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Restructuring charges
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring charges Restructuring charges
Restructuring charges for each period were as follows:
 
Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Cost of revenue
$
54

 
$
1,379

 
$
634

Research and development
585

 
12,794

 
10,092

Sales and marketing
314

 
5,291

 
7,047

General and administrative
501

 
3,279

 
2,519

Total restructuring charges
$
1,454

 
$
22,743

 
$
20,292


First quarter 2018 restructuring plan
On January 2, 2018, the Company approved a restructuring plan to further reduce future operating expenses and better align resources around its long-term business strategy. The restructuring provided for a reduction of the Company's global workforce of approximately 18%, the closure of the Company's aerial group and the consolidation of certain leased office facilities. Under the first quarter 2018 restructuring plan, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $17.8 million, including $14.1 million related to severance and $3.7 million related to other charges.
The following table provides a summary of the Company’s restructuring activities and the movement in the related liabilities recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet under the first quarter 2018 restructuring plan.
(in thousands)
Severance
 
Other
 
Total
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2017
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Restructuring charges
14,107

 
3,686

 
17,793

Cash paid
(12,460
)
 
(1,988
)
 
(14,448
)
Non-cash settlements
(528
)
 
(1,299
)
 
(1,827
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018
1,119

 
399

 
1,518

Restructuring charges
—

 
8

 
8

Cash paid
(1,095
)
 
(25
)
 
(1,120
)
Non-cash reductions
(24
)
 
(264
)
 
(288
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2019
$
—

 
$
118

 
$
118


First quarter 2017 restructuring plan
On March 15, 2017, the Company approved a restructuring plan to reduce future operating expenses and further align resources around its long-term business strategy. The restructuring provided for a reduction of the Company’s global workforce by approximately 17% and the consolidation of certain leased office facilities. Under the first quarter 2017 restructuring plan, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $23.1 million, including $10.3 million related to severance, and $12.8 million related to accelerated depreciation and other charges. The actions associated with the first quarter 2017 restructuring plan were substantially completed by the fourth quarter of 2017.
The following table provides a summary of the Company’s restructuring activities and the movement in the related liabilities recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet under the first quarter 2017 restructuring plan.
(in thousands)
Severance
 
Other
 
Total
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2016
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Restructuring charges (1)
10,312

 
6,654

 
16,966

Cash paid
(9,509
)
 
(151
)
 
(9,660
)
Non-cash reductions
(803
)
 
(2,953
)
 
(3,756
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2017
—

 
3,550

 
3,550

Restructuring charges (1)
—

 
4,783

 
4,783

Cash paid
—

 
(3,293
)
 
(3,293
)
Non-cash charges
—

 
627

 
627

Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018
—

 
5,667

 
5,667

Restructuring charges (1)
—

 
1,395

 
1,395

Cash paid
—

 
(2,257
)
 
(2,257
)
Non-cash reductions
—

 
(335
)
 
(335
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2019
$
—

 
$
4,470

 
$
4,470


(1)
Includes lease termination charges, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and totaled $4.5 million as of December 31, 2019.
Fourth quarter 2016 restructuring plan
On November 29, 2016, the Company approved a restructuring plan to reduce future operating expenses. The restructuring provided for a reduction of the Company’s global workforce of approximately 15%, the closure of the Company’s entertainment group to concentrate on its core business and the consolidation of certain leased office facilities. Under the fourth quarter 2016 restructuring plan, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $40.0 million, including $36.8 million related to severance, and $3.2 million related to accelerated depreciation and other charges. The actions associated with the fourth quarter 2016 restructuring plan were substantially completed by March 31, 2017.
The following table provides a summary of the Company’s restructuring activities and the movement in the related liabilities recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet under the fourth quarter 2016 restructuring plan.
(in thousands)
Severance
 
Other
 
Total
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2016
$
9,660

 
$
879

 
$
10,539

Restructuring charges
2,134

 
1,055

 
3,189

Cash paid
(11,411
)
 
(1,884
)
 
(13,295
)
Non-cash settlements
17

 
—

 
17

Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2017
400

 
50

 
450

Restructuring charges
143

 
—

 
143

Cash paid
(244
)
 
—

 
(244
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2018
299

 
50

 
349

Restructuring charges
51

 
—

 
51

Cash paid
(78
)
 
—

 
(78
)
Non-cash reductions
—

 
(50
)
 
(50
)
Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2019
$
272

 
$
—

 
$
272