We believe that our extensive distribution network provides us with a distinct competitive advantage over our competitors because it enables us to: (i) reach end-users across China in a cost-effective manner, thereby increasing our penetration of the fragmented PRC aftermarket, (ii) closely monitor market trends and end-user preferences, enabling us to swiftly meet end-user demands, and (iii) lower our logistics costs as we can get our products to end-users quickly and efficiently through our distributors.

As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, we had 24, 24 and 24 tier-one distributors, respectively, with whom we have direct contractual relationships. In turn, these tier-one distributors sold our products to 5,221, 4,907 and 4,753 tier-two distributors as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Tier-two distributors are divided into exclusive and non-exclusive distributors, depending on whether they only sell steel wheels manufactured by us. The number of our tier-two distributors decreased in 2012 compared to 2011, primarily due to the closure of certain distributors as a result of the decrease in market demand reflecting decreased sales of domestic commercial vehicles. The number of our tier-two distributors further decreased in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily due to market consolidation while our selection process for high quality tier-two distributors became increasingly stringent. The following table sets forth the total number of our tier-one, exclusive tier-two and non-exclusive tier-two distributors in the PRC as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively:

We generally select our tier-one distributors based on business reputation, size, industry and sales experience, quality of the management team, and prior sales performance, and enter into annual distribution agreements with our tier-one distributors which are renewed automatically every year unless terminated by the parties. Pursuant to our contractual arrangements, (i) our tier-one distributors may not distribute any other commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer’s products, (ii) our tier-one distributors generally cover particular regions and may not distribute our products outside their respective regions, (iii) we set sales targets for our tier-one distributors and generally provide sales incentives or raise credit limits if the sales targets are met or exceeded by our tier-one distributors, (iv) our tier-one distributors are required to provide us a credit deposit typically equal to approximately one-month of indicative annual purchase amount, and depending on the actual sales amount, we typically provide our tier-one distributors a credit term of 45 to 55 days from the receipt of our invoice after product delivery, and (v) our tier-one distributors are typically required to comply with all applicable laws and regulations in distributing our products. We conduct annual evaluations of our tier-one distributors.

We enter into a three-party distribution agreement with each exclusive tier-two distributor and the tier-one distributor covering the particular locale in which the exclusive tier-two distributor is located for a one-year term which is renewed automatically every year unless terminated by the parties. These agreements enable us to directly interact with and monitor our exclusive tier-two distributors while at the same time maximize our efficiency by delegating certain management oversight of our tier-two distributors to the relevant tier-one distributors. Pursuant to our contractual agreements, (i) our exclusive tier-two distributors may not distribute any other commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer’s products, (ii) our exclusive tier-two distributors generally cover particular regions and may not distribute our products outside their respective regions, (iii) tier-one distributors set sales targets for our exclusive tier-two distributors and generally provide sales incentives or raise credit limits if the sales targets are met or exceeded by our exclusive tier-two distributors, and (iv) our exclusive tier-two distributors are typically required to comply with all applicable laws and regulations in distributing our products. In order to better enhance our brand recognition, exclusive tier-two distributors display signage and posters bearing our “Zhengxing” brand name and logo and follow decoration and product display standards based on our requirements, with the relevant expenses paid by us. We and our tier-one distributors conduct annual evaluations of our exclusive tier-two distributors.

Although we do not have contractual agreements with our non-exclusive tier-two distributors, we require our tier-one distributors to enforce our sales and return policies, guidelines and procedures on the non-exclusive tier-two distributors. Non-exclusive tier-two distributors can distribute other commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer’s products, although in practice, certain of our tier-two distributors voluntarily sell our products on an exclusive basis. Any non-compliance with our guidelines by non-exclusive tier-two distributors will be the responsibility of the relevant tier-one distributors.

Our sales and marketing team monitors, manages and supports the activities of our tier-one distributors and exclusive tier-two distributors to ensure that they comply with our sales guidelines, policies and procedures, and contractual arrangements. Our sales and marketing team regularly visits and inspects distributors, including their inventory levels, and assists and resolves any problems encountered by them. In addition, we provide periodic training to our tier-one distributors and principal exclusive tier-two distributors to impart product-related knowledge and information as well as to improve their sales and marketing skills.

We also sell our products directly to OEMs in the PRC for use on their commercial vehicles. We had 91, 84 and 84 OEM customers as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. The number of our OEM customers decreased in 2012 compared to 2011, primarily due to the fact that certain OEM customers decided to select other suppliers that provide wheels at lower prices as a result of overall downward price pressure in the domestic commercial vehicle market created by weakening market demand. The number of our OEM customers remained the steady from 2012 to 2013. Our OEM customers include the group members of a number of large PRC commercial vehicle manufacturers such as SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Commercial Vehicle, Beiqi Foton Motor, Baotou Bei Ben Heavy-Duty Truck, Zhengzhou Yutong, FAW Jiefang Automotive, Dongfeng Motor, Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group and China National Heavy Duty Truck Group. When selecting wheel suppliers, OEM customers typically look at factors such as price, product quality (and typically require suppliers to provide product test reports issued by a recognized test center), technology and ability to develop new products that meet their specifications, production scale, delivery timeliness, after-sales service and customer relationships.

Our existing OEM customers typically give us their product specifications and ask us to provide samples. When developing new vehicle models, our OEM customers will often notify us of their plans and ask us to develop new wheel designs meeting their new requirements. Our sales and marketing team also provides samples of our products to existing OEM customers when we develop new models of wheels. After we receive confirmation from the OEM customers that the samples of our products are acceptable to them, we will produce a small amount of the product for test use. Upon satisfactory completion of the test use, we typically enter into framework agreements with our OEM customers which are renewed every year upon mutual agreement unless terminated by the parties, and commence mass production. This process typically takes about six months. In addition, our sales and marketing team proactively contacts, visits and introduces our products to new OEMs to develop new customer relationships, and on occasion OEMs who are not our customers will initiate contact with our company requesting product samples.

Our framework agreements with OEM customers generally set a price, which is subject to periodic revision based on the market price of steel, and the OEM customers place orders from time to time which specify the actual amount of purchases pursuant to the framework agreements. The framework agreements do not contain minimum purchase requirements. Depending on the sales amount, we typically provide our OEM customers in the PRC a credit term of 55 to 75 days from the receipt of our invoice after product delivery.

We have long-term business relationships with most of our OEM customers, and to date we have not had any material disputes with our OEM customers. In addition, we have been strengthening, and will continue to strengthen, our relationships with leading commercial vehicle OEMs by becoming their preferred wheel supplier through, among others, utilizing our nationwide distribution network to provide aftermarket sales service and support to end-users for OEM customers across the PRC. We believe this (i) benefits OEMs because end-users generally prefer commercial vehicles that can be easily serviced at a variety of locations, and (ii) leads to high brand awareness of our products among end-users in the aftermarket, resulting in some end-users requesting that our wheels be used on the OEMs’ vehicles at the time of purchase. In addition, we have been enhancing, and plan to continue to enhance, our research and development capabilities in order to continue to develop products meeting the specific requirements and changing needs of our PRC OEM customers and will continue to leverage the strategic locations of our nationwide manufacturing facilities to further improve our ability to promptly meet the demands of our PRC OEM customers. We believe that maintaining strong relationships with multiple OEMs will enable us to acquire additional market share in the PRC OEM market and fully benefit from the ongoing trend of OEMs increasingly outsourcing the production of commercial vehicle wheels.

Our international sales include sales to international distributors which resell our products to OEMs and retail stores, repair and maintenance shops or end-users in the aftermarket, and direct sales to international OEMs. In addition to selling our products, these distributors, retail stores and repair and maintenance shops also typically sell other automotive components. We had 113, 87 and 87 international distributors and seven, six and six OEM customers as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, including Tata Motors of India, Tokyo Sharin of Japan, Mahindra of India and Daewoo Motor of South Korea. The number of our international distributors decreased in 2012 compared to the prior year, primarily resulting from our initiative to streamline our international distribution network. India was our largest international market in 2011 and 2012, representing 6.6%, 4.4% of our revenue in 2011 and 2012, respectively. However, Thailand has become our largest international market in 2013, representing 2.0% of our revenue in 2013.

We also export to more than 30 other countries worldwide, including Thailand, India, South Korea and Indonesia. In addition, we have been increasing our sales and marketing efforts in select countries in Asia and the Middle East which we believe present attractive market opportunities. In North America and Europe, we focus on partnering with local distributors to increase our sales in the aftermarket as well as to OEMs to establish our brand name in those markets.

We typically procure sales to international distributors and OEMs through participation in various exhibitions, trade shows and seminars for the automotive industry. The selection criteria for international distributors are similar to those for domestic distributors. We enter into strategic cooperation agreements with our ten largest international customers (including distributors and OEMs) which are renewed every three years upon mutual agreement unless terminated by the parties, pursuant to which such customers place orders from time to time that specify the actual price and amount of purchases. These strategic cooperation agreements provide that we are the preferred wheel supplier of these international distributor or OEM customers. We do not have strategic cooperation agreements with our other international distributor or OEM customers, who place orders with us from time to time pursuant to standalone purchase orders. We typically provide our international distributor and OEM customers a credit term of 30 days from the receipt of our invoice after product delivery. For certain new international customers, we require payment of the entire purchase price at the time of purchase. Our sales and marketing team periodically visits our international distributors to ensure that they comply with our sales guidelines, policies and procedures and to provide relevant support.

We generally deliver our products to tier-one distributors and OEM customers in the PRC by truck or by train. We pay the cost of transporting our products to our customers and include such transportation cost in the prices of our products. We make international deliveries primarily by sea. Our export contracts are usually entered into on a Free On Board (FOB) basis, which means that we pay for shipping of the goods to the port of shipment, plus loading costs. Our customers pay freight, insurance, unloading costs and shipping from the port of destination to the factory.

We outsource the delivery of our products to reputable transportation service providers, and on behalf of our international customers, we engage a number of shipping agents to transport our finished products overseas. Our strategically located manufacturing facilities in different regions of China enable us to lower product delivery transportation costs, reduce transit time and satisfy the needs of our customers promptly, which distinguish us from our competitors. To date, we have not experienced any material backlogs or delays in meeting customer orders.

We determine the prices of our products on the basis of market supply and demand and adjust such prices from time to time based on the prices of our raw materials, particularly steel. Because of our leading market position and the strong demand for our products, we believe we generally are able to set the prices of our products at a premium and pass on any significant increases in our raw material costs to our customers. Also, as wheels generally extend the useful lives of tires, which are usually more expensive than wheels, we believe that wheels are typically less subject to downward price pressure by end-users and end-users are usually willing to pay higher prices for high-quality wheels, like ours, thus strengthening our ability to set the prices of our products. In addition, we generally reduce the selling prices of our products when there are significant decreases in our raw material costs.

In line with market practice, we do not provide exchanges or returns of our products. For our products sold to tier-one distributors and OEMs in the PRC, we allow them to deduct an amount (typically equal to or less than 1.0% of the total invoice amount) from the invoice amount we charge which can be used to cover any defective products. For our PRC aftermarket sales, our tier-two distributors typically provide end-users with product exchanges or returns for defective products within a three-month warranty period. Upon an exchange or acceptance of a return of a defective product, two-tier distributors will either exchange the defective product with, or return the defective product to, their tier-one distributors, or deduct an amount from the invoice payable to their tier-one distributors, depending on their arrangements with the particular tier-one distributors.

We also do not provide any warranty for our products sold to international customers, and we do not provide exchanges or returns of our products for these customers.

Our sales and marketing team markets and promotes our brands and products. In the PRC, most of our products are sold under our “Zhengxing” and “Zhengxing Prince” brands, which we use for our more advanced wheels with higher specifications in terms of strength, durability, weight and other factors. We also sell less complex, lower cost products under our “Haixia,” “Zhengchang” and “Lianxing” brands. In the international markets, most of our products are sold under our “CZX” brand.

In the PRC, our sales and marketing team regularly visits our distributors to better understand the needs and requirements of the end-users and any new market trends. We also regularly visit OEM customers to better understand their operations, needs and requirements and to introduce our new products. In addition, we participate in various exhibitions, trade shows and seminars for the automotive industry to promote and market our products to new customers. Our marketing efforts include advertising on billboards and in automotive magazines and distributing product brochures and product-related gifts such as T-shirts, posters and calendars to our customers and end-users. Generally, we are responsible for our marketing costs, and our distributors typically cooperate with us in conducting our marketing and promotional activities.

In the international markets, our marketing efforts primarily consist of periodic visits to our distributors and OEM customers and participation in various exhibitions, trade shows and seminars for the automotive industry.

In addition, we maintain a customer service hotline for our customers and end-users to respond to their inquiries and feedback on our products.

We believe that we maintain one of the largest skilled teams of research and development engineers and technicians in the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, our research and development department had 323, 322 and 328 employees, respectively, most having 10 to 20 years of experience in the industry. In particular, our chief technology officer, Mr. Guohe Zhang, who leads our research and development team, has over 40 years of research and production technology management experience in the commercial vehicle wheel and machinery industry in the PRC.

We conduct substantially all of our research and development efforts internally and also collaborate with leading industry experts in the PRC and internationally. Our research and development efforts currently focus on the development of new models of steel wheels, and we have developed and commercialized approximately 100, 100 and 90 new models of steel wheels in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We also focus on making ongoing enhancements in existing product quality and production technology so as to improve, among other things, the safety, strength and balance, and reduce the weight (and thus improve fuel efficiency), of our products, and reduce the overall cost of our production process, as well as to further automate our manufacturing process. For example, we have developed a tubeless steel wheel production method that is patented and unique, whereby we can produce tubeless steel wheels which have enhanced strength and durability by applying certain manufacturing processes traditionally only used for tubed steel wheels. Under this patented method, we use rim-shaped steel (which we make from raw steel by pressing and rolling it under high heat), instead of rolled steel plate, as the raw material, and we apply compression, instead of rolling, at the stage of shaping. Please also refer to “—Production Process” above. We first commercialized tubeless steel wheels using this innovative production method in 2008. We are also in the process of using this patented method to develop light-weight tubeless steel wheels. In addition, we are conducting research and development of commercial vehicle wheels made of aluminum.

Our research and development team works closely with our sales and marketing team which collects requests regarding new wheel products and feedback on product quality and improvements from our distributors and OEM customers. We intend to continue further enhancing our existing research and development efforts.

We maintain a well-equipped research and development center at our headquarters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province and at our manufacturing facilities in Langfang, Hebei Province and Hefei, Anhui Province, and perform all of our research and development activities in-house. In addition, we utilize advanced techniques in our product research and development, such as specialized computer software that enables us to create three-dimensional designs for the development of new types of wheels.

Furthermore, at our headquarters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, we have maintained one of the national wheel test centers designated by the PRC government for the testing of the specifications and roadworthiness of wheels sold in the PRC since September 2008. This test center has been granted ISO/IEC 17025 certification. It enables us to quickly test our new products onsite, thereby shortening our product development cycle to less than 30 days, which we believe is significantly less than that of our competitors. This test center also assists our penetration of the OEM market because OEMs typically require test certifications demonstrating that the wheels they use meet or exceed industry standards.

As part of our commitment to research and development, we have amassed a large patent portfolio covering all three types of patents, namely invention, utility model and design patents, through internal development. As of December 31, 2013, we owned a total of 85 patents in the PRC, including four invention patents, 67 utility model patents and 14 design patents. The benefits of our patented technology include, among other things, improving the performance of our wheels and increasing the utilization of raw materials. In particular, our four invention patents relate to enhancing the performance of our wheels and thus extending the useful lives of tires. In addition, as of December 31, 2013, we had registered 539 trademarks with China’s Trademark Office, and are currently in the process of applying for 8 additional trademarks in the PRC. Through the Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks, we have registered two trademarks each with one jurisdiction in the United States and South Korea, respectively. We also have two registered trademarks in Taiwan and one registered trademark in the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. These trademarks are primarily related to the name and logo of our company. In 2005, “Zhengxing” was recognized as a “PRC Famous Trademark.”

We rely primarily on intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements with our employees and others to protect our intellectual property rights. We have entered into agreements with most of our executive officers and employees involved in technology and research and development, under which intellectual property during their employment belongs to us, and they waive all relevant rights or claims to such intellectual property. Generally, our executive officers and employees involved in technology and research and development are also bound by a confidentiality obligation, and have agreed to disclose and assign to us inventions conceived by them during their term of employment. While we actively take steps to protect our proprietary rights, such steps may not be adequate to prevent the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. The counterparties to our confidentiality agreements may not follow such agreements, or our confidentiality agreements may not be enforceable or provide an adequate remedy in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure. Infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property could harm our business and competitive position. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property are important assets for our business, and if we are unable to protect them, or if other parties claim we are infringing their intellectual property, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.” PRC patent and trademark laws are discussed in greater detail in “—Regulations—Other Regulations Relevant to Our Operation” below.

Our competitors are also developing and seeking patent protection for technologies in connection with the manufacturing of wheels. We expect these competitors to continue to take steps to protect these technologies, including seeking patent protection. There may be patents issued or pending held by others that cover significant parts of our technology or business methods. Disputes over rights to these technologies may arise in the future. We cannot be certain that our products do not or will not infringe valid patents or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the intellectual property of others, as discussed in Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property are important assets for our business, and if we are unable to protect them, or if other parties claim we are infringing their intellectual property, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.”

To date, we have not been a party to any material intellectual property claim. We are not aware of any proceedings concerning, and are not aware of any material claims or infringements of, any intellectual property rights that may be threatened or pending, in which we may be involved whether as a claimant or respondent.

We place great emphasis on quality control in our operations and have implemented quality control procedures throughout our production process to ensure consistent product quality that meets our quality control standards and policies. Our products are also subject to customized quality requirements of our customers. Our quality control department works closely with our technology and manufacturing departments to carry out our quality control procedures. Our senior management team is also actively involved in setting our quality control policies.

We have established a comprehensive quality management system from procurement to delivery in accordance with ISO/TS 16949 quality management requirements for our operations. Our comprehensive quality management system has been awarded ISO/TS 16949 quality management system certification since 2007, which certifies the satisfaction of specific quality management system requirements for the design and development, production and, when relevant, installation and service of automotive-related products, and ISO 9001:2000 quality management system certification from 2003 to 2006, which certifies the satisfaction of specific quality management system requirements for an organization to consistently provide products that meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements. In addition, as describe above under “—Research and Development,” at our headquarters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, we have maintained one of the national wheel test centers designated by the PRC government for the testing of the specifications and roadworthiness of wheels sold in the PRC since September 2008. This test center has been granted ISO/IEC 17025 certification, which certifies the satisfaction of the general requirements to carry out tests and/or calibrations. We source substantially all of our principal test equipment from PRC suppliers. In addition, representatives of our tier-one distributors, OEM customers and international distributors and OEMs periodically inspect our manufacturing facilities and quality management system.

In addition, in conjunction with the expansion of our production capacity, we improve our production efficiency and operational effectiveness by, among other things, implementing advanced management systems designed to improve performance, such as lean manufacturing techniques and six-sigma quality control processes. We have commenced training for our employees of six-sigma quality control processes and are gradually implementing such processes to our business operations.

As the largest commercial vehicle wheel manufacturer in the PRC, we are able to develop strong relationships with our suppliers and obtain our key raw materials and supplies at competitive prices. We source almost all of our raw materials from suppliers in the PRC.

Our principal raw material is steel (including raw steel which we make into rim-shaped steel and rolled steel plates) which accounts for substantially all of our total raw material requirements. We purchase steel from a limited number of selected reputable suppliers in the PRC. We generally enter into framework agreements with our steel suppliers which typically set a total purchase amount, pursuant to which we place orders from time to time. These agreements typically have a one-year term and are renewed every year upon mutual agreement. The actual purchase price and amount of steel vary from order to order. Prices of steel are subject to fluctuation depending on supply and demand in the market, and we are generally able to purchase steel at prices slightly lower than the prevailing market prices because of our large volume of purchases. In addition, we purchase steel which meets our specific requirements from our primary steel supplier, Benxi Iron & Steel, allowing us to optimize our production process and increase our raw material utilization rate. Unlike our Company, certain of our competitors in the PRC, which operate on a relatively smaller scale, often may need to buy steel with standard specifications indirectly through distributors, which may increase their costs and decrease their raw material utilization rate.

Our other raw materials include welding material, paint and powder coating, and we purchase such auxiliary materials from multiple suppliers which are easily replaceable. In addition, we also purchase a majority of our locking rings used in the production of tubed steel wheels from a limited number of suppliers. We do not have annual framework agreements with suppliers of our auxiliary materials and locking rings and generally place orders for these materials from time to time.

In line with market practice, we typically make full prepayment at the time of purchase to the suppliers of our steel. Our suppliers of other auxiliary materials including welding material, paint and powder coating and our suppliers of locking rings typically provide us a credit term of 30 to 35 days and a credit term of 50 to 60 days, respectively. We have long-term business relationships with most of our principal suppliers. For example, we have a more than ten-year relationship with Benxi Iron & Steel, our primary steel supplier. To date, we have not had any material disputes with our suppliers.

We manage our inventory levels by monitoring in real time our production activities and incoming sales orders and also taking into consideration market prices of the raw materials, particularly steel. Based on this, we assess our requirements for raw materials and locking rings, and place orders with suppliers accordingly. We typically maintain approximately one to two months’ supply of steel, approximately one month’s supply of other auxiliary materials and less than one month’s supply of locking rings.

We have been dependent on a limited number of suppliers for a significant portion of our raw material and locking ring requirements. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, the aggregate purchases from our five largest suppliers accounted for 79.6%, 82.5% and 78.8% of our total raw material and locking ring costs, respectively. Purchases from our largest supplier, Benxi Iron & Steel, for the same periods accounted for 37.9%, 35.8% and 34.9% of our total raw material and locking ring costs, respectively. Although there are alternate steel suppliers in the market, because we have optimized our manufacturing process to rely on the steel of our established key suppliers (especially Benxi Iron & Steel), which meet certain specifications, any disruption in steel from those suppliers may disrupt our manufacturing operations until we can secure appropriate steel from other suppliers. We believe that we will continue to purchase a significant portion of our raw materials and locking rings from a limited number of suppliers. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We rely on a limited number of key suppliers for steel, our key raw material, and certain components required for our production” and “—We are subject to risks associated with the volatile prices and availability of raw materials and utilities.”

The market for commercial vehicle wheels, especially the OEM market, is characterized by intense competition among multiple vehicle wheel manufacturers, with competition based on a number of factors. The key competitive factors in the aftermarket are product quality, product diversification, brand reputation, technology and ability to develop new products, delivery timeliness, after-sales service and customer relationships. In the OEM market, the same factors apply, except that OEMs are relatively more concerned with production scale rather than product diversification or brand reputation. We believe that our competitive advantages include economies of scale, high product quality and brand recognition, comprehensive product offerings, strong research and development abilities, nationwide strategic locations of our manufacturing facilities and nationwide coverage of our distribution network, which have enabled us to achieve our leadership position in the commercial vehicle wheel market in the PRC and to establish a strong presence internationally.

In the PRC market, we primarily compete with companies such as Shandong Xingmin Wheel, Dongfeng Motor Wheel, Changchun FAWAY Automobile Components, Xiamen Sunrise Wheel, Alcoa Inc. and Alex Global Technology, Inc. In the international market, we primarily compete with various local wheel manufacturers at each of our sales region. In addition, there is increasing consolidation within the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC. We believe that with our leadership position in the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC, we are well positioned to lead or participate in this industry consolidation which may further strengthen our leading market position. Nevertheless, if we fail to maintain or increase our market share, this consolidation in our industry could cause our competitors to develop advantages over us in their available capital, per-unit cost in manufacturing operations, purchasing power with suppliers, pricing power with customers, scale of distribution network, brand recognition and other factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Other types of commercial vehicle wheels, such as aluminum wheels, also compete with our products. We began offering our own aluminum wheels at the end of 2013, but we have limited experience in the production and sales of such wheels on a commercial scale. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our product development efforts may not result in successful new products that meet changing market demands. In particular, our plans to launch new aluminum wheel products may not be successful.”

Our production process primarily generates and discharges waste water, waste gas, noises and solid wastes. We have adopted various policies and implemented various measures to treat and process such wastes and to ensure our compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. We sell certain of our solid wastes such as scrap steel to third parties or recycling stations.

We are required to comply with applicable PRC national and local environmental protection laws and regulations, and our operations are subject to periodic inspection by national and local environmental protection authorities. PRC national and local environmental laws and regulations impose fees for any discharge of waste materials above prescribed levels and fines for any serious violation, and provide that the relevant authorities may at their own discretion shut down or suspend the operation of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring it to cease or remedy operations causing environmental damage. To date, we have not been subject to any material fines, suspension orders or other administrative actions from the PRC environmental authorities, and we believe that we are currently in compliance with all applicable environmental regulations and standards in all material respects. We are not aware of any pending or threatened environmental investigation, proceedings or action by any governmental agency or other third party.

We have adopted various policies and implemented various measures to ensure health and safety in our manufacturing facilities. We require that our employees comply with such policies and measures and also provide training to our new employees and periodic training to our employees. To date, our manufacturing facilities have not encountered any material unplanned work stoppages due to health and safety issues. We have complied with applicable PRC laws and regulations on health, safety and other relevant administrative regulations issued by the local governments in the regions where we operate. To date, we have not been subject to any material fines, orders or administrative actions involving non-compliance with these laws and regulations relating to any of our existing manufacturing facilities.

We maintain property insurance to cover our fixed assets. We do not have product liability insurance coverage for our products. We do not carry liability insurance that extends coverage to all potential liabilities that may arise in the ordinary course of our business, and we do not maintain any insurance coverage for business interruption. We do not maintain key-man life insurance for our executive officers or employee liability insurance.

Although we consider our insurance coverage to be adequate and in line with our industry practice, our insurance coverage, however, may still not be sufficient to cover damage to our fixed assets. Please refer to Item3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may suffer uncompensated losses from events that disrupt our operations because we do not have adequate insurance.” To date, we have not made or been subject to any material insurance claims.

We operate our business in the PRC under a legal regime consisting of the laws enacted and adopted by the National People’s Congress of the PRC, or the NPC, and its Standing Committee, the administrative regulations promulgated by the State Council, the highest executive branch of the PRC government and the ministerial decrees adopted by several ministries and agencies directly under the State Council’s authority including, among others, the National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC, or the NDRC, the Ministry of Transport of the PRC, or the MOT, the MOFCOM, and the SAFE, and local rules promulgated by local governmental authorities at different levels. The following summarizes all material PRC laws and regulations that are relevant to our business.

The Policy on Development of the Automotive Industry, or the Automotive Development Policy, was promulgated by the NDRC on May 21, 2004 and became effective on May 21, 2004.

The Automotive Development Policy contains provisions relating to, among other things, technology policies, structure adjustments, market entry requirements, trademark usage, product development, spare parts sales, distribution networks, investment administration, customs administration and automobile consumption of automotive industry. The main objective of Automotive Development Policy was to develop the PRC automotive industry and make China a major automotive manufacturing country by 2010.

Under the Automotive Development Policy, a series of favorable policies were released to encourage technology innovation by automotive components manufacturers and to attract social capital to automotive components industry to enhance competitiveness and expand production capacity of automotive components manufacturers with leading market positions. Automotive components manufacturers that are deemed as international manufacturers or are able to provide a full range of products to multiple auto makers are entitled to more favorable treatment in several aspects, including technology importation, technology improvement, financing and merger and acquisition.

The Circular on Further Enhancing the Automobile Sales and Quality Control of Automotive Components Manufacturing, or the Quality Control Circular, was jointly promulgated by the SAIC, the MOT and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the PRC on July 26, 2010. The Quality Control Circular authorizes local branches of the SAIC, the MOT, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine to jointly establish an automotive component tracing system to enhance supervision on manufacturing, distribution and usage of automotive components.

Under the Quality Control Circular, local branches of the SAIC are required to enhance their inspection of packaging, branding and quality of automotive components in the market, in particular, branded automotive components in distributors’ stores. A penalty may be imposed on the distributor of the automotive components if any such product bears no signs of the manufacturer’s information, product name, name of distributor or quality certificate, or is not in compliance with the quality standard under applicable laws.

Under PRC laws, manufacturers and vendors of defective products in the PRC may be liable for loss and injury caused by such defective products. In accordance with the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC promulgated by the NPC on April 12, 1986, manufacturers and vendors of a defective product which causes property damage and/or personal injuries to any person are subject to civil liability for such damage and/or injuries.

The Product Quality Law of the PRC, or the Product Quality Law, was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on February 22, 1993, as amended on July 8, 2000. Under the Product Quality Law, manufacturers who produce defective products are subject to civil and criminal liability and may have their business licenses revoked.

The Law of Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers, or the Consumers Protection Law, was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on October 31, 1993, and became effective on January 1, 1994. The Consumers Protection Law provides further protection to the legal rights and interests of consumers in connection with their purchase or use of goods and services. All business operations must observe and comply with the Consumers Protection Law when selling goods and offering services.

The Tort Law of the PRC, or the Tort Law, was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on December 26, 2009 and became effective on July 1, 2010. The Tort Law establishes a separate chapter regarding product liability. Compared to other laws and regulations in relation to product liability, the Tort Law expressly provides that, in the event a defective product causes death or serious personal injury and the entity that manufactures and distributes such defective products has knowledge of the existence of such defects, such entity may be sued for punitive damages.

The Company Law of the PRC was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on December 29, 1993 and became effective on May 1, 1994 and was amended on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004 and October 27, 2005. On December 28, 2013, the Standing Committee of the NPC further amended the Company Law, which came into effect on March 1, 2014.

Under the Company Law, the term “company” refers to a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company established within the PRC in accordance with the Company Law. Shareholders of a company are only responsible for the company or to the company’s creditors to the extent of the capital contributions they have made or the number of shares they have subscribed. The shareholders of a company are entitled to enjoy the capital proceeds, participate in making important decisions, including choosing managers.

In accordance with the Company Law, the registered capital of a limited liability company is the total amount of the capital contributions subscribed by all the shareholders that have registered with the SAIC or its local counterparts. The capital contributions can be made in cash or in kind, intellectual property, land use rights and other non-cash properties which can be evaluated in currency and transferred in accordance with the law, except for properties prohibited by laws and administrative regulations to be used for capital contribution.

The Law of the PRC on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, or the WFOE Law, was promulgated by the NPC on April 12, 1986 and amended on October 31, 2000. The Implementation Regulation of the WFOE Law was promulgated on December 12, 1990, as amended on April 12, 2001 and February 19, 2014. The ratio between the registered capital of a WFOE and total amount of investment in it needs to meet certain threshold under the relevant regulations of the PRC, and the difference between its registered capital and total amount of investment will be the amount of foreign exchange loans that the WFOE is permitted to borrow from its foreign investor.

The properties that we lease and own in the PRC are subject to the Law of the PRC on Property, or the Property Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on March 16, 2007 and became effective on October 1, 2007. Under the Property Law, any creation, modification, transfer or termination of property rights becomes effective only upon registration with the relevant government authorities. Ownership of all lawful properties of the State, collective organizations and individuals are protected by the Property Law.

The Land Administration Law of the PRC, or the Land Administration Law, was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on June 25, 1986, became effective on January 1, 1987, and was amended on December 29, 1988 and August 28, 2004. According to the Land Administration Law, lands within the territory of the PRC fall into two categories: state-owned land and collectively-owned land. The use right of state-owned lands can be obtained through either government allocation or grant upon payment of appropriate grant fees. The Land Administration Law further provides that any construction must be conducted on state-owned lands except as otherwise permitted under the Land Administration Law. Collectively-owned lands may not be granted, assigned or leased for use of construction that is unrelated to agriculture unless otherwise permitted under the Land Administration Law. Violation of the Land Administration Law may result in facilities built thereon being demolished and, consequently, related businesses being forced to move to other locations.

The Patent Law of the PRC, or the Patent Law, promulgated in 1984 and amended in 1992, 2000 and 2008, provides patents for the protection of proprietary rights. Pursuant to the Patent Law, patents are effective for 20 years from the initial date the patent application was filed.

The PRC patent prosecution system adopts the principle of “first to file.” This means that, where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who first filed the application. The United States uses a principle of “first to discover” to determine the granting of patents. In addition, the PRC requires absolute novelty in order for an invention to be patentable. If a technology that is the subject of an invention patent application was known to the public prior to the filling of the application, then such technology is not qualified to be patented as an invention. In contrast, inventors in the United States have a one-year grace period after publication of the invention during which they may file a patent. Patents issued in the PRC are not enforceable in Hong Kong, Taiwan or Macau, each of which has an independent patent system. Patents are filed at the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC, or the SIPO, in Beijing.

A patent holder who believes his patent is being infringed may either file a civil legal suit or file an administrative complaint with a provincial or municipal office of the SIPO. A PRC court may issue a preliminary injunction upon the patent holder’s or an interested party’s request before instituting any legal proceedings or during the proceedings. Damages for infringement are calculated as either the loss suffered by the patent holder arising from the infringement or the benefit gained by the infringer from the infringement. If it is difficult to ascertain damages in this manner, damages may be determined in the range of from one to three times of the license fee under a contractual license. If damages still cannot be determined, statutory damages from RMB10,000 to 1,000,000 may apply. As in other jurisdictions, patent holders in the PRC have the burden of proving that a patent is being infringed, with one notable exception that if the holder of a manufacturing process patent alleges infringement of such patent, the alleged infringing party has the burden of proving that there has been no infringement.

The PRC is also a signatory to all major intellectual property conventions, including the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks and Madrid Protocol, or the Madrid Agreement and Protocol, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

Although patent rights are national rights, there is also a large degree of international co-operation under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or the PCT, to which the PRC is a signatory. Under the PCT, applicants in one country can seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of other member countries by filing a single international patent application. The fact that a patent application is pending is not a guarantee that a patent will be granted, and even if granted, the scope of a patent may not be as broad as the subject of the initial application.

The Trademark Law of the PRC, or the Trademark Law, was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC on August 23, 1982, as and was amended on February 22, 1993, and October 27, 2001 and August 30, 2013. The PRC Trademark Law Implementation Rules was promulgated by the State Council on August 3, 2002 and became effective on September 15, 2002. The PRC is a signatory country to the Madrid Agreement and Protocol. The Madrid Agreement and Protocol provides for a mechanism under which an international registration produces the same effects as an application for registration of the trademark made in each of the countries designated by the applicant. According to the Trademark Law, the National Trademark Bureau under the SAIC is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks in the PRC. A “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademarks has been adopted. Where a trademark is infringed, the trademark owner may file a complaint with the relevant administrative department or competent courts. Where the infringement is so serious that it constitutes a crime, the trademark owner may file a complaint with the relevant public security organization. If a registered trademark owner intends to assign his or her registered trademarks, a registered trademark transfer agreement must be entered into between the owner and the assignee. The owner and assignee are required to jointly apply with the National Trademark Bureau and its local counterparts for registration of such assignment under the Trademark Law. Registered trademark owners may license others to use their registered trademarks. Relevant license agreements shall be filed with the National Trademark Bureau or its relevant local counterparts.

The Measures on the Administration of Domain Names for the Chinese Internet, or the Domain Names Measures, were promulgated by the Ministry of Information Industry on November 5, 2004 and became effective on December 20, 2004. The Domain Names Measures govern registration of domain names with the Internet country code “cn” and domain names in Chinese. The Measures on Domain Names Dispute Resolution, or the Domain Names Dispute Resolution Measures, were promulgated by the China Internet Infrastructure Center on February 14, 2006 and became effective on March 17, 2006. The Domain Names Dispute Resolution Measures require domain name disputes to be submitted to institutions authorized by the China Internet Network Information Center for resolution.

The Environmental Protection Law of the PRC, or the Environmental Law, was promulgated on December 26, 1989 by the Standing Committee of the NPC and became effective on December 26, 1989. The Environmental Law establishes the legal framework for environmental protection in the PRC. The Ministry of Environmental Protection under the State Council is primarily responsible for the supervision and administration of environmental protection work nationwide and formulating national waste discharge limits and standards. Local environmental protection authorities at the county level and above are responsible for environmental protection in their jurisdictions.

The Law on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, or the Solid Wastes Law, was promulgated by the NPC on December 29, 2004 and became effective on April 1, 2005. The Solid Wastes Law provides that any entity that discharges hazardous wastes must comply with relevant government provisions and approvals in disposing hazardous wastes. Moreover, it is prohibited to supply or transfer hazardous wastes to entities that do not have business licenses and qualifications for collection, storage, utilization and treatment of solid wastes. Parties that violate these provisions will be ordered to stop and correct such violation within a specified period of time or will be subject to a fine.

According to the Labor Contract Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012, labor contracts must be entered into if labor relationships are to be established between an entity and its employees. An employer may not require its employees to work in excess of the time limit permitted under the relevant labor laws and regulations and must pay the employees wages that are no lower than the minimum wages under local standards. According to the Labor Contract Law and the Safe Production Law of the PRC, employers in the PRC are required to establish and perfect its system for labor safety and sanitation, comply with rules and standards relating to labor safety and sanitation, educate employees on labor safety and sanitation.

Foreign currency exchange in the PRC is primarily governed by the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules and the Regulations of Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange.

Under the Amended Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, which became effective on August 5, 2008, Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends payments, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investment, loans, securities investment and repatriation of investment, however, is still generally subject to the approval or verification of the SAFE.

Under the Regulations of Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, promulgated in 1996, foreign invested enterprises, or FIEs, including WFOEs, may buy, sell or remit foreign currencies only at those banks that are authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing such banks with valid commercial supporting documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, after obtaining approvals from the SAFE. Capital investments by FIEs outside the PRC are also subject to limitations, which include approvals by the MOFCOM, the SAFE and the NDRC.

On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated Circular 142, which stipulates that the registered capital of an FIE may only be used for the purpose within its approved business scope and shall not be used for equity investment within the PRC. Violations of Circular 142 may result in penalties, including fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules.

Circular 75 was promulgated by the SAFE on October 21, 2005 and became effective on November 1, 2005. Circular 75 provides that PRC residents, whether natural or legal persons, must register with the relevant provincial SAFE branch prior to establishing or taking control of an offshore entity established or controlled for the purpose of overseas equity financing involving onshore assets or equity interests held by such persons. The term “PRC legal person residents” as used in Circular 75 refers to those entities with legal person status or other economic organizations established within the territory of the PRC. The term “PRC natural person residents” as used in Circular 75 refers to all PRC residents and all other natural persons, including individuals who do not have a legal status in the PRC but habitually reside in the PRC for economic benefit. The implementation notice of Circular 75 further clarifies that “individuals who do not have a legal status in the PRC but reside in the PRC habitually for economic benefits” mainly include the following (whether or not they are PRC citizens):

Subsequent to establishing or taking control of an offshore entity, a PRC resident must file with the local SAFE branch relevant documents upon: (i) injection of equity interests or assets of an onshore enterprise to an offshore entity, and (ii) subsequent overseas equity financing by such offshore entity. PRC residents are required to complete amended registration or filing with the local SAFE branch within 30 days of any material change in the shareholding or capital of the offshore entity, such as changes in share capital, share transfers and long-term equity or debt investments, and providing a security interest. PRC residents who have already incorporated or gained control of offshore entities that have made onshore investments in the PRC before Circular 75 was promulgated must register their shareholding in the offshore entities with the local SAFE branch on or before March 31, 2006.

Under Circular 75, PRC residents are required to repatriate into the PRC all of their dividends, profits or capital gains obtained from their shareholdings in any offshore entity within 180 days of their receipt of such dividends, profits or capital gains. The registration and filing procedures under Circular 75 are prerequisites for other approval and registration procedures necessary for capital inflow from the relevant offshore entity, such as inbound investments or shareholders loans, or capital outflow to such offshore entity, such as relevant payment of profits or dividends, liquidating distributions, equity sale proceeds, or return of funds upon a capital reduction.

Our current beneficial owners who, to our knowledge, are PRC residents are in the process of registering with the local SAFE branch as required under Circular 75. We cannot, however, provide any assurances that such registration will be completed in a timely manner, or at all, or that any future beneficial owners who are PRC residents will be able to comply with the SAFE regulations in a timely manner, or at all. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability, limit our ability to inject capital into our consolidated PRC entities, limit the ability of our consolidated PRC entities to distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.”

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM, the SASAC, the SAT, the SAIC, the CSRC, and the SAFE, jointly promulgated the 2006 M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The 2006 M&A Rule, among other things, includes provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities in a PRC company obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC issued a clarification that sets forth the criteria and process for obtaining any required approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the 2006 M&A Rule to offshore special purpose vehicles.

The application of the 2006 M&A Rule with respect to our initial public offering and our corporate structure remains unclear. Our PRC counsel has advised us that we were not required to apply with any relevant PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, for approval of our initial public offering or the current corporate structure for our initial public offering. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Any requirement to obtain prior approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and a failure to obtain this approval, if required, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation and trading price of our ADSs.”

In addition, on February 3, 2011, the State Council promulgated the Security Review Rule, which became effective 30 days after February 3, 2011. The Security Review Rule, among other things, provides that merger and acquisition transactions by foreign investors of domestic enterprises in sensitive sectors or industries may be subject to security review and, as a result may be blocked due to their impact on the national defense security, national economic stability, basic social life order, or capacity of indigenous research and development of key technologies. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The 2006 M&A Rule and Security Review Rule set forth complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors that could make it more difficult to pursue acquisitions.”

On March 28, 2007, the SAFE promulgated the Share Option Rule. On February 15, 2012, the SAFE issued the Stock Incentive Plan Rule which replaced the Share Option Rule. Under the Stock Incentive Plan Rule, PRC citizens who are granted share options or other employee equity incentive awards by an overseas publicly-listed company are required, through a qualified PRC agent or a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the share options or other employee equity incentive plans. We and our PRC citizen grantees are subject to these regulations. If we or our PRC citizen grantees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC citizen grantees may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee equity incentive plans may subject our PRC citizen grantees or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.”

We are headquartered in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province where we have our manufacturing facilities (including our main administrative offices, a research and development center, a test center and employee dormitories) with an aggregate floor area of approximately 121,630 square meters. We also have four other manufacturing facilities (including offices and employee dormitories) in Langfang, Hebei Province, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Hefei, Anhui Province and Benxi, Liaoning Province with an aggregate floor area of approximately 138,040 square meters, 47,303 square meters, 45,870 square meters and 26,740 square meters, respectively. In addition, we have a research and development center at each of our manufacturing facilities in Langfang, Hebei Province and Hefei, Anhui Province. We have obtained land use rights and property ownership certificates for all our manufacturing facilities. In addition, certain of our manufacturing facilities have been pledged to secure our bank borrowings, which amounted to RMB248.5 million, RMB210.0 million and RMB 180.00 million (US$29.7 million) as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

We have completed the construction of an aluminum wheel manufacturing facility (including offices, a research and development center, a test center and employee dormitories) with an aggregate floor area of approximately 65,000 square meters in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. We have obtained land use rights for this manufacturing facility and will apply for property ownership certificates.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with Item 3A “Key Information—Selected Financial Data” and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

We have a diversified customer base with our products being sold in both the aftermarket and OEM market in the PRC and internationally. We sell our products to end-users in the PRC aftermarket through our nationwide distribution network which we believe is the most extensive distribution network among commercial vehicle wheel manufacturers in the PRC. As of December 31, 2013, our distribution network consisted of more than 4,700 distributors, including 24 tier-one distributors, 3,102 exclusive tier-two distributors and 1,651 non-exclusive tier-two distributors, throughout the PRC. Our OEM customers included more than 80 automotive manufacturers in the PRC as of December 31, 2013, including the group members of a number of large PRC commercial vehicle manufacturers. In international markets, we sold our products to more than 80 distributors in the aftermarket and directly to six OEMs as of December 31, 2013, including Tata Motors of India, Tokyo Sharin of Japan, Mahindra of India and Daewoo Motor of South Korea. India was our largest international market in 2011 and 2012 and Thailand became our largest international market in 2013. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, we had revenue of RMB4,093.9 million, RMB3,738.0 million and RMB3,802.3 million (US$628.1 million), respectively, representing a decrease of 8.7% from 2011 to 2012 and a slight increase of 1.7% from 2012 to 2013. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, we had profit of RMB452.2 million, RMB361.6 million and RMB232.7 million (US$38.4 million), respectively, representing a decrease of 20.0% from 2011 to 2012 and a decrease of 35.7% from 2012 to 2013.

We believe that the most significant factors affecting our financial condition and results of operations are:

General Economic Conditions and Growth of the Automotive Market in the PRC and Worldwide

Our financial condition and results of operations have been, and we expect them to continue to be, dependent to a significant extent on general economic conditions and growth of the automotive market in the PRC and in other countries where our products are sold, such as Thailand which currently is our largest international market, and India which was our largest international market in 2011 and 2012]. We sell steel wheels both through a network of distributors to aftermarket end-users as replacements for worn out or lower quality wheels, as well as to OEMs for use on their commercial vehicles. The actual demand from both aftermarket end-users and OEMs customers depends on the overall demand for and usage of commercial vehicles, which in turn depends on a number of factors including overall economic conditions, vehicle sales and availability and quality of transportation networks in the markets where we sell and distribute our products.

As the PRC economy developed, domestic commercial vehicle sales had enjoyed a relatively long period of growth, which partially drove the domestic sales of our products. Domestic commercial vehicle sales decreased, however, in 2011 and 2012 primarily due to the prolonged slowdown in the global economy and PRC government policies including control over capital investment and cancellation of the government stimulus measures implemented to assist the automotive industry in 2009 and 2010. As a result, our PRC aftermarket and OEM sales decreased in 2012 compared to 2011. In 2013, our PRC aftermarket and OEM sales increased slightly compared to 2012 primarily due to the gradual recovery of the global economy as well as an increase in domestic commercial vehicle sales in 2013 in anticipation of the promulgation of a policy that would substantially increase the prices of automotives. Outside the PRC, our international sales have been affected by the recent global financial crisis which began in the second half of 2008, as some of the countries to which we export our products experienced an economic slowdown and the demand in the international automotive market reduced significantly between 2008 and 2009. Ongoing economic difficulties in various markets limited growth of such sales in 2011. Despite the ongoing economic difficulties in various markets, including India, our international sales improved in 2012 compared to 2011 as a result of our enhanced sales and marketing efforts in various countries in Asia. However, notwithstanding the growth of our sales in various countries in Asia, our international sales decreased in 2013 compared to 2012, primarily due to an increase in the anti-dumping duties imposed by the Indian government in India, which has resulted in a substantial decrease in our sales to the Indian market. In addition, the implementation, renewal, change or cancellation of any government policies in the future, such as economic stimulus or tightening measures or currency controls, in the PRC or in any of the international markets where our products are sold, may significantly affect our business.

The key competitive factors in the aftermarket are product quality, product diversification, brand reputation, technology and ability to develop new products, delivery timeliness, after-sales service and customer relationships. In the OEM market, the same factors apply, except that OEMs are relatively more concerned with production scale rather than product diversification or brand reputation. The prices of our products are based on a variety of factors, including supply and demand conditions for our products in the market, product quality and the terms of our arrangements with customers. We believe that as a result of our large market share, premium brand recognition and high product quality, we have been able to charge a premium for our products. Also, as wheels generally extend the useful lives of tires, which are usually more expensive than wheels, we believe that wheels are typically less subject to downward price pressure by end-users and end-users are usually willing to pay higher prices for high-quality wheels, like ours, thus strengthening our ability to set the prices of our products. The average selling prices of our products in the aftermarket tend to be slightly higher than that for the OEM market, both in the PRC and internationally. In addition, we believe that prices of wheels in the PRC OEM market will increase in the long-term, although average selling prices decreased in 2013 compared to the prior year due to decreased sales of domestic commercial vehicles by PRC OEMs, such fluctuation in market demand could adversely affect our prices in future periods. Moreover, if through larger production scale, superior product quality, better technology or other factors, a competitor gains the pricing power that we currently enjoy, our prices and sales volume would be adversely affected.

In our international markets, our prices are usually set by reference to the prevailing market prices in each jurisdiction where we sell our products, as well as the factors affecting pricing listed above. Our pricing outside the PRC is also affected by such factors as foreign exchange rates and government regulations such as import and export taxes.

Our principal raw material is steel which accounts for substantially all of our total raw material requirements. We purchase steel from a limited number of selected reputable suppliers in the PRC. We generally enter into framework agreements with our steel suppliers which typically set a purchase amount, pursuant to which we place orders from time to time. These agreements are renewed every year upon mutual agreement unless terminated by the parties. The actual purchase price and amount of steel vary from order to order. Prices of steel are subject to fluctuation depending on supply and demand in the market, and we generally are able to purchase steel at prices slightly lower than the prevailing market prices because of our large volume of purchases.

It is crucial to our business that we obtain from our suppliers sufficient quantities of steel meeting our specifications in a timely manner and at competitive prices for our production. We have long-term relationships with most of our steel suppliers, and to date, have not experienced any shortage of steel for our production. If one or more of our principal steel suppliers fails to meet our purchase orders, we believe that we can obtain steel from alternative suppliers, but we may experience a delay in deliveries in that case, which could adversely affect our production. Moreover, fluctuations in the prices of steel and our ability to pass on any increase in raw material costs to our customers will affect our cost of sales and our gross profit margins. Because of our leading market position and the strong demand for our products, we believe we generally are able to set the prices of our products at a premium and pass on any significant increases in our raw material costs to our customers. In addition, we generally reduce the selling prices of our products when there are significant decreases in our raw material costs.

In the past few years, fluctuation in the price of steel has affected the prices of our products. The average selling prices of our products decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 mainly due to a decrease in prices of steel from 2011 to 2012. The average selling prices of our products further decreased in 2013 compared to 2012 mainly due to a further decrease in the prices of steel from 2012 to 2013 and increasing market competition.

Our success depends significantly on our ability to stay at the forefront of new product development and production technology in the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC and internationally. Accordingly, we are committed to the research and development of new models of wheels, as well as ongoing enhancements in existing product quality and production technology. Please refer to Item 4B “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Research and Development” for more details on our research and development efforts. Nevertheless, we cannot be certain that our research and development activities will be successful or that our product mix will continue to be competitive in the commercial vehicle wheel market, particularly as we expand into other types of products such as aluminum wheels.

In addition, our results of operations are to a certain extent affected by our product mix as different products have different profitability. We generally adjust our product mix in favor of more profitable products. For example, we have allocated more weight to tubeless steel wheels in our product mix in recent years, as tubeless steel wheels generally have higher gross profit margin than tubed steel wheels. If the profitability of different wheel products change and we fail to reflect such changes in our product mix, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

As discussed above, international sales as a percentage of our revenue have been, and are expected to continue to be, affected by the conditions of the global economy and the automotive industry. Therefore, the rate of our international sales can be unstable. Furthermore, our international sales generally have a lower gross profit margin compared to our sales in the PRC primarily due to lower product prices in our international markets and a higher proportion of our international sales being tubed steel wheels, instead of tubeless steel wheels for which we have a higher gross profit margin.

As a result, our operations and financial performance are affected by the social, economic, political and regulatory conditions in the countries where we may operate or where our products may be sold in the future. Furthermore, regulations and policies affecting trade and bilateral relations between the PRC and the countries and regions to which we export our products can adversely affect our international sales in those countries and regions.

When exporting to international markets, we may be subject to import taxes, duties or other barriers to free trade. For example, steel wheels manufactured in the PRC and sold in India, including our products, are subject to anti-dumping duties which the Indian government imposed on Indian importers in 2007. The anti-dumping duties currently applicable to our products are 30,700 Indian Rupees (US$495.80 at a rate of 61.92 Indian Rupees to US$1.00, which is the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2013) per ton. The Indian government initiated another proceeding in 2012 which may subject the products of us and our competitors to higher anti-dumping duties. Such proceeding is still on-going. Although we do not believe that we have engaged in anti-competitive behavior and had challenged the imposition of these anti-dumping duties, we cannot be certain whether similar duties, taxes or other charges will be imposed against us in the future and to what extent such duties, taxes or other charges, or other regulatory changes in the international markets where we sell our products will adversely affect our business.

Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or increase our revenue derived from international sales or that we will be able to benefit from our international expansion plans.

Our revenue is primarily derived from sales of steel wheels, including tubed, tubeless and off-road steel wheels, for use in commercial vehicles. We sell our products to (i) tier-one distributors in the PRC who then resell our products to end-users in the PRC aftermarket through tier-two distributors, (ii) OEMs in the PRC and (iii) international distributors and OEMs. We categorize our business into the following three operating segments based on these sales channels: (i) PRC aftermarket sales, (ii) PRC OEM sales, and (iii) international sales. Our revenue represents the consideration received or receivable for our goods sold, net of related taxes, sales rebates and discounts. We recognize revenue when our products are delivered to locations designated by our customers, inspected by our customers to their satisfaction and title has passed.

PRC aftermarket sales accounted for 48.5%, 48.9% and 50.7% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. PRC OEM sales accounted for 37.7%, 34.9% and 34.6%, respectively, of our revenue for the same periods. International sales accounted for 13.8%, 16.2% and 14.7%, respectively, of our revenue for the same periods. PRC aftermarket sales as a percentage of our revenue remained relatively stable in 2011 and 2012. PRC aftermarket sales as a percentage of our revenue slightly increased from 48.9% in 2012 to 50.7% in 2013, primarily due the gradual recovery of the global economy and our increasing focus on the PRC aftermarket. PRC OEM market sales as a percentage of our revenue decreased from 37.7% in 2011 to 34.9% 2012, primarily due to a decrease in demand in the PRC OEM market resulting mainly from decreased sales of commercial vehicles. PRC OEM market sales remained relatively stable in 2013. Despite the ongoing economic difficulties in certain markets, including India, our international sales improved in 2012 as a result of our enhanced sales and marketing efforts in various countries in Asia. However, notwithstanding the growth of our sales in various countries in Asia, our international sales as a percentage of our revenue decreased from 16.2% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2013 primarily an increase in the anti-dumping duties imposed by the Indian government in India, which has resulted in a substantial decrease in our sales to the Indian market. We expect international sales as a percentage of our revenue to continue to be affected by the global economy. Sales of tubed steel wheels accounted for 56.4%, 57.0% and 59.2% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Sales of tubeless steel wheels accounted for 38.8%, 38.8% and 36.9%, respectively, of our revenue for the same periods. We commenced sales of off-road steel wheels in 2008 which accounted for 2.1%, 1.6% and 1.3% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Sales of wheel components accounted for 2.7% , 2.6% and 2.6% of our revenue in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Our sales of tubed steel wheel slightly increased from 56.4% in 2011 to 57.0% in 2012, and further increased to 59.2% in 2013, and we expect sales of tubed steel wheels as a percentage of our revenue to decrease and sales of tubeless steel wheels as a percentage of our revenue to increase in the long-term, primarily due to the overall market trend of the gradual replacement of tubed steel wheels by tubeless steel wheels.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenue by sales channel/operating segment for the periods indicated:

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenue by category of product for the periods indicated:

Cost of sales primarily consists of (i) raw material costs, (ii) manufacturing overhead costs such as depreciation of property, plant and equipment used for production purposes, and utilities and auxiliary materials associated with the manufacturing of our products, and (iii) direct labor costs.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our cost of sales for the periods indicated:

Other income, gain and loss primarily consists of (i) interest income, (ii) net gain/(loss) from sales of scrap materials and (iii) government grants. Government grants primarily consist of grants, subsidies and similar incentives for which we apply and that we periodically receive from various PRC government authorities mainly in relation to our capital expenditures and research and development efforts. We do not receive government grants on a regular basis, and the amounts that we have received in the past have fluctuated. While we intend to continue to apply for government grants in the future, there can be no assurance that we will receive any such grants. Sales of scrap materials represent sales of scrap steel from our manufacturing process to third parties or recycling stations.

Net exchange (losses)/gains represent losses or gains arising from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities (primarily associated with trade receivables and cash balances from our international sales) denominated in foreign currencies, U.S. dollars and Euros, from such currencies to our functional currency, Renminbi.

Selling and distribution costs primarily consist of (i) transportation costs for delivery of our products, (ii) business promotion and advertising expenses in connection with our marketing efforts such as promotional campaigns and advertising on billboards, as well as subsidies for marketing and related expenses to our exclusive tier-two distributors in connection with our brand recognition enhancement efforts, in accordance with our agreements with them, and (iii) salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in sales and marketing. We incur significant transportation costs in connection with the delivery of our products to our customers in the PRC who are not located near our manufacturing facilities and to our customers outside the PRC. We usually deliver our finished products to customers in the PRC by truck or by train. We make international deliveries primarily by sea. Our export contracts are usually entered into on a Free On Board (FOB) basis, which means that we pay for shipping of the goods to the port of shipment, plus loading costs. Our customers pay freight, insurance, unloading costs and shipping from the port of destination to the factory. On behalf of our customers, we engage a number of shipping agents to transport our finished products overseas. Our transportation costs were RMB144.2 million, RMB148.2 million and RMB167.8 million (US$27.7 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We expect our selling and distribution costs, as a percentage of revenue, to remain relatively stable for the foreseeable future.

Research and development expenses primarily consist of (i) purchases of supplies and materials used in our research and development projects, (ii) salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in research and development, (iii) consumption of low-value consumables used in our research and development projects and (iv) depreciation of property, plant and equipment used in connection with our research and development efforts.

We expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop new and enhanced steel wheels and as we further enhance our research and development for aluminum wheels. However, as a percentage of revenue, we expect our research and development expenses to remain relatively stable for the foreseeable future.

Administrative expenses primarily consist of (i) salaries, bonuses and related expenses for administrative personnel and management, (ii) depreciation of property, plant and equipment used for administrative purposes, and (iii) other tax expenses such as land taxes and property taxes in connection with our manufacturing facilities and stamp duty in connection with the agreements we entered into. Administrative expenses also include equity-settled share-based compensation expenses. In addition, we incurred a one-off impairment charge of RMB10.3 million in 2011 due to the fact that certain machinery and equipment became obsolete in 2011.

We expect our administrative expenses to continue to increase steadily for the foreseeable future as our business grows. However, as a percentage of revenue, we expect our administrative expenses to remain relatively stable for the foreseeable future.

We are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, as a business company incorporated under the BVI Business Companies Act (as amended), or the BVI Act, we are not subject to taxation on our income or capital gains. In addition, dividend payments made by us are not subject to withholding tax in the British Virgin Islands.

We did not have any assessable profits subject to the Hong Kong profits tax in 2011, 2012 and 2013. We do not anticipate having any income subject to income taxes in Hong Kong for the foreseeable future.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC are governed by applicable PRC income tax laws and regulations.

Prior to January 1, 2008, our PRC subsidiaries were subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a statutory tax rate of 33.0%. The EIT Law and the implementation rules issued by the State Council became effective as of January 1, 2008. The EIT Law provides that all enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested companies, are subject to a uniform 25.0% enterprise income tax rate and all tax reduction or exemption as well as incentives previously provided to foreign-invested enterprises were to be cancelled. Accordingly, our PRC subsidiaries were subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a statutory rate of 25.0% after January 1, 2008, except for (i) Zhengxing Wheel, which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2008 and 2012 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2008 to 2013, (ii) Zhengxing Langfang Wheel, which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2009 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2009 to 2014, (iii) Zhengxing Hefei Wheel, which was recognized as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” in 2011 and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from 2010 to 2015 (the preferential tax rate of 15.0% applied retrospectively for 2010, the effect of which was not reflected in our income tax expense in 2010, and relevant adjustments were made in our consolidated financial statements for 2011) and (iv) Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel, which was incorporated in the western region of the PRC in July 2004 and derived more than 70.0% of its total income from the business of state-encouraged industry, and enjoys a preferential tax rate of 15.0% from its inception in 2004 to 2020.

These preferential income tax rates are subject to periodic review and renewal by PRC authorities. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business benefits from certain PRC government tax incentives. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives and PRC tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.”

The EIT Law also provides that enterprises established outside the PRC whose “de facto management bodies” are located in the PRC are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25.0% enterprise income tax rate as to their worldwide income. Under the implementation rules for the EIT Law issued by the State Council, “de facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have material and overall management control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. Although all of our operational management is currently based in the PRC, it is unclear whether PRC tax authorities would require (or permit) us to be treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

Under the EIT Law and the implementation rules issued by the State Council, PRC income tax at the rate of 10.0% is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or shares by such investors is also subject to PRC income tax at a rate of 10.0% if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. A lower income tax rate of 5.0% is applied if the “non-resident enterprises” are registered in Hong Kong or other jurisdiction that have a tax treaty arrangement with China. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs, or the gain you may realize from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax. It is also unclear whether, if we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs might be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties entered into between China and other countries.

In addition, we also benefit from PRC tax policies designed to encourage exports. In the PRC, steel wheels are normally subject to a VAT of 17.0%, but we receive a full rebate of or exemption from the VAT for the steel wheels that we export. The value of these VAT exemptions and rebates amounted to approximately RMB92.1 million, RMB104.3 million and RMB91.5 million (US$15.1 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

In December 2010, Newrace Limited granted to Mr. Yifan Li, our former chief financial officer, restricted ordinary shares in our company in consideration of his service to us. Of these restricted shares, 35.0%, 25.0% and 20.0% vested on the date our initial public offering was completed, on December 31, 2011 and on December 31, 2012, respectively, and 20.0% vested on December 31, 2013. As a result of this grant of restricted shares by Newrace Limited, we incurred non-cash share-based compensation expenses of RMB3.0 million, RMB0.6 million and RMB0.2 million (US$0.04 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively,. We also incurred non-cash share-based compensation expenses of RMB1.9 million, RMB1.3 million and RMB0.3 million (US$0.04 million) in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, in connection with the share option granted to one of our executive officers in August 2011 and the restricted share unit awards granted to each of our independent directors in March 2012 under our 2011 Share Incentive Plan. We account for compensation costs for all such restricted share grants, share options and restricted share unit awards using the fair value determined on the grant date and recognize the expenses in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

For a further description of these arrangements, please refer to Item 7B “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions— Related Party Transactions— Restricted Shares Granted to Mr. Yifan Li by Newrace Limited” and Item 6B “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect: (i) the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities; (ii) the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period; and (iii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, our expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonable assumptions, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates.

We believe that any reasonable deviation from those judgments and estimates would not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. To the extent that the estimates used differ from actual results, however, adjustments to the statement of comprehensive income and corresponding statement of financial condition accounts would be necessary. These adjustments would be made in future financial statements.

When reading our financial statements, you should consider (i) our critical accounting policies; (ii) the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies; and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgment and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. We have not made any material changes in the methodology used in these accounting policies during the past three years.

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements on the historical cost basis. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods.

We measure revenue at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and revenue represents amounts receivable for goods sold in the normal course of business, net of related taxes, sales rebates and discounts. We recognize revenue when goods are delivered to, and inspected to their satisfaction by, our customers, and title has passed, when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to us, and when the revenue can be measured reliably and collectability is reasonably assured.

Our revenue is primarily derived from sales of steel wheels, including tubed, tubeless and off-road steel wheels, for use in commercial vehicles, to distributors and OEMs in and outside the PRC. For our PRC aftermarket sales, we sell only to tier-one distributors who then resell our products to tier-two distributors. We do not sell directly to tier-two distributors or end-users. We also sell our wheel components such as wheel discs to distributors for use in the aftermarket in the PRC and internationally. In line with market practice, we do not provide exchanges or returns of our products. For our products sold to tier-one distributors and OEMs in the PRC, we allow them to deduct an amount (typically equal to or less than 1.0% of the total invoice amount) from the invoice amount we charge which can be used to cover any defective products. For our PRC aftermarket sales, our tier-two distributors typically provide end-users with product exchanges or returns for defective products within a three-month warranty period. Upon an exchange or acceptance of a return of a defective product, two-tier distributors will either exchange the defective product with, or return the defective product to, their tier-one distributors, or deduct an amount from the invoice payable to their tier-one distributors, depending on their arrangements with the particular tier-one distributors. We do not have any responsibility or liability over the arrangements between tier-one and tier-two distributors. We also do not provide any warranty for our products sold to international customers, and we do not provide exchanges or returns of our products for these customers.

We accrue interest income from a financial asset on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit as reported in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are not taxable or tax deductible. We calculate our liability for current tax using tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of each reporting period.

We recognize deferred tax on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax base used in the computation of taxable profit. We generally recognize deferred tax liabilities for all taxable temporary differences. We generally recognize deferred tax assets for all deductible temporary difference to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. We do not recognize such assets and liabilities if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

We recognize deferred tax liabilities for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, except where we are able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not be reversed for the foreseeable future.

We review the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of the reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled, or the asset is realized based on tax rate (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which we expect, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of our assets and liabilities.

We recognize current and deferred taxes in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred taxes are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.

We state inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value. We calculate cost using the weighted average method. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

We identify and recognize intangible assets acquired in a business combination separately from goodwill where they satisfy the definition of an intangible asset and their fair values can be measured reliably. The cost of such intangible assets is measured at their fair value at the acquisition date.

Subsequent to initial recognition, we carry intangible assets with indefinite useful lives at cost less any subsequent accumulated impairment losses.

The following summary consolidated statement of comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for any future periods.

Revenue. Revenue increased by 1.7% from RMB3,738.0 million in 2012 to RMB3,802.3 million (US$628.1 million) in 2013. The increase was due to an increase in PRC aftermarket and OEM sales, partially offset by a decrease in international sales.

PRC aftermarket sales: PRC aftermarket sales increased by 5.4% from RMB1,829.7 million in 2012 to RMB1,928.2 million (US$318.5 million) in 2013, primarily due to a an increase in the sales volume of tubeless steel wheels. The increase in sales volume primarily resulted from (i) increasing recognition of the quality of our products and our brands and (ii) reduced average selling prices.

PRC OEM sales: PRC OEM sales slightly increased by 1.0% from RMB1,303.6 million in 2012 to RMB1,316.8 million (US$217.5 million) in 2013, primarily due to an increase in the sales volume of both tubed steel wheels and tubeless steel wheels. The increase in sales volume of tubed steel wheels and tubeless steel wheels primarily resulted from the enhancement of our sales and marketing activities and our efforts to develop new OEM customers.

International sales: International sales decreased by 7.8% from RMB604.7 million in 2012 to RMB557.3 million (US$92.1 million) in 2013, primarily due to an increase in the anti-dumping duties imposed by the Indian government in India, which has resulted in a substantial decrease in our sales to the Indian market.

Average selling prices of tubed and tubeless steel wheels sold in the PRC and internationally decreased from 2012 to 2013 mainly due to decreases in the price of steel, our principal raw material, during the period. Average selling prices of such wheels in the PRC was also driven by the increasing market competition.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales increased by 7.7% from RMB2,795.5 million in 2012 to RMB3,011.6 million (US$497.5 million) in 2013. The increase was primarily due to a RMB144.6 million increase in raw material costs, mainly as a result of increased sales volume. As a percentage of revenue, cost of sales increased from 74.8% in 2012 to 79.2% in 2013.

Gross Profit. As a result of the foregoing factors, gross profit decreased by 16.1% from RMB942.4 million in 2012 to RMB790.7 million (US$130.6 million) in 2013, and gross profit margin decreased from 25.2% in 2012 to 20.8% in 2013.

Other Income, Gain and Loss. Other income, gain and loss increased by 60.0% from RMB17.1 million in 2012 to RMB27.3 million (US$4.5 million) in 2013. The increase was primarily due to (i) a RMB2.4 million increase in interest income and (ii) a RMB10.5 million increase in government grants.

Net Exchange (Losses)/Gains. We had net exchange loss of RMB7.4 million (US$1.2 million) in 2013 due to the depreciation of US dollar, as compared to net exchange gains of RMB0.9 million in 2012.

Selling and Distribution Costs. Selling and distribution costs increased by 9.0% from RMB252.1 million in 2012 to RMB274.8 million (US$45.4 million) in 2013. The increase was primarily due to (i) RMB28.5 million increase in transportation costs, in line with our increase in sales volume; and(ii) a RMB3.2 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in sales and marketing resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid and an increase in the number of our sales and marketing personnel and partially offset by a RMB9.0 million decrease in business promotion and advertising expenses and subsidies in line with a decrease in our promotion activities. As a percentage of revenue, selling and distribution costs increased from 6.7% in 2012 to 7.2% in 2013.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by 0.9% from RMB90.8 million in 2012 to RMB91.6 million (US$15.1 million) in 2013. The increase was primarily due to a RMB2.6 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in research and development resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid. As a percentage of revenue, research and development expenses remained steady at 2.4% in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Administrative Expenses. Administrative expenses increased by 3.2% from RMB138.0 million in 2012 to RMB142.5 million (US$23.5 million) in 2013. The increase was primarily due to a RMB7.3 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for administrative personnel and management resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid and an increase in the number of our administrative personnel and management, partially offset by a RMB4.7 million decrease in consultant fee as we terminated a potential acquisition project. As a percentage of revenue, administrative expenses remained steadily at 3.7% in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Finance Costs. Finance costs decreased by 48.9% from RMB50.9 million in 2012 to RMB26.0 million (US$4.3 million) in 2013. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the amount of interest on bank borrowings and the capitalization of interest expense in the current year.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense decreased by 35.8% from RMB66.9 million in 2012 to RMB43.0 million (US$7.1 million) in 2013. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in our profit before taxation. Our effective tax rate remained steady at 15.6% in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Profit for the Year. As a result of the foregoing factors, profit for the year decreased by 35.7% from RMB361.6 million in 2012 to RMB232.7 million (US$38.4 million) in 2013, and net profit margin decreased from 9.7% in 2012 to 6.1% in 2013.

Revenue. Revenue decreased by 8.7% from RMB4,093.9 million in 2011 to RMB3,738.0 million in 2012. The decrease was due to a decrease in PRC aftermarket and OEM sales, partially offset by an increase in international sales.

PRC aftermarket sales: PRC aftermarket sales decreased by 7.8% from RMB1,984.4 million in 2011 to RMB1,829.7 million in 2012, primarily due to a decrease in the average selling prices of both tubeless steel wheels and tubed steel wheels, partially offset by an increase in the sales volume of both tubeless steel wheels and tubed steel wheels. The increase in sales volume primarily resulted from (i) increasing recognition of the quality of our products and our brands, (ii) reduced average selling prices and (iii) increased sales of more advanced wheels with higher specifications in terms of strength, durability, weight and other factors, including a type of tubeless steel wheel using a patented production technique for the design of the wheel disc which was introduced in 2011.

PRC OEM sales: PRC OEM sales decreased by 15.5% from RMB1,543.4 million in 2011 to RMB1,303.6 million in 2012, primarily due to a decrease in the average selling prices and sales volume of both tubeless steel wheels and tubed steel wheels. The decrease in sales volume primarily resulted from a decrease in the demands from our PRC OEM customers reflecting decreased sales of commercial vehicles.

International sales: International sales increased by 6.8% from RMB566.1 million in 2011 to RMB604.7 million in 2012, primarily due to an increase in the sales volume of both tubeless steel wheels and tubed steel wheels, partially offset by a decrease in the average selling prices of both tubeless steel wheels and tubed steel wheels. The increase in sales volume primarily resulted from (i) enhanced sales and marketing efforts in various countries in Asia, (ii) increasing recognition of the quality of our products and our brands and (iii) increased market demand internationally, though we believe that ongoing economic difficulties in certain markets, including India, adversely affected overall growth in demand.

Average selling prices of tubed and tubeless steel wheels sold in the PRC and internationally decreased from 2011 to 2012 mainly due to decreases in the price of steel, our principal raw material, during the period. Average selling prices of such wheels in the PRC was also affected by the decrease in market demand reflecting decreased sales of domestic commercial vehicles.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales decreased by 7.0% from RMB3,005.6 million in 2011 to RMB2,795.5 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to a RMB213.5 million decrease in raw material costs, mainly as a result of decreases in the price of steel and decreased sales volume. As a percentage of revenue, cost of sales increased from 73.4% in 2011 to 74.8% in 2012.

Gross Profit. As a result of the foregoing factors, gross profit decreased by 13.4% from RMB1,088.3 million in 2011 to RMB942.4 million in 2012, and gross profit margin decreased from 26.6% in 2011 to 25.2% in 2012.

Other Income, Gain and Loss. Other income, gain and loss increased by 46.5% from RMB11.7 million in 2011 to RMB17.1 million in 2012. The increase was primarily due to (i) a RMB7.7 million increase in interest income and (ii) a RMB1.9 million increase in government grants, partially offset by net loss from sales of scrap materials of RMB3.1 million.

Net Exchange (Losses)/Gains. We had net exchange gains of RMB0.9 million in 2012, as compared to net exchange losses of RMB5.8 million in 2011.

Selling and Distribution Costs. Selling and distribution costs decreased by 1.7% from RMB256.5 million in 2011 to RMB252.1 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to a RMB16.1 million decrease in business promotion and advertising expenses and subsidies in line with our reduced sales and a decrease in the number of distributors, partially offset by (A) a RMB4.0 million increase in transportation costs, in line with our increase in sales volume and (B) a RMB1.8 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in sales and marketing resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid and an increase in the number of our sales and marketing personnel. As a percentage of revenue, selling and distribution costs increased from 6.3% in 2011 to 6.7% in 2012.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by 6.4% from RMB85.4 million in 2011 to RMB90.8 million in 2012. The increase was primarily due to a RMB3.6 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for personnel engaged in research and development resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid. As a percentage of revenue, research and development expenses increased from 2.1% in 2011 to 2.4% in 2012.

Administrative Expenses. Administrative expenses increased by 7.0% from RMB129.0 million in 2011 to RMB138.0 million in 2012. The increase was primarily due to a RMB9.1 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses for administrative personnel and management resulting from an increase in the average salaries we paid and an increase in the number of our administrative personnel and management. As a percentage of revenue, administrative expenses increased from 3.2% in 2011 to 3.7% in 2012.

Finance Costs. Finance costs decreased by 15.9% from RMB60.5 million in 2011 to RMB50.9 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the amount of bank borrowings.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense decreased by 39.4% from RMB110.4 million in 2011 to RMB66.9 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in our profit before taxation and the fact that we ceased to provide deferred tax on withholding tax on retained earnings of our PRC subsidiaries. Our effective tax rate decreased from 19.6% in 2011 to 15.6% in 2012.

Profit for the Year. As a result of the foregoing factors, profit for the year decreased by 20.0% from RMB452.2 million in 2011 to RMB361.6 million in 2012, and net profit margin decreased from 11.0% in 2011 to 9.7% in 2012.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flow from operations, bank borrowings, equity contributions by our shareholders and net proceeds from our initial public offering. As of December 31, 2013, we had RMB748.7 million (US$123.7 million) in cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash on hand and bank balances.

We had net current assets of RMB410.8 million, RMB474.7 million RMB 660.2 million (US$109.1 million) as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations, combined with funds available to us through financing and the net proceeds from our initial public offering, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, we may need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changed business conditions or other developments or if we wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, strategic cooperation or other similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed our cash on hand, we may seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain a credit facility. Any issuance of equity or equity-linked securities could dilute our shareholders. Any incurrence of indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations and cause us to be subject to restrictive operating and finance covenants. It is possible that, when we need additional cash resources, financing will only be available to us in amounts or on terms that would not be acceptable to us or financing will not be available at all.

Our bank borrowings were primarily obtained from two PRC banks for the purposes of general working capital and funding of capital expenditure needs. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, our total bank borrowings amounted to RMB998.5 million, RMB700.0 million and RMB558 million (US$92.2 million). The Company did not have any non-current borrowing. In 2011, 2012, our variable-rate bank borrowings and fixed-rate bank borrowings carried interest rates ranging from 6.2% to 6.9% and 6.2% to 6.9% per annum, respectively. We do not have any variable-rate borrowings in 2013. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, our fixed-rate bank borrowings carried interest rates ranging from 4.8% to 6.6%, 6.0% to 6.6% and 6.0% to 6.6% per annum, respectively.

A portion of our current bank borrowings and all of our non-current bank borrowings were secured. As of December 31, 2011, bank borrowings amounting to RMB248.5 million were secured by pledged bank deposits, property plant and equipment and prepaid lease payments, and the remaining bank borrowings of RMB750.0 million were unsecured. As of December 31, 2012, bank borrowings amounting to RMB210.0 million (US$33.7 million) were secured by pledged bank deposits, property plant and equipment and prepaid lease payments, and the remaining bank borrowings of RMB490.0 million (US$78.7 million) were unsecured. As of December 31, 2013, bank borrowings amounting to RMB180.0 million (US$29.7 million) were secured by pledged bank deposits, property plant and equipment and prepaid lease payments, and the remaining bank borrowings of RMB378.0 million (US$62.4 million) were unsecured.

In addition, certain of our current and non-current bank borrowings were guaranteed by our subsidiaries, namely Zhengxing Langfang Wheel, Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel, Zhengxing Hefei Wheel and Zhengxing Benxi Wheel, pursuant to three guarantee agreements entered into in January 2008 and 2009. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, these guaranteed bank borrowings amounted to RMB429.0 million, RMB700.0 million and RMB558.0 million (US$92.2 million), respectively.

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our bank borrowings by maturity dates as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013:

We plan to repay these bank borrowings with cash generated from our operating activities in the event we are unable to obtain extensions of these facilities or alternative funding in the future. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, we had available undrawn one-year borrowing facilities from two PRC banks of RMB631.5 million, RMB1,092.4 million and RMB1,176.0 million (US$194.3 million), respectively. We have historically been able to repay our bank borrowings when they become due. We expect to be able to obtain additional bank borrowings should we need additional funding for working capital and capital expenditures.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flow for the periods indicated:

We derive cash inflow from operations primarily through the receipt of payments for the sales of our products. Our cash outflow from operations is used primarily for raw material purchases, staff costs and miscellaneous expenses used in operating activities. Our net cash from operating activities reflects our profit for the year, as adjusted for non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization, and the effects of changes in working capital such as increases or decreases in trade and other receivables and prepayments and trade and other payables and accruals, and increases or decreases in inventories.

Net cash from operating activities was RMB282.4 million (US$46.7 million) in 2013, which was primarily attributable to (i) profit before taxation of RMB275.6 million (US$45.5 million); (ii) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB126.0 million (US$20.8 million); (iii) an increase in trade and other payables and accruals of RMB78.4 million (US$13.0 million), primarily due to increased sales in 2013 and (iv) finance costs of RMB26.0 million (US$4.3 million), partially offset by (A) an increase in trade and other receivables and prepayments of RMB160.0 million (US$26.4 million) primarily due to increased sales in 2013 and (B) PRC income tax paid of RMB43.2 million (US$7.1 million).

Net cash from operating activities was RMB897.0 million in 2012, which was primarily attributable to (i) profit before taxation of RMB428.5 million, (ii) a decrease in trade and other receivables and prepayments of RMB309.5 million primarily due to reduced sales and lower prepayments to raw material suppliers in 2012, (iii) a decrease in inventories of RMB187.8 million, (iv) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB119.9 million and (v) finance costs of RMB50.9 million, partially offset by (A) a decrease in trade and other payables and accruals of RMB129.5 million primarily due to lower bills payable to raw material suppliers and (B) PRC income tax paid of RMB79.8 million.

Net cash from operating activities was RMB475.1 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to (i) profit before taxation of RMB562.6 million, (ii) an increase in trade and other payables and accruals of RMB203.8 million primarily due to higher bills payable to raw material suppliers in anticipation of increased sales and (iii) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB116.5 million, partially offset by (A) an increase in trade and other receivables and prepayments of RMB340.7 million primarily due to increased sales and higher prepayments to raw material suppliers in 2011 and (B) PRC income tax paid of RMB89.7 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB 181.0 million (US$29.9 million) in 2013, which was primarily attributable to (i) deposit paid for acquisition of property, plant and equipment of RMB112.8 million (US$18.6 million), (ii) purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB62.7 million (US$10.4 million) in connection with the expansion of our manufacturing facilities in Chengdu, Sichuan Province and the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, and (iii) placement of pledged bank deposits of RMB11.5 million (US$1.9 million).

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB431.4 million in 2012, which was primarily attributable to (i) placement of fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months of RMB228.9 million, (ii) purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB217.5 million in connection with the expansion of our manufacturing facilities in Chengdu, Sichuan Province and the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, (iii) deposit paid for acquisition of property, plant and equipment of RMB130.6 million and (iv) acquisition of leasehold land of RMB54.6 million in connection with the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, partially offset by (A) withdrawal of fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months of RMB173.9 million and (B) withdrawal of pledged bank deposits of RMB28.3 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB370.4 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to (i) purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB109.5 million in connection with the expansion of our manufacturing facilities in Chengdu, Sichuan Province and the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, (ii) placement of fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months of RMB105.0 million, (iii) acquisition of leasehold land of RMB92.6 million in connection with the construction of a new aluminum wheel manufacturing facility, (iv) deposit paid for acquisition of property, plant and equipment of RMB40.8 million and (v) placement of pledged bank deposits of RMB27.1 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB181.2 million (US$29.9 million) in 2013, which was attributable to (i) repayment of bank borrowings of RMB700.0 million (US$115.6 million) and (ii) interest paid of RMB39.2 million (US$6.5 million), partially offset by new bank borrowings raised of RMB558.0 million (US$92.2 million).

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB367.6 million in 2012, which was attributable to (i) repayment of bank borrowings of RMB998.5 million, (ii) interest paid of RMB49.6 million and (iii) dividend paid of RMB19.5 million, partially offset by new bank borrowings raised of RMB700.0 million.

Net cash from financing activities was RMB307.9 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to (i) new bank borrowings raised of RMB760.0 million and (ii) proceeds from issue of shares through initial public offering of RMB452.4 million, partially offset by (A) repayment of bank borrowings of RMB813.5 million and (B) interest paid of RMB60.5 million.

Please refer to Item 4A “Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—Our Initial Public Offering and Corporate Information.”

Please refer to Item 4B “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Research and Development” and “—Intellectual Property.”

Other than as described elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our revenue, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause our reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operation results or financial condition.

We do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts or interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we do not enter into transactions involving, or otherwise form relationships with, unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2013:

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of March 31, 2014:

The business address of our directors and executive officers is c/o No. 1608, North Circle Road State Highway, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363000, People’s Republic of China.

Mr. Jianhui Lai is our founder, chairman of our board of directors and chief executive officer. Mr. Lai has over 20 years of experience in the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC, particularly in managing vehicle wheel businesses. Prior to founding us in 2003, Mr. Lai was factory manager of Zhangzhou Xiangcheng Zhengxing Automobile Wheel Factory from 1996 to 2003, factory manager of Fujian Pinghe Guanxi Automobile Wheel Factory from 1993 to 1996, and factory manager of Pinghe Automobile Tire and Bicycle Repair Depot from 1988 to 1993. Mr. Lai was awarded The Outstanding Private Entrepreneur in the PRC in 2004 and The Outstanding Individual of the PRC Automotive Industry in 2008, in recognition of his business achievements and stature in the industry. Mr. Lai is also the founder of two schools (providing primary school to high school education) in the PRC, namely Pinghe Zhengxing School and Zhangzhou Zhengxing School.

Mr. Junqiu Gao has served as our director since February 2009, and as our deputy chief executive officer and chief sales and marketing officer since June 2008. Mr. Gao also served as our marketing and sales manager from 2004 to 2008. Mr. Gao has over 20 years of marketing and sales and management experience in the commercial vehicle wheel and machinery industry in the PRC. Prior to joining us in 2004, Mr. Gao was head of the marketing and sales department of Zhangzhou Xiangcheng Zhengxing Automobile Wheel Factory from 1999 to 2004 and was a regional product sales manager of Xuzhou Press System Company Limited from 1993 to 1999. Mr. Gao also served as an electrical design technician and product after-sales engineer of Xuzhou Press System Company Limited from 1990 to 1993. Mr. Gao is a senior engineer and received his bachelor’s degree in industrial electrical automation from Hefei University of Technology in 1990.

Mr. William John Sharp has served as our independent director since May 2011. Mr. Sharp has over 40 years of experience in the tire manufacturing industry. Since 2001, Mr. Sharp has served as president of Global Industrial Consulting, a consulting firm. Since 2005, Mr. Sharp has been a director of Xingda International Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong Stock Exchange listed company which manufactures components for radial tires where he serves as chairman of the compensation committee and a member of the audit committee. Since 2008, Mr. Sharp has been a director of Acquity Group LLC, a multi-channel commerce and digital marketing company where he serves as a member of the audit and compensation committees. From 1998 to 2012, Mr. Sharp was a director of Ferro Corporation, a New York Stock Exchange listed company that produces performance materials where he served as a member of the compensation committee. From 2009 to February 2012, Mr. Sharp was a director of Exceed Co. Ltd., a NASDAQ listed company that produces footwear, apparel and accessories where he served as chairman of the audit committee and the compensation committee. Mr. Sharp joined The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in 1964 and was the president of its North America Tire group from 1999 to 2000. Prior to that, he was the president of its Global Support Operations from 1996 to 1999, and the president of Goodyear Europe, Middle East and Africa from 1992 to 1996. Mr. Sharp received his bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering from Ohio State University in 1963.

Mr. Ian Frances Wade has served as our independent director since September 2011. Mr. Wade has over 50 years of corporate management experience. From 2009 to 2010, he served as chief executive officer of China Nepstar Chain Drugstore Limited, a New York Stock Exchange listed company which is the largest drugstore chain in China based on the number of directly operated stores. From 1982 to 2006, Mr. Wade was the group managing director of A.S. Watson Group, or Watson, a wholly owned subsidiary of the international retail and manufacturing arm of Hutchison Whampoa Limited. During his tenure with Watson, he was instrumental in Watson’s geographic expansion, organic growth, acquisition, profitable divestment, brand re-invention, and channel development. Under Mr. Wade’s leadership, Watson grew its retail business from 16 to approximately 7,700 stores with approximately 100,000 employees and over 35 retail and product brands serving approximately 25 million customers a week across over 30 countries. From 2001 to 2006, Mr. Wade was also a member of the board of directors of Priceline.com Inc., a NASDAQ listed company which is a leading global online travel reservation company. Mr. Wade is currently a member of the Board of the Community Chest of Hong Kong and a member of the Hong Kong Red Cross Advisory Committee.

Mr. Yichun Zhang has served as our independent director since May 2011. Mr. Zhang is the head of the Financial Research Institute of Xiamen University. Since 1960, Mr. Zhang has been a lecturer of the economics department, associate professor and deputy head of the finance and fiscal department of the economics faculty, professor, supervisor of doctoral candidates and department head of the finance and fiscal department, professor, supervisor of doctoral candidates and faculty head of the economics faculty, and professor, supervisor of doctoral candidates and head of the fiscal research institute, all of Xiamen University. In addition, Mr. Zhang has served as an independent director of CNFOL.COM Company Limited, a PRC online financial information provider, Shanghai CiFi Company Limited, a PRC property developer, and Shenzhen Minsheng Royal Fund Management Co., Ltd., a PRC fund management company (where he serves as a member of the audit committee), since 2007. Mr. Zhang also served as an independent director of Zhengzhou Gas Company Limited, a Hong Kong Stock Exchange listed company, from 2002 to 2008, and Fujian Zhonghe Company Limited, a Shenzhen Stock Exchange listed company, from 2002 to 2008. Mr. Zhang served as an external supervisor of Industrial Bank Company Limited, a Shanghai Stock Exchange listed company, from 2004 to 2007. Mr. Zhang received his bachelor’s degree in economics from Xiamen University in 1960.

Mr. Martin Cheung has over 13 years of experience in accounting and finance with publicly and privately held companies. Mr. Cheung was most recently Chief Financial Officer of Profound Heavy Company Limited, and he has been Finance Director of Norstar Founders Group Limited (2339: HK), recently renamed Beijing West Industry International, and he was the Corporate Finance Director at Grant Thornton Corporate Finance Limited. Additionally, Mr. Cheung held management positions at Japan Asia Securities and Daiwa Securities. Mr. Cheung currently is an independent director of Ninetowns Internet Technology Group Company Ltd., (Nasdaq: NINE) and Boyaa Interactive International Ltd., (434: HK). Mr. Cheung was a senior auditor at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. Mr. Cheung is a Certified Public Accountant, with a master’s degree in Accounting from Curtin University of Technology (Australia), a master’s of Science degree in Finance (Investment Management) from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and a bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences from the University of Hong Kong.

Mr. Xichuan Lai has served as our financial controller since August 2006. Mr. Lai also served as our financial manager from 2004 to 2006. Mr. Lai has over 18 years of finance experience. Prior to joining us in 2004, Mr. Lai served as manager of the finance department of Fujian Motor Industry Group Company from 1999 to 2004. Mr. Lai also served as an accountant of Fujian Automobile Factory from 1992 to 1999. Mr. Lai is a senior accountant and received his bachelor’s degree in auditing from Fuzhou University in 1992.

Mr. Guohe Zhang has served as our chief technology officer since 2003. Mr. Zhang has over 40 years of research and production technology management experience in the commercial vehicle wheel and machinery industry in the PRC. Prior to joining us in 2003, Mr. Zhang was the deputy chief engineer and the director of the wheel research institution of Zhenjiang Jinhuan Group Co., Ltd. from 1981 to 2003. Mr. Zhang received the Jiangsu New Product Development Golden Bull Award in 1990, in recognition of his achievements in research and development. Mr. Zhang is a senior engineer and received his bachelor’s degree in mechanical design and manufacturing from Jiangsu University in 1970.

Mr. Jiangjun Yang has served as our chief production officer since January 2007. Mr. Yang also served as our production manager from 2005 to 2006 and our head of production line from 2003 to 2005. Mr. Yang has over 12 years of production and management experience in the commercial vehicle wheel industry in the PRC. Prior to joining us in 2003, Mr. Yang worked at Zhangzhou Xiangcheng Zhengxing Automobile Wheel Factory from 1998 to 2003. Mr. Yang completed his junior college study in administrative management at Xiamen University in 2001.

Our executive officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors. Our directors may be subject to a term of office if fixed by the resolution of shareholders or the resolution of directors, as the case may be, appointing them. At our annual general meeting of shareholders, our shareholders are asked to elect the directors nominated to serve for the ensuing year and until their successors are elected and duly qualified, or until such director’s earlier death, bankruptcy, insanity, resignation or removal. Our directors may resign from their office by giving written notice to us. Our directors may be removed from office, with or without cause, by a resolution of shareholders. For information regarding the period during which our officers and directors have served in their respective positions, please refer to Item 6.A. “Directors and Senior Management.”

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment (i) with cause effective immediately upon delivery of written notice to the executive officer or (ii) without cause by giving the executive a three months’ prior written notice. Termination for cause may occur for the continued failure by an executive officer substantially to perform his duties and obligations to us, fraud or material dishonesty against us, or a conviction or plea of guilty for the commission of a felony or other crime. In the event of the termination by us without cause, we agree to pay the executive officer certain compensation for a certain period following the date of termination. The executive officer may also voluntarily terminate his employment with us upon not less than three months’ prior written notice to us.

Each executive officer has agreed, for the term of employment with us and thereafter, to keep and retain in the strictest confidence all our confidential information that the executive may develop or learn in the course of employment with us. Our executive officers also agree to assign to us all right, title and interest in and to all patents, trademarks, copyrights, business secrets, operation secrets or know-how, which they may solely or jointly conceive, discover, develop or reduce to practice during the period of employment. Moreover, each of our executive officers has agreed, for the term of employment with us and for a period of six months or one year thereafter, (i) to not engage in any business in competition with our business, (ii) to not solicit any entity that has been our customer within two years before termination of employment or our potential customer within one year before termination of employment and (iii) to not solicit for employment, hire or otherwise engage anyone who has been our employee, member or partner within the previous year.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and our memorandum and articles of association, from and against all costs, charges, expenses, liabilities and losses incurred in connection with any litigation, suit or proceeding to which such director or executive officer is or is threatened to be made a party, witness or other participant.

In 2013, the aggregate cash compensation, including basic salary and bonus and other benefits, to all of our directors and our executive officers was RMB5.7 —] million (US$1.0 million). On March 30, 2012, we also granted restricted share unit awards to each of our independent directors which vested on March 25, 2013. ADSs, representing less than 1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares, were given to the directors in settlement of such awards upon vesting. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, employment and other statutory benefits.

Our board of directors and shareholders approved and adopted our 2011 Share Incentive Plan in February 2011. Under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, a total of 25,000,000 ordinary shares have been reserved for issuance. A general description of the terms of the 2011 Share Incentive Plan is set forth below:

The purpose of the 2011 Share Incentive Plan is to attract and retain the best available personnel, to provide additional incentive to employees, directors and consultants and to promote the success of our business.

Under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, awards may be granted to employees, directors or consultants of our company, our subsidiaries or our parent corporation (as defined therein).

Awards that can be granted under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan include, among others:

Under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, we may also grant incentive stock options, or ISOs, within the meaning of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to employees who are located in the United States or who are U.S. taxpayers.

Our board of directors designated our compensation committee to administer the 2011 Share Incentive Plan. References in this subsection to our board of directors include our compensation committee designated by our board of directors to administer the 2011 Share Incentive Plan.

Awards granted under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan are evidenced by award agreements that set forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each award.

The 2011 Share Incentive Plan provides for acceleration of awards upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions or changes in control. Our board of directors will have the authority, exercisable either in advance of any actual or anticipated corporate transaction or change in control or at the time of an actual corporate transaction or change in control and exercisable at the time of the grant of an award under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan or any time while an award remains outstanding, to provide for the full or partial automatic vesting and exercisability of one or more outstanding unvested awards under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan and the release from restrictions on transfer and repurchase or forfeiture rights of such awards in connection with a corporate transaction or change in control, on such terms and conditions as our board of directors may specify. Our board of directors also will have the authority to condition any such award vesting and exercisability or release from such limitations upon the subsequent termination of the continuous service of the grantee within a specified period following the effective date of the corporate transaction or change in control. Our board of directors may provide that any awards so vested or released from such limitations in connection with a change in control, shall remain fully exercisable until the expiration or sooner termination of the award.

Our board of directors determines the exercise price, purchase price, expiration date, vesting schedule and other terms and conditions of each grant of award.

Under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, ISOs may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the grantee only by the grantee. Other awards shall be transferable (i) by will and by the laws of descent and distribution and (ii) during the lifetime of the grantee, to the extent and in the manner authorized by our board of directors. The 2011 Share Incentive Plan permits the designation of beneficiaries by holders of awards, including ISOs.

The period following the termination of a grantee’s employment or service with us during which the grantee can exercise his or her option, if any, will be specified in the award agreement, and it cannot end later than the last day of the specified period or the last day of the original term of the award. Any restricted shares and restricted share units that are at the time of termination subject to restrictions will generally be forfeited and automatically transferred to and reacquired by us at no cost to us, unless otherwise specified in the applicable award agreement.

Under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan, our board of directors may at any time amend, suspend, or terminate the 2011 Share Incentive Plan in any respect, except that no amendment will be effective without shareholder approval if such approval is required to comply with any law, regulation or stock exchange rule or our memorandum and articles of association and no suspension or termination may adversely affect any award previously granted. Unless terminated earlier, the 2011 Share Incentive Plan will terminate automatically in 2021.

Under British Virgin Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly, in good faith and in what the director believes to be in our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonable director would exercise in the same circumstances taking into account, without limitation: (a) the nature of the company, (b) the nature of the decision, and (c) the position of the director and the nature of the responsibilities undertaken by him. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association and the BVI Act.

We have established three committees under the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Our audit committee consists of Messrs. William John Sharp, Ian Frances Wade and Yichun Zhang. Mr. Sharp is the chairman of our audit committee and meets the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC. Our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Sharp, Wade and Zhang are “independent directors” within the meaning of Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, or NYSE Listed Company Manual, and meet the criteria for independence set forth in Section 10A(m)(3) of the Exchange Act. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

Our compensation committee consists of Messrs. Yichun Zhang, Jianhui Lai and William John Sharp, and is chaired by Mr. Zhang. Our board of directors has determined that each of Messrs. Zhang and Sharp of the compensation committee is an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. Our compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our directors and executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Messrs. Jianhui Lai, Junqiu Gao and William John Sharp, and is chaired by Mr. Lai. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Sharp of the nominating and corporate governance committee is an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in identifying individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

A director may vote with respect to any contract or transaction in which he is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him at or prior to the board’s consideration and vote on such contract or transaction.

The directors may determine remuneration to be paid to the directors. The compensation committee assists the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt obligations of our company or of any third party.

We had 5,209, 5,070 and 4,973 employees as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2013:

All of our employees are stationed in the PRC. We do not have any part-time employees.

In compliance with the relevant PRC labor laws, we enter into individual employment contracts with our employees typically covering matters such as wages, bonuses, employee benefits, workplace safety, confidentiality obligations and non-competition (for our executive officers and employees involved in technology and research and development), and grounds for termination. In addition, we provide various healthcare benefits and insurance to our employees and participate in various employee benefit plans in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. These employment contracts generally have a term of three years. The total amount of contributions we made to employee benefit plans in 2011, 2012 and 2013 was RMB42.8 million, RMB48.2 million and RMB50.8 million (US$8.4 million), respectively. We invest in continuing education and training programs for our management staff and other employees to upgrade their skills and knowledge continuously. We provide our employees with internal training in various areas.

We have a labor union that protect employees’ rights, help fulfill our economic objectives, encourage employee participation in management decisions and assist in mediating disputes between us and union members. To date, we have not experienced any strikes, labor disputes or industrial action which had a material effect on our business, and consider our relations with our employees to be good.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2014 (unless otherwise indicated) by:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the ordinary shares. Except as indicated below, and subject to applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown as beneficially owned by them. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person or the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2014, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

As of March 31, 2014, there were two ordinary shareholders of record with an address in the United States, including The Bank of New York Mellon, depositary of our ADS program, which held 62,499,988 ordinary shares as of that date, representing 30.27% of our outstanding ordinary shares.

None of our shareholders has different voting rights from other shareholder. To our knowledge, except as disclosed above, we are not owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal person or persons, severally or jointly, and we are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

Please refer to Item 6E “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Share Ownership.”

Certain of our current and non-current bank borrowings were guaranteed by our subsidiaries, namely Zhengxing Langfang Wheel, Zhengxing Chengdu Wheel, Zhengxing Hefei Wheel and Zhengxing Benxi Wheel, pursuant to three guarantee agreements entered into in January 2008 and 2009. As of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, these guaranteed bank borrowings amounted to RMB429.0 million, RMB700.0 million and RMB558 million (US$92.2 million), respectively.

Pursuant to a letter agreement for grant of restricted shares between Newrace Limited and Mr. Yifan Li, our former chief financial officer, dated December 17, 2010, Mr. Li was granted 516,000 ordinary shares, representing 0.25% of our ordinary shares outstanding immediately after the completion of our initial public offering, beneficially owned by Newrace Limited in consideration for his serving as our chief financial officer. Of these restricted shares, 35.0%, 25.0% and 20.0% vested on the date our initial public offering was completed, on December 31, 2011 and on December 31, 2012, respectively, and 20.0% vested on December 31, 2013

Please refer to Item 18 “Financial Statements” for our audited consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

We are currently not a party to, and are not aware of any threat of, any legal, arbitral or administrative proceedings, which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may from time to time become a party to various legal, arbitral or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

In March 2012, our board of directors declared a dividend to our shareholders in the amount of US$3.1 million, which has been paid to holders of ordinary shares and ADSs. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends, after considering our operations, earnings, cash flows, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, regulatory limitations on our PRC and other subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. Cash dividends on our ADSs, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

We are a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders depends upon dividends that we receive from our subsidiaries. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—We rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

Holders of our ADSs will be entitled to receive dividends, if any, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement (including the fees and expenses payable thereunder), to the same extent as the holders of our ordinary shares. Cash dividends will be paid to the depositary in U.S. dollars, which will distribute them to the holders of ADSs according to the terms of the deposit agreement. Other distributions, if any, will be paid by the depositary to the holders of ADSs in any means it deems legal, fair and practical.

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Our ADSs, each representing four of our ordinary shares, are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ZX.” Trading in our ADSs commenced on May 11, 2011.

The following table provides the high and low trading prices for our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange for the period indicated.

Please refer to Item 9A “The Offer and Listing—Offer and Listing Details.”

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our memorandum and articles of association and other related information contained in the sections captioned “Description of Share Capital,” “Description of American Depositary Shares” and “Shares Eligible of Future Sale” in our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011.

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4 “Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

Please refer to Item 4B “Information on the Company—Business Overview—Regulations—Other Regulations Relevant to Our Operation—Foreign Currency Exchange.”

The following is a summary of the material British Virgin Islands, the People’s Republic of China and United States federal income tax consequences and considerations relevant to an investment in our ADSs and ordinary shares. The discussion is not intended to be, nor should it be construed as, legal or tax advice to any particular holder of our ADSs and ordinary shares. The discussion is based on laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change or different interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. The discussion does not address United States state or local tax laws, or tax laws of jurisdictions other than the British Virgin Islands, the People’s Republic of China and the United States.

Under British Virgin Islands law as currently in effect, a holder of ordinary shares who is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands is exempt from British Virgin Islands income tax on dividends paid with respect to the ordinary shares and all holders of ordinary shares are not liable to the British Virgin Islands for income tax on gains realized during that year on sale or disposal of such shares. The British Virgin Islands does not impose a withholding tax on dividends paid by a company incorporated or re-registered under the BVI Act.

There are no capital gains, gift or inheritance taxes levied by the British Virgin Islands on companies incorporated or re-registered under the BVI Act or persons not resident in the British Virgin Islands. In addition, shares of companies incorporated or re-registered under the BVI Act are not subject to transfer taxes, stamp duties or similar charges.

There is no income tax treaty currently in effect between the United States and the British Virgin Islands or between China and the British Virgin Islands.

On March 16, 2007, the NPC passed the EIT Law, and on December 6, 2007, the State Council issued the Implementation Regulations of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008. The EIT Law and its implementation rules apply a uniform 25.0% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. There is a transition period for enterprises, whether foreign-invested or domestic, which currently receive preferential tax treatments granted by relevant tax authorities. Enterprises that are subject to an enterprise income tax rate lower than 25.0% may continue to enjoy the lower rate and gradually transfer to the new tax rate within five years after the effective date of the EIT Law. Enterprises that are currently entitled to exemptions or reductions from the standard income tax rate for a fixed term may continue to enjoy such treatment until the fixed term expires. Preferential tax treatments will continue to be granted to industries and projects that are strongly supported and encouraged by the state, and enterprises classified as “High and New Technology Enterprises” are entitled to a 15.0% enterprise income tax rate.

The EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that enterprises established outside the PRC whose “de facto management bodies” are located in the PRC are considered “resident enterprises.” The “de facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have material and overall management control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. Currently, there are no detailed rules or precedents governing the procedures and specific criteria for determining “de facto management bodies.” The SAT issued Circular 82 setting forth specific standards for determination of the “de facto management bodies” of offshore companies controlled by PRC enterprises. However, it remains unclear as to how the PRC tax authorities will treat an overseas enterprise, with all of its management team members residing in the PRC, invested or controlled by other overseas enterprises as in our case.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, PRC withholding tax at the rate of 10.0% is applicable to interest and dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such interest and dividends have their sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors is also subject to 10.0% PRC withholding tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. A lower income tax rate of 5.0% is applied if the “non-resident enterprises” are registered in Hong Kong or other jurisdiction that have a tax treaty arrangement with the PRC. Therefore, if we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares and the gains realized from the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares may be considered as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC withholding tax.

Moreover, non-resident individual investors are required to pay PRC individual income tax on interests or dividends payable to the investors or any capital gains realized from the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares if such gains are deemed income derived from sources within the PRC. Under the PRC Individual Income Tax Law, or IIT Law, non-resident individual refers to an individual who has no domicile in the PRC and does not stay in the territory of the PRC or who has no domicile in the PRC and has stayed in the territory of the PRC for less than one year. Pursuant to the IIT Law and its implementation rules, for purposes of the PRC capital gains tax, the taxable income will be the balance of the total income obtained from the transfer of the ADSs or ordinary shares minus all the costs and expenses that are permitted under PRC tax laws to be deducted from the income. Therefore, if we are considered as a PRC “resident enterprise” and dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares and the gains realized from the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares are considered income derived from sources within the PRC by relevant competent PRC tax authorities, such gains earned by non-resident individuals may also be subject to 20.0% PRC withholding tax.

Please also refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Dividends we receive from our subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax,” “—We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the EIT Law and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income” and “—Dividends payable by us to our foreign investors, and gains on the sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs, may be subject to taxes under PRC tax laws, which may materially reduce the value of your investment.”

The following is a general summary of material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares by U.S. Investors (as defined below) that hold such ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This summary is based on the Code, the Treasury regulations issued pursuant to the Code, or the Treasury Regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. Such change could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences described below. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. This summary is for general information only and does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to specific U.S. Investors in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Investors subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as banks or other financial institutions, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, retirement plans, partnerships, regulated investment companies, dealers in stock, securities or currencies, brokers, real estate investment trusts, certain former citizens or residents of the United States, persons who acquire ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar, persons that own directly, indirectly or constructively 10% or more of our company’s shares, persons that are resident or hold ADSs or ordinary shares in connection with a permanent establishment outside the United States or persons that generally mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes). This summary does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax considerations or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations.

As used in this summary, the term “U.S. Investor” means a beneficial owner of ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source or (iv) a trust, (a) if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more “U.S. persons” (within the meaning of the Code) have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or (b) if a valid election is in effect for the trust to be treated as a U.S. person.

If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of such partnership and each partner thereof will generally depend upon the status and activities of the partnership and such partner. A holder that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult its own tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to it and its partners of the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers as to the particular tax considerations applicable to them relating to the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws and non-U.S. tax laws.

Subject to the PFIC discussion below, a U.S. Investor will be required to include in gross income the gross amount of any distribution paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including any amount of taxes withheld by our company) out of our company’s current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Distributions in excess of our company’s current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Investor’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares and thereafter will be treated as a gain from the sale of the ADSs or ordinary shares. However, our company does not currently maintain, and does not intend to maintain, calculations of our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Consequently, a U.S. Investor should treat the entire amount of any distribution received as a dividend.

In the case of a U.S. Investor that is a corporation, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will be subject to regular corporate rates and will not be eligible for the “dividends received” deduction generally allowed to corporate shareholders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations.

Certain dividends received by non-corporate U.S. Investors, including individuals, are generally subject to preferential tax rates. A preferential tax rate is applicable to dividends paid by a non-U.S. corporation if such corporation is a “qualified foreign corporation” and only if certain holding period requirements and other conditions are met. A non-U.S. corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the U.S. which includes an exchange of information program or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. If the requirements of this paragraph are not satisfied, a dividend paid by a non-U.S. corporation to a U.S. Investor, including a U.S. Investor that is an individual, estate, or trust, generally will be taxed at ordinary income tax rates (and not at the preferential tax rates).

As described above in the discussion of “—People’s Republic of China Taxation,” in the event our company is treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC law, our company may be required to withhold PRC income tax on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares under the EIT Law. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Investors will be treated as having received the amount of PRC taxes withheld by our company, and as then having paid over the withheld taxes to the PRC taxing authorities. As a result of this rule, the amount of dividend income included in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes by a U.S. Investor with respect to a payment of dividends may be greater than the amount of cash actually received (or receivable) by the U.S. Investor from our company with respect to the payment.

A U.S. Investor may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Investor who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign income tax withheld, may instead claim a deduction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such investor elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation, dividends paid by our company will, depending on the circumstances of the U.S. investor, be either general or passive income.

Our company expects to pay dividends, if any, in non-U.S. currency. A dividend paid in non-U.S. currency must be included in a U.S. Investor’s income as a U.S. dollar amount based on the exchange rate in effect on the date such dividend is actually or constructively received, regardless of whether the dividend is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted to U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Investor generally will not recognize a foreign currency gain or loss. If the non-U.S. currency is converted into U.S. dollars on a later date, however, the U.S. Investor must include in income any gain or loss resulting from any exchange rate fluctuations. Such gain or loss will generally be ordinary income or loss, and will be from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. U.S. Investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences to them if our company pays dividends in non-U.S. currency.

Taxation of Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC discussion below, a U.S. Investor generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Investor’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. This capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Investor’s holding period in the ADSs or ordinary shares exceeds one year. Long-term capital gain of a non-corporate U.S. investor is generally taxed at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. The gain or loss will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. In the event PRC tax were to be imposed on any gain from the disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares as described above in “—People’s Republic of China Taxation,” such gain may be treated as PRC source gain under the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC, in which case a U.S. Investor eligible for treaty benefits may be able to claim a foreign tax credit, subject to applicable limitations. U.S. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on the disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under an investor’s own particular circumstances.

A U.S. Investor that receives non-U.S. currency on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares will realize an amount equal to the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency received on the date of disposition (or in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis taxpayers, the settlement date) whether or not converted into U.S. dollars at that time. Very generally, the U.S. Investor will recognize currency gain or loss if the U.S. dollar value of the currency received on the settlement date differs from the amount realized with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. Any currency gain or loss on the settlement date or on any subsequent disposition of the foreign currency generally will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, a 3.8% tax is imposed on the “net investment income” (as defined in section 1411 of the Code), which includes, among other items, dividends on, and capital gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, the ADSs or ordinary shares (subject to certain limitations and exceptions), of certain U.S. Investors who are individuals whose income exceeds certain threshold amounts, and who are certain trusts and estates under similar rules.

In general, a foreign corporation will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income” or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of its total assets (based on the average of the fair market values of the assets determined at the end of each quarterly period) is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, certain royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. In determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. We do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. The Company’s possible status as a PFIC, however, must be determined for each year and cannot be determined until the end of each taxable year. Also, the PFIC determination depends upon the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules concerning the classification of our assets and income for this purpose and the application of these rules is uncertain in some respects. Under the income and asset tests, whether our company is a PFIC will be determined annually based upon the composition and nature of our income and the composition, nature and valuation of our assets, all of which are subject to change. For purposes of the asset test, any cash will generally be treated as a passive asset and the amount of cash held by our company in any year will depend, in part, on when our company spends any cash raised or generated in our operations. In addition, the determination of our company’s PFIC status will depend upon the nature of the assets acquired by our company. Moreover, the determination of the value of our company’s assets may depend on our market capitalization, and that market capitalization may fluctuate. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year. In addition, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any determination by our company that we do not constitute a PFIC.

If our company is classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Investor owns ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. Investor, absent certain elections (including a mark-to-market election), will generally be subject to adverse rules (even if the corporation no longer satisfies either the passive income or passive asset tests described above) with respect to (i) any “excess distributions” (generally, any distributions received by the U.S. Investor on the ADSs or ordinary shares in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by the U.S. Investor in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Investor’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares) and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under these adverse rules (a) the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Investor’s holding period, (b) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which our company is classified as a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income, and (c) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years during which our company was classified as a PFIC will be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable category of taxpayers for that year and an interest charge will be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such taxable year.

As described above, if our company is a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Investor holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, our company will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to that U.S. Investor for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Investor holds the ADSs or ordinary shares. The U.S. Investor may terminate this deemed PFIC status by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the special tax rules discussed above) as if the U.S. Investor’s ADSs or ordinary shares had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year for which our company was a PFIC.

If our company is treated as a PFIC and our company holds or acquires an interest in an entity which is itself a PFIC, a U.S. Investor may also be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to its indirect ownership of the lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the consequences to them if our company holds or acquires an interest in an entity which is itself a PFIC.

Although the PFIC rules permit a U.S. holder of stock in a PFIC in certain circumstances to avoid some of the disadvantageous tax treatment described above by making a “qualified electing fund,” or QEF, election, a U.S. Investor will not be able to elect to treat our company as a QEF because our company does not intend to prepare the information that the U.S. Investor would need to make a QEF election.

If our company is a PFIC in any year with respect to a U.S. Investor, the disadvantageous tax treatment described above may in part be avoided with respect to our company if a U.S. Investor validly makes a mark-to-market election as of the beginning of such U.S. Investor’s holding period. If such election is made, such U.S. Investor generally will be required to take into account the difference, if any, between the fair market value of, and its adjusted tax basis in, the ADSs or ordinary shares at the end of each taxable year as ordinary income or, to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income, ordinary loss, and to make corresponding adjustments to the tax basis of such ADSs or ordinary shares. In addition, any gain from a sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as ordinary income, and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss (to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income). A mark-to-market election is available to a U.S. Investor only if the ADSs or ordinary shares are considered “marketable stock.” Generally, shares will be considered marketable stock if the shares are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable Treasury Regulations.

If our company is a PFIC in any year with respect to a U.S. Investor, the U.S. Investor will generally be required to file an annual information return on IRS Form 8621 relating to their ownership of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

U.S. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC regime, including eligibility for and the manner and advisability of making a mark-to-market election.

Subject to specified exceptions and future guidance, recently enacted U.S. tax legislation generally requires a U.S. Investor (that is, an individual or, to the extent provided in final Treasury Regulations when published, certain domestic entities) to report to the IRS such U.S. Investor’s interests in stock or securities issued by a non-U.S. person (such as our company), if the aggregate value of these and certain other “specified foreign financial assets” exceeds an applicable reporting threshold. If required, this disclosure is made by filing IRS Form 8938. U.S. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the information reporting obligations that may arise from their ownership or disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares.

Under certain circumstances, U.S. backup withholding tax and/or information reporting may apply to U.S. Investors with respect to dividend payments made on or the payment of proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless an applicable exemption is satisfied. U.S. Investors that are corporations generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Investor’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Investor timely furnishes required information to the IRS.

Substantially all of our assets are located in the PRC. Most of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States, and a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States. We have appointed Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc. as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

We have been advised by our counsel as to British Virgin Islands law that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the British Virgin Islands would entertain original actions brought in the British Virgin Islands against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Our counsel as to British Virgin Islands law has further advised us that the United States and the British Virgin Islands do not have a treaty providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts of the United States in civil and commercial matters and that a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any general or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws, would not be automatically enforceable in the British Virgin Islands. We have also been advised that a final and conclusive judgment obtained in U.S. federal or state courts under which a sum of money is payable, other than a sum payable in respect of a claim by a revenue authority for taxes or other charges of a similar nature by a governmental authority, or in respect of a fine or penalty or multiple or punitive damages, and which was neither obtained in a waiver nor is of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the British Virgin Islands, may be the subject of an action on a debt in the court of British Virgin Islands under common law.

We have been advised by our counsel as to PRC law that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would entertain original actions brought in the PRC against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Our counsel as to PRC law has further advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedures Law. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC may recognize and enforce foreign judgments based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is rendered or on reciprocity arrangements for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments between jurisdictions. If there are neither treaties nor reciprocity arrangements between China and a foreign jurisdiction where a judgment is rendered, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, matters relating to the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the PRC may be resolved through diplomatic channels. The PRC does not have any treaties or other arrangements that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments with the United States or the British Virgin Islands. As a result, it is generally difficult to recognize and enforce in the PRC a judgment rendered by a court in either of these two jurisdictions.

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1, including relevant exhibits and schedules, under the Securities Act with respect to underlying ordinary shares represented by our ADSs. We have also filed with the SEC a related registration statement on Form F-6 to register the ADSs. You are advised to read the registration statement and its exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and our ADSs.

We are subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are not subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We intend to furnish the depositary with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with IFRS, and all notices of shareholders’ meeting and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our written request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

All information filed with the SEC can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of these documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms. Additional information may also be obtained over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

In accordance with Section 203.01 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we will post this annual report on our website at www.zenixauto.com. In addition, we will provide hard copies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders and ADS holders upon request.

Our interest rate risk arises primarily from bank borrowings at fixed or variable rates and bank deposits that expose us to fair value interest rate risk and cash flow interest rate risk. We currently do not have any interest rate hedging policy and have not historically used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. Our management monitors our interest rate profile and will consider hedging interest rate should there be a need.

In 2011, 2013 and 2013, it is estimated that a general increase/decrease of 10 basis points in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have increased/(decreased) our profit for the year by RMB587,000, RMB898,000 and RMB 825,000 (US$136,000), respectively.

Our credit risk is primarily attributable to trade and other receivables and prepayments, cash at banks and deposits with banks. Our management has a credit policy in place, and our exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. We place deposits with banks which we believe are of a good reputation. We have concentration of credit risk to a certain extent as 26.0%, 22.3% and 25.8% of our trade receivables as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, was due from our five largest customers.

A majority of our revenue and most of our expenditure are denominated in Renminbi. However, we are exposed to currency risk primarily through sales which give rise to receivables and cash balances that are denominated in a foreign currency. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily U.S. dollars and, to a lesser extent, Euros.

The exchange rate of the Renminbi with U.S. dollars, Euros and other currencies is affected by, among other things, China’s political and economic conditions. Please refer to Item 3D “Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Fluctuation in the value of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment.” Any significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. Based on the amount of our cash denominated in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, a 5.0% change in the exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar would result in an increase or decrease of RMB4.6 million, RMB2.5 million and RMB1.8 million (US$0.3 million) in our exchange losses, respectively.

We use Renminbi as the reporting and functional currency of our financial statements. All transactions in currencies other than Renminbi during the year are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the respective relevant dates of such transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities existing at the balance sheet date denominated in currencies other than Renminbi are re-measured at the exchange rates prevailing on such date. Exchange differences are recorded in our consolidated income statement. Fluctuations in exchange rates may also affect our balance sheet.

We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign currency exchange rate risk and have not hedged exposures denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments.

Our policy is to regularly monitor our liquidity requirements to ensure that we maintain sufficient reserve of cash and adequate committed lines of funding from major banks and financial institutions to meet our liquidity requirements in the short and long terms. We also monitor the utilization of bank borrowings. We are exposed to liquidity risk to the extent we have insufficient cash or other source of funding to satisfy liabilities that we may incur from time to time.

China’s consumer price index, the broadest measure of inflation, rose 2.5% in January 2014 from the level in January 2013. Although there can be no assurance as to the impact in future periods, inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operation in recent years.

The Bank of New York Mellon is our depositary. The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing ordinary shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

The depositary has agreed to reimburse us for expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, including investor relations expenses. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not related to the amount of fees the depositary collects from investors. We received reimbursement payments from the depositary totaling approximately US$60,000 (net of withholding tax) for the year ended December 31, 2013. In addition, the depositary has agreed to waive certain fees for standard costs associated with the administration of the ADS program. The depositary waived such costs in an aggregate amount of approximately US45,330 for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Please refer to Item 10B “Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association” for a description of the rights of security holders, which remain unchanged.

The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) for our initial public offering, including an offering of 11,610,000 ADSs, representing 46,440,000 ordinary shares, by us for an aggregate offering price of US$69,660,000 and an offering of 1,290,000 ADSs, representing 5,160,000 ordinary shares, by our selling shareholder for an aggregate offering price of US$7,740,000. The registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on May 11, 2011. We completed our initial public offering on May 17, 2011. The offering terminated after all of the registered securities were sold.

Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, William Blair & Company, L.L.C. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. were the underwriters for our initial public offering.

We received net proceeds of approximately US$59.5 million from our initial public offering, after deducting approximately US$4.9 million for underwriting discounts and commissions, and approximately US$5.3 million for other expenses.

As of December 31, 2013, we have used all the net proceeds from our initial public offering as follows:

As of December 31, 2013, our management performed, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined and required under Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, they have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and regulations, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, using the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013 based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by COSO.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, as stated in its report, which appears on pages F-2 and F-3 of this annual report.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. William John Sharp, chairman of our audit committee, meets the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC and is an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and meets the criteria for independence set forth in Section 10A(m)(3) of the Exchange Act.

Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, which is applicable to our senior executive and financial officers. Our code of business conduct and ethics has been filed as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011.

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external auditors, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, for the periods indicated. =

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practices in lieu of some of the corporate governance practices required to be followed by U.S. companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As a result, our corporate governance practices differ in some respects from those required to be followed by U.S. companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

The significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those required to be followed by U.S. companies under the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance rules include:

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.


CHINA ZENIX AUTO INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

By:		/s/ Martin Cheung
		Martin Cheung
		Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 28, 2014

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of China Zenix Auto International Limited:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of China Zenix Auto International Limited (the “Company”) and subsidiaries (collectively the “Group”) as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule included in Schedule 1. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also, in our opinion, such related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as whole, present fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.

Our audits also comprehended the translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts and, in our opinion, such translation has been made in conformity with the basis stated in Note 2. Such United States dollar amounts are presented solely for the convenience of readers in the United States of America.

We have also audited in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 28, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Group’s internal control over financial reporting.

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of China Zenix Auto International Limited:

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of China Zenix Auto International Limited (the “Company”) and subsidiaries (collectively the “Group) as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Group’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financing Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’ assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of China Zenix Auto International Limited:

In our opinion, the Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and related financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 of the Group and our report dated April 28, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule.

The PRC laws and regulations restrict the distribution of registered capital of companies established in the PRC. Accordingly, the registered capital of PRC entities in the Group of RMB773,065,000 as of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013 are considered restricted for distribution.

In addition, as a result of the relevant PRC laws and regulations which impose restriction on distribution or transfer of assets out of the PRC statutory reserve, RMB136,920,000 and RMB145,441,000 representing the PRC statutory reserve of the subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013 are also considered under restriction for distribution.

China Zenix Auto International Limited (the “Company”) is a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on July 11, 2008. It is an investment holding company and its ultimate parent company is Newrace Limited (“Newrace”), which is also a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Its ultimate controlling party is Mr. Jianhui Lai, who is the chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. The address of the registered and principal place of the Company’s business are 171 Main Street, P.O. Box 4041, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, Virgin Islands, British, and No. 1608, North Circle Road State Highway, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363000, People’s Republic of China, respectively.

The Company owns 100% equity interest in China Wheel Limited (“China Wheel”), a company incorporated under the laws of Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong and China Wheel owns 100% equity interest in Zhengxing Wheel Group Co., Limited (“Zhengxing Wheel”).

Zhengxing Wheel was established as a limited liability company in the PRC on June 23, 2003. Details of Zhengxing Wheel’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 are as follows:

Zhengxing Wheel and each of its subsidiaries were engaged in research, development, production and sale of commercial vehicle wheels.

The consolidated financial statements of the Group are presented in Renminbi (“RMB”) which is the functional currency of the Company.

The Group’s consolidated financial statements comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRSs”) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The Group’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis as explained in the accounting policies set out below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Group takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these consolidated financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are within the scope of International Financial Reporting Standard (“IFRS”) 2, leasing transactions that are within the scope of International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 17, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realizable value in IAS 2 or value in use in IAS 36.

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and entities controlled by the Company (its subsidiaries). Control is achieved where the Company

The Group reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary. Specifically, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income from the date the Group gains control until the date when the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each item of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the Company and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income of subsidiaries is attributed to the owners of the Company and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Group’s accounting policies.

All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income and expenses and cash flow relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Revenue is reduced for estimated customer returns, rebates and other similar allowances.

Revenue for the sale of goods is recognized when the goods are delivered and titles have passed, at which time all the following conditions are satisfied:

The Group’s revenues are principally from sales of commercial vehicle wheels to customers in the PRC and international markets. Revenue arising from sales made to PRC customers consists of sales to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and tier-one distributors who then resell the Group’s products to retail end-users in the aftermarket through tier-two distributors. The Group sells only to tier-one distributors and it does not sell directly to the tier-two distributors or end-users in the aftermarket. The Group offers discounts or rebates based on the contractual percentages of sales to OEMs in settlement of warranty obligations and the OEMs has no other right of return. The Group also offered discounts or rebates based on the contractual percentages of sales to tier-one distributors which are intended to cover any defective products during the year ended December 31, 2011. The tier-one distributors had no right of return other than for defective products under warranty in a period of three months. As the Group’s cost to fulfill such warranty provisions had historically been insignificant, it was expensed as incurred. No such discounts or rebates were offered during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. The Group’s international sales are sales to international distributors and vehicle manufacturers, with no rights of returns or warranty obligations.

Interest income from a financial asset is recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Cost of sales primarily consists of cost of raw materials, direct labour, manufacturing overhead which includes depreciation expenses of plant and machinery.

Property, plant and equipment including buildings held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes other than construction in progress as described below are stated in the consolidated statements of financial position at cost less subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses, if any.

Construction in progress includes property, plant and equipment in the course of construction for production or for its own use purposes. Construction in progress is carried at cost, less any recognized impairment loss. Costs include professional fees and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalized in accordance with the Group’s accounting policy. Construction in progress is classified to the appropriate category of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for intended use. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Depreciation is recognized so as to write off the cost of items of property, plant and equipment other than construction in progress, over their estimated useful lives and after taking into account their estimated residual value, using the straight line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

Prepaid lease payments represent up-front payments to acquire leasehold land interests and are stated at cost and amortized over the period of the lease on a straight-line basis.

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Operating lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, except where another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased asset are consumed.

In preparing the financial statements of each individual group entity, transactions in currencies other than the functional currency of that entity (foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchanges prevailing on the date of the transactions. At the end of the reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences on monetary items are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

All other borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

Government grants are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the grants will be received.

Government grants are recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Group recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Grants related to depreciable assets are presented as deferred income and are released to income on a systematic and rational basis over the useful lives of the assets. Grants related to expense items are recognized in the same period as those expenses are charged in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and are reported separately as other income.

Payments to defined contribution scheme are recognized as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions. Payments made to state-managed retirement benefit schemes are dealt with as payments to defined contribution scheme where the Group’s obligations under the schemes are equivalent to those arising in a defined contribution retirement benefit plan.

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from ‘profit before taxation’ as reported in the consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income because of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or tax deductible. The Group’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax base used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognized for all deductible temporary difference to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, except where the Group is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets arising from deductible temporary differences associated with such investments are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that there will be sufficient taxable profits against which to utilize the benefits of the temporary differences and they are expected to reverse in the foreseeable future.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of the reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset is realized, based on tax rate (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax is recognized in profit or loss, except when they relates to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are identified and recognized separately where they satisfy the definition of an intangible asset and their fair values can be measured reliably. The cost of such intangible assets is measured at their fair value at the acquisition date.

Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are carried at cost less any subsequent accumulated impairment losses (see the accounting policy in respect of impairment losses on tangible and intangible assets below).

Expenditure on research activities is recognized as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development activities (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognized if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

The amount initially recognized for internally-generated intangible asset is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognized, development expenditure is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible asset is reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses (if any), on the same basis as intangible assets acquired separately.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Costs of inventories are determined on a weighted average method. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position when a group entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition.

The Group’s financial assets are loans and receivables. The classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables (including trade and other receivables, pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months and bank balances) are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any identified impairment losses (see accounting policy on impairment of financial assets below).

Financial assets are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the financial assets have been affected.

For certain categories of financial asset, such as trade receivables, assets that are assessed not to be impaired individually are, in addition, assessed for impairment on a collective basis. Objective evidence of impairment for a portfolio of receivables could include the Group’s past experience of collecting payments and observable changes in national or local economic conditions that correlate with default on receivables.

The amount of the impairment loss recognized is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.

The carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced by the impairment loss directly for all financial assets with the exception of trade receivables and other receivables, where the carrying amount is reduced through the use of an allowance account. Changes in the carrying amount of the allowance account are recognized in profit or loss. When a trade receivable and other receivable is considered uncollectible, it is written off against the allowance account. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to profit or loss.

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset at the date the impairment is reversed does not exceed what the amortized cost would have been had the impairment not been recognized.

Debt and equity instruments issued by a group entity are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Group after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Group are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Financial liabilities (including trade and other payables and bank borrowings) are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest method.

The Group derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognized in profit or loss.

The Group derecognizes a financial liability when, and only when, the Group’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid and payable is recognized in profit or loss.

The fair value of services received determined by reference to the fair value of the share options and awarded shares granted at the date of grant is expensed as staff costs on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in share incentive plan reserve (see Note 24(ii)).

The fair value of services received determined by reference to the fair value of the awarded shares granted by the Newrace at the date of grant is expensed as staff costs on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in capital reserve (see Note 24(i)).

At the end of the reporting period, the Group revises its estimates of the number of share options and awarded shares that are expected to ultimately vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates during the vesting period, if any, is recognized in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to share incentive plan reserve or capital reserve where appropriate.

When share options are exercised/restricted share issued, the amount previously recognized in share incentive plan reserve will be transferred to additional paid in capital. When the share options are forfeited after the vesting date or are still not exercised at the expiry date, the amount previously recognized in share incentive plan reserve will be transferred to retained profits.

At the end of the reporting period, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible assets and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss, if any. When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that they may be impaired.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or a cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or a cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing profit attributable to owners of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the years.

Diluted earnings per share are calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding to assume conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

Anti-dilutive potential ordinary shares are not considered in the calculation of the diluted earnings per share. Potential ordinary shares are anti-dilutive when the conversion of ordinary shares increases the earnings per share or decreases the net losses per share.

The consolidated financial statements of the Group are stated in RMB. The translation of RMB amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 into United States dollar (“US$”) is included solely for the convenience of readers and was made at the rate of RMB6.0537 to US$1.00, which was based on the noon buying rate on December 31, 2013 in The City of New York cable transfers of RMB as certified for customers purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Such translations should not be construed as representation that RMB amounts could be converted, realized or settled into US$ at the rate stated above or at any other rate.

Except as described below, the application of the new and revised IFRSs in the current year has had no material impact on the Group’s financial performance and positions for the current and prior years and/or disclosures set out in these consolidated financial statements.

The Group has applied the amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income for the first time in the current year. The amendments introduce new terminology, whose use is not mandatory, for the statement of comprehensive income and income statement. Under the amendments to IAS 1, the ‘statement of comprehensive income’ is renamed as the ‘statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income’. Other than the above mentioned name change, the application of the amendments to IAS 1 has not resulted in any impact on profit or loss, or total comprehensive income of the Group.

New and revised Standards on consolidation, joint arrangements, associates and disclosures

In the current year, the Group has applied for the first time the package of five standards on consolidation, joint arrangements, associates and disclosures comprising IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements, IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, IAS 27 (as revised in 2011) Separate Financial Statements and IAS 28 (as revised in 2011) Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, together with the amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 11 and IFRS 12 regarding transitional guidance.

IAS 27 (as revised in 2011) is not applicable to the Group as it deals only with separate financial statements.

IFRS 10 replaces the parts of IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements that deal with consolidated financial statements and SIC-12 Consolidation - Special Purpose Entities. IFRS 10 changes the definition of control such that an investor has control over an investee when a) it has power over the investee, b) it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and c) has the ability to use its power to affect its returns. All three of these criteria must be met for an investor to have control over an investee. Previously, control was defined as the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Additional guidance has been included in IFRS 10 to explain when an investor has control over an investee.

The directors of the Company reviewed the Group structure and assessed the Group’s investees in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 10. The directors of the Company concluded that there was no impact to the Group’s consolidated financial statements upon the adoption of IFRS 10.

Amendment to IAS 36 Recoverable Amount Disclosures for Non-Financial Assets

The Group has early adopted IAS 36 in advance of its effective date of January 1, 2014. The amendments to IAS 36 remove the requirement to disclose the recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit (“CGU”) to which goodwill or other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives had been allocated when there has been no impairment or reversal of impairment of the related CGU. Furthermore, the amendments introduce additional disclosure requirements regarding the fair value hierarchy, key assumptions and valuation techniques used when the recoverable amount of an asset or CGU was determined based on its fair value less costs of disposal.

The directors of the Company reviewed and assessed the disclosure requirement in relation to the impairment assessment of the Group’s intangible assets with indefinite useful life in accordance with the requirements of IAS 36. No disclosure of the recoverable amount of the CGU to which goodwill or these intangible assets with indefinite useful lives has been made (see Note 18 for details).

The Group has not early adopted the following new and revised standards, amendments or interpretations that have been issued but are not yet effective.

The Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010 - 2012 Cycle include a number of amendments to various IFRSs, in which the relevant amendments are summarised below.

The amendments to IFRS 2 (i) change the definitions of ‘vesting condition’ and ‘market condition’; and (ii) add definitions for ‘performance condition’ and ‘service condition’ which were previously included within the definition of ‘vesting condition’. The amendments to IFRS 2 are effective for share-based payment transactions for which the grant date is on or after July 1, 2014.

The amendments to the basis for conclusions of IFRS 13 clarify that the issue of IFRS 13 and consequential amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 9 did not remove the ability to measure short- term receivables and payables with no stated interest rate at their invoice amounts without discounting, if the effect of discounting is immaterial.

The directors of the Company anticipate that the application of the amendments included in the Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010 - 2012 Cycle will have no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 9 issued in 2009 introduces new requirements for the classification and measurement of financial assets. IFRS 9 was subsequently amended in 2010 to include the requirements for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities and for derecognition, and further amended in 2013 to include the new requirements for hedge accounting.

The directors anticipate that the adoption of IFRS 9 in the future may not have significant impact on amounts reported in respect of the Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities existing as at the end of the current year.

The directors anticipate that the application of the other new and revised IFRSs will have no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In the application of the Group’s accounting policies, which are described in Note 2, the directors of the Company are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

Following are the key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that may have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

Buildings and plant and machinery included in property, plant and equipment are amortized over its useful economic lives. The assessment of estimated useful lives is a matter of judgment based on the experience of the Group, taking into account factors such as conditions of the building and plant and machinery and changes in market demand. Useful lives are periodically reviewed for continued appropriateness. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the carrying amounts of property, plant and equipment were RMB1,405,544,000 and RMB1,494,848,000, (US$246,931,000), respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2011, an impairment loss of property, plant and equipment of RMB10,259,000 was recognized. No impairment loss was recognized for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013.

When there is objective evidence of impairment loss, the Group takes into consideration the estimation of future cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. Where the actual future cash flows are less than expected, a material impairment loss may arise. As of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013, the carrying amounts of trade receivables were RMB530,105,000 and RMB666,827,000 (US$110,152,000), respectively.

Management reviews the aging of the inventories at the end of the reporting periods, and makes allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventory items identified that are no longer suitable for use in production nor saleable in the market. Management estimates the net realizable value for such items based primarily on the latest invoice prices and current market conditions. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the carrying amounts of inventories were RMB364,351,000 and RMB394,758,000 (US$65,209,000) respectively.

Determining whether intangible assets are impaired requires an estimation of the value in use to which intangible assets has been allocated. The value in use calculation requires the Group to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from the Group and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value. Where the actual future cash flows are less than expected, a material impairment loss may arise. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the carrying amount of intangible assets was RMB17,000,000 and RMB17,000,000 (US$2,808,000), respectively. Details of the recoverable amount calculation are disclosed in note 18.

The Group determines its operating segments based on the report reviewed by the directors of the Company, who are also the chief operating decision makers, to make strategic decisions.

Information reported to the Group’s chief operating decision makers for the purposes of resource allocation and performance assessment focuses specifically on the sales channels through which the Group’s steel wheels are sold. Accordingly, the Group categorizes its business into three operating segments, namely (i) PRC OEM sales; (ii) PRC aftermarket sales; and (iii) International sales.

The Group’s chief operating decision makers make decisions according to the operating results of each segment. Information of segment assets and liabilities is not regularly provided to nor part of the regular reports reviewed by the Group’s chief operating decision makers for the purpose of resources allocation and performance assessment. Accordingly, only segment results are presented.

Segment result represents the profit earned by each segment without adjustments of sales gross up from netting off selling expense, provision of sales rebates and discount, fair value adjustments arising from acquisition of subsidiaries and amortization of capitalized general borrowing costs of qualifying assets, unrealized profit, and without allocation of other income, gain and loss, net exchange gain (loss), selling and distribution costs, research and development expenses, administrative expenses, finance costs, income tax expenses. This is the measure reported to the chief operating decision makers for the purposes of resource allocation and assessment of segment performance.

An analysis of the Group’s revenue and segment results by operating and reportable segments for the years are as follows:

The Group’s products can be categorized into tubed steel wheels, tubeless steel wheels, off-road steel wheels and wheel components. The categorization is mainly based on the type of vehicles to which the respective product is assembled as well as the product’s component composition. Revenue from these products is as follows:

The Group’s operations are located in the PRC. The following table provides an analysis of the Group’s sales by geographical markets based on locations of customers:

No single customer contributed over 10% of total sales to the Group during each of the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

Borrowing costs capitalized arose on the general borrowing pool and are calculated by applying the following capitalization rates:

The Company is tax exempted in the British Virgin Islands where it was incorporated. No provision for Hong Kong Profits Tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the Group has no assessable profit arising from Hong Kong for the years presented. All the subsidiaries established in the PRC are subject to PRC EIT at the rate of 25%, other than as follows:

Zhengxing Wheel applied for renewal of the High-new technology enterprise status prior to December 31, 2011. It subsequently received an approval notice and an official certificate jointly issued by the relevant Fujian Government authorities in January 2012 and in April 2012 respectively. The certificate is valid for three years commencing from year 2011. According to the relevant PRC regulations, Zhengxing Wheel was entitled to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15% for the years from 2011 to 2013 provided that the qualifying conditions as a High-new technology enterprise were met.

Zhengxing Langfang applied for renewal of the High-new technology enterprise status prior to December 31, 2012. High-new technology enterprise status was not legally effective until an official certificate has been issued. The Group was of the opinion that it is highly likely that the certificate will be issued in the very near future. Accordingly, a reduced rate of 15% has been used in the calculation of Zhengxing Langfang’s PRC EIT for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Zhengxing Langfang subsequently received an approval notice issued by the relevant Henan Government authorities in February 2013. Pursuant to the approval notice, Zhengxing Langfang shall continue to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15% for the years from 2012 to 2014 provided that the qualifying conditions as a High-new technology enterprise were met.

Zhengxing Hefei applied for renewal of the High-new technology enterprise status prior to October 2013. It received an approval notice and an official certificate jointly issued by the relevant Anhui Government authorities in October 2013. Pursuant to the approval notice, Zhengxing Hefei shall continue to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15% for the years from 2013 to 2015 provided that the qualifying conditions as a High-new technology enterprise were met.

The tax charge for the years stated below can be reconciled to the profit before taxation per the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as follows:

The calculation of the basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to owners of the Company is based on the following data:

The Group had no dilutive potential ordinary shares during 2011. The computation of diluted earnings per share in 2012 and 2013 does not assume the exercise of the Company’s share options under the share incentive plan as the exercise price of those options is higher than the average market price for shares (see Note 24(ii)(a)).

The Company was incorporated on July 11, 2008 with an authorized share capital of US$50,000 dividend into 50,000 ordinary shares of US$1 each. Subsequent to the incorporation, the Company issued and allotted 50,000 shares of US$1 each to the shareholders of the Company to provide the initial capital to the Company (the “Old Shares”). Pursuant to a special board resolution on February 21, 2011, the Company resolved to repurchase the Old Shares held by its shareholders in consideration for the issuance of an aggregate 160,000,000 shares (the “Share Repurchase”). Immediately following the Share Repurchase, the Company cancelled the Old Shares and decreased its authorized share capital by US$50,000 divided into 50,000 shares at a nominal value of US$1 each (the “Share Capital Decrease”), resulting in the Company having authorized share capital of US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares at a nominal value of US$0.0001 each and an issued share capital of US$16,000 divided into 160,000,000 shares having a nominal value of US$0.0001 each.

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2011 has been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the Share Repurchase and Share Capital Decrease transactions.

The directors of the Company do not recommend the payment of a dividend for the year ended December 31, 2013 and propose that the profit for that year be retained.

The Group allows its trade customers an average credit period of 30 to 75 days. The following is an aged analysis of trade receivables presented based on the invoice date at the end of each reporting period, which approximated the respective revenue recognition dates.

Before accepting any new customers, the Group assesses the potential customer’s credit quality and defines its credit limits based on the customer’s scale of operations and reputation in the industry.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, there was no trade receivable past due that have not been impaired.

Trade receivables denominated in currency other than the functional currency of the relevant group entities are set out below:

Prepaid lease payments represent the rights to use the land (the “Land Use Rights”) in the PRC acquired by the Group.

Prepaid lease payments are amortized over the term of the Land Use Right of 50 years on a straight line basis.

These are bank deposits placed at specified bank accounts to secure the Group’s bills payable and will be released upon maturity of the relevant bills.

These represent fixed bank deposits with an original maturity period over three months.

These represent cash and short-term bank deposits with an original maturity of three months or less.

The pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity period over three months and bank balances carried interest at the end of the reporting period as follows:

The pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity period over three months and bank balances that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the relevant group entities are set out below:

Depreciation is provided to the above items of property, plant and equipment other than construction in progress so as to write off the cost of assets, over their estimated useful lives and after taking into account their estimated residual value of 5%, using the straight-line method, on the following bases:

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Group has not yet obtained property ownership certificate for a portion of its buildings having a carrying amount of RMB53,161,000 and RMB50,595,000, respectively. However, in the opinion of the directors of the Company, the absence of such ownership certificates has no material impact to the ownership of such properties to the Group.

The following are the major deferred tax (assets) liabilities recognized and movement thereon during the current and prior reporting periods.

For the purpose of presentation in the consolidated statement of financial position, certain deferred tax assets and liabilities have been offset. The following is the analysis of the deferred tax balances in the consolidated statements of financial position for financial reporting purposes:

At the end of each reporting period, the Group had the followings unused tax losses:

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, a deferred tax asset has been recognized in respect of nil and RMB12,878,000 of such losses, respectively. No deferred tax asset in relation to unused tax losses has been recognized in respect of the remaining RMB7,693,000 and RMB690,000 to the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, due to the unpredictability of future profit streams. The unused tax losses could be carried forward to offset future taxable profit for five years from the year of origination and will expire at various dates up to and including 2017.

As of December 31, 2012, unused tax losses for which no deferred tax asset has been recognized of RMB62,000 and RMB7,631,000 will expire in 2016 and 2017 respectively. As of December 31, 2013, unused tax loss for which no deferred tax asset has been recognized of RMB690,000 will expire in 2018.

Under the PRC EIT law, withholding income tax is imposed on dividend paid by PRC entities out of its profits earned since January 1, 2008 to its overseas investors (including Hong Kong investors). Deferred taxation on the undistributed profits of the PRC subsidiaries has been provided in the consolidated financial statements to the extent that in the opinion of the directors of the Company such profits will be distributed in the foreseeable future.

The aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with undistributed earnings of subsidiaries for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 were RMB893,770,000 and RMB1,128,154,000 (US$186,357,000), respectively, as the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of such temporary differences and it is probable that such temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Intangible assets represent trade names acquired as part of a business combination relating to the acquisition of Zhengxing Wheel on December 29, 2008.

The trade names represent various logos, including those bearing the Chinese name of Zhengxing Wheel, registered both in the PRC and overseas.

The trade names have a legal life of 10 years but are renewable at a minimal cost. The directors of the Company are of the opinion that the Group would renew the trade names continuously and has the ability to do so. Various studies including product life cycle studies, market, competitive and environmental trends, and brand extension opportunities have been performed by management of the Group, which support that the trade names have no foreseeable limit to the period over which the trade name products are expected to generate net cash flows for the Group.

As a result, the trade names are considered by the management of the Group as having an indefinite useful life because they are expected to contribute to net cash inflows indefinitely. The trade names will not be amortized until their useful lives are determined to be finite. Instead they will be tested for impairment annually and whenever there is an indication that they may be impaired.

The recoverable amount of the intangible assets has been determined based on a value in use calculation. For impairment testing purpose, the calculation uses cash flow projections covering a 5-year period, and a discount rate of 14.1% (2012: 13.2%). The cash flows beyond the 5-year period are extrapolated with 3% (2012: 3%) growth rate. This growth rate does not exceed the average long-term growth rate for the relevant industry. Other key assumptions for the value in use calculations relate to the estimation of cash inflows which include estimated sales and gross margin. Such estimation is based on the cash generating unit’s past performance and management’s expectations for market development. The management of the Company are of the opinion that their expectation on the potential profitability could be met and as a result, no intangible assets were impaired for both years.

Management believes that any reasonably possible change in any of these assumptions would not cause the carrying amount of the intangible assets to exceed the recoverable amount of the intangible assets.

In general, the Group is required to make full advance payments (including issuance of bills) to suppliers for the purchases of its major raw materials, steel. Suppliers of other raw materials other than steel generally allow the Group a credit period of 60 days.

The Group has financial risk management policies in place to ensure that all payables are settled within the credit period.

The aging analysis of the Group’s trade payables presented based on invoice date (including bills payable which is analyzed based on issue date) as at the end of each reporting period is as follows:

Bank borrowings carried the following range of interest rates at the end of the respective reporting period:

All the Group’s bank borrowings are denominated in the functional currency of the relevant group entities.

Details of assets pledged in respect of the Group’s secured bank borrowings are set out in Note 25. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, bank borrowings of RMB700,000,000 and RMB558,000,000, respectively, are guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of the Company.

Deferred income represents government subsidy received in support of the Group’s plant and production capacity expansion. Government subsidy of RMB15,000,000 received by the Group in 2009 has been recognized as deferred income and released to income over the useful lives of the related assets.

On December 17, 2010, Newrace agreed to award certain shares it held in the Company to a management executive of the Company at nil consideration in consideration of his employment with the Company. These shares, if and when awarded, would be equivalent to 0.25% of the outstanding shares of the Company on the date when the Company successfully completed the initial public offering of its shares on an internationally recognized stock exchange (the “IPO”).

The Company completed its IPO on May 17, 2011 (the “Registration Date”) and 516,100 shares of US$0.0001 each in the Company were awarded to the management executive (the “Newrace Restricted Shares”) subject to his continuous employment with the Company and in accordance with the following vesting schedule:

In addition to the above vesting conditions, the management executive has also agreed not to sell, contract to sell, grant any option to purchase, transfer the economic risk of ownership in, make any short sale of, pledge or otherwise transfer or dispose of any interest in the Newrace Restricted Shares during the 200-day period following the Registration Date.

The total fair value of the Newrace Restricted Shares determined at the date of grant is approximately US$600,000(equivalent to RMB3,863,000) calculated using the Binomial Option Pricing model. The major assumptions used for the calculation are as follows:

The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical daily share price volatility of comparable companies over a historical period commensurate with the locked-up period of the Newrace Restricted Shares.

The award of Newrace Restricted Shares is regarded as a contribution by the Company’s equity participant. Accordingly, the Company recognized share-based payment expense of RMB2,984,000, RMB623,000 and RMB222,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, in relation to the Newrace Restricted Shares with reference to their vesting period, with a corresponding credit to the Company’s capital reserve account.

The Company adopted the Plan on February 24, 2011 which shall continue in effect for a period of 10 years unless sooner terminated. The purpose of the Plan is to attract and retain the best available personnel, to provide additional incentives to employees (including officers and directors) and consultants and to promote the success of the Company’s business. Pursuant to the Plan, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) may, at its discretion, offer to grant incentive share options (“Share Option”), share appreciation rights (“SAR”), dividend equivalent right, restricted shares or other similar benefits (collectively referred to as the “Award”) to any employees or consultants of the Company, its parents or its subsidiaries. The principal terms of the Plan, amongst others, are as follows:

The following table discloses movements in the Company’s Share Option during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013:

The total fair value of the Share Option at the date of grant is approximately US$499,000 (equivalent to RMB3,216,000) calculated using the Binomial Option Pricing model. The major assumptions used for the calculation are as follows:

The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical daily share price volatility of comparable companies over a historical period commensurate with the expected life of the options.

The Group recognized total share-payment expenses of RMB1,882,000, RMB1,333,000 and RMB260,000 for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively in relation to the Share Option and the restricted share units with reference to their vesting period.

At the end of each reporting period, the carrying value of the Group’s assets which were pledged to secure credit facilities granted to the Group are as follows:

The employees of the Group’s subsidiaries in the PRC are members of state-managed retirement benefit schemes operated by the respective local government in the PRC. The Group is required to contribute a specified percentage of the payroll costs to the retirement benefit schemes to fund the benefits. The only obligation of the Group with respect to these schemes is to make the specified contributions.

The amount of contributions to retirement benefit scheme was RMB26,846,000, RMB30,475,000 and RMB31,753,000 (US$5,245,000) for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

The emoluments of directors of the Company and other members of key management during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 are set out in Note 9.

The Group recognized share-based payment expense of approximately RMB4,866,000, RMB1,956,000 and RMB482,000 during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively (see Note 24).

The Group manages its capital to ensure that the Group will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to stakeholders through the optimization of the debt and equity balance. The Group’s overall strategy remains unchanged during the reporting periods.

The capital structure of the Group consists of debts, which includes bank borrowings as disclosed in Note 20, and equity attributable to equity holders of the Company, comprising capital and reserves.

The directors of the Company review the capital structure regularly. As part of this review, the directors consider the cost and the risks associated with each class of the capital. Based on the recommendations of the directors, the Group will balance its overall capital structure through the payment of dividends, raise of new capital as well as the raise of new borrowings or the repayment of existing borrowings.

The Group manages capital risk by reference to total equity compared with bank borrowing. As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, these metrics were as follows:

The Group’s major financial instruments include trade and other receivables, trade and other payables, pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity period over three months, bank balances and cash and bank borrowings. Details of the financial instruments are disclosed in the respective notes. The risks associated with these financial instruments include market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The policies on how to mitigate these risks are set out below. The management manages and monitors these exposures to ensure appropriate measures are implemented on a timely and effective manner.

The Group is exposed to fair value interest rate risk in relation to fixed-rate bank borrowings and fixed bank deposits, which carry fixed interest rate, as detailed in the liquidity risk tables below. The Group is also exposed to cash flow interest rate risk in relation to bank deposits and pledged bank deposits because these balances carry interest at prevailing rates and they are of short maturity.

The Group currently does not have any interest rate hedging policy in relation to fair value interest rate risk and cash flow interest rate risk. The directors monitor the Group’s exposure on ongoing basis and will consider hedging the interest rate should the need arise.

The Group’s exposures to interest rates on financial liabilities are detailed in the liquidity risk management section of this note.

The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on the exposure to interest rates for bank deposits and pledged bank deposits at the end of the reporting periods. The analysis is prepared assuming the amounts outstanding at the end of the reporting periods were outstanding for the whole year. If interest rates had been 10 basis points higher/lower for bank deposits and pledged bank deposits, and all other variables were held constant, the Group’s profit for the year would have increased/(decreased) by the following amount:

At the end of each reporting period, the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk which will cause a financial loss to the Group due to failure to discharge an obligation by the counterparties is arising from the carrying amount of the respective recognized financial assets as stated in the consolidated statements of financial position.

In order to minimize the credit risk, the management of the Group has assigned a team to be responsible for determination of credit limits, credit approvals and other monitoring procedures to ensure that follow-up action is taken to recover overdue debts. In addition, the Group reviews the recoverable amount of each individual trade debt at the end of each reporting period to ensure that adequate impairment losses are made for irrecoverable amounts. The Group also requires deposits from its distributors. In this regard, the directors consider that the Group’s credit risk on receivables is significantly reduced.

The Group’s total trade receivables due from the five largest customers accounted for 26.0% and 22.3% of its total trade receivables as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

The credit risk on liquid fund is limited because the counterparties are banks with good reputation.

The Group has foreign currency sales which expose the Group to risk due to changes in foreign exchange rates. At the end of each reporting period, the carrying amounts of the Group’s monetary assets denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the relevant entities were as follows:

The Group’s foreign currency risk is mainly concentrated on the fluctuation of US$ and HK$. The following table details the Group’s sensitivity to a 5% increase and decrease in RMB against the relevant foreign currencies. The sensitivity analysis includes only outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items and adjusts their translation at the years end for a 5% change. On this basis, if RMB strengthens against foreign currencies by 5%, the Group’s pre-tax profit for the year would decrease by the following amount, and vice versa.

In the management of the liquidity risk, the Group monitors and maintains a level of cash and cash equivalents deemed adequate by management to finance the Group’s operations and mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows. The management monitors the utilization of borrowings.

The following tables detail the Group’s contractual maturity for its financial liabilities. The tables have been drawn up based on the undiscounted cash flows of financial liabilities based on the earliest dates on which the Group can be required to pay. The tables include both interest and principal cash flows.

The fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are determined in accordance with generally accepted pricing models based on discounted cash flow analysis.

The directors of the Company consider that the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded at amortized cost in the consolidated statements of financial position approximate their fair values.

At the end of each reporting period, the Group had commitments for future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases in respect of office properties, which fall due as follows:

Operating lease payments represent rentals payable by the Group for certain of its office properties. Leases of office properties are negotiated for an average term of 3 years with fixed rentals.

The consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorized for issue on April 28, 2014.

Schedule 1 has been provided pursuant to the requirements of Rules 12-04(a) and 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X, which require condensed financial information as to financial position, changes in financial position and results of operations of a parent company as of the same dates and for the same periods for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented when the restricted net assets of consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries together exceed 25 per cent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year.

For the purpose of presenting the financial information of the parent company only, the Company records its investment in subsidiaries under the cost method of accounting. Such investment is presented on the statements of financial position as “Investment in a subsidiary” at cost less any identified impairment loss.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long term obligations, mandatory dividend or redemption requirements of redeemable stocks or guarantees of the Company, except for those which have been separately disclosed in the Group’s consolidated financial statements, if any.

For all years presented, there were no cash dividends paid to the Company by its consolidated subsidiaries.



INTRODUCTION		1

PART I		3

Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	3
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	3
Item 3.	Key Information	3
Item 4.	Information on the Company	27
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	51
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	51
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	66
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	74
Item 8.	Financial Information	74
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	75
Item 10.	Additional Information	76
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	83
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	83

PART II		86

Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	86
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	86
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	86
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	87
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	87
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	87
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	88
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	88
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountants	88
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	88
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	88

PART III		89

Item 17.	Financial Statements	89
Item 18.	Financial Statements	89
Item 19.	Exhibits	89


	Year Ended December 31,
	(in thousands, except per share data)
	2009			2010			2011			2012			2013			2013
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Selected Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income Data:
Revenue		2,139,229			3,199,804			4,093,874			3,737,965			3,802,308			628,097
Cost of sales		(1,635,260	)		(2,387,782	)		(3,005,590	)		(2,795,548	)		(3,011,615	)		(497,483	)


Gross profit		503,969			812,022			1,088,284			942,417			790,693			130,614
Other income, gain and loss		8,248			6,110			11,653			17,066			27,300			4,510
Net exchange (loss) gain		(154	)		(2,614	)		(5,832	)		922			(7,438	)		(1,229	)
Selling and distribution costs		(133,176	)		(197,635	)		(256,487	)		(252,109	)		(274,825	)		(45,398	)
Research and development expenses		(27,136	)		(44,698	)		(85,398	)		(90,823	)		(91,632	)		(15,137	)
Administrative expenses		(69,591	)		(99,432	)		(129,035	)		(138,040	)		(142,495	)		(23,539	)
Finance costs		(53,999	)		(57,928	)		(60,536	)		(50,916	)		(26,003	)		(4,295	)


Profit before taxation		228,161			415,825			562,649			428,517			275,600			45,526
Income tax expense		(44,776	)		(88,055	)		(110,448	)		(66,885	)		(42,947	)		(7,094	)


Profit and total comprehensive income for the period/year		183,385			327,770			452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432


Profit and total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the Company		183,385			327,770			452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432
Non-controlling interests		—			—			—			—			—			—


		183,385			327,770			452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432


Earnings per share
Basic	RMB	1.15		RMB	2.05		RMB	2.38		RMB	1.75		RMB	1.13		US$	0.19
Diluted	RMB	1.15		RMB	2.05		RMB	2.38		RMB	1.75		RMB	1.13		US$	0.19


Earnings per ADS
Basic		—		RMB	8.19		RMB	9.53		RMB	7.00		RMB	4.51		US$	0.74
Diluted		—		RMB	8.19		RMB	9.53		RMB	7.00		RMB	4.51		US$	0.74


Dividend declared and paid per share		—			—			—			0.09			—			—


	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2013
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Selected Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Data:
ASSETS
Current assets
Inventories		464,881		493,381		552,104		364,351		394,758		65,209
Trade and other receivables and prepayments		623,588		766,432		1,108,182		813,445		971,806		160,531
Prepaid lease payments		6,165		6,080		8,332		9,425		9,425		1,557
Pledged bank deposits		74,740		71,433		96,211		70,884		76,600		12,653
Fixed bank deposits with maturity period over three months		—		—		105,000		160,000		160,000		26,430
Bank balances and cash		134,782		318,020		729,621		827,271		748,744		123,684


Total current assets		1,304,156		1,655,346		2,599,450		2,245,376		2,361,333		390,064


Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment		970,608		1,198,652		1,184,756		1,405,544		1,494,848		246,931
Prepaid lease payments		276,380		266,875		371,142		414,149		404,724		66,856
Deposits paid for acquisition of property, plant and equipment		—		2,503		40,849		55,198		21,540		3,558
Deferred tax assets		4,020		3,974		5,208		4,629		4,365		721
Intangible assets		17,000		17,000		17,000		17,000		17,000		2,808


Total non-current assets		1,268,008		1,509,004		1,618,955		1,896,520		1,942,477		320,874


Total assets		2,572,164		3,164,350		4,218,405		4,141,896		4,303,810		710,938


EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables and accruals		814,443		960,907		1,168,319		1,060,095		1,132,172		187,021
Taxation payable		13,802		24,234		21,810		10,594		10,977		1,813
Short-term bank borrowings		608,000		813,500		998,500		700,000		558,000		92,175


Total current liabilities		1,517,615		1,798,641		2,188,629		1,770,689		1,701,149		281,009


Non-current liabilities
Bank borrowings		292,000		238,500		—		—		—		—
Deferred income		14,071		13,275		12,479		11,681		10,885		1,798
Deferred tax liabilities		39,401		57,305		81,672		79,827		78,942		13,040


Total non-current liabilities		345,472		309,080		94,151		91,508		89,827		14,838


Total liabilities		1,863,087		2,107,721		2,282,780		1,862,197		1,790,976		295,847


EQUITY
Share capital (US$0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 206,440,000 and 206,500,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively)		106		106		136		136		136		22
Additional paid in capital		234		234		411,225		391,711		392,076		64,766
Reserves		708,737		1,056,289		1,524,264		1,887,852		2,120,622		350,303


Total equity attributable to owners of the Company		709,077		1,056,629		1,935,625		2,279,699		2,512,834		415,091


Total equity and liabilities		2,572,164		3,164,350		4,218,405		4,141,896		4,303,810		710,938


	Noon Buying Rate
Period	Period End		Average ⁽¹⁾		Low		High
	(RMB per US$1.00)
2009		6.8259		6.8295		6.8470		6.8176
2010		6.6000		6.7603		6.8330		6.6000
2011		6.2939		6.4475		6.6364		6.2939
2012		6.2301		6.2990		6.3879		6.2221
2013		6.0537		6.1478		6.0537		6.2438
2013
October		6.2372		6.2627		6.2877		6.2372
November		6.2265		6.2338		6.2454		6.2221
December		6.2301		6.2328		6.2502		6.2251
2014
January		6.0590		6.0509		6.0402		6.0600
February		6.1448		6.0816		6.0591		6.1448
March		6.2117		6.1707		6.1183		6.2273
April (through April 18, 2014)		6.2240		6.2121		6.1966		6.2240


	As of December 31,
	2011		2012		2013

Tier-one		24		24		24
Exclusive tier-two		3,259		3,373		3,102
Non-exclusive tier-two		1,962		1,534		1,651

Total		5,245		4,931		4,777


	Contractual Obligations
	Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
	(in thousands)
Bank borrowings		558,000		—		—		—		558,000		92,175
Operating lease commitment		1,080		—		—		—		1,080		178
Purchase commitment		954,954		—		—		—		954,954		157,747
Capital commitment		63,194		—		—		—		63,194		10,439

Total		1,019,228		—		—		—		1,019,228		168,364


Name	Age	Position

Jianhui Lai	48	Chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer
Junqiu Gao	47	Director, deputy chief executive officer and chief sales and marketing officer
William John Sharp	72	Independent director
Ian Frances Wade	72	Independent director
Yichun Zhang	80	Independent director
Martin Cheung	45	Chief financial officer
Xichuan Lai	46	Financial controller
Guohe Zhang	68	Chief technology officer
Jiangjun Yang	37	Chief production officer


Function	Number

Manufacturing		3,668
Research and development and technology		328
Sales and marketing		251
Quality control		242
Management and administration		484

Total		4,973


	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned⁽¹⁾
	Number		Percentage (%)

Directors and Executive Officers:
Jianhui Lai⁽²⁾		143,587,200		69.53
Junqiu Gao⁽³⁾		143,647,200		69.56
William John Sharp		*		*
Ian Frances Wade		*		*
Yichun Zhang		*		*
Xichuan Lai		—		—
Guohe Zhang		—		—
Jiangjun Yang		—		—
All directors and executive officers as a group		144,951,495		70.19

Principal Shareholders:
Newrace Limited⁽²⁾		143,587,200		69.53
Richburg Holdings Limited⁽⁵⁾		10,479,116		5.08
Capital Research Global Investors⁽⁶⁾		10,322,000		5.00
QVT Financial LP⁽⁷⁾		24,299,232		11.77


	Price per ADS (US$)
	High		Low

Annual High and Low
2011⁽¹⁾		6.64		2.65
2012		4.09		2.23
2013		4.27		2.11

Quarterly Highs and Lows
First Quarter 2012		4.09		3.00
Second Quarter 2012		3.84		2.30
Third Quarter 2012		3.34		2.23
Fourth Quarter 2012		3.30		2.55
First Quarter 2013		4.11		2.97
Second Quarter 2013		3.29		2.45
Third Quarter 2013		3.97		2.41
Fourth Quarter 2013		4.27		2.11
First Quarter 2014		3.15		2.32

Monthly Highs and Lows
October 2013		4.27		3.50
November 2013		4.05		2.12
December 2013		2.60		2.11
January 2013		3.15		2.40
February 2013		2.80		2.32
March 2013		3.09		2.34
April 2013 (through April 18, 2013)		2.67		2.30


Persons Depositing or Withdrawing Ordinary Shares or ADS Holders Must Pay:	For:

US$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	•	Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of ordinary shares or rights or other property

	•	Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates

US$0.05 (or less) per ADS	•	Any cash distribution to ADS holders

A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been ordinary shares and the ordinary shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	•	Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders

US$0.05 (or less) per ADSs per calendar year	•	Depositary services

Registration or transfer fees	•	Transfer and registration of ordinary shares on our ordinary share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw ordinary shares

Expenses of the depositary	•	Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)

	•	Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars

Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADS or ordinary share underlying an ADS, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	•	As necessary

Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	•	As necessary


Exhibit Number		Document

1.1		Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of China Zenix (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

2.1		China Zenix’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3)

2.2		China Zenix’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

2.3		Form of Deposit Agreement, among China Zenix, the Depositary and Owners and Holders of American Depositary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to Amendment No. 1 to Form F-6 (File No. 333-173588) filed with the SEC on April 27, 2011)

4.1		2011 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

4.2		Form of Indemnification Agreement between China Zenix and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

4.3		Form of Employment Agreement between China Zenix and its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

4.4		Notice of Exercise by and between Mr. Jianhui Lai and Ms. Laifan Chu, dated December 19, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Schedule 13D filed by Mr. Jianhui Lai with the SEC on December 20, 2012)


Exhibit Number		Document

4.5		Form of Strategic Cooperation Agreement between Zhengxing Wheel and international distributors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

4.6		Form of Strategic Cooperation Agreement between Zhengxing Wheel and international OEM customers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

8.1		Subsidiaries of China Zenix

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of China Zenix (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173587) filed with the SEC on April 19, 2011)

12.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)

12.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)

13.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

13.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

15.1		Consent of Deloitte Touch Tohmatsu, an independent registered public accounting firm


		Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2 & F-3

Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-4

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2012 and 2013		F-5

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-6

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-7

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013		F-8 - F-49

Financial Statement Schedule 1 - Financial Information of China Zenix Auto International Limited		F-50 - F-54


	NOTES	2011			2012			2013			2013
		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000

Revenue	5		4,093,874			3,737,965			3,802,308			628,097
Cost of sales			(3,005,590	)		(2,795,548	)		(3,011,615	)		(497,483	)

Gross profit			1,088,284			942,417			790,693			130,614
Other income, gain and loss	6		11,653			17,066			27,300			4,510
Net exchange gain (loss)			(5,832	)		922			(7,438	)		(1,229	)
Selling and distribution costs			(256,487	)		(252,109	)		(274,825	)		(45,398	)
Research and development expenses			(85,398	)		(90,823	)		(91,632	)		(15,137	)
Administrative expenses			(129,035	)		(138,040	)		(142,495	)		(23,539	)
Finance costs	7		(60,536	)		(50,916	)		(26,003	)		(4,295	)

Profit before taxation			562,649			428,517			275,600			45,526
Income tax expense	8		(110,448	)		(66,885	)		(42,947	)		(7,094	)


Profit and total comprehensive income for the year	9		452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432


Profit and total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the Company			452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432


Earnings per share	10
Basic		RMB	2.38		RMB	1.75		RMB	1.13		USD	0.19
Diluted		RMB	2.38		RMB	1.75		RMB	1.13		USD	0.19


		As of December 31,
	NOTES	2012		2013		2013
		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
ASSETS
Current assets
Inventories	12		364,351		394,758		65,209
Trade and other receivables and prepayments	13		813,445		971,806		160,531
Prepaid lease payments	14		9,425		9,425		1,557
Pledged bank deposits	15		70,884		76,600		12,653
Fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months	15		160,000		160,000		26,430
Bank balances and cash	15		827,271		748,744		123,684

Total current assets			2,245,376		2,361,333		390,064

Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment	16		1,405,544		1,494,848		246,931
Prepaid lease payments	14		414,149		404,724		66,856
Deposits paid for acquisition of property, plant and equipment			55,198		21,540		3,558
Deferred tax assets	17		4,629		4,365		721
Intangible assets	18		17,000		17,000		2,808

Total non-current assets			1,896,520		1,942,477		320,874

Total assets			4,141,896		4,303,810		710,938

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables and accruals	19		1,060,095		1,132,172		187,021
Taxation payable			10,594		10,977		1,813
Short-term bank borrowings	20		700,000		558,000		92,175

Total current liabilities			1,770,689		1,701,149		281,009

Non-current liabilities
Deferred income	21		11,681		10,885		1,798
Deferred tax liabilities	17		79,827		78,942		13,040

Total non-current liabilities			91,508		89,827		14,838

Total liabilities			1,862,197		1,790,976		295,847

EQUITY
Share capital (US$0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 206,440,000 and 206,500,000 shares issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively)	22		136		136		22
Additional paid in capital			391,711		392,076		64,766
Reserves			1,887,852		2,120,622		350,303

Total equity attributable to owners of the Company			2,279,699		2,512,834		415,091

Total equity and liabilities			4,141,896		4,303,810		710,938


	Attributable to owners of the Company
	Share capital		Additional paid in capital			Capital reserve		PRC statutory reserve		Share incentive plan reserve			Retained profits			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
						(note i)		(note ii)

As of January 1, 2011		106		234			546,155		55,719		—			454,415			1,056,629
Profit and total comprehensive income for the year		—		—			—		—		—			452,201			452,201
Capital contribution		—		—			10,908		—		—			—			10,908
Issue of shares through initial public offering		30		452,404			—		—		—			—			452,434
Transaction costs attributable to issue of shares		—		(41,413	)		—		—		—			—			(41,413	)
Recognition of equity-settled share-based payments (Note 24)		—		—			2,984		—		1,882			—			4,866
Transfer		—		—			—		38,013		—			(38,013	)		—

As of December 31, 2011		136		411,225			560,047		93,732		1,882			868,603			1,935,625
Profit and total comprehensive income for the year		—		—			—		—		—			361,632			361,632
Dividends recognized as distribution (Note 11)		—		(19,514	)		—		—		—			—			(19,514	)
Recognition of equity-settled share-based payments (Note 24)		—		—			623		—		1,333			—			1,956
Transfer		—		—			—		20,994		—			(20,994	)		—

As of December 31, 2012		136		391,711			560,670		114,726		3,215			1,209,241			2,279,699
Profit and total comprehensive income for the year		—		—			—		—		—			232,653			232,653
Issue of shares pursuant to Share
Incentive Plan (Note 22)		—		365			—		—		(365	)		—			—
Recognition of equity-settled share-based payments (Note 24)		—		—			222		—		260			—			482
Transfer		—		—			—		8,521		—			(8,521	)		—

As of December 31, 2013		136		392,076			560,892		123,247		3,110			1,433,373			2,512,834


	US$’000		US$’000			US$’000		US$’000		US$’000			US$’000			US$’000

As of December 31, 2013		22		64,766			92,653		20,359		514			236,777			415,091


	Place and date of establishment and operation	Attributable equity interests directly held by Zhengxing Wheel at December 31,
Name of company	Place and date of establishment and operation	2012			2013

Zhengxing Group Benxi Wheel Co., Ltd.	The PRC July 13, 2004		100	%		100	%

Zhengxing Group Chengdu Wheel Co., Ltd. (“Zhengxing Chengdu”)	The PRC July 30, 2004		100	%		100	%

Zhengxing Group Langfang Wheel Co., Ltd. (“Zhengxing Langfang”)	The PRC January 21, 2005		100	%		100	%

Zhengxing Group Hefei Wheel Co., Ltd. (“Zhengxing Hefei”)	The PRC June 9, 2005		100	%		100	%

Hua’an Zhengxing Wheel Co., Ltd.	The PRC November 19, 2010		100	%		100	%


Amendments to IFRSs		Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2009-2011 Cycle
Amendments to IFRS 1		Government Loans
Amendments to IFRS 7		Disclosures - Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
Amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 11 and IFRS 12		Consolidated Financial Statements, Joint Arrangements and Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities: Transition Guidance
IFRS 10		Consolidated Financial Statements
IFRS 11		Joint Arrangements
IFRS 12		Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities
IFRS 13		Fair Value Measurement
IAS 19 (as revised in 2011)		Employee Benefits
IAS 27 (as revised in 2011)		Separate Financial Statements
IAS 28 (as revised in 2011)		Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
Amendments to IAS 1		Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income
Amendments to IAS 36		Recoverable Amount Disclosures for Non-Financial Assets
IFRIC 20		Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine


Amendments to IFRSs		Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2010 - 2012 Cycle⁵
Amendments to IFRSs		Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2011 - 2013 Cycle²
Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7		Mandatory Effective Date of IFRS 9 and Transition
		Disclosures³
Amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 12 and IAS 27		Investment Entities¹
IFRS 9		Financial Instruments³
IFRS 14		Regulatory Deferral Accounts⁴
Amendments to IAS 19		Defined Benefit Plans: Employee Contribution²
Amendments to IAS 32		Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities¹
Amendments to IAS 39		Novation of Derivatives and Continuation of Hedge
		Accounting¹
IFRIC 21		Levies¹


	PRC OEM sales									PRC aftermarket sales									International sales									Consolidated
	2011			2012			2013			2011			2012			2013			2011			2012			2013			2011			2012			2013			2013
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000

Revenue from external customers		1,549,748			1,303,627			1,316,798			1,984,442			1,845,882			1,945,896			561,373			596,654			547,176			4,095,563			3,746,163			3,809,870			629,347
Inter-segment revenue#		883,516			821,842			882,751			—			—			—			—			—			—			883,516			821,842			882,751			145,820


Total segment revenue		2,433,264			2,125,469			2,199,549			1,984,442			1,845,882			1,945,896			561,373			596,654			547,176			4,979,079			4,568,005			4,692,621			775,167


Reconciliation adjustments:
Gross up adjustment to reverse net off of selling expense		—			—			—			—			—			—			4,696			8,018			10,112			4,696			8,018			10,112			1,670
Provision of sales rebates and discount		(6,385	)		—			—			—			(16,216	)		(17,674	)		—			—			—			(6,385	)		(16,216	)		(17,674	)		(2,920	)
Inter-segment revenue		(883,516	)		(821,842	)		(882,751	)		—			—			—			—			—			—			(883,516	)		(821,842	)		(882,751	)		(145,820	)


Total consolidated net revenue, as reported		1,543,363			1,303,627			1,316,798			1,984,442			1,829,666			1,928,222			566,069			604,672			557,288			4,093,874			3,737,965			3,802,308			628,097


Total segment cost of sales		(2,086,136	)		(1,842,562	)		(1,945,205	)		(1,319,144	)		(1,274,276	)		(1,474,959	)		(480,186	)		(499,808	)		(471,354	)		(3,885,466	)		(3,616,646	)		(3,891,518	)		(642,833	)
Reconciliation adjustments:
Fair value adjustments arose from acquisition of subsidiaries
- Additional depreciation of property, plant and equipment		(821	)		(675	)		(912	)		(711	)		(803	)		(693	)		(292	)		(346	)		(219	)		(1,824	)		(1,824	)		(1,824	)		(301	)
- Additional amortization of prepaid lease payments		(722	)		(594	)		(802	)		(626	)		(706	)		(610	)		(257	)		(305	)		(193	)		(1,605	)		(1,605	)		(1,605	)		(265	)
Amortization of capitalized general borrowing cost of qualifying assets		(172	)		(141	)		(191	)		(149	)		(168	)		(145	)		(61	)		(73	)		(46	)		(382	)		(382	)		(382	)		(63	)
Unrealized profit		171			3,067			963			—			—			—			—			—			—			171			3,067			963			159
Inter-segment revenue		883,516			821,842			882,751			—			—			—			—			—			—			883,516			821,842			882,751			145,820


Total consolidated cost of sales, as reported		(1,204,164	)		(1,019,063	)		(1,063,396	)		(1,320,630	)		(1,275,953	)		(1,476,407	)		(480,796	)		(500,532	)		(471,812	)		(3,005,590	)		(2,795,548	)		(3,011,615	)		(497,483	)


Segment result (gross profit before reconciliation)		347,128			282,907			254,344			665,298			571,606			470,937			81,187			96,846			75,822			1,093,613			951,359			801,103			132,334
Reconciliation adjustments:
Sales gross up from netting off selling expense		—			—			—			—			—			—			4,696			8,018			10,112			4,696			8,018			10,112			1,670
Provision of sales rebates and discount		(6,385	)		—			—			—			(16,216	)		(17,674	)		—			—			—			(6,385	)		(16,216	)		(17,674	)		(2,920	)
Unrealized profit		171			3,067			963			—			—			—			—			—			—			171			3,067			963			159
Fair value adjustments arose from acquisition of subsidiaries
- Additional inventory cost		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
- Additional depreciation of property, plant and equipment		(821	)		(675	)		(912	)		(711	)		(803	)		(693	)		(292	)		(346	)		(219	)		(1,824	)		(1,824	)		(1,824	)		(301	)
- Additional amortization of prepaid lease payments		(722	)		(594	)		(802	)		(626	)		(706	)		(610	)		(257	)		(305	)		(193	)		(1,605	)		(1,605	)		(1,605	)		(265	)
Amortization of capitalized general borrowing cost of qualifying assets		(172	)		(141	)		(191	)		(149	)		(168	)		(145	)		(61	)		(73	)		(46	)		(382	)		(382	)		(382	)		(63	)


Total consolidated gross profit, as reported		339,199			284,564			253,402			663,812			553,713			451,815			85,273			104,140			85,476			1,088,284			942,417			790,693			130,614


Other income, gain and loss																													11,653			17,066			27,300			4,510
Net exchange gain (loss)																													(5,832	)		922			(7,438	)		(1,229	)
Selling and distribution costs																													(256,487	)		(252,109	)		(274,825	)		(45,398	)
Research and development expenses																													(85,398	)		(90,823	)		(91,632	)		(15,137	)
Administrative expenses																													(129,035	)		(138,040	)		(142,495	)		(23,539	)
Finance costs																													(60,536	)		(50,916	)		(26,003	)		(4,295	)


Profit before taxation																													562,649			428,517			275,600			45,526
Income tax expense																													(110,448	)		(66,885	)		(42,947	)		(7,094	)


Profit for the year																													452,201			361,632			232,653			38,432


	2012		2013

Range of interest rates (per annum)		0.35% - 3.5%		0.35% - 3.25%


	Buildings		Plant and machinery			Furniture, fixtures and equipment			Motor vehicles			Construction in progress			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
COST
As of January 1, 2012		654,228		736,044			5,196			13,585			75,586			1,484,639
Additions		—		45,636			885			1,918			293,054			341,493
Disposals		—		(1,603	)		(258	)		(131	)		—			(1,992	)
Transfer		79,073		—			—			—			(79,073	)		—

As of December 31, 2012		733,301		780,077			5,823			15,372			289,567			1,824,140
Additions		—		60,838			854			2,526			151,773			215,991
Disposals		—		(1,313	)		(226	)		(127	)		—			(1,666	)

As of December 31, 2013		733,301		839,602			6,451			17,771			441,340			2,038,465

DEPRECIATION AND IMPAIRMENT
As of January 1, 2012		92,633		199,464			2,586			5,200			—			299,883
Provided for the year		35,435		80,892			927			2,646			—			119,900
Eliminated on disposals		—		(834	)		(228	)		(125	)		—			(1,187	)

As of December 31, 2012		128,068		279,522			3,285			7,721			—			418,596
Provided for the year		37,864		84,813			822			2,473			—			125,972
Eliminated on disposals		—		(617	)		(214	)		(120	)		—			(951	)

As of December 31, 2013		165,932		363,718			3,893			10,074			—			543,617

CARRYING VALUE
As of December 31, 2012		605,233		500,555			2,538			7,651			289,567			1,405,544

As of December 31, 2013		567,369		475,884			2,558			7,697			441,340			1,494,848


	US$’000		US$’000			US$’000			US$’000			US$’000			US$’000

As of December 31, 2013		93,723		78,610			423			1,271			72,904			246,931


Buildings		20 years or the remaining period of the leases, if shorter
Plant and machinery		3 to 10 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		5 years
Motor vehicles		5 years


											Fair value
											adjustments
											on acquisition
				Undistributed					Fair value		of Zhengxing
	Unrealized			profits					adjustment		Wheel
	profit in			of PRC		Deferred			on trade		other than
	inventories			subsidiaries		income			names		trade names			Tax loss			Others*			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000

At January 1, 2012		(1,678	)		53,355		(1,992	)		4,250		24,067			—			(1,538	)		76,464
Charge (credit) to profit or loss		459			—		120			—		(611	)		—			—			(32	)
Effect of change in tax rate		—			—		—			—		(1,234	)		—			—			(1,234	)

At December 31, 2012		(1,219	)		53,355		(1,872	)		4,250		22,222			—			(1,538	)		75,198
Charge (credit) to profit or loss		144			—		120			—		(555	)		(3,219	)		3,219			(291	)
Effect of change in tax rate		—			—		—			—		(330	)		—			—			(330	)

At December 31, 2013		(1,075	)		53,355		(1,752	)		4,250		21,337			(3,219	)		1,681			74,577


	US$’000			US$’000		US$’000			US$’000		US$’000			US$’000			US$’000			US$’000

At December 31, 2013		(178	)		8,814		(290	)		702		3,525			(532	)		278			12,319


	Number of shares		Amount		Amount
			RMB’000		US$’000
Authorized:
As of January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012 and 2013 of US$0.0001 each		500,000,000		340

Issued at nominal value:
As of January 1, 2012 and 2013		206,440,000		136
Issue of shares pursuant to Share Incentive Plan (note)		60,000		—

As of December 31, 2012 and 2013		206,500,000		136		22


Estimated share price at date of grant	US$1.52
Expected volatility	44.77% to 62.89	%
Expected life	0.4 to 3.04 years
Risk free rate	0.15% to 1.01	%
Lock-up discount	11.19% to 39.53	%


Share price at date of grant	US$	1.175
Exercise price	US$	1.175
Expected volatility		38.14	%
Expected life		8 years
Risk free rate		2.00	%


	Weighted average effective interest rate		On demand/ less than 3 months		3 months to 1 year		Total undiscounted cash flows		Carrying amount		Carrying amount
	%		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
As of December 31, 2012
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		—		692,995		333,600		1,026,595		1,026,595		164,780
Bank borrowings - fixed rate		6.28		228,992		494,579		723,571		700,000		112,358

				921,987		828,179		1,750,166		1,726,595		277,138


As of December 31, 2013
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		—		725,247		396,000		1,121,247		1,121,247		185,217
Bank borrowings - fixed rate		6.00		211,210		364,137		575,347		558,000		92,175

				936,457		760,137		1,696,594		1,679,247		277,392


	Year ended December 31,
	2012		2013		2013
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Minimum lease payments paid under operating leases during the year:
Premises		1,247		1,080		178