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Income Taxes
12 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The components of the income tax provision were as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended January 31,
 
2017
 
2018
 
2019
Current income provision:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$

 
$

 
$

State
89

 
3

 
9

Foreign
443

 
233

 
1,137

 
532

 
236

 
1,146

Deferred income tax provision:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
45

 
(32
)
 
(125
)
State
8

 
12

 
(39
)
Foreign
188

 
169

 
266

 
241

 
149

 
102

Provision for income taxes
$
773

 
$
385

 
$
1,248


Total income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income tax expense as a result of the following (in thousands):
 
Year Ended January 31,
 
2017
 
2018
 
2019
Tax benefit at U.S. federal statutory rate (1)
$
(61,998
)
 
$
(57,992
)
 
$
(32,143
)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit
(10,841
)
 
(11,679
)
 
(10,114
)
Non-deductible expenses
1,522

 
1,095

 
997

Foreign taxes
37

 
48

 
697

Stock-based compensation
1,081

 
896

 
1,469

Research and development credits
(1,784
)
 
(2,516
)
 
(2,618
)
Change in valuation allowance
72,769

 
(15,199
)
 
42,975

Deferred tax effect of Tax Act rate change

 
85,725

 

Other
(13
)
 
7

 
(15
)
Provision for income taxes
$
773

 
$
385

 
$
1,248

________________
(1)
The statutory tax rates used in this analysis were 34%, 33% and 21% for the years ended January 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The rate used for the year ended January 31, 2018 takes into account the number of days in the fiscal year after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted where the statutory rate decreased to 21%.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
 
As of January 31,
 
2018
 
2019
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
186,299

 
$
223,765

Stock based compensation
6,892

 
9,784

Accruals and other reserves
5,821

 
4,222

Research and development credit carryforwards
9,615

 
12,729

Other
1,871

 
5,229

Gross deferred tax assets
210,498

 
255,729

Valuation allowance
(203,704
)
 
(246,679
)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
6,794

 
9,050

 
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Contract acquisition costs
(5,132
)
 
(6,987
)
Capitalized software
(1,929
)
 
(2,581
)
Basis difference in intangible assets
(471
)
 
(297
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(7,532
)
 
(9,865
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(738
)
 
$
(815
)

In assessing whether deferred tax assets should be recognized, the Company considered whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets would be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company determined it was more-likely-than-not that its domestic deferred tax assets would not be realized as of January 31, 2018 and 2019 and, accordingly, recorded a full valuation allowance. Net deferred tax liabilities are included in other liabilities, noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheets.
In December 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was enacted, which resulted in widespread changes to the U.S. tax code. One such change was establishing a flat corporate income tax rate of 21% to replace previous rates that ranged from 15% to 35%. As a result, the Company remeasured its U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities as of January 31, 2018 to reflect the lower rate expected to apply when these temporary differences reverse.
The remeasurement resulted in a reduction in deferred tax assets of $85.7 million. This was fully offset by a corresponding change to the Company’s valuation allowance. The Tax Act also provides for a transition to a new territorial system of taxation and generally requires companies to include certain untaxed foreign earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries into taxable income in 2017. As a result, the Company realized a one-time deemed income inclusion of deferred foreign income from the Company's non-U.S. subsidiaries of $0.7 million, which income was offset by the Company's net operating losses.
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allowed the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. As of January 31, 2019, the Company has finalized all provisional amounts related to the Tax Act. Finalizing provisional adjustments related to the Tax Act did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements as of January 31, 2019.
As of January 31, 2019, the Company had federal and state NOLs available to offset future taxable income, if any, of $815.1 million and $1,048.5 million, respectively. The federal NOLs will begin to expire in 2028. The state NOLs will expire depending upon the various rules in the states in which the Company operates. Full realization of the NOLs is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to their expiration. The ability to realize the NOLs and other deferred tax assets could also be limited by previous or future changes in ownership in accordance with rules in Internal Revenue Code Section 382.
As of January 31, 2019, the Company also had unused federal and state research and development tax credits of $12.2 million and $6.0 million, respectively. The federal credits begin to expire in 2020 and the state credits began to expire in 2016. As of January 31, 2019, the Company also had foreign tax credits of $0.4 million which begin to expire in 2020.
During the fiscal years ended years ended January 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the aggregate changes in the total gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended January 31,
 
2017
 
2018
 
2019
Beginning balance
$
2,055

 
$
2,737

 
$
3,637

(Decrease) increase in unrecognized tax benefits taken in prior years
(27
)
 
675

 
872

Increase in unrecognized tax benefits related to current year
709

 
225

 
49

 
$
2,737

 
$
3,637

 
$
4,558


The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate is zero due to the valuation allowance. The Company does not expect a significant change in its unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months.
The Company files U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax returns. For both federal and state tax returns, the Company is subject to examination for tax years since 2009 due to carry forward of net operating losses and research and development credits. The Company could be subject to examination in Japan for tax years since 2011, in the UK for tax years since 2014 and in Australia for tax years since 2015.
The Company paid income taxes of $0.2 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million during the years ended years ended January 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.