20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from _______ to ___

Commission file number: 001-34958

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable	Cayman Islands
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)	(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

27th Floor, Lianfa International Building

128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District

Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430063

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Mr. Yuan Gao

Chief Executive Officer

Tel: +86-27-87303888

E-mail: contact@dunxin.us

27th Floor, Lianfa International Building

128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District

Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430063

People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Exchange on which registered
Ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share	DXF	NYSE American LLC *
American depositary shares, each representing 48 ordinary shares		NYSE American LLC

* Not for trading but only in connection with the listing on NYSE American LLC depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2022: 1,042,458,184 ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☒
				Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive- based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP     ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board     ☒ Other     ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS ANNUAL REPORT		3
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		5
PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	6
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	6
Item 3.	Key Information	6
Item 4.	Information on the Company	45
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	70
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	70
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	84
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	91
Item 8.	Financial Information	94
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	97
Item 10.	Additional Information	98
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk	114
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities	115
PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	117
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	117
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	117
Item 16.	[Reserved]	118
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	118
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	118
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	118
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	119
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	119
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	119
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	120
Item 16H.	Mine safety Disclosure	120
Item 16I	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	120
PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	121
Item 18.	Financial Statements	121
Item 19.	Exhibits	121

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CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS ANNUAL REPORT

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this annual report to:

● “ADRs” refer to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;

● “ADSs” refer to our American depositary shares, each ADS representing the right to receive forty-eight (48) ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share;

● “CBRC” refers to the China Banking Regulatory Commission;

● “China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding Taiwan, for the purpose of this annual report only;

● “CSRC” refers to the China Securities Regulatory Commission;

● “Chutian” refers to Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd., a PRC company, and a variable interest entity of the Company;

● “Chutian Holding” refers to Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited, a PRC company and our wholly foreign owned enterprise with business license No. 91420100MA4KPA0H54;

● “Dunxin” refers to Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company;

● “Exchange Act” refers to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

● “Honest Plus” refers to Honest Plus Investments Limited, a British Virgin Islands company;

● “HK$” and “HKD” refer to the legal currency of Hong Kong;

● “Hong Kong” refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China;

● “IFRS” refers to International Financial Reporting Standards are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”);

● “microfinance” refers to regulated private lending market for improving financial services to individuals, small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”), expanding financing channels, making efforts to ease the difficulties in financing faced by SMEs and to encourage the innovation of financial products and services;

● “MOFCOM” refers to the Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China;

● “PBOC” refers to the People’s Bank of China;

● “Perfect Lead” refers to Perfect Lead International Limited, a British Virgin Islands company;

● “RMB” and “Renminbi” refer to the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China;

● “SAFE” refers to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange;

● “SEC” refers to the Securities and Exchange Commission;

● “Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

● “Shares” or “ordinary shares” refer to our ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share;

● “True Silver” refers to True Silver Limited, a British Virgin Islands company;

● “U.S. dollars,” “US$” and “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States;

● “VIE” refers to variable interest entity, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd., a PRC company and the operating company of Dunxin; and

● “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company” refers to Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. When used herein to describe events prior to the CIB Transaction, the terms “Company,” “Xiniya,” “we” and “us” refers to Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (formerly known as China Xiniya Fashion Limited) and its consolidated subsidiaries before such time.

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Presentation of Our Financial and Operating Data

On December 28, 2017, Honest Plus acquired 91,997,543 Shares and Perfect Lead acquired 22,999,386 Shares for an aggregate purchase price of RMB86,426,660 (or approximately $0.11 per share) pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement, as amended on October 27, 2016, and on December 10, 2017 (the “Share Purchase Agreement”), by and between Qiming Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company (“Qiming Investment”), Qiming Xu, the chairman and chief executive officer of Xiniya (“Mr. Qiming Xu”), Honest Plus, and Perfect Lead. Ricky Qizhi Wei, our former chairman and chief executive officer, is the sole director of Honest Plus and Perfect Lead.

As a condition to the Share Purchase Agreement, on December 10, 2017, Xiniya entered into (1) a Share Transfer Agreement with Qiming Investment pursuant to which Xiniya sold Xiniya Holdings Limited, Xiniya’s wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, to Mr. Qiming Xu in exchange for a purchase price of RMB228,000,000 (approximately $34,588,428) (“Divestiture”), and (2) a Securities Purchase Agreement with True Silver, a British Virgin Islands company, and Honest Plus pursuant to which Xiniya acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of True Silver owned by Honest Plus for a purchase price of RMB228,000,000 ($34,588,428) and the issuance of 772,283,308 Shares (the “Acquisition”) at RMB1.00 ($0.15) per share. True Silver, through a VIE structure, operates and consolidates eighty percent (80%) of the financial results of Chutian, a Chinese company that engages in the business of micro lending to customers in China. On December 28, 2017, the Divestiture and the Acquisition closed concurrently with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement (collectively, the “CIB Transaction”). At the closing of the CIB Transaction, the Company discontinued its apparel business and became a microfinance lender in Hubei Province.

As a result of the CIB Transaction, Honest Plus and Perfect Lead, the former shareholders of True Silver, became the shareholders of the Company. The CIB Transaction was accounted for as a reverse acquisition, wherein True Silver is considered the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes.

Accordingly and except as otherwise provided, the historical financial statement of True Silver are treated as the historical financial statements of the Company.

This annual report includes our audited consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, and consolidated statements of financial position data as of December 31, 2021 and 2022.

Dunxin’s predecessor, China Xiniya Fashion Limited, completed the initial public offering of 8,000,000 ADSs, each representing the right to receive four (4) ordinary shares, on November 29, 2010. On November 23, 2010, we listed our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “XNY” and on December 28, 2017, we transitioned to the NYSE American LLC (“NYSE American”) and began trading under our new symbol “DXF” on March 5, 2018. Prior to December 17, 2014, each ADS represented the right to receive four (4) Shares, from December 18, 2014, the right to receive sixteen (16) Shares and from December 28, 2017, the right to receive forty-eight (48) Shares.

Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report are made at a rate of RMB6.8972 to $1.00, the exchange rate in effect as of December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Unless otherwise noted, all other financial and other data related to the company in this annual report is presented in U.S. dollars. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. This annual report contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act with respect to our business, operating results and financial condition as well as our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our industry. All statements other than statements of historical fact in this annual report are forward-looking statements. These statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “aim,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “is/are likely to,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “will” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:

● the potential impact of the economic, political and social conditions of the PRC on our business;

● any changes in the laws of the PRC or local province that may affect our operation;

● the impact of COVID-19 on our operations and business plans;

● inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

● our ability to operate as a going concern;

● the liquidity of our securities;

● our ability to develop and market our microfinance lending business in the future;

● our exposure to risk associated to the geographic concentration of loans in Hubei Province, China;

● our on-going ability to obtain all mandatory and voluntary government and other industry certifications, approvals, and/or licenses to conduct our business;

● our ability to collect loan principal and interest timely and effectively and to pay our debt timely;

● our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

● our ability to maintain or increase our market share in the competitive markets in which we do business;

● our dependence on the growth in demand for our loan products;

● our ability to diversify our product offerings and capture new market opportunities;

● the costs and losses we may incur as a result of current ongoing and future litigation and claims;

● our estimates of expenses, capital requirements and needs for additional financing and our ability to fund our current and future operations;

● the costs we may incur in the future from complying with current and future governmental regulations and the impact of any changes in the regulations on our operations; and

● the loss of key members of our senior management.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report and/or file as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Investing in our securities is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks as well as all other information contained in this annual report, including the matters discussed under the headings “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” before you decide to make an investment in our securities. Dunxin is a Cayman Islands holding company with substantial operations in China and is subject to a legal and regulatory environment that in many respects differs from the United States. The risks discussed below could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and the trading price of our ordinary shares. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business is subject to numerous risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. The main risks set forth below and others you should consider are discussed more fully in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 7, which you should read in its entirety.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We face risks and uncertainties relating to doing business in China in general, including, but not limited to, the following:

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● Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies or in relations between China and the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operations; and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansion strategies;

● There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs;

● The PRC government has increasingly strengthened oversight in offerings conducted overseas or on foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless;

● The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under PRC rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for an offering, or a rescission of such approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant PRC regulatory authority;

● The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless; and

● Our ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections.

● All of our officers and our Chairman reside within China and substantially all of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. It may be difficult for investors to enforce judgements obtained in U.S. courts based on civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, as none of them currently resides in the U.S. or has substantial assets in the U.S.

Risks Factors Related to Our Business

Risks and uncertainties related to our business and industry include, but not limited to, the following:

● Current ongoing litigation and future litigation, administrative proceedings or legal proceedings resulting from our lending business and liquidity issues have had, may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our lending business, financial conditions and operating results;

● We have experienced and continue to experience severe liquidity issues resulting from our inability to timely collect payments of loan principal and interest as well as assets and cash being frozen as a result of involvement in various litigation. Our liquidity issues have further severely affected our ability to pay taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of our obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings against us were initiated by our shareholders, service providers and others;

● COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our financial and operating performance;

● We have experienced an increase in delinquency rates on loans from borrowers since 2019, which have materially and adversely affected our business and results of operations;

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● Our failure to pay taxes may result in penalties, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation;

● Our independent auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern;

● If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud;

● Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects;

● Our former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and current largest shareholder, Mr. Ricky Qizhi Wei, has been, and may continue to be, involved in litigation and legal proceedings involving his other companies and our main operating company;

● Potential dispute over ownership of our main operating company may adversely affect our business;

● We have very limited cash and we need additional capital which, if obtained, could result in dilution or significant debt service obligations. We may not be able to obtain additional capital on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial position;

● Our microfinance business is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by state, provincial and local government authorities, and we do not strictly adhere to one of the principles under Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province, and may be deemed not be in compliance with the provincial local regulatory policies;

● Our current operations in China are territorially limited to the Hubei Province, and we lack product and business diversification;

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

We are also subject to risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure, including, but not limited to, the following:

● Dunxin is a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIE and we conduct our operations in China primarily through the VIE with which we have maintained contractual arrangements. Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government finds that the a series of contractual arrangements entered into among True Silver, Chutian and certain shareholders of Chutian, which consist of the Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement, Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement, and Share Pledge Agreement (the “VIE Agreements”) that establish the structure for the VIE in China do not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or we be forced to relinquish our interests in the VIE. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, our PRC subsidiary, the VIE, and investors of Dunxin face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and the Company as a whole;

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● We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders for our business operations, and these contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing control over the VIE. We rely on the performance by the VIE and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over the VIE. The shareholders of the VIE may not act in the best interests of Dunxin or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portion of our business through the contractual arrangements with the VIE;

● Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business. If the VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under PRC law;

● The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. The shareholders of the VIE may breach, or cause the VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and the VIE, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to effectively control the VIE and receive economic benefits from them. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings;

● The Company’s current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law which does not explicitly classify whether VIEs that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign-invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors;

● We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to operate our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control and otherwise have a material adverse effect as to our business; and

● Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under the Company’s contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares and ADSs

We face risks and uncertainties related to our ordinary shares and ADSs, including, but not limited to, the following:

● The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors;

● If securities or industry analysts publish negative reports about our business, the price and trading volume of our ADSs could decline;

● Our ADSs would be subject to delisting from the NYSE American if we are unable to achieve and maintain compliance with the NYSE American’s continued listing standards;

● Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline;

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● Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares;

● You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you; and

● Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings and you may not receive distributions with respect to the underlying ordinary shares if it is impractical to make them available to you.

There are many risks and uncertainties that may affect our operations, performance, development and results. Many of these risks are beyond our control. The following is a description of the important risk factors that may affect our business. If any of these risks were to actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Substantial uncertainties and restrictions with respect to the political and economic policies of the PRC government and PRC laws and regulations could have a significant impact upon the business we may be able to conduct in the PRC and accordingly on the results of our operations and financial condition.

Our business operations may be adversely affected by the current and future political environment in the PRC. The Chinese government exerts substantial influence and control over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities. Our ability to operate in China may be adversely affected by changes in Chinese laws and regulations. Under the current government leadership, the government of the PRC has been pursuing economic reform policies that encourage private economic activities and greater economic decentralization. However, the government of the PRC may not continue to pursue these policies, or may significantly alter these policies from time to time without notice.

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our business, or the enforcement and performance of our arrangements with borrowers in the event of the imposition of statutory liens, death, bankruptcy or criminal proceedings. Only after 1979 did the Chinese government begin to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws that regulate economic affairs in general, deal with economic matters such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade, as well as encourage foreign investment in China. Although the influence of the law has been increasing, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. Also, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published cases and judicial interpretation and their lack of force as precedents, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve significant uncertainties. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. In addition, there have been constant changes and amendments of laws and regulations over the past 30 years in order to keep up with the rapidly changing society and economy in China. Because government agencies and courts provide interpretations of laws and regulations and decide contractual disputes and issues, their inexperience in adjudicating new business and new polices or regulations in certain less developed areas causes uncertainty and may affect our business. Consequently, we cannot clearly foresee the future direction of Chinese legislative activities with respect to either businesses with foreign investment or the effectiveness on enforcement of laws and regulations in China. The uncertainties, including new laws and regulations and changes of existing laws, as well as judicial interpretation by inexperienced officials in the agencies and courts in certain areas, may cause possible problems to foreign investors.

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The Second Session of the Thirteen National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China voted to adopt the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (“the Foreign Investment Law”) on March 15, 2019 which came into effective as of January 1, 2020. The current three major foreign investment laws (the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law and Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law) were replaced by the Foreign Investment Law on January 1, 2020.

The Foreign Investment Law expressly stipulated that “the State protects foreign investors’ investment, earnings and other legitimate rights and interests within the territory of China pursuant to the present Law”; “foreign investors may, according to the present Law, freely remit into or out of China, in Renminbi or any other foreign currency, their contributions, profits, capital gains, income from asset proposal, intellectual property royalties, lawfully acquired compensation, indemnity or liquidation income and so on within the territory of China”; “Foreign investors shall not invest in any field with investment prohibited by the negative list for foreign investment access. Foreign investors shall meet the investment conditions stipulated under the negative list for any field with investment restricted by the negative list for foreign investment access”; “In formulating normative documents concerning foreign investment, the people’s governments at all levels and their departments concerned shall comply with laws and regulations, and if there are no laws or administrative regulations to serve as the basis, they shall not impair foreign-funded enterprises’ legitimate rights and interests or increase their obligations, set any market access and exit conditions, or intervene the normal production and operation activities of any foreign-funded enterprise.”

The Foreign Investment Law leaves uncertainty with respect to whether foreign investors-controlled PRC onshore variable interest entities via contractual arrangements will be recognized as “foreign investment”. Although the Foreign Investment Law clearly stipulates: “The state implements the management system of pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list for foreign investment. ... Negative list refers to the quasi-special management measures for foreign investment in specific fields stipulated by the state. The state grants national treatment to foreign investment that is not on the negative list.” The VIE model or VIE structure will continue to exist according to the principle of “access if it is not prohibited”. If our control over the VIE through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of the VIE is restricted or prohibited from foreign investment under the “negative list” effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over the VIE may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operation and financial conditions.

The PRC government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we conduct our business activities. The PRC government may also intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and our ADSs could decline in value or become worthless.

We are currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities for the VIE Agreements; however, if the VIE or the holding company were required to obtain approval in the future and were denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, continue to offer securities to investors, and that will materially affect the interest of the investors and cause significantly depreciation of our price of ADSs.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in our operations in China.

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For example, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2, 2021, that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that the company’s app be removed from smartphone app stores. Similarly, our business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the regions in which we operate. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply.

Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government for any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States or enter into VIE Agreements in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC federal or local government to obtain such permission and has not received any denial for or entering into VIE Agreements, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry. Recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent, and the PRC government may take actions to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. On February 17, 2023, China Securities Regulatory Commission issued the “Trial Measures for the Management of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises” and supporting regulatory guidelines, marking the formal shift to the filing system of overseas listing of domestic enterprises. Filing is only to increase supervision, does not represent serious restrictions or obstacles to Chinese enterprises in overseas listed investment business. These actions could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

Our microfinance business is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by state, provincial and local government authorities, which may interfere with the way we conduct our business and may negatively impact our financial results.

We are subject to extensive and complex state, provincial and local laws, rules and regulations with regard to our loan operations, capital structure, and allowance for loan losses, among other things. These laws, rules and regulations are issued by different central government ministries and departments, provincial and local governments while enforced by different local authorities.

In addition, it is not clear whether microfinance companies are subject to certain banking regulations that the state-owned and commercial banks are subject to, including the regulation with regard to loan loss reserves. Therefore the interpretation and implementation of such laws, rules and regulations may not be clear and occasionally we have to depend on oral inquiries with local government authorities. As a result of the complexity, uncertainties and constant changes in these laws, rules and regulations, including changes in interpretation and implementation of such, our business activities and growth may be adversely affected if we do not respond to the changes in a timely manner or are found to be in violation of the applicable laws, regulations and policies as a result of a different position from ours taken by the competent authority in the interpretation of such applicable laws, regulations and policies. If we were found not to be in compliance with these laws and regulations, we may be subject to sanctions by regulatory authorities, monetary penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operation and profitability.

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Fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rate between U.S. Dollars and Renminbi could adversely affect our financial condition.

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate. Exchange rates are affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of foreign currencies. Following the removal of the U.S. dollar peg, the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over three years. From July 2008 until June 2010, however, the RMB traded stably within a narrow range against the U.S. dollar. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation of the RMB against foreign currencies. On June 20, 2010, the PBOC announced that the PRC government would reform the RMB exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. On August 11, 2015, the PBOC led central parity quoting banks to further improve the formation mechanism of the RMB against the US dollar, indicating that the central parity quoting price shall be decided with reference to the closing price on the previous trading day. On December 11, 2015, the China Foreign Exchange Trade System launched the RMB exchange-rate index, which strengthened the reference to a currency basket to better maintain the stability of the RMB exchange rate against the currencies in the basket. As a result, the CNY/USD central parity formation mechanism of “closing rate + exchange-rate movements of a basket of currencies” was developed. In June 2016, the Foreign Exchange Self-Disciplinary Mechanism was established, allowing financial institutions to play a more important role in maintaining orderly operations in the foreign-exchange market and in an environment for fair competition. In February 2017, the Foreign Exchange Self-Disciplinary Mechanism adjusted the reference period for the central parity against the currency basket from 24 hours ahead of submitting the quotes to 15 hours between the closing on the previous trading day and the submission of the quotes, which avoided repeated references to the daily movements of the USD exchange rate in the central parity of the following day. According to the Annual Report on Exchange Rate Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (2019), which was published in August 2020 by the International Monetary Fund China’s exchange rate regime was classified as “other management floating arrangements” (comparing to prior to June 2018, which was classified as “crawl-like arrangements”). This exchange rate arrangement has medium to high intensive elasticity. In fact, the current daily fluctuation range of the RMB exchange rate against the US dollar limits to 2% up and down, and the formation mechanism of the intermediate exchange rate is not completely marketized. The flexibility of the RMB exchange rate against the US dollar may exhibit farther two-way fluctuations. We cannot predict how this new policy and mechanism will affect the RMB exchange rate.

Our revenues and costs are mostly denominated in the RMB, and substantially all of our financial assets are also denominated in the RMB. Any significant fluctuations in the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may materially adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position, and the amount of and any dividends we may pay on our ordinary shares in U.S. dollars. In addition, any fluctuations in the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar could result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests and exercising your rights as a shareholder since we conduct all of our operations in China, and all of our officers and our Chairman reside outside the United States. It may also be difficult for you or overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Dunxin was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and we conduct all of our operations in China through Chutian, the VIE in China. In addition, all of our officers and our chairman reside outside the United States and substantially all of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to conduct due diligence on the business or attend shareholders meetings if such meetings are held in China, and it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon those persons inside mainland China. It may be difficult for you to enforce judgements obtained in U.S. courts based on civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, as none of them currently resides in the U.S. or has substantial assets in the U.S. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation doing business entirely or predominantly within the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security, or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

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In 2017, Wuhan Intermediate People's Court in Wuhan, where the city Chutian, the VIE in China located, recognized for the first time the validity of a commercial judgment made by an American court in accordance with the principle of reciprocity.

It may also be difficult for you or overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with its counterparts of another country or region to monitor and oversee cross-border securities activities, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of a practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or “Article 177,” which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Article 177 further provides that Chinese entities and individuals are not allowed to provide documents or materials related to securities business activities to foreign agencies without prior consent from the securities regulatory authority of the State Council and the competent departments of the State Council. While detailed interpretation of or implementing rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

A severe and prolonged global financial crisis, or economic recession and the slowdown in the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We operate our business in the PRC. The growth of the Chinese economy has slowed down since 2012 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth was 3% in 2022. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. In addition, there have also been concerns on the relationship between China and the U.S. following rounds of tariffs imposed by the U.S and retaliatory tariffs imposed by China. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be contained or resolved, and what effects they may have on the global political and economic conditions in the long term. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs in a number of ways, including:

● we may face severe challenges, loss of customers and other operation risks during the global financial crisis and economic downturn;

● under difficult economic conditions, borrowers may seek to reduce the loan size or discontinue borrowings; and

● financing and other sources of liquidity may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.

These risks may be exacerbated in the event of a prolonged economic downturn or financial crisis. Our customers may reduce or delay their borrowings, while we may have difficulty expanding our borrowers fast enough, or at all, to offset the impact of decreased loans. In addition, to the extent borrowers’ experiences financial difficulties due to the economic slowdown, we could have difficulty collecting payment from the borrower.

Any adverse changes in political policies of the PRC government could negatively impact China’s overall economic growth, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Dunxin is a holding company with substantial operations in the PRC. China’s economy differs from the economies of most other countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement in the economy, the general level of economic development, growth rates and government control of foreign exchange and the allocation of resources. The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Any actions and policies adopted by the PRC government could negatively impact the Chinese economy, which could materially adversely affect our business.

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China moves to liberalize interest rates and deposit rates may create more competition.

China has been slowly liberalizing its interest rate and deposit rate policies to a market driven policy to try to move away from a policy based on artificially imposed ceiling or floor to a market system policy-based market demands for financial services. This marketization of interest rates and deposit rates may result in increased competition from banks and competitors and the narrowing of the interest rate spread for loan products which may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Future inflation in China may inhibit economic activity and adversely affect our operations.

The Chinese economy has experienced periods of rapid expansion in recent years which can lead to high rates of inflation or deflation. This has caused the PRC government to, from time to time, enact various corrective measures designed to restrict the availability of credit or regulate growth and contain inflation. High inflation may in the future cause the PRC government to once again impose controls on credit and/or prices, or to take other action, which could inhibit economic activity in China. Any action on the part of the PRC government that seeks to control credit and/or prices may materially adversely affect our business operations.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investments in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies may delay or prevent Dunxin from using proceeds from future financing activities to make loans or additional capital contributions to its PRC operating subsidiary.

As an offshore holding company with PRC subsidiary, Dunxin may transfer funds to its PRC subsidiary or finance its operating entity by means of shareholder loans or capital contributions. Any loans to Dunxin’s PRC subsidiary, which are foreign-invested enterprises, shall be limited to within the margin between the total investment and registered capital approved by the examination and approval authorities. Within the scope of the aforementioned margin foreign-invested enterprises may voluntarily contract foreign debts. Where the margin is exceeded, the original examination and approval authorities shall re-conduct appraisal and determination of total investment. Such loan shall be registered with SAFE, or its local counterparts. Furthermore, any capital increase contributions we make to the Company’s PRC subsidiary, which are foreign-invested enterprises, shall be subject to record-filing via the Comprehensive Management System of the MOFCOM. We may not be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. If we fail to receive such registrations or approvals, our ability to provide loans or capital increase contributions to the Company’s PRC subsidiary may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In addition, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Improving and Adjusting the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investments on November 19, 2012, or Circular 59, as amended on May 4, 2015, which requires the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from offshore offerings to be closely examined and the net proceeds to be settled in the manner described in the offering documents. Furthermore, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Reforming the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19 (partially invalid on December 30, 2019), promulgated on March 30, 2015 and taken effect from June 1, 2015, pursuant to which the foreign-invested enterprises shall be allowed to settle their foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis, the RMB funds obtained by foreign-invested enterprises from the discretionary settlement of their foreign exchange capitals shall be managed under the accounts for foreign exchange settlement pending payment, and a foreign-invested enterprise shall truthfully use its capital for its own operational purposes within the scope of business and it shall not, unless otherwise prescribed by laws and regulations use the foregoing funds for investment in securities etc. Besides, SAFE further promulgated a Notice on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement, or Circular 16, on June 9, 2016, according to which a domestic institution shall use foreign exchange earnings under capital account within its business scope and in a truthful manner for proprietary purposes and a bank shall not process foreign exchange settlement or payment formalities for a domestic institution that applies for the payment and settlement of all of its foreign exchange earnings under capital account in one lump-sum or the payment of all RMB funds in its Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment, if the domestic institution is unable to provide relevant materials in proof of transaction authenticity.

Circular 59, Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to effectively use the proceeds from future financing activities as the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (“WFOE”) may not convert the funds received from us in foreign currencies into RMB or may not use the RMB funds obtained from foreign exchange settlement for certain purposes, which may materially adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

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The disclosures in our reports and other filings with the SEC and our other public pronouncements are not subject to the scrutiny of any regulatory bodies in the PRC.

We are regulated by the SEC and our reports and other filings with the SEC are subject to SEC review in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our SEC filings and other disclosure and public pronouncements are not subject to the review or scrutiny of any PRC regulatory authority. For example, the disclosure in our SEC reports and other filings are not subject to the review by CSRC, a PRC regulator that is tasked with oversight of the capital markets in China. Accordingly, you should review our SEC reports, filings and our other public pronouncements with the understanding that no local regulator has done any review of the Company, our SEC reports, other filings or any of our other public pronouncements.

The PRC government has increasingly strengthened oversight in offerings conducted overseas or on foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The PRC government has recently indicated an intent to take actions to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For example, on July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, or the Opinions. These Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On December 24, 2021, the CSRC issued the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), collectively the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, for public comment until January 23, 2022.

Following issuance of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Notice on Filing Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “CSRC Filing Notice”), stating that the CSRC has published the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”) and five supporting guidelines (the “Listing Guidelines”), collectively the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines. Among others, the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines provide that overseas offerings and listings by PRC domestic companies shall:

(i)	require submission of relevant materials that contain a filing report and a legal opinion, providing truthful, accurate and complete information on matters including but not limited to the shareholders of the issuer. Where the filing documents are complete and in compliance with stipulated requirements, the CSRC shall, within 20 working days after receipt of filing documents, conclude the filing procedure and publish filing results on the CSRC website. Where filing documents are incomplete or do not conform to stipulated requirements, the CSRC shall request supplementation and amendment thereto within five working days after receipt of the filing documents. The issuer should then complete supplementation and amendment within 30 working days;
(ii)	abide by laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules concerning foreign investment in China, state-owned asset administration, industry regulation and outbound investment, and shall not disrupt the PRC domestic market order, harm state or public interests or undermine the lawful rights and interests of PRC domestic investors;
(iii)	abide by national secrecy laws and relevant provisions. Necessary measures shall be taken to fulfill confidentiality obligations. Divulgence of state secrets or working secrets of government agencies is strictly prohibited. Provision of personal information and important data, etc., to overseas parties in relation to overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies shall be in compliance with applicable laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; and
(iv)	be made in strict compliance with relevant laws, administrative regulations and rules concerning national security in the spheres of foreign investment, cybersecurity, data security, etc., and issuers shall duly fulfill their obligations to protect national security. If the intended overseas offering and listing necessitates a national security review, relevant security review procedures shall be completed according to the law before the application for such offering and listing is submitted to any overseas parties such as securities regulatory agencies and trading venues;

The Trial Measures have been implemented on March 31, 2023. PRC domestic companies seeking to offer and list securities (which, for the purposes of the Trial Measures, are defined thereunder as equity shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible to equity shares, and other equity securities that are offered and listed overseas, either directly or indirectly, by PRC domestic companies) in overseas markets, either via direct or indirect means, must file with the CSRC within three working days after their application for an overseas listing is submitted.

The Trial Measures provide that where a PRC domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic entity responsible, file with the CSRC. The Trial Measures stipulate that an overseas listing will be determined as “indirect” if the issuer meets both of the following conditions: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year are accounted for by PRC domestic companies (“Condition I”), and (2) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the PRC, or its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operations and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in the PRC (“Condition II”); whether Chinese citizens from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau are included in the foregoing specification is not specified. The determination as to whether or not an overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies is indirect shall be made on a ‘substance over form’ basis; the Listing Guidelines further stipulate that if an issuer not satisfying Condition I submits an application for issuance and listing in overseas markets in accordance with relevant non-PRC issuance regulations requiring such issuer to disclose risk factors mainly related to the PRC, the securities firm(s) and the issuer’s PRC counsel should follow the principle of ‘substance over form’ in order to identify and argue whether the issuer should complete a filing under the Trial Measures.

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Subsequent securities offerings of an issuer in (i) the same overseas market where it has previously offered and listed securities, and (ii) an overseas market other than one where the issuer has previously offered and listed securities shall be filed with the CSRC within three working days after offerings are completed. Additionally, the Trial Measures stipulate that after an issuer has offered and listed securities in an overseas market, the issuer shall submit a report to the CSRC within three working days after the occurrence and public disclosure of (i) a change of control thereof, (ii) investigations of or sanctions imposed on the issuer by overseas securities regulators or relevant competent authorities, (iii) changes of listing status or transfers of listing segment, and (iv) a voluntary or mandatory delisting.

The CSRC Filing Notice states that, beginning from March 31, 2023, PRC domestic enterprises which have already issued and listed securities overseas and fall within the scope of filing under the Trial Measures shall be considered “existing enterprises” (“Existing Listed Enterprises”). Existing Listed Enterprises are not required to complete filings immediately; rather, Existing Listed Enterprises should complete filings if they are subsequently involved in matters require filings, such as follow-on financing activities, in accordance with the Trial Measures.

There is a possibility that we may be deemed as an Existing Listed Enterprise as defined under the CSRC Filing Notice, and that future offerings of listed securities or listings outside China by us may be subject to CSRC filing requirements in accordance with the Trial Measures. Given that the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines have been introduced recently, and that there remain substantial uncertainties surrounding the enforcement thereof, we cannot assure you that, if required, we would be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, if at all. Further, as of the date of this annual report, the aforementioned Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) issued on December 24, 2021 remain in draft form and final and effective versions are yet to be published.

In addition, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which took effect on February 15, 2022, requires, among others, prior cybersecurity review for online platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information before any public listing in a foreign country. The Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer, effective on September 1, 2022, specify that data controllers and/or critical information infrastructure operators will be subject to security assessment. There remain uncertainties as to whether such measures are applicable to our business.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC and other PRC governmental authorities jointly issued the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Confidentiality Provisions”), which will come into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality Provisions, PRC domestic companies that directly or indirectly conduct overseas offerings and listings shall strictly abide by the laws and regulations on confidentiality when providing or publicly disclosing, whether directly or through their overseas listed entities, materials to securities services providers. In the event such materials contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, PRC domestic companies shall first obtain approval from authorities, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving authority; in the event that such materials, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest, PRC domestic companies shall comply with procedures stipulated by national regulations. PRC domestic companies shall also provide a written statement of the specific sensitive information provided when providing materials to securities service providers, and such written statements shall be retained for inspection. Although the Confidentiality Provisions have been implemented, however the interpretation and implementation remain substantially uncertain.

If (i) we mistakenly conclude that certain regulatory filings, permissions and approvals are not required or (ii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and (iii) we are required to obtain such filings, permissions or approvals in the future, we may be unable to obtain them in a timely manner, or at all, and such filings, permissions or approvals may be denied or rescinded even if obtained. We may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies if we are unable to comply with such requirements, which may result in fines and penalties, restrictions on our operations, having to delist from a stock exchange outside of China, the halting of securities offerings to foreign investors and other actions that could materially and adversely affect our operations and the interest of our investors and cause a significant depreciation in the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under PRC rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires offshore special purpose vehicles that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear. If a governmental approval is required, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for an offering, or a rescission of such CSRC approval if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant PRC regulatory authority, which could include fines and penalties on our and the VIE’s operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our PRC counsel, Hubei Lifeng Law Firm (“Hubei Lifeng”), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, we will not be required to submit an application to the CSRC for the approval under the M&A Rules for an offering because (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States are subject to this regulation; and (ii) we did not acquire any equity interests or assets of a “PRC domestic company” as such terms are defined under the M&A Rules.

However, our PRC counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering, and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC governmental authorities, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel, and hence, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from them. Furthermore, relevant PRC governmental authorities promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, which provided that the administration and supervision of overseas-listed China-based companies will be strengthened, and the special provisions of the State Council on overseas issuance and listing of shares by such companies will be revised, clarifying the responsibilities of domestic industry competent authorities and regulatory authorities. However, the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law were only issued recently, leaving uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of these opinions. It is possible that any new rules or regulations may impose additional requirements on us. In addition, on July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments, according to which, among others, operators of “critical information infrastructure” or data processors holding over one million users’ personal information shall apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any listing on a foreign stock exchange. It is uncertain when the final measures will be issued and take effect, how they will be enacted, interpreted or implemented, and whether they will affect us. If it is determined in the future that CSRC approval or other procedural requirements are required to be met for and prior to an offering, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such procedures and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures for an offering, or a rescission of any such approval, could subject us to sanctions by the relevant PRC governmental authorities. The governmental authorities may impose restrictions and penalties on the Company’s operations in China, such as the suspension of our services, revocation of our licenses, or shutting down part or all of our operations, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from an offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. The PRC governmental authorities may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt an offering before settlement and delivery of the ADSs offered therein. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the PRC governmental authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for filings, registrations or other kinds of authorizations for an offering, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the approval, authorizations, or complete required procedures or other requirements in a timely manner, or at all, or obtain a waiver of the requisite requirements if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver.

The M&A Rules set forth complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The M&A Rules and recently adopted PRC regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that have or may have impact on the national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Mergers or acquisitions that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to MOFCOM when the threshold under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, or the “Prior Notification Rules,” issued by the State Council in August 2008 is triggered. In addition, the Provisions of the Ministry of Commerce on the Implementation of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “Security Review Rules”) issued by MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and the Security Review Rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. In the future, we may grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses, including acquisition of businesses related to supply chain finance. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM or its local counterparts, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. Any delay or inability to obtain applicable approvals to complete acquisitions could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. It is clear that our PRC subsidiaries’ business would not be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. MOFCOM or other government agencies, however, may publish explanations in the future determining that the business of our PRC subsidiary and the VIE is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. In addition, in the future, if any of our acquisitions were subject to the M&A Rules and were found not to be in compliance with the requirements of the M&A Rules, relevant PRC regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects.

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PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents and PRC citizens may increase the administrative burden we face and may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or employees who are stock option holders to personal liabilities, limit the Company’s subsidiary’s abilities to increase its registered capital or distribute profits to us, limit our ability to inject capital into the Company’s PRC subsidiary, or may otherwise expose us to liability under PRC law. 

SAFE has promulgated regulations that require PRC residents and PRC corporate entities to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. These regulations may apply to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. In accordance with the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37 (partially invalid on December 30, 2019), any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is required to update his or her registration with the relevant SAFE branches, with respect to that offshore company, any material change involving an increase or decrease of capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger, division or other material event. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37 requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. At the same time, the registration content is simplified and the registration no longer restricted.

There is uncertainty concerning under what circumstances residents of other countries and regions can be classified as a PRC resident. The PRC government authorities may interpret our beneficial owners’ status differently or their status may change in the future. Moreover, we may not be fully informed of the identities of the beneficial owners of the Company and we cannot assure you that all of our PRC resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE regulations. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to make any required registrations may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, and prevent us from being able to make distributions or pay dividends, as a result of which our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially adversely affected.

On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Issues related to Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Individuals Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or Circular 7. Circular 7 streamlines the foreign exchange control process applicable to share incentive plans implemented by offshore listed companies and extends the foreign exchange registration requirement to a wider range of share incentive plan types and certain foreign nationals residing in China. We and our PRC or foreign employees who may be granted various stock options will be subject to Circular 7 because the Company is an overseas publicly listed company. If we or our PRC or foreign employees fail to comply with such regulation, we or our employees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

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Restrictions on foreign exchange under PRC laws may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies and may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Substantially all of our revenues and operating expenses are denominated in Renminbi. Under the relevant foreign exchange regulations in the PRC, conversion of the Renminbi is permitted, without the need for SAFE approval, for “current account” transactions, which includes dividends, trade, and service-related foreign exchange transactions, subject to procedural requirements including presenting relevant documentary evidence of such transactions and conducting such transactions at designated foreign exchange banks within China who have the licenses to carry out foreign exchange business. Conversion of the Renminbi for “capital account” transactions, which includes foreign direct investment, loans and investment in negotiable instruments, is still subject to significant limitations and requires approvals from and registration with SAFE and other PRC regulatory authorities. Under the Company’s current structure, our source of funds primarily consists of dividend payments from the Company’s subsidiary in the PRC. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet all of our foreign currency obligations or to remit profits out of China. If future changes in relevant regulations were to place restrictions on the ability of the Company’s subsidiary to remit dividend payments to us, our liquidity and ability to satisfy our third-party payment obligations and our ability to distribute dividends in respect of the ADSs could be materially adversely affected.

The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business in China primarily through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and it regulates and may intervene our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Also, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause our securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. Therefore, investors of Dunxin face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

Dunxin may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries or Chutian to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Dunxin is a holding company, and it may rely on dividends from its wholly-owned subsidiaries and service, license and other fees paid to its wholly-owned subsidiary in China by Chutian for its cash requirements, including any debt it may incur. Current PRC regulations permit the Company’s PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, the Company’s PRC subsidiary and Chutian is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital, and each of the Company’s subsidiaries is required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund at the discretion of its board of directors. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if the Company’s PRC subsidiary and Chutian incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect the Company’s PRC subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. Any limitation on the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries to distribute dividends to us or on the ability of Chutian to make payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the EIT Law, which may subject us to PRC income tax for our global income and withholding for any dividends we pay to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”), enterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises,” and will generally be subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate for their global income. Although the term “de facto management bodies” is defined as “management bodies which has substantial and overall management and control power on the operation, human resources, accounting and assets of the enterprise,” the circumstances under which an enterprise’s “de facto management body” would be considered to be located in China are currently unclear. A circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation on April 22, 2009, partially invalid on December 29, 2017, which provides that a foreign enterprise controlled by a PRC company or a PRC company group will be classified as a “resident enterprise” with its “de facto management bodies” located within China if the following requirements are satisfied: (1) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function mainly in the PRC; (2) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (3) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (4) at least half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights reside in the PRC. In addition, the State Administration of Taxation recently promulgated the Interim Provisions on Administration of Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Resident Enterprise Registered Overseas, effective from September 1, 2011, as subsequently amended on June 1, 2015 and June 15, 2018, which clarified certain matters concerning the determination of resident status, administrative matters following this determination, and competent tax authorities. These interim provisions also specify that when an enterprise which is both Chinese-controlled and incorporated outside of mainland China receives PRC-sourced incomes such as dividends and interests, no PRC withholding tax is applicable if such enterprise has obtained a certificate evidencing its status as a PRC resident enterprise which is registered overseas and controlled by Chinese.

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Most members of our management team are based in China and are expected to remain in China. Although our offshore holding companies are not controlled by any PRC company or company group, we cannot assure you that we will not be deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and its implementation rules. If we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, we will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In that case, however, dividend income we receive from the Company’s PRC subsidiary may be exempt from PRC enterprise income tax because the EIT Law and its implementation rules generally provide that dividends received by a PRC resident enterprise from its directly invested entity that is also a PRC resident enterprise is exempt from enterprise income tax. Accordingly, if we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise and earn income other than dividends from the Company’s PRC subsidiary, a 25% enterprise income tax on our global income could significantly increase our tax burden and materially and adversely affect our cash flow and profitability.

In addition, the EIT Law and its implementation rules are relatively new and ambiguities exist with respect to the interpretation of the provisions relating to identification of PRC-sourced income. If we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, dividends distributed to our non-PRC entity investors by us, or the gain our non-PRC entity investors may realize from the transfer of our common shares or ADSs, may be treated as PRC-sourced income and therefore be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax pursuant to the EIT Law and, as a result, the value of your investment may be materially and adversely affected.

We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

Under PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among business entities may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to interpretation. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that some of our business activities are not based on arm’s-length prices and adjust our taxable income accordingly. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties to us for under-paid taxes. Our consolidated net profit in the future may be materially and adversely affected if we are subject to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations. Complying with evolving PRC laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection and other related laws and requirements may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and reputation as well as the trading price of our ADSs, and could also create uncertainties for any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States and affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors outside China.

We receive and process information about our employees, customers and partners, and we may store (or contract with third parties to store) our customers’ data. There are numerous laws governing privacy and the storage, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information and user data. Specifically, personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations in China and elsewhere on the world where we have business operations are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if the relevant governmental authorities in China and elsewhere on the world where we have business operations interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, we may face additional burdens in connection with the PRC laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Regulatory authorities in China have been considering a number of legislative proposals to heighten data protection and cybersecurity regulatory requirements. Since the promulgation of the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which became effective in June 2017, numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures have been and are expected to be adopted under the PRC Cybersecurity Law. In April 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which requires that operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security.

The PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021, imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals that carry out data activities, provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”), which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL sets out the regulatory framework for handling and protection of personal information and transmission of personal information overseas.

On November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China released the Regulations on Network Data Security (draft for public comments) and accepted public comments until December 13, 2021. The draft Regulations on Network Data Security provide that data processors refer to individuals or organizations that autonomously determine the purpose and the manner of processing data. If a data processor that processes personal data of more than one million users intends to list overseas, it shall apply for a cybersecurity review. In addition, data processors that process important data or are listed overseas shall carry out an annual data security assessment on their own or by engaging a data security services institution, and the data security assessment report for the prior year should be submitted to the local cyberspace affairs administration department before January 31 of each year.

On December 28, 2021, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was promulgated and became effective on February 15, 2022, which iterates that any “online platform operators” controlling personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. We do not believe we are among the “operator of critical information infrastructure” or “data processor” as mentioned above, however, Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was recently adopted and the Network Internet Data Protection Draft Regulations (draft for comments) is in the process of being formulated and the Opinions remain unclear on how it will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC governmental authorities.

Moreover, the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council on July 6, 2021 call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As of the date of this annual report, no official guidance and related implementation rules have been issued in relation to these recently issued opinions and the interpretation and implementation of the Opinions remain unclear at this stage.

We do not believe we are required to obtain any permission from any PRC governmental authorities to offer securities to foreign investors. We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China regarding any necessary approvals from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, including offering securities to foreign investors. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities. However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. If it is determined in the future that the approval of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or any other regulatory authority is required for any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from an securities offering that is conducted in the United States into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States before settlement and delivery of our securities. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for any securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.

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If we become directly subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve any related issues, which could materially adversely impact our business operations, our reputation, and the trading price of its ADSs.

Certain U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has been centered around financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of certain U.S.-listed Chinese companies has sharply decreased in value. Certain companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on our business and the trading price of our ADSs. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend the Company. This situation will be costly and time consuming and distract our management from growing the company. Such allegations may materially adversely impact our business operations, our reputation, and the trading price of our ADSs.

U.S. regulatory bodies may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of the Company’s operations in China.

Any disclosure of documents or information located in China by foreign agencies may be subject to jurisdiction constraints and must comply with China’s state secrecy laws, which broadly define the scope of “state secrets” to include matters involving economic interests and technologies. There is no guarantee that requests from U.S. federal or state regulators or agencies to investigate or inspect our operations will be honored by us, by entities who provide services to us or with whom we associate, without violating PRC legal requirements, especially as those entities are located in China. Furthermore, under the current PRC laws, an on-site inspection of our facilities by any of these regulators may be limited or prohibited.

Our ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply a minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or the board of directors for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditor. On October 4, 2021, the SEC approved Nasdaq’s revised proposal for the rule changes.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”) requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act. On December 18, 2020, the HFCA Act was signed into law.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced the adoption of interim final amendments to implement the submission and disclosure requirements of the HFCA Act. In the announcement, the SEC clarifies that before any issuer will have to comply with the interim final amendments, the SEC must implement a process for identifying covered issuers. The announcement also states that the SEC staff is actively assessing how best to implement the other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the identification process and the trading prohibition requirements.

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On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the delisting of our Company and the prohibition of trading in our securities if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm at such future time.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the board of directors of a company is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act, which became effective on January 10, 2022. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. For example, on December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that the Board is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The Board made these determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCA Act.

The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our Ordinary Shares to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our auditor, Enrome LLP (“Enrome”). the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Singapore, and subject to PCAOB inspection on a regular basis. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor and our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to the listing and trading of our securities and we cannot assure you whether regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us since the majority of our operations are conducted in China. Furthermore, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm in the future, the HFCA Act, which requires that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect an issuer’s public accounting firm within two years, as amended, will prohibit trading in our securities, and, as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our securities and trading in our securities could be prohibited.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of accounting firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.

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Changes in U.S. and Chinese regulations or in relations between the United States and China may adversely impact our business, our operating results, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our ADSs. Any such changes may take place quickly and with very little notice.

The U.S. government, including the SEC, has recently made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to significant changes to U.S. and international relations, and will impact companies with connections to the United States or China. It is unknown whether and to what extent new tariffs (or other new laws or regulations will be adopted, or the effect that any such actions would have on us or our industry and users. Although cross-border business may not be an area of our major focus, if we increase the selling of our products internationally in the future, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact the competitive position of our products or prevent us from being able to sell products in certain countries. If any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if the U.S. government takes retaliatory trade actions due to the recent U.S.-China trade tension, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations.

In addition, the SEC has issued statements primarily focused on companies with significant China-based operations, such as us. For example, on July 30, 2021, Gary Gensler, Chairman of the SEC, issued a Statement on Investor Protection Related to Recent Developments in China, pursuant to which Chairman Gensler stated that he has asked the SEC staff to engage in targeted additional reviews of filings for companies with significant China-based operations. The statement also addressed risks inherent in companies with VIE structures. It is possible that the Company’s filings with the SEC may be subject to enhanced review by the SEC and this additional scrutiny could affect our ability to effectively raise capital in the United States.

In response to the SEC’s July 30, 2021 statement, the CSRC announced on August 1, 2021, that “[i]t is our belief that Chinese and U.S. regulators shall continue to enhance communication with the principle of mutual respect and cooperation, and properly address the issues related to the supervision of China-based companies listed in the U.S. so as to form stable policy expectations and create benign rules framework for the market.” While the CSRC will continue to collaborate “closely with different stakeholders including investors, companies, and relevant authorities to further promote transparency and certainty of policies and implementing measures,” it emphasized that it “has always been open to companies’ choices to list their securities on international or domestic markets in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.” If any new legislation, executive orders, laws and/or regulations are implemented, if the U.S. or Chinese governments take retaliatory actions due to the recent U.S.-China tension or if the Chinese government exerts more oversight and control over securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our ADSs.

Risk Factors Related to Our Business

Current ongoing litigation and future litigation, administrative proceedings or legal proceedings resulting from our lending business and liquidity issues have had, may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our lending business, financial conditions and operating results.

We have been, and continue to be, involved in legal proceedings, administrative proceedings, claims and other litigation that arise in the ordinary course of business. We may choose to litigate against individuals and companies for unpaid loans that are incidental to our lending business. In addition, our lenders and service providers may choose to litigate against us for loans, unpaid fees and other payment obligations that we accrue during the course of our lending business. Since 2019, we have been subject to multiple actions, claims and orders as a result of overdue payments and loan payables to our lenders and service providers. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate maximum amount of claims we were potentially subject to was RMB98.1 million ($14.2 million). During the course of ongoing legal proceedings, deposits in our bank accounts and properties have been frozen or seized during pre-litigation by court order. Such orders had a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and therefore may further affect our liquidity, which may lead to additional legal proceedings against us. Our failure to pay judgments could result in additional seizure of property, freezing of bank deposits and issuances of restrictive court orders which would have a material adverse effect on our business and our operations. In addition, judgments ordering the payment of our obligations or accrual of interest for unpaid payments during current or future litigations would further adversely affect our financial conditions and operating results.

We have experienced and continue to experience severe liquidity issues resulting from our inability to timely collect payments of loan principal and interest as well as assets and cash being frozen as a result of involvement in various litigation. If we are unable to generate or raise additional working capital, we will be unable to fully fund our operations and to otherwise execute our business plan, leading to the further reduction or suspension of our operations and ultimately our going out of business.

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In the beginning of 2019, we began to default in certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With our loans receivables continuing to be further credit-impaired, we have defaulted on all of our outstanding loans. Our liquidity issues have further severely affected our ability to pay taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of our obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings against us were initiated by our shareholders, service providers and others. COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated our liquidity issues since we have experienced great difficulty in timely collecting payments of loan principal and interest. As a result of the severe financial restraint, we suspended our offering of loans in the second half year of 2019 and do not expect to resume our loan offerings until most of existing our loan and interest receivable recovers and overall liquidity improves.

We have taken intensive measures to control and cut down costs and expenses and strengthened efforts on collection of loan payables and monetizing loan collaterals as well as secured financial support from related parties. We believe that our currently available working capital and source of funds will be sufficient to operate our business for at least the next twelve months. However, should our efforts to collect loan payments turn out to be unsuccessful, our costs and expenses prove to be greater than we currently anticipate, or should we change our current business plan in a manner that will increase or accelerate our anticipated costs and expenses, the depletion of our working capital would be accelerated.

To the extent it becomes necessary to raise additional cash in the future as our current cash and working capital resources are depleted, we will seek to raise it through the public or private sale of assets, debt or equity securities, funding from shareholders and related parties, debt financing or short-term loans, or a combination of the foregoing. We currently do not have any binding commitments for, or readily available sources of, additional financing. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to secure the additional cash or working capital we may require to continue our operations. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we will be unable to fully fund our operations and to otherwise execute our business plan, leading to the further reduction or suspension of our operations and ultimately our going out of business.

COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our financial and operating performance.

Since December 2019, COVID-19 has become widespread in China and many other countries. The pandemic has resulted in mandatory quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and facilities in China and other parts of the world for the past few months, and certain areas remain subject to such heightened measures. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic. As a company headquartered in Wuhan, the epicenter of the pandemic in 2020, with substantially all operating activities, revenues and workforce in Wuhan, our results of operations and financial outlook were materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 including, but not limited to, delays in loan payments and collection of accounts receivable, and decrease in business development.

The outbreak of COVID-19 and the resulting widespread health crisis has also adversely affected economies and financial markets globally, which could result in an economic downturn that could affect our operations and future revenue and operating results.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE have undertaken a series of mitigating initiates and efforts to alleviate impact of COVID -19 on our business, including but not limited to, proactively working with our customers to collect payments and renegotiating of the repayment schedule with our creditors as well as carefully controlling our administrative expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic has material impacts on our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE’s financial positions and operating results.

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The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our results of operations in 2023 will depend on the future developments of the outbreak. The outlook for COVID-19 remains fluid and its long-term implications on our business and results of operations are uncertain. The extent to which this outbreak impacts our results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information on the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies, the duration, spread, severity, and recurrence of COVID-19, and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, which may also take an extended period of time to be widely and adequately distributed. After the initial outbreak of COVID-19, from time to time, some instances of COVID-19 infections have emerged in various regions of China, including the infections caused by the Omicron variants in 2022, and varying levels of temporary restrictions and other measures were reinstated to contain the infections, including those in Shanghai in March 2022. A potential COVID-19 resurgence may negatively affect our business and operating results. In addition, the continued uncertainties associated with COVID-19 may cause our PRC subsidiaries’ and the VIE’s revenue and cash flows to underperform in the next 12 months. The extent of any future impact of COVID-19 on our PRC subsidiaries’ and the VIE’s business operations is still highly uncertain and cannot be predicted as of the date of this annual report. We are closely monitoring the pandemic and its impact on us.

We have experienced an increase in delinquency rates on loans from borrowers since 2019, which have materially and adversely affected our business and results of operations.

We have experienced an increase in delinquency rates on loans from borrowers since 2019. Starting in January 2020, the outbreak and widespread of COVID-19 has significantly impacted the Chinese economy. The government measures designed to control the spread of the virus have also resulted in a decline in economic activities in China, in particular in Wuhan, the epicenter of the pandemic in 2020 as well as a city where substantially all our operating activities, workforce and borrowers are concentrated. The economic downturn and government lockdown, travel restrictions and quarantines have further adversely impacted the ability of our borrowers to pay our loans, which led to a higher level of delinquency in our outstanding loans. Our borrowers’ failure to timely and fully make payments of loan principal and interest further exacerbates our liquidity issues resulting from the freezing of our cash and assets by court orders and have materially and adversely affected our cash flows and results of operations.

Our failure to pay taxes may result in penalties, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. 

In accordance with the Law of the PRC on the Administration of Tax Collection and its Implementation Regulations, where a taxpayer or a withholding agent fails to pay or underpays the amount of tax that should be paid or remitted within the specified time, the tax authorities shall order the taxpayer or withholding agent to pay or remit the tax within the specified time limit, and impose a penalty for late payment on a daily basis at the rate of 0.05% of the amount of tax in arrears from the date the tax payment is defaulted. If the taxpayer or withholding agent still fails to do so on the expiration of the time limit, the tax authorities may recover such unpaid taxes by adopting compulsory enforcement measures, and impose a fine of not less than 50 percent but not more than five times the amount of tax the taxpayer or withholding agent fails to pay or underpays or fails to remit.

As of December 31, 2022, the VIE, Chutian, had failed to pay its income tax in the aggregate amount of RMB32.5 million payable to the China State Administration of Taxation due to liquidity issues. As of the date of this annual report, Chutian still owes taxes in the amount of RMB32.5 million. We are actively communicating with the local tax authorities, and making efforts to pay the balance as soon as possible.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any order or notice from the local tax authorities to set a specific time limit for us to pay the outstanding taxes referenced above, or impose any penalty for the late tax payment, but we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any order to pay the taxes within a specific time limit. Despite our efforts to minimize the impact of this matter on us, there are uncertainties whether we will have enough funds to make the tax payment within the time limit set by the tax authorities. If we fail to do so, the tax authorities may recover such unpaid taxes and late payment fees by adopting compulsory enforcement measures such as withholding the taxes from the Company’s bank account, or sealing up, auctioning or disposing of the Company’s properties. In addition, the tax authorities may even impose a fine on us as prescribed by the laws. If any of the above were to occur, our business, operations and financial position would be materially and adversely affected.

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Due to severe financial constraints, we have been unable to pay our employees on regularly scheduled payment dates. Non-compliance with labor-related laws and regulations of the PRC may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operation.

We are subject to the PRC Labor Contract Law, which governs how and when wages are paid to our employees. Due to the severe financial constraints, we did not pay our employees on regularly scheduled payment dates. If we are found not to be in compliance with the Labor Contract Law and were to assess a penalty against us for our failure to pay the wages we owe on a timely basis, our actual liability could be in excess of due amount. We also might be subject to claims from employees due to late payment of their wages.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely impacted.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm may audit and report on the effectiveness of a public company’s internal control over financial reporting except where the public company is a non-accelerated filer. We are currently a non-accelerated filer.

Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” Such management report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm, as we are a non-accelerated filer. We may fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level in the future. This could in turn result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs and use significant management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We have previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not remediated, could result in additional material misstatements in our financial statements.

Historically, our management identified and evaluated the control deficiencies that gave rise to the accounting errors, and concluded that those deficiencies, collectively, represented material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. These deficiencies were remediated and we did not identify material weaknesses as of December 31, 2021 and 2022. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that those material weaknesses identified in 2018 will not be recurring in future.

If material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the material weakness, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence.

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Our independent auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

In their audit report issued in connection with our financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, our independent registered public accounting firm included a going concern explanatory paragraph which stated there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The Company incurred a net loss of RMB30.3 million (US$4.5 million) and RMB128.1 million (US$20.1 million) during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition to the uncertain adverse impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of the Company, there is uncertainty related to the outcome of the lawsuits filed against the Company. We have prepared our financial statements on a going concern basis that contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that would be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern and, therefore, be required to liquidate our assets and discharge our liabilities in other than the normal course of business and at amounts different from those reflected in our financial statements. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, our stockholders may lose all or a substantial portion or all of their investment.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We commenced operations in early 2013 and have a limited operating history. Our revenue was RMB105.6 million, RMB20.6 million ($3.2 million) and RMB44.8 million (US$6.6 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. It is difficult to evaluate our prospects, as we may not have sufficient experience in addressing the risks to which companies operating in new and rapidly evolving markets such as the microfinance industry may be exposed. We will continue to encounter risks and difficulties that companies at a similar stage of development frequently experience, including the potential failure to:

● obtain sufficient working capital and increase our registered and paid-up capital to support expansion of our loan portfolio;

● comply with any changes in the laws and regulations of the PRC or local province that may affect our lending operations;

● expand our borrowers base;

● maintain adequate control of default risks and expenses allowing us to realize anticipated revenue growth;

● implement our customer development, risk management and acquisition strategies and adapt and modify them as needed;

● integrate any future acquisitions; and

● anticipate and adapt to changing conditions in the Chinese lending industry resulting from changes in government regulations, mergers and acquisitions involving our competitors, and other significant competitive and market dynamics.

The Company’s headquarters, borrowers and operations are located in Wuhan, China, the epicenter for the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In 2021 and 2022, despite the fact that pandemic is under stable control in China, the Company’s borrowers and operations still have been significantly disrupted. All of our customers are located in Wuhan, China, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced economic activity and quarantines imposed by the Chinese government, our customers’ business operations, financial conditions and cash flows were materially adversely affected, which, in turn, materially adversely affected our collection of interest and principal on our loans to customers.

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If we are unable to address any or all of the foregoing risks, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Potential dispute over ownership of Chutian may adversely affect our business.

In April 2018, Chutian and Hubei Daily Media Group (“Hubei Daily”) signed a share transfer agreement which would allow Hubei Daily to exit from its ownership of Chutian. The agreement was for Hubei Daily to sell their interest to Hubei New Nature Investment Co. Ltd., a company that is 80% owned by former Chairman Wei. However, as the share transfer did not obtain the approval from the relevant authorities and the consideration was not paid in full, the transaction was not completed and inconclusive. As such, Hubei Daily is still a shareholder of Chutian and Hubei Daily may continue to seek to liquidate its position in Chutian, which could adversely affect our business and operations.

We have very limited cash and we need additional capital which, if obtained, could result in dilution or significant debt service obligations. We may not be able to obtain additional capital on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial position.

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash balances totaled RMB295,000 (US$43,000), compared to RMB396,000 (US$62,000) as of December 31, 2021.

We have historically met our cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, loans payable from third parties raised through various securities exchanges, loans from shareholders and loans from related parties. The cash requirements are generally for operating activities and repayments of loans from third parties, related parties and shareholders. Ever since, securities exchanges have ceased offering any form of financing to us through their platforms and our loan receivables were credit-impaired, the Company ran into severe liquidity issue. In the beginning of 2019, the Company began to default in certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With loans receivables continued to be further credit-impaired, all obligations of loans payable were defaulted. The liquidity issue of the Company has further severely affected its ability to pay its taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of its obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings were initiated by its shareholders, service providers and others against the Company (see Note 28 of the Consolidated Financial Statements - Legal proceedings for detailed disclosure). As a result, we require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments. If our current resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations and liquidity.

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In addition, our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including conditions of the market, our future results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and PRC governmental regulation of foreign investment in microfinance service companies in China.

We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure to raise additional funds on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

We rely heavily on loans to our customers in Wuhan City. Failure to maintain or increase our lending to our customers may adversely affect our results of operations.

We generate substantially all of our interest income from loans to customers in Wuhan City, Hubei Province. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining or increasing our lending to our customers in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially adversely affected. Further, all of our customers are located in Wuhan, China, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, government lockdown, travel restrictions and quarantines imposed by the Chinese government, our customers’ business operations, financial conditions and cash flows were materially adversely affected, which, in turn, materially adversely affected our collection of interest and principal on our loans to customers.

In conducting our business, we face many risks that may interfere with our business objectives. Some of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, we are subject to various risks resulting from changing economic, political, industry, business and financial conditions. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business operations.

Credit loss allowances may not be sufficient to absorb future losses or prevent a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We determine credit loss allowances in accordance with IFRS 9 as follows:

● Stage 1: Expected credit losses are recognized at the time of initial recognition of a financial instrument and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls arising from possible default events for the life of loan from the balance sheet date. Expected credit losses continue to be determined on this basis until there is either a significant increase in the credit risk of an instrument or the instrument becomes credit-impaired.

● Stage 2: If a financial asset experiences a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, an expected credit loss provision is recognized for default events that may occur over the lifetime of the asset. Significant increase in credit risk is assessed by comparing the risk of default of an exposure at the reporting date to the risk of default at origination (after taking into account the passage of time). Significant does not mean statistically significant nor is it assessed in the context of changes in expected credit loss. Whether a change in the risk of default is significant or not is assessed using a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, the weight of which depends on the type of product and counterparty. Financial assets that are 30 or more days past due and not credit-impaired will always be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

● Stage 3: Financial assets that are credit-impaired (or in default) represent those that are past due more than the historical average collection period for past due loans, but not to exceed the original contractual loan terms. Financial assets are also considered to be credit-impaired where the obligors are unlikely to pay on the occurrence of one or more observable events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event but instead the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

● Loss provisions against credit-impaired financial assets are determined based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

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However, our credit loss allowance may not be sufficient to absorb future loan losses or prevent a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, borrowers are located in Wuhan, China, due to the government lockdown, travel restrictions and quarantines imposed by the Chinese government in Wuhan, China, the business operations, financial conditions and cash flows of our borrowers were materially adversely affected, the impact of COVID-19 may have exacerbated the conditions of our credit-impaired loans and hence increase the insufficiency of our credit loss allowance.

While they do not directly impact our IFRS financial statements, we are also subject to regulatory accounting requirements. Pursuant to Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province jointly issued by the Financial Affairs Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province on May 13, 2009, we should make sufficient credit loss allowances. As of December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, credit loss allowance of RMB478.8 million, RMB597.9 million ($93.8 million) and RMB640.3 million ($92.8 million) were provided, respectively, which represented 42.0%, 51.9% and 53.5%of our outstanding loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, delinquent loans that were subject to 100% loan loss allowance, were RMB111.8 million, RMB158.7 million ($24.9 million) and RMB176.6 million ($25.6 million), respectively.

While we believe that our management uses the best information available to make credit loss allowance evaluations, adjustments to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and other conditions or change in accounting guidance, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial conditions.

We used to heavily rely on obtaining our funding from creditors through various securities exchanges in China. Inability to obtain financing from these securities exchanges or creditors has materially and adversely affected our liquidity and our results of operations.

According to Article 2 and 4 of Provisional Administrative Working Guidance for Utilization of Capital Market by Microfinance Companies in Wuhan, promulgated on October 13, 2015, debt financing instruments referred to issuance of debt financing instruments including private placing bonds, by microfinance companies at legally established open exchange markets, including but not limited to Beijing Securities Exchange and Wuhan Securities Exchange. Total financing (excludes financing provided from shareholders) of the microfinance company acquired from bonds, funds from banking financial institutions and buy-back, shall not exceed 150% of its net capital. Total financing provided by legal person shareholders shall not exceed 50% of its net capital.

We used to obtain substantially all of our funding from creditors through various securities exchanges in China.

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However, we have defaulted on repayment of our loans payable to our creditors since 2019 and, as a result, these securities exchanges have since ceased offering any form of financing to us through their platforms. Our ability in obtaining funding from creditors through these securities exchanges is no longer viable, our business and results of operations are materially and adversely affected.

There are no nationwide laws or regulations that govern our industry.

As of December 2022, there was no administrative regulatory authority for the microfinance industry at the national level. According to the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies, jointly issued by the CBRC and the PBOC on May 4, 2008, (Yin Jian Fa No. [2008] 23), any provincial government that is able to assign a department, financial office or other similar authority to take charge of the supervision and administration of microfinance companies and is willing to assume the responsibility of risk management of microfinance companies may formulate pilot rules and measures in relation to the incorporation of such companies within the province, autonomous region or municipalities directly under the PRC government.

Therefore, the microfinance industry in the PRC is primarily regulated by the financial offices and other similar authorities of the provincial governments of the relevant provinces. On February 6, 2013, we were issued an Official Reply (E Jin Ban Fa No. [2013]14) by the Financial Office of People’s Government of Hubei, which approved us under the pilot program as a microfinance lender, as proposed by the Wuchang People’s Government. As such, we are not required to obtain any other operation approvals or qualification for conducting our business after receiving the approval of establishment. However, any changes at the national or provincial level relating to the regulation of the microfinance industry may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We do not strictly adhere to one of the principles under Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province, and may be deemed not be in compliance with the provincial local regulatory policies.

One of the provisions of the Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province provides that “when granting loans, microfinance companies shall adhere to the principle of “small sum and decentralization”. Microfinance companies are encouraged to provide credit services for farmers and mini-size enterprises and make more efforts in increasing their number of clients and enlarging the coverage of services. 70% of the outstanding loan balance of the microfinance company shall be applied to borrowers of a single account whose balance of the loan is no more than RMB0.5 million, while the rest may be applied to other borrowers, provided that loans to any of such borrowers shall not exceed 5% of the net capital”. Currently, we do not strictly adhere to this principle of “small sum and decentralization” since some of our loans balance to borrowers of a single account is more than RMB0.5 million. As a result, the provincial local regulatory authorities may have the discretion to determine that we are not in compliance with the provincial local regulatory policies. Although we have not received any notices, warnings or inquiries from provincial local regulatory authorities, there is no assurance that we will not be subject to fines, penalties, rectification by the provincial local regulatory authorities, or have our business suspended or license revoked if we do not rectify its deficiencies after receiving notice from such authorities. Any of these occurrences would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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Our current operations in China are territorially limited to the Hubei Province.

In accordance with the PRC state and provincial laws and regulations relating to microfinance companies, we are not allowed to make loans to businesses and individuals located outside of Hubei Province. Our business and future growth opportunities depend on the growth and stability of the economy in Hubei Province. A downturn in the local economy or the implementation of local policies unfavorable to SMEs will cause a decrease in the demand for our loan and will negatively affect borrowers’ ability to repay their loans on a timely basis, both of which will have a negative impact on our profitability and business.

The Company’s headquarters, borrowers and operations are located in Wuhan, China, the epicenter for the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant negative impact on our ability to collect payments for loan principal and interest, cashflow, financial conditions and business operations.

Changes in the interest rates and spread could have a negative impact on our revenues and results of operations.

Our revenues and financial condition are dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans we provide and interest paid to the borrowings we obtained from various individuals and companies through securities exchanges. The narrowing interest rate spread could adversely affect our earnings and financial conditions. If we are not able to control our funding costs or adjust our lending interest rate in a timely manner, our interest margin will decline.

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Our business is subject to greater credit risks than larger lenders, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

There are inherent risks associated with lending activities, including credit risk, which is the risk that borrowers may not repay the outstanding loans in our direct loan business. As a microfinance company, we extend credit to small and medium-sized enterprises, farmers and individuals. These borrowers generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and may have fewer financial resources to weather a downturn in the economy. Such borrowers may expose us to greater credit risks than lenders lending to larger, better-capitalized state-owned businesses with longer operating histories. Conditions such as inflation, economic downturn, local policy change, adjustment of industrial structure and other factors beyond our control may increase our credit risk more than such events would affect larger lenders.

In addition, approximately 100% of our revenue was generated from business operations in Wuhan City in 2022. Therefore, our ability to diversify our economic risks is limited by the local markets and economies. Also, decreases in local real estate value could adversely affect the value of the real property used as collateral in our direct loan business. Such adverse changes in the local economy may have a negative impact on the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We lack product and business diversification. Accordingly, our future revenues and earnings are more susceptible to fluctuations than a more diversified company.

Our primary business activities were offering direct loans to our customers prior to the suspension of our microfinance lending business. If we are unable to maintain and grow the operating revenues from our business, our future revenues and earnings are not likely to grow and could decline. Our lack of product and business diversification could inhibit the opportunities for growth of our business, revenues and profits.

Competition in the microfinance industry is intense and could cause us to lose market share and revenues in the future.

We believe that the microfinance industry is an emerging market in China. According to the PBOC published statistics, as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, a total of 273, 246 and 238 microfinance lending companies were registered in Hubei Province and with the combined total registered and paid-up capital of RMB30.0 billion ($4.6 billion), RMB27.8 billion ($4.4 billion) and RMB27.0 billion ($3.9 billion) among these microfinance lending companies, respectively. The average registered and paid-up capital of these microfinance lending companies was RMB110.0 million ($16.9 million), RMB113.2 million ($17.8 million) and RMB113.6 million ($16.5 million), respectively, whereas our registered and paid-up capital was RMB450 million ($65.6 million). The average outstanding loan portfolio for these microfinance lending companies was RMB104.4 million ($16.0 million), RMB109.4 million ($17.2 million) and RMB109.0 million ($15.8 million), whereas our outstanding loan portfolio was RMB556.1 million ($80.6 million) as of December 31, 2022.

We face intense competition in the microfinance industry and we believe that the microfinance market is becoming more competitive as this industry matures and begins to consolidate. We currently compete with traditional financial institutions, other microfinance companies, and some cash-rich state-owned companies or individuals that lend to SMEs. Some of our competitors have larger and more established borrower bases and substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than us. As a result, we could lose market share and our revenues could decline, thereby affecting our earnings and potential for growth.

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Our business depends on the continuing efforts of our management. If we lose their services, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continuing efforts of our management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. If one or more of our management were unable or unwilling to continue their employment with us, we might not be able to replace them in a timely manner, or at all. We may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain qualified replacements. Our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our management may join a competitor or form a competing company. We may not be able to successfully enforce any contractual rights we have with our management team, in particular in China, where all of these individuals reside and where our business is operated through our PRC subsidiaries, and Chutian through the VIE Agreements. As a result, our business may be negatively affected due to the loss of one or more members of our management.

We require highly qualified personnel and if we are unable to hire or retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our future success also depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Expansion of our business and our management will require additional managers and employees with industry experience, and our success will be highly dependent on our ability to attract and retain skilled management personnel and other employees. We may not be able to attract or retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for skilled personnel is significant in China. This competition may make it more difficult and expensive to attract, hire and retain qualified managers and employees.

Our controlling shareholder has substantial influence over us and its interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of May 11, 2023, we had an aggregate of 1,141,478,296 issued and outstanding ordinary shares. Mr. Wei, our former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns an aggregate of approximately 55.8% of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares directly through Perfect Lead, and indirectly through Honest Plus. Honest Plus and Perfect Lead own approximately 39.0% and 2.0% of our outstanding ordinary shares, respectively. Mr. Wei is (i) the sole director of Honest Plus and Perfect Lead, (ii) the sole shareholder of Perfect Lead, and (iii) an indirect controlling shareholder of Honest Plus. As such, Mr. Wei, directly through Perfect Lead, and indirectly through Honest Plus, has substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, declaration of dividends and other significant corporate actions. As the controlling shareholder, he may take actions that are not in the best interests of our other shareholders. These actions may be taken in many cases even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, this concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control which could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your ADSs as part of a sale of the Company.

In addition, as a result of this concentration of control, we are deemed a “controlled company” for purposes of NYSE American LLC Company Guide and as such we are not subject to certain NYSE American LLC Company Guide corporate governance rules including the requirement that a majority of the board of directors be independent, the requirement applicable to the nomination process of directors and the requirements applicable to the determination or recommendation of executive compensation by a committee comprised of independent directors or by a majority of the independent directors. We have decided to be treated as a “controlled company,” even though the members of our compensation committee and our nominating and governance committee consists solely of independent directors, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE American corporate governance requirements.

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We may have difficulty in establishing adequate management and financial controls in China.

China has only recently begun to adopt the management and financial reporting concepts and practices that investors in the United States are familiar with. We may have difficulty in hiring and retaining employees in China who have the experience necessary to implement the kind of management and financial controls that are required of a United States public company. If we cannot establish such controls, or if we are unable to collect the financial data required for the preparation of our financial statements, or if we are unable to keep our books and accounts in accordance with IFRS for business, we may not be able to continue to file required reports with the SEC, which would likely have a material adverse effect on the performance of our ADSs.

We do not foresee paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future and, as a result, our investors’ sole source of gain will depend on capital appreciation, if any.

We do not plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future and currently intend to retain any future earnings for funding growth. As a result, investors should not rely on an investment in our securities if they require the investment to produce dividend income. Capital appreciation, if any, of our shares may be investors’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Our bank accounts are not insured or protected against loss.

We maintain our cash primarily with Agricultural Bank of China and China Merchants Bank, both of which are among the top six commercial banks in China according to the ranking by China Banking Association. Under Regulations on Deposit Insurance (Order No. 660 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China) that were effective on May 1, 2015:

• Commercial banks established in PRC are required to purchase deposit insurance;

• The deposit insurance has reimbursement limits, with the maximum reimbursement limit set at RMB 500,000; and

• Where the total amount of the principal and interest of the deposits in all the insured deposit accounts opened by the same depositor with the same Insured Institution is within the maximum reimbursement limit, the depositor shall be reimbursed in full amount; and, any portion in excess of the maximum reimbursement limit shall be paid from the liquidation assets of the Insured Institution pursuant to the law.

However, our cash accounts are not insured or otherwise protected. Should any bank or trust company holding our cash deposits become insolvent, or if we are otherwise unable to withdraw funds, we could lose the cash on deposit with that particular bank or trust company.

If we grant employee stock options or other share-based compensation in the future, our net profit could be materially adversely affected.

Share-based compensation is important to attract and retain key personnel. We may adopt equity incentive plans in the future. Grants of share-based awards under such plans may lead to incurrence of share-based compensation expenses. We will account for compensation costs for all share-based awards using the fair value method and recognize the expenses in our consolidated statement of operations in accordance with the accounting guidance of share-based payment under IFRS, which may materially adversely affect our net profit. Moreover, the additional expenses associated with share-based compensation may reduce the attractiveness of our current and future equity incentive plans.

Transition of our operations to new products, services and technologies, including content categories, is inherently risky and may subject us to additional business, legal, financial and competitive risks.

We primarily engaged in the business of providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei province of the People’s Republic of China. Transition of our operations to and development of supply chain finance related business involves numerous risks and challenges, including potential new competition, increased capital requirements and increased marketing spent to achieve customer awareness of these new products and services.

Growth into additional content, product and service areas requires changes to our existing business model and cost structure and modifications to our infrastructure and may expose us to new regulatory and legal risks, any of which may require expertise in areas in which we have little or no experience. There is no guarantee that we will be able to generate sufficient revenue from sales of such products and services to offset the costs of developing, acquiring, managing and monetizing such products and services and our business may be adversely affected.

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

PRC laws and regulations governing our businesses and the validity of certain of the Company’s contractual arrangements are uncertain. If we are found to be in violation, we could be subject to sanctions. In addition, changes in PRC laws and regulations or changes in interpretations thereof may materially and adversely affect our business.  

Current PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions and conditions on foreign ownership of certain areas of businesses. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business activities through the VIE in China. Chutian Holding has entered into contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders, and such contractual arrangements were designed to enable us to exercise control over, receive substantially all of the economic benefits of, and have an exclusive option to purchase a majority of the equity interest and assets in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. Because of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE in China for accounting purposes and hence consolidate their financial results with ours as our variable interest entities under IFRS.

However, Dunxin is a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIE. Investors in our ordinary shares or the ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government deems that the Company’s contractual arrangements with the VIE do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or we be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the VIE, and investors of Dunxin face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and the Company as a whole.

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our and the VIE’s business, or the enforcement and performance of the Company’s contractual arrangements with the VIE, and their shareholders. These laws and regulations may be subject to change, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. Further, the VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of the regulatory environment, we cannot assure you that we would always be in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the violation of which may have adverse effect on our and the VIE’s business and our reputation.

Although we believe we, our PRC subsidiary and the VIE are not in violation of current PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree that the Company’s contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. If the PRC government determines that we or the VIE do not comply with applicable law, the competent PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations or failures, including, without limitation:

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● revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of such entities;

● discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operation through any transactions between our PRC subsidiary and the VIE;

● imposing fines, confiscating the income from our PRC subsidiary or the VIE, or imposing other requirements with which we or the VIE may not be able to comply;

●   requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the VIE Agreements and deregistering the equity pledges of the VIE, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or exert effective control over the VIE; or

● restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds to finance our business and operations in China.

Any of these or similar occurrences could significantly disrupt the Company’s or the VIE’s business operations or restrict the VIE from conducting a substantial portion of its business operations, which could materially and adversely affect the Company’s or the VIE’s business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIE, we may not be able to consolidate the VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. In addition, our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert the Company’s contractual control rights over the assets of the VIE that conducts substantially all of our operations.

The controlling shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The controlling shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. The controlling shareholders of the VIE may breach, or refuse to renew, the existing VIE Agreements we have with them, which may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to exert additional control over Chutian. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, the controlling shareholders of the VIE will act in the best interests of the Company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the controlling shareholders of the VIE, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our ability to manage and operate Chutian under the VIE Agreements may not be effective.

We conduct our microfinance lending business in the PRC and generate virtually all of our revenues for our business through the VIE Agreements. Our plans for future growth are based substantially on growing the operations of Chutian. However, the VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing us with control over Chutian. Under the current VIE Agreements, if Chutian fails to perform its obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and resources to enforce such arrangements, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, which we cannot be sure would be effective. Therefore, if we are unable to effectively control Chutian, it may have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business objectives and grow our revenues.

The contractual arrangements may not be effective in providing us with control over the VIE, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit Dunxin’s ability, as a Cayman holding company, to enforce these contractual arrangements and doing so may be quite costly. There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. Further, the VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law. If we or the VIE are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. Accordingly, the enforceability of the various contracts described above by the Company against the VIE is dependent upon the Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian. If any of such shareholders fails to perform his obligations under the contractual arrangements, we could be unable to enforce the contractual arrangements that were designed to provide us effective control over the VIE. If this happens, we would need to deconsolidate the VIE. Substantially all of our assets, including the necessary licenses to conduct business in China are held by the VIE. Substantially all of our revenues are generated by the VIE. An event that results in the deconsolidation of the VIE would have a material effect on our operations and result in the value of the securities diminish substantially or even become worthless.

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As the VIE Agreements are governed by PRC law, we would be required to rely on PRC law to enforce our rights and remedies under them; PRC law may not provide us with the same rights and remedies as are available in contractual disputes governed by the law of other jurisdictions.

The VIE Agreements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitral proceedings. If Chutian or its shareholders fail to perform the obligations under the VIE Agreements, we would be required to resort to legal remedies available under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, or claiming damages. We cannot be sure that such remedies would provide us with effective means of causing Chutian to meet its obligations, or recovering any losses or damages as a result of non-performance. Further, the legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions. Uncertainties in the application of various laws, rules, regulations or policies in the PRC legal system could limit our liability to enforce the VIE Agreements and protect our interests.

The payment arrangement under the VIE Agreements may be challenged by the PRC tax authorities.

We generate our revenues through the payments we receive pursuant to the VIE Agreements. We could face adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the VIE Agreements were not entered into based on arm’s length negotiations. For example, PRC tax authorities may adjust our income and expenses for PRC tax purposes which could result in our being subject to higher tax liability, or cause other adverse financial consequences. According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, and Implementation Regulations for the Law of the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, in the case of a transfer pricing related adjustment, the statute of limitation is three years normally and ten years in special instances.

We rely on the approval certificates and business license held by Chutian for our microfinance lending business and any deterioration of the relationship between Chutian and us could materially and adversely affect our business operations.

We operate our microfinance lending business in the PRC on the basis of the approval certificates, business license and other requisite licenses held by Chutian. There is no assurance that Chutian will be able to renew its licenses or certificates when their terms expire with substantially similar terms as the ones it currently holds.

Further, our relationship with Chutian is governed by the VIE Agreements which is intended to provide us with effective control over the business operations of Chutian. However, the VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing control over the application for and maintenance of the licenses required for our business operations. Chutian could violate the VIE Agreements, go bankrupt, suffer from difficulties in its business or otherwise become unable to perform its obligations under the VIE Agreements and, as a result, our operations, reputations and business could be severely harmed.

If Chutian Holding exercises the purchase option it holds over Chutian’s share capital pursuant to the Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, the payment of the purchase price could materially and adversely affect our financial position.

Under the Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Chutian Holding has the option to purchase up to 80% of the equity interest in Chutian at a price based on the circumstances of the exercise of the option as determined by the relevant parties, provided that the acquisition will not violate any PRC laws or regulations in effect. As Chutian is already the Company’s contractually controlled affiliate, Chutian Holding’s exercising of the option would not bring immediate benefits to the Company, and payment of the purchase price could adversely affect our financial position.

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Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares and ADSs

The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The market price for our ADSs has fluctuated significantly since our ADSs became listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, on November 23, 2010, and listed on NYSE American as of December 28, 2017. The market price for our ADSs is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors such as:

• variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow;

• announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures;

• announcements of new services and expansions by us or our competitors;

• changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

• ongoing litigation, potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade. We cannot assure you that these factors will not occur in the future.

If securities or industry analysts publish negative reports about our business, the price and trading volume of our ADSs could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs is influenced by the research reports and ratings that securities or industry analysts or ratings agencies publish about us, our business and the microfinancing lending market in China in general. We do not have any control over these analysts or agencies. If one or more of the analysts or agencies who cover us downgrades us or our securities, the price of our ADSs may decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of the Company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price of our ADSs or trading volume to decline.

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Our ADSs would be subject to delisting from the NYSE American if we are unable to achieve and maintain compliance with the NYSE American’s continued listing standards.

Under the NYSE American LLC Company Guide (the “Company Guide”), we are required to maintain a minimum continued listing standards on the NYSE American. If we are unable to maintain compliance with such Company Guide for continued listing, our ADSs would be subject to suspension and delisting. For example, failure to meet the continued listing requirement may exist if low selling price issues provided under the Company Guide occur. If we are unable to comply with the NYSE American’s continued listing standards, there may be a significant decline in the trading price, trading volume and liquidity of our ADSs. In addition, the suspension and delisting of our ADSs would lead to decreases in analyst coverage and market-making activity relating to our ADSs, as well as reduced information about trading prices and volume. As a result, it could become significantly more difficult for our ADSs holders to sell their ADSs at prices comparable to those in effect prior to delisting or at all.

Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of May 11, 2023, we had 1,141,478,296 ordinary shares outstanding, including 628,646,032 ordinary shares represented by 13,096,732 ADSs. All ADSs are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares outstanding will be available for sale and, in the case of the ordinary shares that certain option holders will receive when they exercise their share options, until the later of (i) the first anniversary of the grant date, and (ii) the expiration of any relevant lock-up periods, subject to volume and other restrictions that may be applicable under Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs.

Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares.

Our currently effective articles of association is our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association which limit the ability of third parties to acquire control of the Company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of the Company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because Dunxin was incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Dunxin is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Dunxin’s corporate affairs are governed by its second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands (As Revised) (the “Companies Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of Dunxin’s directors to it under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of Dunxin’s shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of Dunxin’s directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

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There is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would:

• recognize or enforce judgments of courts of the United States obtained against us based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and

• entertain original actions brought against us predicated upon certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws.

There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

Dunxin is a Cayman Islands company and all of its assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of its current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, most of Dunxin’s directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against Dunxin’s assets or the assets of its directors and officers.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your ordinary shares.

As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our currently effective articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

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The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

● we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

● we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; or

● a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of the Company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs represented by ADRs, are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

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Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings and you may not receive distributions with respect to the underlying ordinary shares if it is impractical to make them available to you.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

In addition, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and you will not receive such distribution.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

We conduct our operations in China primarily through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE. PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in microfinance lending businesses. Accordingly, we operate our microfinance lending business in China through the VIE. We have evaluated the guidance in IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities and consolidated the results of the VIE in our financial statements, for accounting purposes, based upon such contractual arrangements. Investors in our ordinary shares or ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and investors may never directly hold equity interests in the VIE in China, Chutian.

Our holding company, Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (formerly known as China Xiniya Fashion Limited), was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted limited liability company on June 24, 2010. On December 28, 2017, we completed the Divestiture and Acquisition. In connection with the Divestiture, we divested our wholly-owned subsidiary, Xiniya Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong company, to Qiming Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, in exchange for a purchase consideration of RMB228,000,000 (US$34,588,428). In connection with the Acquisition, we purchased all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of True Silver for a cash payment of RMB228,000,000 (US$34,588,428) and the issuance of 772,283,308 of our ordinary shares at RMB1.00 (US$0.15) per share, and True Silver became our wholly owned subsidiary. True Silver utilizes a VIE structure to operate and consolidate 80% of the financial results of Chutian.

As a result of the CIB Transaction, Honest Plus and Perfect Lead, the former shareholders of True Silver, became the shareholders of the Company. The CIB Transaction was accounted for as a reverse acquisition, wherein True Silver is considered the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, we changed our business from an apparel business to a microfinance lending business in Hubei Province, China. We currently operate our microfinance lending business through Chutian.

The following is a brief description of each of Dunxin’s subsidiaries and the VIE:

● Chutian HK. Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited (“Chutian HK”) is a limited liability company incorporated on August 12, 2016, under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong. The total amount of paid-up share capital of Chutian HK is HKD10,000 with 100 ordinary shares. Chutian HK is wholly owned by True Silver.

● Chutian Holding. Chutian Holding is a wholly foreign owned enterprise and a limited liability company in China established by Chutian HK on November 4, 2016.

● Chutian. Chutian is a joint stock company incorporated under laws of PRC on February 20, 2013. Chutian currently holds a business license issued by the Administrative Approval Bureau of Wuchang District, Wuhan Municipality on April 25, 2017, which allows it to operate a microfinance business and provides individual and business loans to persons residing in and businesses operating in Hubei Province, China. Through a series of contractual arrangements entered into among Chutian Holding, Chutian and certain shareholders of Chutian, which consist of the Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement, Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement, and Share Pledge Agreement the (collectively, the “VIE Agreements”), Chutian Holding is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of Chutian, for accounting purposes, and therefore can consolidate 80% of Chutian’s financial results.

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The following is a brief description of the VIE Agreements entered into on August 10, 2017, among Chutian Holding, Chutian and certain shareholders of Chutian, through which we seek to control 80% equity interests of Chutian:

●	Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement. Pursuant to the Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement between Chutian and Chutian Holding, Chutian Holding was appointed as the exclusive services provider to Chutian (including its subsidiaries, branches and any other invested entities) for the following services: comprehensive business support, including but not limited to, daily business management consulting, financial consulting, professionals and technical training during the term of this Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. For services rendered to Chutian by Chutian Holding under this Agreement, Chutian Holding is entitled to collect a service fee equal to 80% of the net operating income of Chutian (the “Service Fees”). The Service Fees are due and payable on a quarterly basis; provided, however, in principle, the payment of the Service Fees should not cause any difficulty to the operation of either party to this Agreement. The Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement has a term of five (5) years. Chutian is not entitled to unilaterally terminate this Agreement. Chutian Holding has the right to terminate this Agreement by giving a thirty (30) day prior notice to Chutian. This Agreement could be extended based on the originally agreed terms upon expiration if Chutian Holding gives written confirmation before expiration of the agreement. The period of extension will be decided by Chutian Holding, which Chutian is required to unconditionally accept.
●	Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement. Under the Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Ricky Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, and Wenting (Tina) Xiao (collectively “Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian”) irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding, or any third party designated by WFOE, an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or part of such shareholders’ current and future equity interests in Chutian, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations. Apart from Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding, no other person has the right to purchase such equity interests in Chutian. Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian are required to transfer their respective equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding in accordance with their percentage ownership of such equity interests provided Chutian Holding selects to purchase such shareholders’ equity interests. Chutian irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or substantially all of Chutian’s assets, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations.
●	Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement. Under the Voting Proxy Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian irrevocably granted and entrusted Chutian Holding or their designee to be their exclusive proxy to exercise their voting rights that they would have at a shareholders’ meeting or by written consent for the maximum period permitted pursuant to the PRC laws and in accordance with and within the limitations of the PRC laws and the then effective articles of association of Chutian, including but not limited to, the following rights:
(a)	to attend and participate in the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian as the voting proxy of the Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian;
(b)	to vote on the matters proposed at the shareholders’ meetings, including, but not limited to, voting on the appointment and election of the directors and supervisors of Chutian;
(c)	to suggest convening the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian; and
(d)	all other voting rights entitled to the shareholders of Chutian as stipulated in the articles of association of Chutian, as amended from time to time.
●	Share Pledge Agreement. Under the Share Pledge Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian pledged all of their equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding to guarantee the performance of Chutian’s obligations under the Exclusive Consigned Management Agreement, Shareholders Voting Proxy Agreement and Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement (the “Main Agreements”). The equity pledge under the agreement constitutes a continuous guarantee and remains effective before fulfillment of the obligations under the Main Agreements or full repayment of the guaranteed liability.

As of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiary and the VIE have received from PRC and BVI authorities all requisite licenses, permissions or approvals needed to engage in the businesses currently conducted in China and BVI, and no permission or approval has been denied. The following table provides details of permissions held by our PRC subsidiary and the VIE.

Company	License and Permission	Issuing Authority	Validity
Chutian	Business license	Administrative Examination and Approval Bureau of Wuchang District, Wuhan Province	Long-term
	Permission of establishment of Chutian and engaging in microfinance services	Finance Administration Office, Hubei Municipal People’s Government	Long-term
Chutian Holding	Business license	Administration of Bureau Industry and Commerce, Wuhan Province	Long-term
Chutian HK	Certificate of Incorporation	Registrar of Companies, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	Long-term
True Silver	Certificate of Incorporation	BVI Financial Services Commission	Long-term

As of the date of this annual report, our PRC counsel, Hubei Lifeng, has advised us that neither we nor our PRC subsidiaries (1) are required to obtain permission from any of the PRC authorities to operate and issue our Ordinary Shares to foreign investors, (2) are subject to approval requirements from the CSRC, the CAC, or any other entity to approve our operations, and (3) have been denied such permissions by any PRC authorities.

46

Recently, however, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the “Opinions,” which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. These Opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-concept overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (“Announcement No. 43”), which will become effective on March 31, 2023. Under Announcement No. 43, we may be required to file with CSRC for this offering.

We do not believe we are required to obtain any permission from any PRC governmental authorities to offer securities to foreign investors. We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China regarding any necessary approvals from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, including securities offerings that are conducted in the United States. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to securities offerings that are conducted in the United States from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities. However, recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the “Opinions,” which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. These Opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-concept overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Measures, which will become effective on March 31, 2023. Under the Trial Measures, we may be required to file with CSRC for future securities offering. If it is determined in the future that the approval of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or any other regulatory authority is required for securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from securities offerings that are conducted in the United States into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. The CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt securities offerings that are conducted in the United States before settlement and delivery of our ordinary shares. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for securities offerings that are conducted in the United States, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China-The PRC government has increasingly strengthened oversight in offerings conducted overseas or on foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.” on page 6 of this annual report.

Our ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 23, 2010 and transitioned to the NYSE American on December 28, 2017. Our current ratio of our ADS to ordinary shares is 1:48. Our ADSs were traded under the symbol “XNY” from November 23, 2010 to March 4, 2018, and on March 5, 2018, our ADSs began trading under the symbol “DXF.”

The following diagram illustrates our current corporate structure:

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The contractual arrangements may not be effective in providing us with control over the VIE, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit Dunxin’s ability, as a Cayman holding company, to enforce these contractual arrangements and doing so may be quite costly. There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. Further, the VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law. If we or the VIE are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. Accordingly, the enforceability of the various contracts described above by the Company against the VIE is dependent upon the Shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Chutian. If any of such shareholders fails to perform his obligations under the contractual arrangements, we could be unable to enforce the contractual arrangements that were designed to provide us effective control over the VIE. If this happens, we would need to deconsolidate the VIE. Substantially all of our assets, including the necessary licenses to conduct business in China are held by the VIE. Substantially all of our revenues are generated by the VIE. An event that results in the deconsolidation of the VIE would have a material effect on our operations and result in the value of the securities diminish substantially or even become worthless. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” on page 8 of this annual report.

VIE Financial Information

Set forth below is selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and cash flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, and selected balance sheet information as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 showing financial information for Dunxin, non-VIE subsidiaries and the VIE, eliminating entries and consolidated information (RMB in thousands). In the tables below, the column headings correspond to the following entities in the organizational diagram.

● “parent” refers to Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company;

● “non-VIE subsidiaries” refer to, collectively, (i) True Silver Limited, our wholly owned Cayman Island subsidiary, (ii) Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited., our wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary, and (iii) Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limied., a wholly owned PRC subsidiary;

● “VIE” refers to variable interest entity, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd., a PRC company and the operating company of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited;

Consolidated Statements of Operations Information

				Year Ended December 31, 2022
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations		Consolidations
Interest income on loans		-			-			44,797			-		44,797
Interest expenses on loans		(360	)		(361	)		(20,575	)		-		(21,296	)
Business related taxes and surcharges		-			-			(405	)		-		(405	)
Total interest expense		(360	)		(361	)		(20,980	)		-		(21,701	)
Net interest income/(loss)		(360	)		(361	)		23,817			-		23,096
Credit impairment losses		-			-			(42,420	)		-		(42,420	)
Net interest loss after impairment loss		(360	)		(361	)		(18,603	)		-		(19,324	)
Sales and marketing		-			-			(514	)		-		(514	)
General and administrative		(5,654	)		(22	)		(4,830	)		-		(10,506	)
Total operating costs and expenses		(5,654	)		(22	)		(5,344	)		-		(11,020	)
Net loss		(6,014	)		(383	)		(23,947	)		-		(30,344	)

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				Year Ended December 31, 2021
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations		Consolidations
Interest income on loans		-			-			20,627			-		20,627
Interest expenses on loans		-			(239	)		(21,135	)		-		(21,374	)
Business related taxes and surcharges		-			-			(452	)		-		(452	)
Total interest expense		-			(239	)		(21,587	)				(21,826	)
Net interest loss		-			(239	)		(960	)		-		(1,199	)
Credit impairment losses		-			-			(119,078	)				(119,078	)
Net interest loss after impairment loss		-			(239	)		(120,038	)				(120,277	)
Non-interest and other income		387			-			-			-		387
Sales and marketing		-			-			(293	)		-		(293	)
General and administrative		(2,802	)		(48	)		(5,039	)				(7,889	)
Total operating costs and expenses		(2,802	)		(48	)		(5,332	)				(8,182	)
Net loss		(2,415	)		(287	)		(125,370	)				(128,072	)

				Year Ended December 31, 2020
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations		Consolidations
Interest income on loans		-			-			105,570			-		105,570
Interest expenses on loans		-			(52	)		(21,857	)		-		(21,909	)
Business related taxes and surcharges		-			-			(304	)		-		(304	)
Total interest expense		-			(52	)		(22,161	)		-		(22,213	)
Net interest income		-			(52	)		83,409			-		83,357
Credit impairment losses		-			-			(55,264	)		-		(55,264	)
Net interest income after impairment loss		-			(52	)		28,145			-		28,093
Non-interest and other income		21			-			-			-		21
Sales and marketing		-			-			(170	)		-		(170	)
General and administrative		(3,229	)		(14	)		(4,847	)		-		(8,090	)
Total operating costs and expenses		(3,229	)		(14	)		(5,017	)		-		(8,260	)
Net (loss)/profit		(3,208	)		(66	)		23,128			-		19,854

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Consolidated Balance Sheet Information

				As of December 31, 2022
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations			Consolidations
Amount due from VIE		-			1,558			-			(1,558	)		-
Amount due from Non-VIE		-			353			15,097			(15,450	)		-
Loans receivable, net of credit
impairment losses		-			-			556,112			-			556,112
Current assets		3,494			2,696			571,855			(17,009	)		561,036
Amount due to VIE		(14,284	)		(813	)		-			15,097			-
Amount due to Non-VIE		(353	)		-			(1,558	)		1,911			-
Investment in non-VIE subsidiaries		354			-			-			(354	)		-
Equity in the VIE through the											-
VIE Agreements		1,060,381			-			-			(1,060,381	)		-
Assets		1,064,219			2,705			611,088			(1,077,743	)		600,269

				As of December 31, 2021
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations			Consolidations
Amount due from VIE		-			1,553			-			(1,553	)		-
Amount due from Non-VIE		-			319			13,640			13,959			-
Loans receivable, net of credit
impairment losses		-			-			555,133			-			555,133
Current assets		49			2,729			567,565			(13,966	)		556,377
Amount due to VIE		(12,845	)		(795	)		-			13,640			-
Amount due to Non-VIE		(319	)		-			(1,553	)		1,872			-
Investment in non-VIE subsidiaries		319			-			-			(319	)		-
Equity in the VIE through the											-
VIE Agreements		979,728			-			-			(979,728	)		-
Assets		980,096			2,737			609,751			(994,022	)		598,562

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Consolidated Cash Flows Information

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE		Eliminations		Consolidations
Total cash used in operating activities		(7,385	)		(50	)		-		-		(7,435	)
Total cash generated by/(used in) financing activities		6,758			(130	)		-		-		(6,628	)
Effect of exchange rate changes		706			-			-		-		706
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		79			(180	)		-		-		(101	)

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
				Non-VIE
	Parent			subsidiaries			VIE		Eliminations		Consolidations
Total cash generated by operating activities		(2	)		10,230			-		-		10,228
Total cash used in financing activities		-			(10,000	)		-		-		(10,000	)
Effect of exchange rate changes		71			-			-		-		71
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(2	)		230			-		-		228

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
			Non-VIE
	Parent		subsidiaries			VIE			Eliminations		Consolidations
Total cash used in operating activities		-		(624	)		(2	)		-		(626	)
Total cash generated by financing activities		-		414			-			-		414
Effect of exchange rate changes		177		-			-			-		177
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		-		(210	)		(2	)		-		(212	)

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Transfer of Cash Through our Organization

Before 2020, the sources of funds of the VIE primarily consisted of loans from security exchanges and shareholders, and cash generated from operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, due to the severe financial restraint, we suspended offering loans to our customers and the VIE primarily relied on the financial supporting from related company or non-VIE subsidiaries by means of paying relevant expenses on behalf of the VIE to maintain normal business operation. Dunxin did not make any cash contributions to VIE and non-VIE subsidiaries and there was no transfer of cash among Dunxin, VIE and non-VIE subsidiaries.

Dividends and Other Distributions

Dunxin is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conducts businesses in China through its PRC subsidiary and the VIE. We are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our WFOE only through loans or capital contributions, and to the VIE only through loans, and only if we satisfy the applicable government registration and approval requirements.

Dunxin may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary and the VIE for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders or holders of our ADSs or to service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiary and the VIE incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. The Company’s PRC subsidiary is permitted to pay dividends only out of its retained earnings. However, the Company’s PRC subsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up for previous year’s accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. This portion of the Company’s PRC subsidiary’s net assets is prohibited from being distributed to its shareholders as dividends. To date, there have not been any such dividends or other distributions from our PRC subsidiary or the VIE to our subsidiaries located outside of China. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, none of our subsidiaries and the VIE have ever issued any dividends or distributions to us or their respective shareholders outside of China. If our PRC subsidiary or the VIE incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. However, as of the date of this annual report, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries and the VIE have ever paid dividends or made distributions to U.S. investors. In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by us to our PRC subsidiary and the VIE via capital contribution or shareholder loans, as the case may be.

We have maintained cash management policies which dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers among Dunxin, the VIE and non-VIE subsidiaries. Cash transferred of less than RMB10.0 million (US$1.6 million) must be reported to and reviewed by Dunxin’s financial department and the PRC subsidiary's and the VIE’s chief executive officer, and must be approved by the Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of Dunxin. Cash transfer in excess of RMB10 million (US$1.6 million) must be approved by board of directors of Dunxin.

According to the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China and its implementing rules, which jointly established the legal framework for the administration of foreign-invested companies, a foreign investor may, in accordance with other applicable laws, freely transfer into or out of China its contributions, profits, capital earnings, income from asset disposal, intellectual property rights, royalties acquired, compensation or indemnity legally obtained, and income from liquidation, made or derived within the territory of China in RMB or any foreign currency, and any entity or individual shall not illegally restrict such transfer in terms of the currency, amount and frequency. According to the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China and other Chinese laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiary may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiary and the VIE is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits, if any, each year to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Where the statutory reserve fund is insufficient to cover any loss the PRC subsidiary incurred in the previous financial year, its current financial year’s accumulated after-tax profits shall first be used to cover the loss before any statutory reserve fund is drawn therefrom. Such statutory reserve funds and the accumulated after-tax profits that are used for covering the loss cannot be distributed to us as dividends. At their discretion, our PRC subsidiary and the VIE may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on Chinese accounting standards to a discretionary reserve fund.

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Renminbi is not freely convertible into other currencies. As result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiary and the VIE to use their potential future renminbi revenues to pay dividends to us. The Chinese government imposes controls on the convertibility of renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Shortages in availability of foreign currency may then restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary and the VIE to remit sufficient foreign currency to our offshore entities for our offshore entities to pay dividends or make other payments or otherwise to satisfy our foreign-currency-denominated obligations. The renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and foreign currency debt, including loans we may secure for our onshore subsidiary. Currently, our PRC subsidiary and the VIE may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant Chinese governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. The Chinese government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and additional restrictions and substantial vetting processes may be instituted by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize revenue generated in renminbi to fund our business activities outside of China or pay dividends in foreign currencies to holders of our securities. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant Chinese governmental authorities. This could affect our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries and the VIE. In addition, ADS holders may potentially be subject to Chinese taxes on dividends paid by us in the event we are deemed a Chinese resident enterprise for Chinese tax purposes. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investments in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies may delay or prevent us from using proceeds from future financing activities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiary.” on page 15 of this annual report and “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-Restrictions on foreign exchange under PRC laws may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies and may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.” on page 20 of this annual report.

Corporate information

Our principal executive offices are currently located at 27th Floor, Lianfa International Building, 128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China. The Company’s current telephone number at this address is +86-27-87303888. The Company’s registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our current website is http://hbctxed.com. The information contained on our website or any third-party websites does not constitute a part of this annual report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, located at 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, DE 19711.

B. Business Overview

Overview

Dunxin is not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with its VIE, Chutian, in China. We primarily engaged in the business of providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei province of the People’s Republic of China. We operate our microfinance lending business through the VIE, Chutian. Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC through Chutian, which holds all the certificates, business license and other requisite licenses for the microfinance lending businesses.

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We provided family-run businesses, farmers and individual borrowers with working capital and bridge financing support, primarily through means of short-term loans based upon their needs and qualifications. Due to the severe financial restraint, we suspended offering loans to our customers in the second half year of 2019 and we are exploring new opportunities in supply chain financing industry.

Industry and Market

Under China’s current financial systems, most commercial loans are made by China’s state-owned banks and commercial banks. However, due to concerns over payment risks, the banks in China tend to only lend to large private companies and state-owned companies. The SMEs and individuals have historically been an underserved segment of the Chinese banking market while SME’s represent a significant part of China’s economy.

The number of SMEs in China is significant. They account for over 90% of China’s total enterprises. According to data compiled by the State Council Information Office PRC in March 2023, SMEs account for nearly 50% of the tax contribution, 60% of the GDP and 80% of the overall employment. As a result, SME financing demands are on the rise. In some degree, the microfinance lending companies fill the gaps in China’s financial system by serving farmers, individuals and the SMEs.

In most cases, the application process for microfinance companies is easier than traditional bank loans, and the borrowers typically receive loan approval and funds faster. However, the loan fees and interest charged by microfinance companies tend to be higher than traditional banks.

In a statement made by the China State Council in December 2015 (Positively Promote the New Consumption Leading Role to Accelerate a New Supply and New Motive Force), “China needs to promote financial products and service innovation, to support the development of consumption loan, encourage the qualified market entities to establish consumption financial companies, expand the pilot consumption financial companies to the whole country.”

In June 2017, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued The Notice of Tax Policies Regarding Microfinance Companies to reduce the taxation burden of microfinance companies. This was seen as a positive move to promote the microfinance companies in China by helping to reduce operating costs.

Our Business

We offered loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals. We used our website http://hbctxed.com and our membership in certain industry associations to promote and to provide information about the Company and our products. After learning about the Company and our products, borrowers approached us to apply for their loans. We provided loans to individuals and companies through our credit teams.

Most of our borrowers are individuals and companies. Our typical size loans are around RMB 4.0 million (US$0.6 million) for individuals, and are around RMB7.0 million (US$1.1 million) for companies. Upon loan origination, our loans are either guaranteed or secured and have payment terms that are typically become due within twelve (12) months, subject to annual renewal of terms. However, in 2019, we began to experience defaults on our loans. As of December 31, 2022, we had loans of an aggregate of principal amount of RMB753.0 million (US$109.2 million), which were all overdue. Due to the severe financial restraint, we have suspended offering loans to our customers since the second half year of 2019 and we are exploring new opportunities in supply chain finance.

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The following is a general description of our loan products that were offered prior to the suspension of our microfinance lending business:

· Consumer Loans. We offered guarantee-backed personal loans, with terms ranging from three (3) months to six (6) months and with amounts ranging from RMB10,000 (US$1,440) to RMB100,000 (US$14,402), to working individuals. To qualify for this loan, the borrower must be domiciled in Wuhan and hold a Wuhan household registration. In addition, the borrower must have a reasonable loan purpose and a repayment plan. Borrowers were permitted to pay back the loan with their future salaries. We did not require any collateral for this loan; however, the borrower and a third-party guarantor were jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan.

· Commercial Loans. We offered secured loans, with terms ranging from three (3) months to twelve (12) months and with amounts ranging from RMB100,000 (US$14,402) to RMB500,000 (US$72,014), to private business owners or individual business owners operating within Wuhan. This loan was mainly offered to businesses that encountered temporary cash flow difficulties. In order to qualify, the borrower’s business must be in good standing with the fixed operation office and registered office in Wuhan. In addition, the borrower must have a reasonable loan purpose and a repayment plan. This loan was either secured by assets as collateral or guaranteed by a third-party.

· Collateral-Backed Loans. We offered collateral-backed loans, with terms ranging from three (3) months to twelve (12) months and amounts ranging from RMB500,000 (US$72,015) to RMB3,000,000 (US$432,090) to individuals, private business owners, private enterprises, and other business entities in Hubei Province. The borrower was required to have a reasonable loan purpose and a repayment plan, and if the borrower was a business, the business must be in good standing with stable cash flow. The borrower must own real property or an automobile, and the loan was secured by assets as collateral.

· Enterprise Loans. We offered collateral-backed loans, with terms ranging from three (3) months to twelve (12) months and lines of credit ranging from RMB3,000,000 (US$436,000) to RMB7,000,000 (US$1.0 million), to small and SME borrowers operating businesses in Hubei Province. The main purpose of this loan was to satisfy the borrower’s temporary cash flow needs. Borrowers were required to have a reasonable loan purpose, a repayment plan, and the business must be in good standing with stable cash flow. The loan was secured by assets as collateral with complete collateral ownership certification documents.

Our Strategy

Before we suspended offering loans to our customers since the second half year of 2019, our objective was to become a leading lending institution that caters to serving the financial needs of consumers and small and medium-sized companies with funding flexibility and limited credit exposure. Despite the extremely limited capital resources and severe financial restraints, we intend to implement a two-pronged strategy to restore our operations and explore new business opportunities:

● Existing Operations: We intend to improve our cash position by our continuous effort to collect existing loan and interest receivables.

●   New Business Opportunities: We have studied and analyzed various projects in medical health, bio-pharmaceuticals, cold chain logistics, big data, block chain industries and supply chain finance industries over the past two years, and we believe there will be potential business opportunities in the supply chain finance sector. We plan to provide supply chain financing in crude oil industry, covering manufacturing, logistics, trading, and oil-related services.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2022, we had 11 full-time employees. Chutian has entered into written employment contracts with all of the employees in accordance with PRC Labor Law and Contract Law. None of our employees is covered by collective bargaining contracts. We enter into standard labor, confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes or any difficulty in recruiting staff for our operations.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various government statutory social security plans, including a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to contribute to social security plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time.

We had 11 full-time employees as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The following table sets forth by function the number of our full-time employees as of December 31, 2022:

Function	As of December 31, 2022
Operations		5
Loan Department		2
Risk Management		1
Finance and Administration		3
Total		11

Intellectual Property

As of December 31, 2022, we did not own or have any significant intellectual property rights other than our registered domain name (http://hbctxed.com). It was registered in November 2020 and will be renewed upon expiration. The Company is not materially dependent on any intellectual property.

Competition

We face growing competition in the microfinance industry and we believe that the microfinance market is becoming more competitive as this industry matures and begins to consolidate. Chutian primarily competes with other microfinance companies in the Hubei Province. According to the PBOC published statistics, as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, a total of 273, 246 and 238 microfinance lending companies were registered in Hubei Province and with the combined total registered and paid-up capital of RMB30.0 billion ($4.6 billion), RMB27.8 billion ($4.4 billion) and RMB27.0 billion ($3.9 billion) among these microfinance lending companies, respectively. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, and some cash-rich state-owned companies or individuals that lend to SMEs. Some of our competitors have larger and more established borrower bases and substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than us.

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GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

Recent Regulatory Developments in China

Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement.

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”) and Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress which became effective in 2008 (“Anti-Monopoly Law”), established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions of the State Council on the Standard for Declaration of Concentration of Business Operators, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. On August 1, 2022, the anti-monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China has been amended to significantly increase the consequences of liability for violations. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that transactions which involve the national security, the examination on the national security shall also be conducted according to the relevant provisions of the State Council. In addition, the PRC Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment which became effective in January 2021 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military-related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC governmental authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As these opinions are recently issued, official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued yet and the interpretation of these opinions remains unclear at this stage. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under PRC rules, regulations or policies, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval.” As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions regarding offshore offering from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities.

On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (Revised Draft for Comments), or the Measures, for public comments, which propose to authorize the relevant government authorities to conduct cybersecurity review on a range of activities that affect or may affect national security, including listings in foreign countries by companies that possess the personal data of more than one million users. On December 28, 2021, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was promulgated and became effective on February 15, 2022, which iterates that any “online platform operators” controlling personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version), further elaborates the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad. The Cyberspace Administration of China has said that under the proposed rules companies holding data on more than 1,000,000 users must now apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” The cybersecurity review will also look into the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs.

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As advised by our PRC legal counsel, the PRC governmental authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, including the interpretation of the scope of “critical information infrastructure operators. In anticipation of the strengthened implementation of cybersecurity laws and regulations and the continued expansion of our business, we may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices in data processing. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the Cyberspace Administration of China on such basis, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect.

                On December 24, 2021, the CSRC issued the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), collectively the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, for public comment until January 23, 2022.

The Administration Provisions and Measures for overseas listings lay out specific requirements for filing documents and include unified regulation management, strengthening regulatory coordination, and cross-border regulatory cooperation. Domestic companies seeking to list abroad must carry out relevant security screening procedures if their businesses involve such supervision. Companies endangering national security are among those off-limits for overseas listings.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines, which have been implemented on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines, the CSRC circulated No.1 to No.5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. The Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines, together with the Guidance Rules and Notice, reiterate the basic supervision principles as reflected in the Administration Provisions and Measures by providing substantially the same requirements for filings of overseas offering and listing by domestic companies. Under the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines and the Guidance Rules and Notice, domestic companies conducting overseas securities offering and listing activities, either in direct or indirect form, shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. The companies that have already been listed on overseas stock exchanges or have obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for its offering and listing and will complete their overseas offering and listing prior to September 30, 2023 are not required to make immediate filings for its listing yet need to make filings for subsequent offerings in accordance with the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines. The companies that have already submitted an application for an initial public offering to overseas supervision administrations prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listings Rules but have not yet obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for the offering and listing may arrange for the filing within a reasonable time period and should complete the filing procedure before such companies’ overseas issuance and listing.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection from the CSRC with respect to our listing or subsequent offerings. As the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines were newly published and there exists uncertainty with respect to the filing requirements and its implementation, if we are required to submit to the CRSC and complete the filing procedure of our subsequent overseas public offerings, we cannot be sure that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Trial Measures and Listing Guidelines may result in forced corrections, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities.

Regulatory Authorities of the Microfinance Industry in China

Currently in China there is no nationwide administrative regulatory authority for the microfinance industry at the state level. According to the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies, jointly issued by the CBRC and the PBOC, on May 4, 2008, any provincial government that is able to assign a department, financial office or other similar authorities to take charge of the supervision and administration of microfinance companies and which is willing to assume the responsibility of risk management of microfinance companies may formulate pilot rules and measures in relation to the incorporation of microfinance companies within the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the PRC government.

Local Regulatory Authority in Hubei Province, China

All provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the PRC government must appoint their own regulatory authority for the microfinance industry. Currently, the microfinance industry in the PRC is primarily regulated by the financial offices or similar authority of the provincial government of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the PRC government.

In Hubei Province, the Microfinance Work Joint Session and its office are the regulatory authorities for microfinance companies in Hubei Province. Pursuant to the Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued on May 13, 2009, the Microfinance Work Joint Session is responsible for the organization, coordination, administration, supervision, regulation, and the promotion of the pilot work of microfinance companies. The Microfinance Work Joint Session consists of the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government, Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province.

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Regulatory Policies of the Microfinance Companies in China

A. National Policy 

Currently, there are no nationwide laws or regulations covering the microfinance industry in China. However, the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies provides the following guidance on pilot operations for microfinance companies:

● to establish a microfinance company, an applicant applies to the competent authority of the provincial government, and upon approval, must comply with registration formalities to obtain all necessary business licenses, approvals and certificates. In addition, relevant documents should be submitted to local public security organs, dispatched offices of the China Banking Regulatory Commission and branches of the People's Bank of China within five working days;

● if a microfinance company is a limited liability company, its registered and paid-up capital must be at least RMB5 million ($0.7 million); and if it is a joint stock company, its registered and paid-up capital must be at least RMB10 million ($1.5 million). No single natural person, legal entity, other social organization or their respective affiliated parties can hold in excess of 10% of the total registered capital of the company;

● the funds of a microfinance company mainly come from the capital contribution and funds donated by shareholders as well as funds raised from, at most, two banking financial institutions. A microfinance company must accept public supervision and shall not engage in any form of illegal fundraising;

● according to relevant laws and regulations, the funds obtained by a microfinance company from banking financial institutions may not exceed 50% of its net capital;

● Pursuant to Article 11 of the Work Guideline on the Pilot of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued by the General Office of Hubei People’s Government on April 19, 2012, a microfinance company can expand their finance percentage to the 100% of the net capital subject to the City(Provincial) Small-Sum Loan Joint Meeting’s recommendation and submission to the Province Small-Sum Loan Joint Meeting and with the approval of the said Province Small-Sum Loan Joint Meeting. The legal person shareholders of the small-sum loan companies that are approved to expand their finance percentage by the Province Small-Sum Loan Joint Meeting, can provide finance to the amount of no more than 50% of the net capital to the small-sum loan companies;

● the balance of loan of a single borrower may not exceed 10% of the net capital of a microfinance company;

● a microfinance company must conduct its operations according to market-oriented principles and lift the ceiling on the loan interest rate, which may not exceed that set by judicial department, and set the floor at 0.9 times the PBC Benchmark Rate. The specific floating range must be determined by the microfinance company based on market-oriented principles;

● no founder (being natural person, legal entities and other social organization) of the microfinance companies and no natural person (who is nominated as a director, supervisor or senior management of microfinance companies) shall have a criminal or bad credit record;

● a microfinance company shall, according to relevant provisions, set up prudent and normative asset classification and provision systems, accurately classify the assets, make full provision for allowance for doubtful accounts, and guarantee that its adequacy ratio of provision for asset losses always remains above 100% in order to fully cover all risks;

● the PBOC will trace and monitor the interest rates and capital flows of microfinance companies, and will include them in the credit system. The microfinance company shall regularly provide that credit system with information about the borrower, loan amount, guarantee and repayment, and other business information; and

● the microfinance company shall establish a sound corporate governance structure and credit management system and strengthen internal control.

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Chutian did not meet the guide regarding the ownership limitation of 10%, since there were shareholders who respectively held 30% and 15% of the registered and paid-up capital of Chutian at the establishment of Chutian in February 2013. Currently there are shareholders who hold over 10% of the registered and paid-up capital of Chutian after the increase of Chutian’s registered and paid-up capital from RMB300 million ($43.6 million) to RMB450 million ($65.4 million) in December 2016. However, both the establishment and the increase of registered and paid-up capital of Chutian obtained the approval required by the provincial authority, in accordance with the provincial local regulatory policies, namely Work Guideline on the Pilot of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued on April 19, 2012 (see below Local Regulatory Policies in Hubei).

On October 26, 2017, the Administration of Taxation of the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China issued the Circular regarding the Tax Policy of Financing of Small and Micro Enterprises . This circular seeks to support agriculture-related and small-scaled businesses by giving certain tax incentives to financial institutions that lend to them. From December 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, any interest income earned by financial institutions from farmers, small businesses, micro-enterprises, and privately or individually-owned businesses, shall be exempt from value-added tax. In order to qualify for this exemption, financial institutions must separately calculate and report interest earned from the aforementioned borrowers. Any interest income that is not calculated or reported separately shall not be eligible for the value-added tax exemption. In addition, from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, financial institutions shall be exempt from paying stamp duty on loan agreements entered into with small businesses and micro-enterprises. Pursuant to the Notice on Extending the Implementation Period of Some Preferential Tax Policies issued by the Administration of Taxation of the Ministry of Finance on March 15, 2021, the implementation period of the Notice on Financing Tax Policies of Small and Micro Enterprises extends to December 31, 2023. As a result, financial institutions shall be exempt from paying stamp duty on loan agreements entered into with small businesses and micro-enterprises for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On November 21, 2017, the Office of Leading Group on Special Rectification of Risks in the Internet finance and Online Lending promulgated “the Notice to Immediately Suspend the Approval of Establishment of Online Microfinance Company” (the “Suspend Notice”), according to which, regulatory authorities should not approve any of the establishment of new online microfinance company, nor approve any license of cross-provinces (districts, cities) microfinance business to the existing microfinance companies, effective from the date of the Suspend Notice.

Currently, Chutian is not involved in any business of online lending and internet finance and is not involved in any cross-provinces microfinance business.

B. Local Regulatory Policies in Hubei

At present, pilot operations of microfinance companies are supervised and managed by authorized authorities at the provincial level. Provincial governments with a designated supervising authority for microfinance companies have promulgated various administration measures to establish that the provincial government authorities (such as provincial-level finance bureaus) are responsible for the supervision and management of microfinance companies. These provincial governments also issued various regulatory policies and measures for the purpose of supervising microfinance companies in their respective supervising regions.

Given that our microfinance business is confined to the region of Hubei Province, the following is a brief summary of the relevant laws and regulations applicable in the Hubei Province covering the microfinance industries:

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● Implement Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued by the General Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government on September 10, 2008.

● Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province jointly issued by the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government, Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province on May 13, 2009.

● Interim Management Measures on Capital and Equity of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province jointly issued by the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government, Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province on May 17, 2010.

● Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued by the General Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government on December 23, 2010.

● Work Guideline on the Pilot of Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued by the Microfinance Work Joint Session Office on April 19, 2012.

● Provisional Administrative Working Guidence for Ultilization of Capital Market by Microfinance Companies in Wuhan, promulgated on October 13, 2015.

● Notice by the General Office of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of Strengthening the Supervision and Administration of Small Loans Companies promulgated on September 07, 2020.

Key contents of the above regulatory policies are listed as follows:

● A microfinance company shall be a limited liability company or joint stock company which is established with investments from natural persons, legal-person enterprises or other social organizations, does not absorb the public deposits and operates a microfinance business.

● The major sources of funds of a microfinance company shall be the capital paid by shareholders, donated capital and the capital borrowed from a maximum of two banking financial institutions.

● The Financial Office of the People’s Government of Hubei Province establishes the Microfinance Work Joint Session, jointly with other authorities concerned, including Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province. The Microfinance Work Joint Session is in charge of the organization, coordination, regulation and promotion of the pilot work of microfinance companies. The Microfinance Work Joint Session Office is located in the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government.

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● The source of the registered and paid-up capital of a microfinance company shall be authentic and legal, and the capital shall comprise of all paid-in money capital and be fully paid in by investors or initiators in a lump sum. If it is a limited liability company, the registered and paid-up capital shall not be less than RMB30 million ($4.4 million); and if it is a joint stock company, the registered and paid-up capital shall not be less than RMB50 million ($7.3 million). The shares held by a single natural person, legal entity, other social organization or affiliated party thereof shall not exceed 10% of the total registered capital of the company. The main promoter is, however, allowed to hold up to 50% of the shares of the company and no less than 20% of the shares of the company. And upon approval of the People’s Government of Hubei Province, a wholly owned microfinance company by a sole legal entity can be established. It is also provided that with the approval from the relevant government authorities, the shareholding ceiling of the promoter along with other connected shareholders can be lifted.

● The number of shareholders of a microfinance company shall meet the statutory quorum. If it is a limited liability company, the shareholders shall be no more than 50. If it is a joint stock company, the shareholders shall be not less than two but not more than 200, of whom more than half shall have domiciles within the territory of China.

● The directors of a microfinance company shall hold a college diploma or above and have working experience in the area of finance or economy for at least three years. The chairman of the board and the manager of a microfinance company shall hold a college diploma or above and have at least a two-year working experience in a commercial bank or at least a five-year working experience in a business environment.

● To set up a microfinance company, the preparatory establishment shall be firstly applied. The applicants shall submit the application materials of preparatory establishment to competent departments of the districts and counties where a proposed microfinance company is located. The competent department shall submit promptly the whole preparatory application materials together with preliminary examination opinion, credit evaluation, and proof of shareholders to the municipal competent department. The establishment of a microfinance company shall ultimately be approved by the Microfinance Work Joint Session.

● The alteration of name, domicile, registered capital, senior management personnel and the main promoter of a microfinance company shall be approved by the Microfinance Work Joint Session.

● The balance of the capital borrowed from banking financial institutions shall not exceed 50% of the net capital within the scope. The interest rate and term of the borrowed capital shall be determined by the company with the banking financial institutions upon consultation, and the interest rate shall be determined by taking the Shanghai Inter-bank Offered Rate as the base rate.

● The microfinance company shall establish and perfect the corporate governance structure according to the requirements of the Company Law, clarify the right responsibility relationship among the shareholders, directors, supervisors and managers, formulate solid and effective rules of procedure, decision-making procedure and internal audit system and improve the effectiveness of corporate governance. The microfinance companies shall establish and perfect the loan management system, clarify the business procedure and operation norm for the pre-loan investigation, review during the loan term and post-loan examination, and truly strengthen the loan management. The microfinance companies shall reinforce the internal control, establish and perfect the enterprise financial accounting system according to relevant provisions of the State, make truthful recordings and comprehensively reflect its business activities and financial activities.

● The microfinance companies shall establish the information disclosure system, disclose the financial statements audited by the intermediary agent and the annual business operation status, financing status, major matters and other information, to the shareholders of the company, competent department, banking financial organizations providing financing to the same, relevant donation organization, and to the public where deemed necessary.

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● The microfinance companies shall have the autonomy to select prospective borrowers based on the principle of serving the development of farmers, agriculture and rural economy. When granting loans, they shall adhere to the principle of “small sum and decentralization”. Microfinance companies are encouraged to provide credit services for farmers and mini-size enterprises and make more efforts in increasing their number of clients and enlarging the coverage of services. 70% of the outstanding loan balance of the microfinance company shall be applied to borrowers of a single account whose balance of the loan is no more than RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million), while the rest may be applied to other borrowers, provided that loans to any of such borrowers shall not exceed 5% of the net capital. No loans shall be granted to the shareholders of the microfinance company.

● The microfinance companies shall operate on the market-oriented principle. The loan interest ceiling shall be fluctuating but shall not exceed the ceiling prescribed by the judicatory authority, and the bottom line shall be 0.9 times the loan base interest rate published by the PBC. The specific floating range shall be determined independently according to the market principles. The contract clauses, such as the term of loan and loan repayment provisions, shall be determined by the lender and borrower upon negotiation pursuant to law under the principles of fairness and voluntariness.

● Debt financing instruments referred to issuance of debt financing instruments including private placing bonds, by microfinance companies at legally established open exchange markets, including but not limited to Beijing Securities Exchange and Wuhan Securities Exchange. Total asset transfer financing (excludes financing provided from shareholders) of the microfinance company acquired from bonds, funds from banking financial institutions and buy-back, shall not exceed 150% of its net capital. Total financing provided by legal person shareholders shall not exceed 50% of its net capital.

In accordance with Legislation Law of the People’s Republic of China, laws in China consist of the Constitution, law, administrative regulation, local regulation, autonomous regulation, separate regulation and rule. They are formulated by different legislative bodies and administrative bodies, and are of different ranks of legal effect.

The legal effect of the Constitution is the highest; the effect of laws is higher than that of administrative regulations, local regulations, and rules; the effect of administrative regulations is higher than that of local regulations, and rules; the effect of local regulations is higher than that of the rules of the local governments at or below the corresponding level; rules formulated by the people’s government of a province or autonomous region shall have superior legal authority than rules formulated by the people’s government of a city with districts or an autonomous prefecture located within the administrative regions of the province or autonomous region; the effect of the rules of different departments is equal between the departments, and the effect of the department rules and of the rules of local governments is equal between the departments and local governments; their application shall be confined to their respective limits of authority; with regard to laws, administrative regulations, local regulations, autonomous regulations, separate regulations or rules, if they are formulated by one and same organ and if there is inconsistency between special provisions and general provisions, the special provisions shall prevail; if there is inconsistency between the new provisions and the old provisions, the new provisions shall prevail.

Currently, there are no specific laws or administrative regulations relating to microfinance companies in China. The main regulations relating to microfinance companies are rules formulated by the CBRC and the PBC, and rules formulated by local government or departments of local governments.

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The regulatory policies are rules or regional normative documents, and are neither laws nor administrative regulations. The microfinance company should comply with the above requirements in the regulatory policies when operating its business. The Microfinance Work Joint Session and the Microfinance Work Joint Session Office, which are responsible for the supervision and administration of microfinance companies, has the authority to interpret, determine and waive the compliance of any of the above requirements.

Failure to comply with the above requirements without a waiver or exemption may subject the microfinance company to (i) warning, (ii) punishment on its senior executive, (iii) restriction on business operation, (iv) suspension of its pilot operation permit, and (v) ultimately the abolishment of its pilot operating permit, which will have a material adverse effect on our business.

Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection

Regulations on Information Security

The PRC government has enacted laws and regulations with respect to internet information security. Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. On December 28, 2000, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Decision on the Protection of Internet Security, as amended on August 27, 2009, which impose criminal penalties for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. In addition, the Ministry of Public Security has promulgated the Administrative Measures on Security Protection for International Connections to Computer Information Networks on December 16, 1997, and amended it on January 8, 2011, prohibiting use of the internet in ways which result in a leak of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content, among other things. If an internet information service provider violates any of these measures, competent authorities may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

The PRC Cyber Security Law, which was promulgated on November 7, 2016, and took effect on June 1, 2017, requires a network operator, including internet information services providers among others, to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as compulsory national and industrial standards to safeguard the safety and stability of network operations, effectively respond to network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data. The PRC Cyber Security Law emphasizes that any individuals and organizations that use networks must not endanger network security or use networks to engage in unlawful activities such as those endangering national security, economic order and the social order or infringing the reputation, privacy, intellectual property rights and other lawful rights and interests of others. Any violation of the provisions and requirements under the PRC Cyber Security Law may subject an internet service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, or the PIPL, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL aims at protecting the personal information rights and interests, regulating the processing of personal information, ensuring the orderly and free flow of personal information in accordance with the law, and promoting the reasonable use of personal information. Personal information, as defined in the PIPL, refers to information related to identified or identifiable natural persons and recorded by electronic or other means, but excluding the anonymized information. The PIPL provides the circumstances under which a personal information processor could process personal information, which include but not limited to, where the consent of the individual concerned is obtained and where it is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract to which the individual is a contractual party. It also stipulates certain specific rules with respect to the obligations of a personal information processor, such as to inform the purpose and method of processing to the individuals, and the obligation of the third party who has access to the personal information by way of co-processing or delegation. The PRC Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 10, 2021, and took effect on September 1, 2021, requires data processing (which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, publication of data, etc.) to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The PRC Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities. The PRC Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it shall cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data is required to designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments of its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. Moreover, the PRC Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

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On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China and several other regulatory authorities in China jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, (i) where the relevant activity affects or may affect national security, a critical information infrastructure operators (CIIO that purchases network products and services, or an internet platform operator that conducts data process activities, shall be subject to the cybersecurity review, (ii) an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is an internet platform operator holding personal information of more than one million users before such issuer applies to list its securities on a foreign stock exchange, and (iii) relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cybersecurity review if they determine an operator’s network products or services or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. Namely, the scope of review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures extend to CIIO, online platform operators carrying out data processing activities, and national security risks related to a non-PRC listing, especially the “risks of core data, important data or substantial personal information being stolen, leaked, damaged, illegally used or exported; risks of Critical Information Infrastructure, core data, important data or substantial personal information data being affected, controlled and maliciously used by foreign governments after a foreign listing.”

Regulations on Personal Information Protection

In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection, or the Network Information Protection Decision, to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. The Network Information Protection Decision also requires internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of information of users. In July 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication service and internet information service in China. In August 2015, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law, which became effective in November 2015 and amended the standards of crime of infringing citizens’ personal information and reinforced the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information. It further provides that any network service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders will be subject to criminal liability. In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Cyber Security Law, which requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 also provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council Promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, or the CII Regulation, which became effective on September 1, 2021. According to the CII regulation, a critical information infrastructure, or CII, refers to an important network facility or information system in important industries and fields such as public communication and information services, energy, transportation, water conservancy, finance, public services, e-government, and national defense technology industry, among others. CII also refers to other important network facilities and information systems that may seriously endanger national security, national economy, people’s livelihood, and public interests in the event of damage, loss of function, or data leakage. The competent departments and supervision and management departments of the aforementioned important industries and fields are the departments responsible for the CII security protection work. They will be responsible for organizing the identification of CIIs in their respective industries or fields in accordance with the identification rules, promptly notifying the CII operators of the identification results, and notifying the public security department of the State Council.

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The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Personal Information Protection Law, on August 20, 2021, which entered into force on November 1, 2021. According to the Personal Information Protection Law, personal information refers to all kinds of information, recorded by electronic or other means, that is related to identified or identifiable natural persons, but excludes anonymized information. Personal information handling should follow the principles of legality, rightness, necessity, and integrity. Moreover, the Personal Information Protection Law specifies the rules for handling sensitive personal information, which refers to personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, may easily cause harm to the dignity of natural persons or cause grave harm to personal or property security, including biometric characteristics, financial accounts, individual location tracking, and personal information of minors under the age of 14, among others. Personal information handlers shall bear the responsibility for their personal information handling activities, and adopt necessary measures to safeguard the personal information they handle. Otherwise, the personal information handlers will be ordered to correct their behaviors, or suspend or terminate the provision of services, and may be subject to confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

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Labor Contract Law

The PRC Labor Contract Law was promulgated on June 29, 2007, as amended on December 28, 2012, became effective on July 1, 2013. According to the Labor Contract Law of PRC labor contracts shall be entered into if labor relationships are to be established between an entity and its employees. The entity cannot require the employees to work in excess of the time limit as permitted under the relevant labor laws and regulations and shall pay to the employees’ wages which are no lower than local standards on minimum wages. The entity shall establish and perfect its system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly abide by rules and standards on labor safety and sanitation, educate employees in labor safety and sanitation in the PRC.

Social Insurance Regulations

According to the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Rules on Implementing the PRC Social Insurance Law, both effective as of July 1, 2011, and the PRC Social Insurance Law was amended on December 29, 2018, the state shall establish a social insurance system including basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance, and both employers and individuals shall pay social insurance premiums. Migrant workers shall participate in social insurance schemes, and foreigners employed within the territory of the PRC shall participate in social insurance as well. Violations of the PRC Social Insurance Law may result in the imposition of fines, and criminal liability may be incurred in serious cases.

According to Interim Regulations concerning the Levy of Social Insurance effective as of January 22, 1999, as amended on March 24, 2019, employers in the PRC shall conduct the registration of social insurance with the competent authorities, and make contributions to the basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance and unemployment insurance for their employees.

According to the Regulations on Occupational Injury Insurance, effective as of January 1, 2004, as subsequently amended on December 20, 2010, employers in the PRC shall pay the occupational injury insurance fees for their employees.

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Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

On July 4, 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75” promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment (partially invalid on December 30, 2019), which took effect on June 1, 2015. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37 requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. Several articles of this notice were abolished by SAFE on December 30, 2019, but these amended articles are not related to the foreign exchange registration of offshore investment by residents.

Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulation governing foreign currency exchange in China is the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules of the PRC, or the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, promulgated on January 29, 1996, as subsequently amended on January 14, 1997 and August 1, 2008. Under these rules, RMB is generally freely convertible for payments of current account items, such as trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions and dividend payments, but not freely convertible for capital account items, such as capital transfer, direct investment, investment in securities, derivative products or loan unless prior approval of SAFE is obtained.

Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may purchase foreign exchange without the approval of SAFE for paying dividends by providing certain evidencing documents, such as board resolutions and tax certificates, or for trade and services-related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing such transactions. They are also allowed to retain foreign currency, subject to an approval by SAFE of a cap amount, to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities. In addition, foreign exchange transactions involving overseas direct investment or investment and exchange in securities and derivative products abroad are subject to registration with SAFE and approval or file with the relevant governmental authorities if necessary.

On November 19, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, as amended on May 4, 2015, which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of RMB proceeds by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents in May 2013 (partially Invalid on December 30, 2019), which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

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On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13 (partially Invalid on December 30, 2019). After SAFE Notice 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals will be required to apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, will directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

Dividend Distribution

The EIT Law prescribes a standard withholding tax rate of 20% on dividends and other PRC sourced passive income of non-resident enterprises. The Implementation Rules reduced the rate from 20% to 10%. The central government of the PRC and the government of Hong Kong signed the Arrangement between the Mainland of the PRC and Hong Kong for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income on August 21, 2006, or the Arrangement. According to the Arrangement, no more than 5% withholding tax shall apply to dividends paid by a PRC company to a Hong Kong resident, provided that the recipient is a company that holds at least 25% of the equity interests of the PRC company and is deemed as the “beneficial owner” under the Arrangement. Notice on the Implementation of the Fourth Protocol of Arrangement between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong SAR on Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (Announcement [2016] No.12 of the State Administration of Taxation), Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on the Implementation of the Third Protocol of Arrangement between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong SAR on Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, Announcement [2011] No.1, Notice on the Implementation of the Second Protocol of Arrangement between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong SAR on Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (Guo Shui Han [2008] No. 685) and Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Interpreting and Implementing Some Clauses in the Arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR concerning Avoiding Double Taxation and Preventing Tax Evasion on Income(Guo Shui Han [2007] No. 403) have amended the Arrangement accordingly.

On February 3, 2018, the SAT promulgated Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, State Administration of Taxation Announcement [2018] No. 9, Circular 9, which clarifies that a beneficial owner shall be a person who has ownership and control over the income and the rights and property from which the income is derived. To prove “beneficial owner” status, the applicant shall submit the materials pursuant to the provisions of Article 7 of the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Promulgation of the “Administrative Measures on Entitlement of Non-residents to Treatment under Tax Treaties” (State Administration of Taxation Announcement [2015] No. 60). Therein, where an applicant is a “beneficial owner” pursuant to the provisions of Article 3 of this Announcement, the applicant shall also provide, in addition to the tax resident identity of the applicant, the tax resident identity documents of the person who satisfies the criteria for “beneficial owner” and the person who satisfies the criteria, issued by the tax authorities in charge at the country (region) where he/she resides; where the applicant is a “beneficial owner” pursuant to the provisions of item (4) of Article 4 of this Announcement, the applicant shall also provide, in addition to the tax resident identity document of the applicant, the tax resident identity documents of the person who holds 100% of the applicant’s shares directly or indirectly and the multi-tier holders, issued by the tax authorities in charge at the country (region) for which the said person and the multi-tier holders are residents; the tax resident identity document shall prove that the person is a tax resident in the year in which the income is obtained or the preceding year.

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Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the State Administration for Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the CSRC and SAFE, jointly adopted the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 26, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, include provisions that purport to require an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of acquiring PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. The CSRC approval procedures require the filing of an application and supporting documents with the CSRC.

C. Organizational Structure

For a description of our organizational structure, see “Item 4. Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company.”

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal executive office is located at 27th Floor, Lianfa International Building, 128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China 430063, which is leased by the VIE, Chutian, on June 1, 2021 for a term of five years, and has approximately 1,492 square meters of office space. If we require additional space, we expect to be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms.

We do not have any land use rights.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

CIB Transaction

On December 28, 2017, Honest Plus acquired 91,997,543 Shares and Perfect Lead acquired 22,999,386 Shares for an aggregate purchase price of RMB86,426,660 (or approximately $0.11 per share) pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, by and between Qiming Investment, Mr. Qiming Xu, Honest Plus, and Perfect Lead. Ricky Qizhi Wei, our former chairman and chief executive officer, is the sole director of Honest Plus and Perfect Lead.

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As a condition to the Share Purchase Agreement, on December 10, 2017, Xiniya entered into (1) a Share Transfer Agreement with Qiming Investment pursuant to which Xiniya sold Xiniya Holdings Limited, Xiniya’s wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, to Mr. Qminig Xu in exchange for Divestiture, and (2) a Securities Purchase Agreement with True Silver, a British Virgin Islands company, and Honest Plus pursuant to which Xiniya acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of True Silver owned by Honest Plus for a purchase price of $34,588,428 and the issuance of 772,283,308 Shares at RMB1.00 ($0.15) per share. True Silver, through a VIE structure, operates and consolidates eighty percent (80%) of the financial results of Chutian, a Chinese company that engages in the business of micro lending to customers in China). On December 28, 2017, the Divestiture and the Acquisition closed concurrently with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement (collectively, the “CIB Transaction”). At the closing of the CIB Transaction, the Company discontinued its apparel business and became a microfinance lending business in Hubei Province.

As a result of the CIB Transaction, Honest Plus and Perfect Lead, the former shareholders of True Silver, became the shareholders of the Company. The CIB Transaction was accounted for as a reverse acquisition, wherein True Silver is considered the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes.

Accordingly and except as otherwise provided, the historical financial statements of True Silver were treated as the historical financial statements of the Company. Unless the context otherwise indicates, references to “we,” “our,” “us” and the “Company” in Item 5 refer to the post-CIB Transaction combined company, its subsidiaries and the VIE on a consolidated basis.

A. Operating Results

Overview

Dunxin is not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries and its VIE, Chutian, in China. We primarily engaged in the business of providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei province of the People’s Republic of China.

We provided family-run businesses, farmers and individual borrowers with working capital and bridge financing support, primarily through means of short-term loans based upon their needs and qualifications. Due to the severe financial restraint, we suspended offering loans to our customers in since the second half year of 2019 and we are exploring new opportunities in supply chain financing industry.

We operate our microfinance lending business through the VIE, Chutian. Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC through Chutian, which holds all the certificates, business license and other requisite licenses for the microfinance lending businesses.

Recent Developments

On May 24, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Streeterville Capital, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company issued the Investor an unsecured promissory note on May 24, 2022 in the original principal amount of $1,075,000 (the “Note”), convertible into ADS of the Company, for $1,000,000 in gross proceeds.

The Note bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum compounding daily. All outstanding principal and accrued interest on the Note will become due and payable twelve months after the purchase price of the Note is delivered by Purchaser to the Company (the “Purchase Price Date”). The Note includes an original issue discount of $50,000 along with $25,000 for Investor’s fees, costs and other transaction expenses incurred in connection with the purchase and sale of the Note. The Company may prepay all or a portion of the Note at any time by paying 120% of the outstanding balance elected for pre-payment. The Investor has the right to convert the Note at any time six months after the Purchase Price Date, until the outstanding balance of the Note has been paid in full. The conversion price per ADS equals to seventy-five percent (75%) multiplied by the lowest daily VWAP during the ten (10) trading days immediately preceding the applicable measurement date, less $0.05 to cover ADS issuance fees paid by the Investor.

Under the Purchase Agreement, while the Note is outstanding, the Company agreed to keep adequate public information available and maintain its NYSE MKT listing. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Note), the Investor shall have the right to increase the balance of the Note by 15% for major defaults and 5% for minor defaults (as defined in the Note). In addition, the Note provides that upon occurrence of an Event of Default, the interest rate shall accrue on the outstanding balance at the rate equal to the lesser of 22% per annum or the maximum rate permitted under applicable law.

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Key factors that affect operating results

Our operations and assets are located in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects maybe affected by China’s economic and regulation conditions in the following aspects: (a) an economic downturn in China or any regional market in China; (b) economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government; (c) changes to prevailing market interest rates; and (d) a higher rate of bankruptcy. Particularly, as a company headquartered in Wuhan with substantially all operating activities, revenues and workforce in China, our results of operations and financial outlook have been materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our collection activities were significantly limited due to various temporary measures. Moreover, some micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals, who are vulnerable in the face of economic downturn, encountered operational and financial difficulties, which led to the defaults of our loan receivables. Although the government has fully lift the pandemic control measures and local government implemented the incentive policies to boost the economy, the consequence for COVID-19 remains fluid and its long-term implications on our business and results of operations are uncertain. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for services that we provide and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Although we have generally benefited from China’s economic growth, we are also affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the Chinese economic conditions and regulations governing the non- banking financial industry.

Our results of operations are also affected by the provision for loan losses which are a noncash item and represent an assessment of the risk of future loan losses. The amount of provisions or allowances has been recorded based on management’s assessment. We may increase or decrease the allowance for loan based on any such change of economic conditions and the change of management’s assessment. Any change in the allowance for loan losses would have an effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on our management’s judgment. When reviewing our financial statements, you should take into account:

● our critical accounting policies discussed below;

● the related judgment made by our management and other uncertainties affecting the application of these policies;

● the sensitivity of our reported results to changes in prevailing facts and circumstances and our related estimates and assumptions; and

● the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors.”

Interest income and expense

Interest income and expense for all financial instruments are recognized in “Net interest income” as “Interest income” and “Interest expense” in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income using the effective interest method. Interest income for financial assets held at amortized cost is recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discount estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter period) to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortized cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, we estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees.

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When we revise the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognized in profit or loss.

The interest income / interest expense is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of non-credit impaired financial assets (i.e. at the amortized cost of the financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance), or at amortised cost of financial liabilities. Interest income for financial assets that are amortized cost that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition (Stage 3) is recognized using the credit adjusted effective interest rate. This rate is calculated in the same manner as the effective interest rate except that expected credit losses are included in the expected cash flows. Interest income is therefore recognized on the amortized cost of the financial asset including expected credit losses. Should the credit risk on a stage 3 financial asset improve such that the financial asset is no longer considered credit-impaired, interest income recognition reverts to a computation based on the rehabilitated gross carrying value of the financial asset.

Impairment measurement and recognition

IFRS 9 outlines a “three-stage” model for impairment based on changes in credit quality since initial recognition as summarized below:

● A financial instrument that is not credit-impaired on initial recognition is classified in “Stage 1” and has its credit risk continuously monitored by the Company.

● If a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is identified, the financial instrument is moved to “Stage 2” but is not yet deemed to be credit-impaired.

● If the financial instrument is credit-impaired, the financial instrument is then moved to “Stage 3”.

● Financial instruments in Stage 1 have their expected credit loss measured at an amount equal to the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that result from default events possible within the next 12 months. Financial instruments in Stages 2 or 3 have their expected credit loss measured based on expected credit losses on a lifetime basis.

● A pervasive concept in measuring expected credit loss in accordance with IFRS 9 is that it should consider forward looking information.

Significant increase in credit risk

We monitor financial assets that are subject to the impairment requirements to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk we will measure the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month expected credit loss. Our accounting policy is not to use the practical expedient that financial assets with “low” credit risk at the reporting date are deemed not to have had a significant increase in credit risk. As a result, we monitor all financial assets that are subject to impairment for significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, we compare the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognized. In making this assessment, we consider both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort, based on our historical experience and expert credit assessment including forward-looking information.

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The quantitative information is a primary indicator of significant increase in credit risk and is based on the change in lifetime probability of default by comparing:

● the remaining lifetime probability of default at the reporting date; with

● the remaining lifetime probability of default for this point in time that was estimated based on facts and circumstances at the time of initial recognition of the exposure.

The probability of defaults used are forward looking and we use the same methodologies and data used to measure the loss allowance for expected credit loss.

The qualitative factors that indicate significant increase in credit risk are reflected in probability of default models on a timely basis.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the probability of default will be more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial probability of default than compared to a financial instrument with a higher probability of default.

As a back-stop when an asset becomes 30 days past due, we consider that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime expected credit loss.

Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is “credit-impaired” when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Credit-impaired financial assets are referred to as Stage 3 assets. Evidence of credit-impairment includes observable data about the following events:

● Significant financial difficulty of the borrower;

● a breach of contract such as a default or past due event; or

● the lender of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event - instead, the combined effect of several events may have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired.

A loan is considered credit-impaired when a concession is granted to the borrower due to a deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition, unless there is evidence that as a result of granting the concession the risk of not receiving the contractual cash flows has reduced significantly and there are no other indicators of impairment. For financial assets where concessions are contemplated but not granted the asset is deemed credit impaired when there is observable evidence of credit-impairment including meeting the definition of default. The definition of default (see below) include unlikeliness to pay indicators. 

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Definition of default

Critical to the determination of expected credit loss is the definition of default. The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of expected credit loss and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime expected credit loss, as default is a component of the probability of default which affects both the measurement of expected credit losses and the identification of a significant increase in credit risk.

We consider the following as constituting an event of default:

● the borrower is past due more than nine months on any material credit obligation to us; or

● the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Company in full.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, we take into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis. We use a variety of sources of information to assess default which are either developed internally or obtained from external sources.

We recognize loss allowance for expected credit loss on loan receivables.

Expected credit losses are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

● 12-month expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

● Full lifetime expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime expected credit loss is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit loss.

Expected credit losses are computed as unbiased, a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to us under the contract and the cash flows that we expect to receive by evaluating a range of reasonably possible outcomes, the time value of money, and considering all reasonable and supportable information including that which is forward-looking, discounted at the asset’s effective interest rate.

For Stage 1 and 2 loans, the estimate of expected cash shortfalls over the life time of the loans is determined by multiplying the probability of default (“PD”) with the loss given default (“LGD”).

For credit-impaired financial instruments (Stage 3 loans), the estimate of cash shortfalls may require the use of expert credit judgment. Cash shortfalls are discounted using the effective interest rate on the financial instrument as calculated at initial recognition.

Our initial contractual loan terms are within 12 months. For simplification purpose, for Stage 1 and Stage 2 loans, we recognized the expected credit losses for the lifetime of the loans.

Stage 1: Expected credit losses are recognized at the time of initial recognition of a financial instrument and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls arising from possible default events for the life of loan from the balance sheet date. Expected credit losses continue to be determined on this basis until there is either a significant increase in the credit risk of an instrument or the instrument becomes credit-impaired.

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Stage 2: If a financial asset experiences a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, an expected credit loss provision is recognized for default events that may occur over the lifetime of the asset. Significant increase in credit risk is assessed by comparing the risk of default of an exposure at the reporting date to the risk of default at origination (after taking into account the passage of time). Significant does not mean statistically significant nor is it assessed in the context of changes in expected credit loss. Whether a change in the risk of default is significant or not is assessed using a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, the weight of which depends on the type of product and counterparty. Financial assets that are 30 or more days past due and not credit-impaired will always be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Stage 3: Financial assets that are credit-impaired (or in default) represent those that are past due more than the historical average collection period for past due loans, but not to exceed the original contractual loan terms. Financial assets are also considered to be credit-impaired where the obligors are unlikely to pay on the occurrence of one or more observable events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event but instead the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

Loss provisions against credit-impaired financial assets are determined based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

Income taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of event that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each period end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates, applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. International Accounting Standard 12 Income Taxes (“IAS12”) requires a one-step approach that provides a company to satisfy the probability criterion when assessing whether a deferred tax account should be recorded or not. Under this criterion, we record a deferred tax account only to the extent we can show it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deferred tax asset can be utilized.

Current IAS 12 does not have specific guidance on uncertain tax positions. We measure tax assets and liabilities at the amount expected to be paid, based on enacted or substantively enacted tax legislation. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax position are recognized and recorded as necessary in the provision for income taxes. According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computation errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances, where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB100,000. In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitation is ten years. There is no statute of limitation in the case of tax evasion. The PRC tax returns for our PRC subsidiary and the VIE are open to examination by tax authorities for the tax years beginning in 2018. There were no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and we do not believe that our unrecognized tax benefits will change over the next twelve months.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following tables present our summary statements of operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future periods.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020 RMB			2021 RMB			2022 RMB			2022 $
				(amount in thousands)
Interest income on loans		105,570			20,627			44,797			6,629
Interest expenses on loans		(21,909	)		(21,374	)		(21,296	)		(3,151	)
Business related taxes and surcharges		(304	)		(452	)		(405	)		(60	)
Total interest expense		(22,213	)		(21,826	)		(21,701	)		(3,211	)
Net interest income/(loss)		83,357			(1,199	)		23,096			3,418
Credit impairment losses		(55,264	)		(119,078	)		(42,420	)		(6,277	)
Net interest income / (loss) after credit impairment losses		28,093			(120,277	)		(19,324	)		(2,859	)
Non-interest and other income		21			387			-			-
Operating costs and expenses
Sales and marketing		(170	)		(293	)		(514	)		(76	)
General and administrative		(8,090	)		(7,889	)		(10,506	)		(1,555	)
Total operating costs and expenses		(8,260	)		(8,182	)		(11,020	)		(1,631	)
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)		(4,490	)
Income tax expense		-			-			-			-
Net profit/(loss)		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)		(4,490	)
Profit/(loss) attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company		15,883			(102,458	)		(24,275	)		(3,592	)
Non-controlling interest		3,971			(25,614	)		(6,069	)		(898	)
Net profit/(loss)		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)		(4,490	)

Profit attributable to owners of the Company and Non-controlling interests

Profit attributable to owners of the company represents 80% controlling interest of Chutian by us through the VIE arrangement. We are deemed to control 80% of Chutian and have rights to consolidate only 80% of Chutian’s audited financial results, the remaining 20% non-controlling interests relates to 20% interest held by Hubei Daily.

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Comparison of results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Interest income on loans 

Interest income on loans primarily consists of the accrued interest of Stage 3 credit-impaired loans. Accrued interest is the present value of the estimated future cash flows of credit-impaired loans expected to be recovered, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Interest income on loans increased by RMB24.2 million ($3.6 million) or 117.5% from RMB20.6 million in 2021 to RMB44.8 million ($6.6 million) in 2022.

Interest expenses on loans

Interest expenses on loans decreased by RMB78,000 ($12,000) or 0.4% in the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of loan payable.

Business related taxes and surcharges

Business related taxes and surcharges remained stable and slightly decreased by RMB47,000 ($7,000) or 10.3% from RMB452,000 in 2021 to RMB405,000 ($60,000) in 2022.

Credit impairment losses

We maintain allowance for loan losses, as presented in our financial statements, at a level we consider to be reasonable by management to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of each balance sheet date. Our management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses on a regular basis or more often as necessary. The allowance is based on our past loan loss history, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Allowance for loan losses decreased by RMB76.7 million ($11.4 million) or 64.4% from RMB119.1 million ($18.7 million) in 2021 to RMB42.4 million ($6.3 million) in 2022. The economic and business environment in 2021 for SMEs remained very challenging. We assessed credit loss allowance on these credit-impaired loans based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

Other interest and other income

Other interest and other income decreased to less than RMB1,000 compared to RMB387,000 ($60,000) in 2021. The main reason was primarily attributable to the fact that in 2021 the company reversed the over-accrued expense which accrued in prior years.

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Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased by RMB221,000 ($32,000) from RMB293,000 in 2021 to RMB514,000 ($76,000) in 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of salary to retain quality employees.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by RMB2.6 million ($0.4 million) or 32.9% from RMB7.9 million in 2021 to RMB10.5 million ($1.6 million) in 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to increase of legal and other professional services fee, as well as the cost incurred for issuance of convertible notes.

Income tax expenses

Our income tax expense was nil in 2021 and 2022, primarily due to the fact that accrued interest of Stage 3 credit-impaired loans are not taxable income for tax purposes.

Net profit/(loss)

As a result of the foregoing, our net loss decrease by RMB97.7 million ($14.5 million) or 76.3.0% from RMB128.1 million in 2021 to RMB30.3 million ($4.5 million) in 2022.

Comparison of results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Interest income on loans 

Interest income on loans primarily consists of the accrued interest of Stage 3 credit-impaired loans. Accrued interest is the present value of the estimated future cash flows of credit-impaired loans expected to be recovered, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Interest income on loans decreased by RMB85.0 million ($13.2 million) or 80.5% from RMB105.6 million in 2020 to RMB20.6 million ($3.2 million) in 2021. We have suspended offering new loans since the second half of 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of present value of interest receivable with time lapse.

Interest expenses on loans

Interest expenses on loans decreased by RMB0.5 million ($83,000) or 2.4% in the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease of loan payable.

Business related taxes and surcharges

Business related taxes and surcharges increased by RMB148,000 ($23,000) or 48.8% from RMB304,000 ($47,000) in 2020 to RMB452,000 ($70,000) in 2021. The increase was mainly attributable to the fact that we received preferential tax treatment by local enterprises in 2020 due to COVID 19 pandemic which was not available in 2021.

Credit impairment losses

We maintain allowance for loan losses, as presented in our financial statements, at a level we consider to be reasonable by management to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of each balance sheet date. Our management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses on a regular basis or more often as necessary. The allowance is based on our past loan loss history, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Allowance for loan losses increased by RMB63.8 million ($10.0 million) or 115.5% from RMB55.3 million ($8.6 million) in 2020 to RMB119.1 million ($18.7 million) in 2021. The economic and business environment in 2021 for SMEs remained very challenging. Most of our loan customers were experiencing financial difficulty, and therefore, additional allowance for loan losses of RMB63.8 million ($10.0 million) were provided in 2021. We assessed credit loss allowance on these credit-impaired loans based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

Other interest and other income

Other interest and other income increased by RMB366,000 ($57,000) from RMB21,000 ($3,000) in 2020 to RMB387,000 ($60,000) in 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to reversal of over-accrued expense in the previous year.

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Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased by RMB123,000 ($19,000) or 73.3% from RMB170,000 ($25,000) in 2020 to RMB293,000 ($46,000) in 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of salary to retain quality employees.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by RMB0.2 million ($31,000) or 2.5% from RMB8.1 million ($1.2 million) in 2020 to RMB7.9 million ($1.2 million) in 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to the cost control initiative which reduced expenses since we have suspended loan offering since the second half of 2019.

Income tax expenses

Our income tax expense was nil in 2020 and 2021, primarily due to the fact that accrued interest of Stage 3 credit-impaired loans are not taxable income for tax purposes.

Net profit/(loss)

As a result of the foregoing, our net profit turns to net loss by RMB147.9 million ($23.0 million) or 745.0% from RMB19.9 million ($2.9 million) in 2020 to RMB128.1 million ($20.0 million) in 2021.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity 

Our ongoing cash requirements include payments of our employees’ salaries and benefits, office expenses, lending to our customers, repayments of our borrowings, taxes and other operational expenses. We fund our loans, working capital and other capital requirements primarily by equity contribution from shareholders, and cash flow from operations.

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We had negative cash flows of RMB807,000 (US$119000) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and positive cash flows of RMB228,000 (US$36,000) and negative cash flows RMB212,000 (US$31,000) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had total cash balances of RMB295,000 (US$43,000).

We have historically met our cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, loans payable from third parties raised through various securities exchanges, loans from shareholders and loans from related parties. The cash requirements are generally for operating activities and repayments of loans from third parties, related parties and shareholders. Ever since, securities exchanges have ceased offering any form of financing to us through their platforms as well as loans receivable were credit-impaired, the Company ran into severe liquidity issue. In the beginning of 2019, the Company began to default on certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With loans receivables continued to be further credit-impaired, all obligations of loans payable were defaulted. The liquidity issue of the Company has further severely affected its ability to pay its taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of its obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings were initiated by its shareholders, service providers and others against the Company (see Note 28 of the Consolidated Financial Statements - Legal proceedings for detailed disclosure). COVID-19 discussed in Note 29 Subsequent Event of the Consolidated Financial Statements has further exacerbated the liquidity issue of the Company.

The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including intensifying loan and interest collection initiative and monetizing collaterals of loans receivable. The Company has also acquired the financial support letter from Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd, a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, which have expressed the willingness and intention to provide the necessary financial support to the Company. Further, the Company plans to actively seek equity financing from private placements, so as to enable the Company to meet its liabilities and to carry on its business without a significant curtailment of operations for the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report.

The Company believes that available cash and cash equivalents, future cash provided by operating activities, together with the efforts from aforementioned management’s plan and actions, should enable the Company to meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared the consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will require additional capital in order to execute its longer-term business plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, curtailing the Company’s business development activities, suspending the pursuit of its business plan, controlling operating expenses and seeking to further dispose of non-core assets. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital if needed.

The following table sets forth a summary of our borrowings for the periods indicated.

	For the Years Ended December 31
	2020			2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			$
	(amount in thousands)
Total borrowings		171,569			161,569			161,439			23,406
Effective interest rate		12.7	%		12.7	%		12.7	%
Average duration of borrowings	365 days			365 days			365 days

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The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	For the Years Ended December 31
	2020			2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			$
	(amount in thousands)
Net cash generated by/(used in) operating activities		(626	)		10,288			(7,435	)		(1,100	)
Net cash (used in) investing activities		-			-			-			-
Net cash (used in) / generated by financing activities		414			(10,000	)		6,628			981
Net (decrease)/increase/ in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(212	)		228	)		(807	)		(119	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		132			97			396			62
Exchange losses on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		177			71			706			100
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		97			396			295			43

As of December 31, 2022, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash amounted to RMB295,000 ($43,000). Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of cash on hand, cash deposited in banks and restricted cash at bank.

Cash flow generated by/(used in) operating activities

Our net cash generated by operating activities primarily consists of profit/loss before income tax, as adjusted by depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangible asset, credit impairment losses and reversal of directors’ fees, and changes in assets and liabilities, which include loan receivables, prepaid expenses, salary and benefit payable, business and other taxes payable, interest payable, and other payable.

Our net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was RMB7.4 million ($1.1 million), which mainly consisted of (i) loss before income tax of RMB30.3 million ($4.5 million) adjusted by credit impairment losses for loans of RMB42.4 million ($6.3 million), (ii) increase in interest payable of RMB18.1 million ($2.7 million) due to non-payment.

Our net cash generated in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was RMB10.3 million ($1.6 million), which mainly consisted of (i) loss before income tax of RMB128.1 million ($20.1 million) adjusted by credit impairment losses for loans of RMB119.1 million ($18.5 million), (ii) increase in interest payable of RMB18.1 million ($2.7 million) due to non-payment., and (iii) increase of loan receivable of RMB43.4 million ($6,4 million).

Our net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was RMB626,000 ($91,000), which mainly consisted of (i) profit before income tax of RMB19.9 million ($2.9 million) adjusted by credit impairment losses for loans of RMB55.3 million ($8.0 million), (ii) increase in interest payable of RMB18.4 million ($2.7 million) due to non-payment, as mainly offset by decrease in loans receivables of RMB102.3 million ($14.8 million).

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Cash flow used in investing activities

There was no cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022

Net cash (used in)/generated by financing activities

Our net cash of RMB6.8 million ($1.0 million) generated by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was mainly due to the issuance of convertible note.

Our net cash of RMB10 million ($1.6 million) used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was mainly due to repayment of loans.

Our net cash of RMB414,000 ($60,000) generated by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was mainly due to increase of loan payable.

Capital Resources

Our capital expenditures, consisting of the purchase of motor vehicles, leasehold improvements, office equipment and furniture, were RMB271,000 in 2019. There are no capital resources in 2021 and 2022. Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and have not relied on any other sources to finance our operations.

Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022.

	Payments Due By Period
	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years
	(RMB in thousands)
Debt Obligations		161,439		161,439		-		-		-

Debt obligations represent loans payable to various individuals and companies that are generally due within one (1) year. Loans payable are all overdue and have a weighted average annual interest rate of 12.7%.

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C. Research and Development

We have not made, and do not expect to make significant expenditures on research and development.

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere herein, we are not aware of any significant trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2021 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Not applicable

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

On February 8, 2023, Mr. Weitao Liang tendered his resignation as a director, effectively immediately.

On May 4, 2023, Mr. Ricky Qizhi Wei resigned from his position as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman.

On May 4, 2023, the Board appointed Mr. Yuan Gao as the Chief Executive Officer and the Chairman of the Board, and Messrs. Lei Fu and Yong Wang as directors of the Board.

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The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. The business address of each of our directors and executive officers is c/o Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited, 2 Floor, Lianfa International Building, 128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China.

Name	Age	Position
Yuan Gao	30	Director (Chairman); Chief Executive Officer
Xiang (Johnny) Zhou	47	Chief Financial Officer
Weidong Xu	54	Director, Chief Operating Officer
Lei Fu	34	Director
Yong Wang	55	Director
Qi Chen	30	Independent Director

Yuan Gao, has extensive experience in equity investment, investment banking, mergers and acquisitions, and asset reorganization, and maintains a keen interest in company operation, strategic planning and business administration. Mr. Gao was awarded the Hubei Venture Capital Investment Outstanding Contribution Award, and also serves as an expert adjudicator in the China Innovation & Entrepreneurship Competition. From November 2020 to April 2023, Mr. Gao served as the managing director at Wuhan Zhiyuanjunhe Medical Technology Ltd. From October 2017 to October 2020, Mr. Gao served as the investment director at Wuhan Jiupai Investment Management Ltd. Mr. Gao obtained his bachelor’s degree in business and finance from University of Wales Trinity Saint David in 2015 and obtained his master’s degree in “China and Globalization” from King’s College London in 2016. .

Xiang (Johnny) Zhou, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Zhou joined the Company as chief financial officer in March 2021. Mr. Zhou served as Vice General Manager of Neveen Assets Management Co., Ltd. from January to December 2020. From September 2017 to January 2020, Mr. Zhou served as Partner and CFO of Fengying Assets Management Co., Ltd., an assets management company. From July 2016 to August 2017, Mr. Zhou served as Secretary of the Board of Shandong Xinlv Food Corporation Limited, a food processing company. From October 2014 to June 2016, Mr. Zhou has served as CFO of American Lorain Corporation (NYSE American: PLAG), a food processing company. From March 2011 to February 2014, Mr. Zhou has served as Vice President of Halter Finance Group. From August 2002 to February 2011, Mr. Zhou has served as Audit Manager of Shu Lun Pan CPAs (BDO China). Mr. Zhou holds a Bachelor’s degree in Finance from Shanghai University and a Master’s degree in Accounting from University of Macquarie.

Weidong Xu, Director and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Xu became a director in October 2020. Mr. Xu became our chief operating officer on December 28, 2017 and joined Chutian in 2015. He is currently responsible for the overall operation strategy and business planning, and is also a member of the Chutian’s Risk Management Committee and Innovation Credit Products Team. Mr. Xu graduated from Zhongnan University of Economics and Law with a major in finance and has more than 20 years of financial experience in credit risk management. He is familiar with corporate guarantee, pawn broking, micro-credit and other debt business review management, and has a strong knowhow and practical experience in the due diligence, risk review and post-loan management.

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Lei Fu, has over a decade of entrepreneurial experience in the IT industry, and has founded multiple technology companies, possessing rich experience in enterprise management. Mr. Fu won first prize in the “Make Kieron's Life Easier” competition held by the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. He was also awarded the honorary title of “Pioneer of College Students’ Entrepreneurship” by the Wuhan Municipal Government, as well as the “Digital Innovation Person of the Year Award” at the 2023 World Health Industry Digitalization Summit. Mr. Fu has served as Chairman of Anhui THINGO Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. since July 2022 and as Chairman of Hubei THINGO Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. since November 2012. Mr. Fu obtained his bachelor’s degree in vehicle engineering from Wuhan Huaxia University of Technology in 2010 and his master’s degree in the advanced manufacturing technology from University of Sheffield in 2011.

Yong Wang, has served as the chief executive officer of Anhui THINGO Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. since April 2023. From October 2009 to September 2020, Mr. Wang served as the senior vice president of WanCheng (ShangHai) Travel Agency Co., Ltd. Mr. Wang obtained his bachelor’s degree in commercial economy from Wuhan University in 1989.

Qi Chen, Director. Mr. Chen has served as an independent director of the Company since August 26, 2021. Mr. Chen has served as a senior manager of Baker Tilly China Certified Public Accountants since March 2019, primarily responsible for organizing and leading the project implementation and project process management, and providing consultation services about internal control and risk management systems. Since Mr. Chen’s joining Baker Tilly China Certified Public Accountants in December 2016, he consecutively served as a consultant of Enterprise Management Consulting Division from December 2016 to September 2017 and a senior consultant from September 2017 to March 2019, primarily responsible for evaluating the internal control systems of and providing risk and financial management consulting services for more than 30 enterprises. Mr. Qi Chen received his bachelor’s degree in Business and Financial Management from University of Hull, and master’s degree in International Business from University of Birmingham. He is a Certified Management Accountant (U.S.).

B. Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred an aggregate of approximately RMB2.0 million ($0.3 million) in compensation to our executive officers and our non-executive directors.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various government statutory social security plans, including a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to contribute to social security plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. Other than the above-mentioned statutory contributions mandated by applicable PRC law, we have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.

2022 Equity Incentive Plan

Our board of directors adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in July, effective as of July 8, 2022, to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2022 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards shall be 384,000,000 ordinary shares.

As of the date of this annual report, we did not granted any ordinary shares to qualified persons under the 2022 Plan.

The following describes the principal terms of the 2022 Plan.

Types of awards

The 2022 Plan permits the grant of Options, Share Appreciation Rights, Restricted Shares, Restricted Share Units, and Other Share Based Awards.

Plan administration

The 2022 Plan is administered by a committee of at least one member of the board of directors (the “Board”) of the Company as the Board may appoint or, if no such committee has been appointed by the Board, the Board.

Award agreement

Each award granted under the 2022 Plan shall be evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions, and restrictions, as the plan administrator may from time to time approve; provided, however, that in the event of any conflict between the provisions of the 2022 Plan and any such award agreements, the provisions of the 2022 Plan shall prevail.

Eligibility

We may grant awards to our employees, directors, and consultants, including any prospective employees, directors, or consultants who has accepted an offer of employment or service and will be employees, directors, or consultants after the commencement of their service.

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Vesting schedule

The plan administrator sets vesting criteria in its discretion, which, depending on the extent to which the criteria are met, will determine the number of RSUs that will be paid out to the plan participant. The plan administrator may set vesting criteria based upon the achievement of Company-wide, business unit, or individual goals (including, but not limited to, continued employment or service), or any other basis determined by the plan administrator in its discretion.

Exercise of options

Any option granted hereunder will be exercisable according to the terms of the 2022 Plan and at such times and under such conditions as determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the award agreement.

C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Mr. Ricky Qizhi Wei beneficially owns indirectly approximately 55.8% of our outstanding ordinary shares and therefore we are a “controlled company” as defined in Section 801 of the Company Guide. As a result, we are exempt from certain of the Company Guide corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of the board of directors be independent, the requirement applicable to the nomination process of directors and the requirements applicable to the determination or recommendation of executive compensation by a committee comprised of independent directors or by a majority of the independent directors and the additional requirements concerning compensation committee independence, compensation advisor engagement and independence.

Our board of directors currently consists of five (5) directors, one (1) of whom is an independent director. We maintain a nominating and corporate governance committee and a compensation committee comprised solely of the independent director.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such times as they resign or are removed from office by ordinary resolutions or as otherwise described below. Any director can be removed from office by ordinary resolution. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director becomes (a) bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors, (b) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (c) resigns his office by one month's notice in writing to the Company, (d) without special leave of absence from the board of directors, is absent from meetings of the board of directors for three consecutive meetings and the board of directors resolves that his office be vacated; and (e) is removed from office pursuant to any provision of our memorandum and articles of association. Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors currently has a standing audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. The Company Guide requires U.S. domestic listed companies to have an audit committee of at least three (3) members. These requirements differ from the Companies Act. As described below, our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committees composed of one (1) member, who is an independent director.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Chen and is chaired by Mr. Chen. Mr. Chen satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 803A of the Company Guide and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of the Company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

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● appointing our independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent auditors;

● reviewing with our independent auditors any audit issues and management’s response;

● reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent auditors;

● reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of our current material weaknesses in internal control;

● annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

● such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by our Board of Directors from time to time;

● meeting separately and periodically with management and our internal and independent auditors; and

● reporting regularly to the full Board of Directors.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Chen and is chaired by Mr. Chen. Mr. Chen satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Company Guide. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of the directors and executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. The Chief Executive Officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

● approving and overseeing the compensation package for our executive officers;

● reviewing and making recommendations to the board with respect to the compensation of our directors;

● reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our chief executive officer, evaluating the performance of our chief executive officer in light of those goals and objectives and setting the compensation level of our chief executive officer based on this evaluation; and

● reviewing periodically and making recommendations to the board regarding any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Chen, and is chaired by Mr. Chen. Mr. Chen satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Company Guide. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the Board of Directors in identifying individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

● identifying and recommending to the board nominees for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

● reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to the company;

● identifying and recommending to the board the directors to serve as members of the board’s committees;

● advising the board periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any corrective action to be taken; and

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Interested Transactions

A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote in that matter, unless he or she is disqualified to vote by the chairman of the relevant board meeting.

Remuneration and Borrowing

The directors may determine remuneration to be paid to the directors. The compensation committee assists the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. The directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt obligations of the Company or of any third party.

Qualification

There is no shareholding qualification for directors.

Indemnification Matters

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences or committing a crime. Our memorandum and articles of association provide for indemnification of directors and officers for actions, costs, charges, losses, damages and expenses incurred or sustained in the execution of their duty in their capacities as such, except by reasons of their own dishonesty, gross negligence, willful misconduct, or fraud, including, among other things, costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such directors and officers in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning the Company or our affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere.

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Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with all of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate his or her employment for cause at any time for certain acts of such executive officer, including but not limited to a conviction of a felony, or any gross negligence by the executive officer in connection with the performance of his or her duties that have resulted in material and demonstrable financial harm to us. Upon termination for cause, the executive officer is entitled to the base salary only. We may terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause and upon termination without cause, the employee is generally entitled to a severance payment. An executive officer may resign from the Company, in which case such executive officer is generally entitled to his or her base salary only.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and subsequent to the terms of his or her agreement, in confidence and not to use, except in pursuance of his or her duties in connection with the employment, any of our confidential information, technological secrets, commercial secrets and know-how. Our executive officers have also agreed to disclose to us all inventions, designs and techniques resulted from work performed by them, and to assign us all right, title and interest of such inventions, designs and techniques.

D. Employees

For a description of our employees, please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview - Employees.”

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act, based on 1,141,478,296 of our ordinary shares outstanding as of May 11, 2023, by:

● each of our directors and executive officers; and

● each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares.

Name of Beneficial Owner	Nature of  Shares			Percentage of  Beneficial Ownership
Directors and Executive Officers
Yuan Gao		-			-
Weidong Xu		-			-
Lei Fu		-			-
Yong Wang					-
Qi Chen		-			-
Xiang (Johnny) Zhou		-			-
Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (six persons)		-			-
5% Shareholders:
Ricky Qizhi Wei		636,072,237	(1)		55.8	%

___________

(1) Includes 22,999,386 ordinary shares held by Perfect Lead and 445,072,851 ordinary shares held by Honest Plus. Mr. Wei is (i) the sole director of Honest Plus and Perfect Lead, (ii) the sole shareholder of Perfect Lead, and (iii) an indirect controlling shareholder of Honest Plus.

F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees-E. Share Ownership.”

As of May 11, 2023, we had 1,141,478,296 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as the depositary of our ADS facility, was the only record holder of our ordinary shares in the United States, holding 628,646,032 ordinary shares or 13,096,792 ADSs or approximately 55.1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

None of our existing shareholders has voting rights that differ from the voting rights of our other shareholders. To the best of our knowledge, we are not directly or indirectly controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal person, severally or jointly, not disclosed in this annual report. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of the Company.

B. Related Party Transactions

We have adopted an audit committee charter, which requires that the audit committee review all related party transactions on an ongoing basis and all such transactions be approved by the committee. Set forth below is a description of all of our material related party transactions since the beginning of 2020 up to the date of this annual report.

Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders

We currently engage and operate our microfinance business through Chutian, the VIE, through the VIE Agreements. For a description of these VIE Agreements, see “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company.”

1. Loans payable to related parties

1.1 In 2018, loans payable of RMB60.0 million ($9.4 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd, a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Ricky Qizhi Wei, at an interest rate of 9% per annum with maturity ranging from August to October 2019. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, these loans payable and the related interest payable were overdue. The interest expenses were RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) and RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB50.0 million ($7.7 million) and RMB50.0 million ($7.3 million) and the related interest payable was RMB15.0 million ($2.4 million) and RMB19.7 million ($2.9 million), respectively.

1.2 In 2018, loans payable of RMB20.0 million ($3.0 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, at an interest rate of 12% per annum and repayable in November 2019. In December 2018, loan of RMB0.5 million ($70,000) was repaid. In 2019, loans payable of RMB17.3 million ($2.5 million) were further borrowed, loans of RMB14.7 million ($2.1 million) were repaid. In 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB9.9 million ($1.4 million) and interest payable of RMB3.1 million ($0.5 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2021 and 2022, the company made repayment amounting to RMB10 million ($1.6 million) and RMB130,000 ($19,000) respectively. The interest expenses were RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million), RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) and RMB118,000 ($17,000) in 20120, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

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As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB1.0 million ($0.2 million) and RMB0.9 million ($0.1 million), and the related interest payable was RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and RMB1.8 million ($0.3 million), respectively.

2. Loans payable to shareholders

2.1 In June 2017, a loan payable of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) was borrowed from Wang Hailin, a shareholder who owned 7.7% of the VIE, at 10% interest per annum. The interest expenses for this loan were RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) and RMB1.3 million ($0.2 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. According to the loan extension agreement, the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) is at interest rate of 15% per annum with additional 9% penalty interest per annum and repayable in February 2019. Subsequent to year end, this loan payable was further extended to repayment date in September 2019, at 15% interest per annum with additional 9% penalty interest. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the loan payable and interest payable were overdue.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, interest payable was RMB6.6 million ($1.0 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively.

2.2 In 2019, loans payable of RMB3.0 million ($0.4 million) and RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) were borrowed from Li Ling, a shareholder who owned 2.5% of the VIE, at 12% per annum for 29 days and 74 days, respectively. At maturity, loan payable of RMB3.0 million ($0.4 million) and the related interest of RMB29,000 ($4,200) were fully repaid. Loan payable of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) was, however, overdue. On August 27, 2019, Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. Court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value.

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB787,500 ($114,100) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfil its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

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As a result of the court ruling mentioned above, the interest expense on these loans was RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) in 2021 and 2022 respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loan payable was RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), and interest payable was RMB 5.3 million ($0.8 million) and RMB7.3 million ($1.0 million).

3. Consulting expenses for representatives from a shareholder

Consulting expenses of RMB 0.5 million ($70,000), RMB 0.5 million ($70,000 ) and RMB 0.5 million ($70,000) were incurred for two representatives sent from Hubei Daily, a shareholder who owned 20% of the VIE, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, consulting expenses payable to these representatives were RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) and RMB 2.5 million ($0.4 million), respectively.

4. Reverse merger expenses and guarantee expenses payable to a related party

During the reverse merger process of the Company, a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, paid reverse merger expenses on behalf of the Company, totaling RMB 11.3 million ($1.7 million) and RMB 10.9 million ($1.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2019, certain operating expenses of RMB 0.7 million ($100,000) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. Also, in 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against payable to Hubei New Nature of RMB 22.6 million ($3.3 million). In 2020, certain loan receivables were novated to Hubei New Nature of RMB 1.3 million ($0.2 million) (see Note 27 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 5). In 2020, certain operating expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. In 2021, the Company’s debts amounting to RMB 0.7 million ($0.1 million) was assigned and assumed to Hubei New Nature. In 2022, the Company made the repayment amounting to RMB484,000.

In addition, guarantee expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) and RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were incurred for Hubei New Nature for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, payables to Hubei New Nature were RMB 8.1 million ($1.3 million) and RMB 10.5 million ($1.5 million), respectively.

5. Loans receivable from related parties

5.1 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB8.0 million ($1.2 million) were lent to Hubei Baoli Ecological Conservation Co., Ltd at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. The interest received on the loan was nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, this loan was overdue.

5.2 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB3.0 million ($0.4 million) were lent to Kang Chen at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, this loan was overdue.

6. Loans receivable novated and debts transferred to a related party

In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to a related party, Hubei New Nature to offset loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.2 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($70,000). In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) were transferred to Hubei New Nature.

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7. Debts transferred to a related party

In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million) were assumed by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Dividend Policy

Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our shareholders may declare dividends by ordinary resolution, but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable there under. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

Dunxin is a holding company, and it may rely on dividends paid by its operating subsidiary in China for its cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to its shareholders, service any debt it may incur and pay its operating expenses. The payment of dividends in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends by Dunxin’s PRC subsidiary only out of its accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Dunxin’s PRC subsidiary is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year to contribute to its reserve fund until the accumulated balance of the reserve fund reaches 50% of its paid-up capital. Dunxin’s PRC subsidiary is also required to reserve a portion of its after-tax profits to its employee welfare and bonus fund, the amount of which is determined by its board of directors. These funds are not distributable in cash dividends.

Legal and Administrative Proceedings

From time to time, we have become and may in the future become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to loans that we have made, breach of contract claims, labor and employment claims and other matters. Microfinance lending companies are frequently involved in litigation as claimants against borrowers and guarantors. Although such proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of our current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome, however, any litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense costs, diversion of management’s attention and other factors.

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As of December 31, 2022, Chutian had been involved in multiple significant legal proceedings as claimants against various borrowers and guarantors, which are incidental to the lending business. During 2022, Chutian and our former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, have also been involved in multiple significant legal proceedings which resulted in final rulings by the courts for pre-litigation property preservation or pre-litigation protective measures. In addition, Chutian and Mr. Wei have been the defendants in legal proceedings in connection with the payment of property services fee and a loan dispute.

Proceedings incidental to our lending business 

On July 24, 2017, Chutian filed an execution case with the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court for property preservation on Hubei Sheng Guang Gong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and related borrowers. On August 20, 2019, Chutian further filed the real estate valuation report to the court for further processing. In August 2020, the secured real property was auctioned for RMB2.56 million ($0.4 million). However, as of the date of this annual report, the proceeds are still held by Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court pending resolution of various ongoing legal proceedings.

Property Preservation Proceedings

On July 16, 2019, Shenzhen Lihe Wantong Commerical Factoring Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation protective measures to be taken against the respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei with regards to a contract dispute. On July 31, 2019, the court issued a preservation order freezing a total of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million) of deposits in the bank accounts of Chutian and Mr. Wei for a period of one (1) year; and seizing four properties of Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife. The total limit of the property preservation in this matter is RMB29.9 million ($4.3 million). As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order. Chutian and Mr. Wei are negotiating with Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong to reach a mediation agreement.

On September 4, 2019, Hubei Changjiang Microcredit Co., Ltd. (“Hubei Changjiang”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in connection with a loan contract dispute. On September 6, 2019, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in the amount of RMB13.0 million ($1.8 million) and RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million). Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd is a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei. Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd is a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei and 30% owned by Ms. Wenting (Tina) Xiao, Chief Personal/Human Resource Officer. The Court’s ruling was effective immediately. In July 2020, Hubei Changjiang applied for court enforcement and execution, which was accepted. As of the date of this annual report, all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

On October 14, 2019, Mr. Deng Xinxue, Mr. Zhang Xuan and Mr. Yang Bobiao each applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd., a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and Chutian in connection with loan contract disputes. The court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd and Chutian in the amount of RMB2.9 million ($0.4 million), RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively. The court’s ruling was effective immediately. As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order and all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

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On October 15, 2019, the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court received a Letter of Property Preservation from the Wuhan Arbitration Commission in connection with a loan contract dispute among the applicant Hubei Huaya Investment Co., Ltd. and respondents Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian. On October 23, 2019, after review of the letter by the court, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian in the amount of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million). In August 2020, the parties entered into a mediation agreement whereby Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan agreed to pay the loan principal with penalty interests and costs in connection with the legal proceeding while Chutian, as the third respondent, will be responsible for 50% of the liabilities of Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan under the mediation agreement, should they fail to make the payments. As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan are still making payments pursuant to the mediation agreement.

Property Services Contract Proceeding

On September 26, 2019, the Wuhan Branch of Xiamen Lianfa (Group) Property Services Co., Ltd (“Xiamen Lianfa”) filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. On November 27, 2019, the case was scheduled to be heard and Chutian was lawfully summoned and failed to appear, and did not submit a reply. The case was decided and concluded on November 27, 2019. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) for the period from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 26, 2019 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment became effective immediately. On November 10, 2020, the court issued a preservation order that froze the assets of Chutian in the maximum amount of RMB220,000 ($32,000) or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value. On December 18, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements within five years.

In August, 2019, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on October 12, 2020. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB310,311 ($46,000) for the period from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB310,311 ($46,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 11, 2020 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately. In July 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

In 2021, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on November 29, 2021. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB238,344 ($37,000) for the period from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB238,344 ($37,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period until fully paid. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately. In November 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

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As of the date of this annual report, Xiamen Lianfa and the Company are in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

Li Ling Loan Dispute Proceeding

On August 27, 2019, Ms. Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. The court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value.

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB787,500 ($114,000) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Ms. Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Ms. Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfil its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

There are no proceedings in which any of our directors, officers, or any beneficial shareholder of more than five percent (5%) of our voting securities is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to Chutian.

Cases Entered into the Enforcement Process

Chutian had a total of nine cases entered into the enforcement process for the year ended December 31, 2022, all of which were accepted and enforced by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court, with an aggregate amount of RMB17.3 million (US$2.5 million). All of the nine cases entered into the enforcement process have been terminated by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court because there were no other assets of Chutian available for enforcement. However, pursuant to the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, once the court or the applicant petitioning for enforcement locates clues that Chutian owns new property or assets available for enforcement, the court may resume the enforcement procedure.

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

Our ADSs were listed on the NYSE on November 23, 2010 and transitioned to the NYSE American on December 28, 2017. We have been trading under the symbol “XNY” until we changed to “DXF” on March 5, 2018. Prior to December 17, 2014, each ADS represented the right to receive four (4) ordinary shares, from December 18, 2014, the right to receive sixteen (16) ordinary shares and from December 28, 2017, the right to receive forty-eight (48) ordinary shares.

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B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

Our ADSs were listed on the NYSE on November 23, 2010 and transitioned to the NYSE American on December 28, 2017. We have been trading under the symbol “XNY” until we changed to “DXF” on March 5, 2018. Prior to December 17, 2014, each ADS represented the right to receive four (4) ordinary shares, from December 18, 2014, the right to receive sixteen (16) ordinary shares and from December 28, 2017, the right to receive forty-eight (48) ordinary shares.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time and the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

General.

Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares.

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Dividends.

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to the Companies Act. In addition, our shareholders may declare dividends by ordinary resolution, but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. As a matter of Cayman Islands company law, we may declare and pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium account. No dividend may be declared and paid unless our directors determine that, immediately after the payment, we will be able to pay our debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business and we have funds lawfully available for such purpose.

Voting Rights.

Each ordinary share is entitled to one vote on all matters upon which the ordinary shares are entitled to vote. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of our board of directors or by any shareholder present in person or by proxy.

A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of two shareholders who hold at least one-third of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares and entitled to vote, at the meeting present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative. Shareholders’ meetings are held annually and may be convened by our board of directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding in aggregate at least one-third of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. Advance notice of at least seven days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other shareholders meetings.

An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a general meeting. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to the Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares.

Subject to the restrictions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association, as applicable, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share without reason. Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless

● the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

● the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares;

● the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

● a fee of such maximum sum as the exchange on which the ordinary shares are listed may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as the directors may from time to time require is paid in respect thereof;

● in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; or

● the ordinary shares transferred are free of any lien in favor of us.

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If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within two months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may, on 14 days’ notice being given by advertisement in such one or more newspapers or by electronic means, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year.

Liquidation.

Subject to any future shares which are issued with specific rights, (1) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among our shareholders are more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst the shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to the Company for unpaid calls or otherwise, and (2) if we are wound up and the assets available for distribution among the shareholders as such are insufficient to repay the whole of the share capital, those assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by the shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares.

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption and Repurchase of Ordinary Shares.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, we may issue ordinary shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders, in such manner as the board may determine before the issue of such ordinary shares. The Company may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders.

Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of the Company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if the company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (1) unless it is fully paid up, (2) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (3) if the company has commenced liquidation.

Variation of Rights of Shares.

Whenever the capital of the Company is divided into different classes, all or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any relevant class and the provisions of the Companies Act, only be materially adversely varied or abrogated either with the written consent of a majority of the holders of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

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The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied or abrogated by, inter alia, the creation, allotment or issue of further Shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to them or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class by the Company. The rights of the holders of shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied or abrogated by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Inspection of Books and Records.

Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than copies of our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charge, and any special resolution passed by our shareholders). However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements.

Changes in Capital. 

We may from time to time by ordinary resolutions:

● increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe;

● consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

● convert all or any of our paid up shares into stock and reconvert that stock into paid up shares of any denomination;

● sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount provided that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced share shall be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced share is derived;

● cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled.

We may by special resolution, and subject to the Companies Act, reduce our share capital and any capital redemption reserve in any manner authorized by law.

EXEMPTED COMPANY

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

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● an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

● an exempted company is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

● an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

● an exempted company may in certain circumstances issue no par value, negotiable or bearer shares;

● an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

● an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

● an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

● an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

DIFFERENCES IN CORPORATE LAW 

The Companies Act is modeled after that of English law but does not follow many recent English law statutory enactments. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware and their shareholders.

Mergers and Similar Arrangements 

The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a declaration as to the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and published in the Cayman Islands Gazette.

A merger between a Cayman Islands parent company and its Cayman Islands subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose a company is a “parent” of a subsidiary if it holds issued shares that together represent at least ninety percent (90%) of the votes at a general meeting of the subsidiary.

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Shareholders of a Cayman constituent company who dissent from the merger or consolidation have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures. In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

● the statutory provisions as to the due majority vote have been met;

● the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;

● the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and

● the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act.

The Companies Act also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of a dissenting minority shareholder upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90.0% of the shares (within four months), the offerer may, within a two-month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If the arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

Shareholders’ Suits 

In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff to sue for a wrong done to us as a company, and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands court can be expected to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against or derivative actions in the name of the company to challenge actions where:

● a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires;

● the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and

● those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority".

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Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability 

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. The Memorandum and Articles of Association permit indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such unless such losses or damages arise from dishonesty, gross negligence, willful misconduct or fraud of such directors or officers in the execution of their duty in their respective offices. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors and senior executive officers that will provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in the Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable as a matter of United States law.

Anti-takeover Provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association 

Some provisions of the Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under the Memorandum and Articles of Association, for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of the Company.

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties 

Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, a director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company-a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his position as director (unless the company permits him to do so) and a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his personal interest or his duty to a third party. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

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Shareholder Action by Written Consent 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Cayman Islands law and the Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

Shareholder Proposals 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

The Companies Act provide shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. The Memorandum and Articles of Association allow our shareholders holding in aggregate not less than one-third of all issued and outstanding shares of the Company entitled to vote at general meetings to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our board is obliged to convene an extraordinary general meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Other than this right to requisition a shareholders’ meeting, our Memorandum and Articles do not provide our shareholders with any other right to put proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but the Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Removal of Directors 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under the Memorandum and Articles of Association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. A director shall hold office until the expiration of his or her term or his or her successor shall have been elected and qualified, or until his or her office is otherwise vacated. In addition, a director’s office shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his office by one month's notice in writing to the company; (iv) without special leave of absence from the board of directors, is absent from meetings of the board of directors for three consecutive meetings and the board of director resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of the Memorandum and Articles of Association

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Transactions with Interested Shareholders 

The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware public corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting stock within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware public corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Dissolution; Winding up 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board. Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Act and the Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of our shareholders.

Variation of Rights of Shares 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law and the Memorandum and Articles of Association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may materially adversely vary or abrogate the rights attached to any class only with the written consent of a majority of the holders of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

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Amendment of Governing Documents 

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by Cayman Islands law and the Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Memorandum and Articles of Association may only be amended with the vote of holders of two-thirds of our shares voting at a meeting or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders 

There are no limitations imposed by the Memorandum and Articles of Association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

C. Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

D. Exchange Controls

The Cayman Islands currently has no exchange control restrictions. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview - Regulation - Foreign Currency Exchange” for information regarding foreign exchange controls in the PRC.

E. Taxation

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by the Company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

PRC Taxation

The following discussion describes the material PRC tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares under present PRC law. Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008, as subsequently amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, an enterprise established outside the PRC with its “actual management” within the PRC is considered a PRC tax resident enterprise. The “actual management” of an enterprise is defined as the organizational body that effectively exercises overall management and control over production and business operations, personnel, finance and accounting and properties of the enterprise. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret such a broad definition. Although Dunxin was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and the immediate holding company of our PRC subsidiary is incorporated in Hong Kong, substantially all of our management members are based in the PRC. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret the PRC tax resident treatment of an offshore company, like us, having indirect interests in PRC enterprises through intermediary holding vehicles. If we are classified as a PRC tax resident enterprise, dividends on our ADSs and ordinary shares and capital gains from sales of our ADSs and ordinary shares realized by non-PRC enterprise shareholders may be regarded as income from “sources within the PRC” and may be subject to 10% PRC withholding tax, subject to reduction by an applicable treaty.

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U.S. Federal Income Taxation

The following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations and may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position.

The following discussion does not deal with the tax consequences to any particular investor or to persons in special tax situations such as:

● banks;

● certain financial institutions;

● insurance companies;

● broker dealers;

● U.S. expatriates;

● traders that elect to mark to market;

● tax-exempt entities;

● persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

● persons holding an ADS or ordinary share as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;

● persons subject to the applicable financial statement accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code; or

● persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of our voting stock.

In addition, this discussion does not discuss any non-United States, alternative minimum tax, state, or local tax or any non-income tax (such as the U.S. federal gift or estate tax) considerations, or the Medicare tax on net investment income.

The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to you if you are a beneficial owner of ADSs or ordinary shares and you are:

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● an individual citizen or resident of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

● a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) located or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any State thereof or the District of Columbia;

● an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

● a trust that (1) is subject to the supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If you are a partner in a partnership (including any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that holds ADSs or ordinary shares, your tax treatment generally will depend on your status and the activities of the partnership. Partners in partnerships holding ADSs or ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of their investment in ADSs or ordinary shares.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with their terms. If you hold ADSs, you should be treated as the holder of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on the ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, the gross amount of all of our distributions to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares will be included in your gross income as dividend income on the date of receipt by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, or by you, in the case of ordinary shares, to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). The dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations.

With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individual U.S. Holders, dividends on the ADSs would constitute “qualified dividend income” and, thus, be taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate, provided that (1) either (a) the ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or (b) we are eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program and which the U.S. Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for these purposes, (2) we are not a PFIC (as discussed below) for either our taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Under U.S. Internal Revenue Service authority, ADSs representing ordinary shares are considered for the purpose of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on NYSE American, as our ADSs are. If we are treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes, we may also be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Dividends will constitute foreign source income for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If the dividends are qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the U.S. foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by the reduced rate divided by the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. Dividends distributed by us with respect to ADSs or ordinary shares will generally constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.”

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If PRC withholding taxes apply to dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares, as described under “-PRC Taxation,” such withholding taxes may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the creditability of any PRC tax.

To the extent that the amount of any distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your ADSs or ordinary shares, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds your tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares, the excess will be taxed as capital gain. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that a distribution with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares will generally be treated as a dividend.

Taxation of Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of an ADS or ordinary share equal to the difference between the amount realized (in U.S. dollars) for the ADS or ordinary share and your tax basis (in U.S. dollars) in the ADS or ordinary share. The gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual U.S. Holder, who has held the ADS or ordinary share for more than one year, you may be eligible for reduced tax rates under current law. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that you recognize will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If PRC tax were to be imposed on any gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, as described under “-PRC Taxation,” you would only be able to claim a foreign tax credit for the amount withheld to the extent that you have foreign source income. However, if you are eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC, you may elect to treat such gain as PRC source income. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the creditability of any PRC tax.

PFIC Considerations

A non-U.S. corporation is considered to be a PFIC for any taxable year if either:

● at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income; or

● at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat Chutian as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, and we treat it that way, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entity but also because we are entitled to eighty percent (80%) of Chutian’s economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of Chutian for United States federal income tax purposes, and based upon our current and expected income and assets and the market price of our ADSs at the end of our 2023 taxable year, we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, a separate determination must be made at the close of each year as to whether we are a PFIC for such year. In particular, our PFIC status may be determined in large part based on the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate. Our PFIC status will also be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend the cash we hold. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2023 or any future taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any year during which you hold ADSs or ordinary shares, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election or a “deemed sale” election, as discussed below, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which you hold ADSs or ordinary shares. In addition, for the purposes of the PFIC rules, you would be deemed to own your proportionate share of any of our subsidiaries that are treated as PFICs.

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If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election or a “deemed sale” election as discussed below. Distributions you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

● the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

● the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

● the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the ADSs or ordinary shares cannot be treated as capital gain, even if you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets.

If we are treated as a PFIC with respect to you for any taxable year, to the extent any of our subsidiaries are also PFICs or we make direct or indirect equity investments in other entities that are PFICs, you will be deemed to own shares in such lower-tier PFICs that are directly or indirectly owned by us in that proportion that the value of our equity that you own bears to the value of all of our equity, and you may be subject to the rules described above with respect to the shares of such lower-tier PFICs that you would be deemed to own. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

Alternatively, you may make a mark-to-market election to potentially mitigate the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding an equity interest in a PFIC. If you make a timely mark-to-market election for the ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment described in the three preceding paragraphs would not apply to you. Instead, you will include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs or ordinary shares as of the close of your taxable year over your adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. You are allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs or ordinary shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions are allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ADSs or ordinary shares included in your income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in your income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, are treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment also applies to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ADSs or ordinary shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such ADSs or ordinary shares. Your tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts.

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The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is regularly traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. The ADSs are listed on the NYSE American, which is a qualified exchange for this purpose. Consequently, if the ADSs are considered to be regularly traded on the NYSE American, the mark-to-market election should be available to you with respect to the ADSs. Although there can be no assurances in this regard, the ADSs should be treated as regularly traded on the NYSE American for this purpose for the calendar year ending December 31, 2023. However, because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, you may become or continue to be subject to the PFIC rules described above regarding excess distributions and gains with respect to an indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A mark-to-market election generally must be made for the first taxable year in which you hold stock of a PFIC, and is made by filing Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 with your original or amended U.S. federal income tax return on or before the due date (including extensions) of the return. If you do not make a mark-to-market election for the first taxable year in which you hold stock of a PFIC but you subsequently make the election, the excess distribution rules will generally apply to any appreciation in the stock’s value compared to its tax basis as of the effective date of the election, as well as certain distributions with respect to, and dispositions of, the stock and such consequences will apply during the year of election. You should consult your tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a mark-to-market election, as well as the impact of such election on interests in any lower-tier PFICs.

If we have been a PFIC in one or more prior taxable years during which you held ADSs or ordinary shares, but cease to be a PFIC in a later taxable year, and you have not previously made a mark-to-market election, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to you unless you make a deemed sale election. If you make a deemed sale election, you will be deemed to have sold the ADSs or ordinary shares you hold at their fair market value as on the last day of the last year during which we were a PFIC. Any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to excess distributions described above. You should consult your tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a deemed sale election.

If you hold ADSs or ordinary shares in any year in which we are a PFIC, you will be required to file U.S. Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 (or any other form that may be required by future guidance) with respect to any distributions received on the ADSs or ordinary shares, any gain realized on the disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, or any reportable election (including a mark-to-market election) on an annual basis as described in the Instructions for Form 8621, subject to certain exceptions based on the value of PFIC stock held. You should consult your tax advisor regarding any reporting requirements that may apply to you. In addition, we do not intend to prepare or provide you with the information necessary to make a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to your ADSs or ordinary shares.

You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your investment in ADSs or ordinary shares.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to ADSs or ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. If you are required to establish your exempt status, generally you must provide such certification on Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

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Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and furnishing any required information.

In addition, certain U.S. Holders who are individuals that hold certain foreign financial assets (which may include our ADSs or ordinary shares) may be required to report information relating to such assets, subject to certain exceptions. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this requirement on your ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We have filed this annual report on Form 20-F, including exhibits, with the SEC. As permitted by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we have filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report.

The SEC maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADSs, all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us. We will file our annual report on Form 20-F, including our audited financial statements, with the SEC. Our annual report on Form 20-F can be accessed on the SEC’s website as well the investor relations section of our website. Investors may request a hard copy of our annual report, free of charge, by contacting us.

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. We will furnish our shareholders with annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with IFRS.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

If we are required to provide an annual report to security holders in response to the requirements of Form 6-K, we will submit the annual report to security holders in electronic format in accordance with the EDGAR Filer Manual.

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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Credit Risk

Credit risk is one of the most significant risks for the Company’s business. Credit risk exposures arise principally in lending activities.

Our credit committee is responsible for managing the credit risk by:

● Ensuring that we have appropriate credit risk practices, including an effective system of internal control, to consistently determine adequate allowances in accordance with the Company’s stated policies and procedures, IFRS and relevant supervisory guidance.

● Identifying, assessing and measuring credit risk from an individual loan to a portfolio level.

● creating credit policies to protect us against the identified risks including the requirements to obtain collateral from borrowers, to perform robust ongoing credit assessment of borrowers and to continually monitor exposures against internal risk limits.

● Establishing a robust control framework regarding the authorization structure for the approval and renewal of credit facilities.

● Developing and maintaining our processes for measuring expected credit loss including monitoring of credit risk, incorporation of forward-looking information and the method used to measure expected credit loss.

● Ensuring that we have policies and procedures in place to appropriately maintain and validate methods used to assess and measure expected credit loss.

● Establishing a sound credit risk accounting assessment and measurement process that provides it with a strong basis for common systems, tools and data to assess credit risk and to account for expected credit loss. Providing advice, guidance and specialist skills to business units to promote best practice in the management of credit risk.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we do not have sufficient financial resources to meet its obligations as they fall due, or will have to do so at an excessive cost. This risk arises from mismatches in the timing of cash flows which is inherent in lending operations and can be affected by a range of Company-specific and market-wide events.

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Foreign Currency Risk

All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenses are denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although in general our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.

Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to our net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans we provide and interest paid to the borrowings we obtained from various individuals and companies through certain securities exchanges. Our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk is managed principally through monitoring interest rate gaps and basis risk. We have not used, and do not expect to use in the future, any derivative financial instruments to hedge our interest risk exposure.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Payable to the Depositary

Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS facility, may charge the following service fees, provided, however, that no fees shall be payable upon distribution of cash dividends so long as the charging of such fee is prohibited by the NYSE American, upon which the ADSs are listed:

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Service		Fees
•	Issuance or distribution of ADSs, including distributions made pursuant to stock dividends or other free distributions of stock, bonus distributions, stock splits or other distributions (except where converted to cash)	Up to $0.05 per ADS issued
•	Surrender of ADSs for cancellation and withdrawal of deposited securities, including cash distributions made pursuant to a cancellation or withdrawal	Up to $0.05 per ADS surrendered
•	Distribution of cash proceeds, including cash dividends or sale of rights and other entitlements (not made pursuant to a cancellation or withdrawal)	Up to $0.05 per ADS held
•	Distribution of ADSs upon the exercise of rights	Up to $0.05 per ADS issued
•	Operation and maintenance costs in administering the ADSs	Up to $0.05 per ADS held, such fee to be assessed against holders of record on an annual basis as of the date or dates set by the depositary as it sees fit and collected at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders for such fee or by deducting such fee from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions

Holders and beneficial owners of our ADSs, as well persons depositing our ordinary shares and persons surrendering ADSs for cancellation and for withdrawal of deposited securities, will be required to pay the following charges:

● taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

● such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of our ordinary shares or other deposited securities on the share register and applicable to transfers of our ordinary shares or other deposited securities to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

● such cable, telex, facsimile and electronic transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the deposit agreement to be at the expense of the person depositing or withdrawing our ordinary shares or the holders and beneficial owners of our ADSs;

● the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary in the conversion of foreign currency;

● such fees and expenses as are incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to our ordinary shares, the deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs;

● the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary in connection with the delivery of deposited securities, including any fees of a central depository for securities in the local market, where applicable; and

● any additional fees, charges, costs or expenses that may be incurred by the depositary from time to time.

The depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancellation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary bank by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary bank and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary bank for cancellation. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary bank to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.

The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., share dividends, rights), the depositary bank charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary bank sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via DTC), the depositary bank generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary banks.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.

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PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES 

As of December 31, 2022, loans payable to third parties raised through various securities exchanges and from shareholders, amounting to RMB140.6 million ($20.4) and RMB20.0 million ($2.9 million), respectively, were overdue. Interests payable for those loans were RMB54.8 million ($7.9 million) and RMB16.2 million ($2.4 million), respectively. Certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of holders of our ordinary shares, which remain unchanged.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that a company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules promulgated by the SEC, our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria set forth in the report “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (known as COSO). Our management has concluded that we had maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

117

There was no material weaknesses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Our management has concluded that we had maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

C. Attestation Report for the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Not applicable.

D. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. RESERVED

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Qi Chen qualifies as “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F. Each of the members of our audit committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 803 of the Company Guide and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.”

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-170368). We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person’s written request.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

118

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		US$
	(in Thousands)
Audit fees(1)		1,020		811		120
Audit-related fees(2)		319		338		50

(1) “Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years.

(2) “Audit-related fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for assurance and related services by our independent registered public accounting firm that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements and are not reported under “Audit fees.” Services comprising the fees disclosed under category of “Audit-related fees” involve principally general audit-related services for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The audit committee of our board of directors is directly responsible for the appointment, retention, evaluation, compensation, oversight and termination of the work of the independent auditors employed by the Company. Pursuant to the audit committee charter adopted by the board of directors on November 4, 2010, the committee has the authority and responsibility to appoint, retain and terminate our independent auditors and has the sole authority to pre-approve any audit and non-audit services, including tax services, to be provided by our independent auditors. In addition, the audit committee has the power to pre-approve the hiring of any employee or former employee of the independent auditors who was a member of the Company’s audit team during the preceding two fiscal years, or the hiring of any employee or former employee of the independent auditors (within the preceding two fiscal years) for a senior position within the Company, regardless of whether that person was a member of the Company’s audit team.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Previous independent registered public accounting firm

On January 10, 2023, the Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”) of the Board of Directors of the Company dismissed Audit Alliance LLP (“Audit Alliance”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, effective January 10, 2023.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, Audit Alliance’s audit reports on the Company’s financial statements contained an emphasis of a matter for going concern, but otherwise did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, nor was it qualified as to audit scope or accounting principles.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and any subsequent interim period through the date of dismissal, January 10, 2023, (i) there were no “disagreements” (as described in Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K and the related instructions) between the Company and Audit Alliance on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreements, if not resolved to Audit Alliance’s satisfaction, would have caused Audit Alliance to make reference in connection with Audit Alliance’s opinion to the subject matter of the disagreement; and (ii) except for the matter relating to internal control over financial reporting described below, there were no “reportable events” as the term is described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

New independent registered public accounting firm

On January 10, 2023, the Audit Committee approved the appointment of Enrome LLP (“Enrome”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm to audit the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022, effective January 10, 2023.

During the two most recent fiscal years and through January 10, 2023, the Company has not consulted with Enrome regarding (1) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement or a reportable event described in Items 304(a)(1)(iv) or (v), respectively, or (2) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement or a reportable event described in Items 304(a)(1)(iv) or (v), respectively, of Regulation S-K.

119

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

NYSE American LLC Company Guide and Home Country Practice

We are a foreign private issuer with our ADSs listed on the NYSE American. Section 110 of the Company Guide permits NYSE American to consider the laws, customs and practices of foreign private issuers like us in relaxing certain NYSE American corporate governance requirements, and to grant exemptions from NYSE American corporate governance requirements on these considerations. A company seeking relief under these provisions is required to provide written certification from independent local counsel that the non-complying practice is not prohibited by home country law. A description of the significant ways in which our governance practices different from those followed by domestic companies pursuant to NYSE American corporate governance standards is as follows:

● Independent Directors: U.S. domestic listed companies must have a majority of independent directors as required by Section 802(a) and defined in Section 803A of the Company Guide. Under the laws of Cayman Islands, we are not required to have a majority of our directors as independent directors. Of our five (5) directors, one is independent director.

● Audit Committee: U.S. domestic listed companies must have an audit committee of at least three (3) members as required by Section 803(B)(2) of the Company Guide. These requirements differ from the Companies Act. We currently have one (1) member, who is an independent director.

● Dissemination: Section 623 of the Company Guide requires that the company to prepare and disseminate its interim/quarterly (unaudited) statements to its shareholders. We are a foreign private issuer and under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not required to prepare and disseminate our interim/quarterly (unaudited) statements to our shareholders. However, we will continue to submit to the SEC on a Form 6-K our interim balance sheet as of the end of our second fiscal quarter, and a semi-annual income statement that covers our first two fiscal quarters as required under the Company Guide.

● Shareholder Approval Requirement: Sections 711-713 of the Company Guide require shareholder approval prior to an issuance of securities in connection with: (i) the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company; (ii) equity-based compensation of officers, directors, employees or consultants; (iii) a change of control; and (iv) private placements. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not required to solicit shareholder approval of stock plans, including those in which our officers or directors may participate; stock issuances that will result in a change in control; the issuance of our stock in related party transactions or other transactions in which we may issue 20% or more of our outstanding shares; or, below market issuances of 20% or more of our outstanding shares to any person.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, and our equity securities are accordingly exempt from the proxy rules set forth in Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c) and 14(f) of the Exchange Act. We solicit proxies in accordance with our Memorandum and Articles of Association the applicable rules and regulations in the Cayman Islands.

The foregoing is consistent with the laws, customs and practices in the Cayman Islands. In addition, we may from time-to-time seek relief from NYSE American corporate governance requirements on specific transactions under Section 110 of the Company Guide by providing written certification from independent local counsel that the non-complying practice is not prohibited by our home country law.

Controlled Company

We are a “controlled company” as defined in Section 801 of the Company Guide. As a result, we are exempt from certain of the Company Guide corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of the board of directors be independent, the requirement applicable to the nomination process of directors and the requirements applicable to the determination or recommendation of executive compensation by a committee comprised of independent directors or by a majority of the independent directors. We follow the requirements of the Companies Act with respect to these issues.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

120

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” on page F-1 for our financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

The following exhibits are furnished along with this annual report or are incorporated by reference as indicated.

Number	Description of Exhibit
1.1	Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Form 20-F filed on April 30, 2018).
2.1	Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form F-1/A Registration Statement (File No. 333-170368) filed on November 10, 2010).
2.2	Form of Deposit Agreement, including form of American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a) to the Company’s Form F-6 Registration Statement (File No. 333-170368) filed on November 22, 2010).
2.3	Form of Amendment to Deposit Agreement including form of American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(2) to the Company’s Form F-6/A Registration Statement (File No. 333-170489) filed on November 25, 2014).
2.4	Form of Second Amendment to Deposit Agreement including form of American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) to the Company’s Form F-6/A Registration Statement (File No. 333-170489) filed on December 15, 2017).
2.5	Form of Third Amendment to Deposit Agreement including form of American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(4) to our Form F-6 Registration Statement (File No. 333-223442) filed on March 5, 2018).

121

2.6	Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.6 to the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F filed on May 2, 2022).
4.1	Share Transfer Agreement, dated December 10, 2017, between China Xiniya Fashion Limited and Qiming Investment Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.2	Securities Purchase Agreement, dated December 10, 2017, by and among China Xiniya Fashion Limited, True Silver Limited, and Honest Plus Investments Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.5 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.3	Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, by Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. and Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.6 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.4	Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, by Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. and the shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, Wenting Xiao, Ling Li) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.7 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.5	Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, by Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. and the shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (namely Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, Wenting Xiao, Ling Li) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.8 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.6	Share Pledge Agreement, dated August 10, 2017, by Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. and the shareholders holding 80% equity interests of Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (namely Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, Wenting Xiao, Ling Li) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.9 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on December 11, 2017).
4.7	Financial Support Commitment, dated May 8, 2019, from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020).
4.8	Financial Support Commitment, dated May 8, 2019, from Hubei New Nature Investment (Group) Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020).
4.9	Employment Agreement, dated March 30, 2021, by and between the Company and Xiang (Johnny) Zhou (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 29, 2021).
4.10	Director Offer Letter, dated August 26, 2021, by and between the Company and Qi Chen (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K furnished on August 26, 2021).
4.11	Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed on July 8, 2022).
8.1	Principal subsidiaries and VIE of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020).
11.1	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of China Xiniya Fashion Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form F-1 Registration Statement (File No. 333-170368) filed on November 22, 2010).

122

12.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act.*
12.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act.*
13.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
13.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
15.1	Consent of Audit Alliance LLP*
15.2	Consent of Enrome LLP*
16.1	Letter from Audit Alliance LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 of the Company Current Report on Form 6-K, filed with SEC on January 11, 2023)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document**
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document**
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document**
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document**
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document**
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document**
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)**

_________________

*	Filed herewith.
**	Furnished herewith.

123

SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
Date: May 15, 2023	By:	/s/ Yuan Gao
		Yuan Gao
		Chairman and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)
		/s/ Xiang (Johnny) Zhou
		Xiang (Johnny) Zhou
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

124

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2021 and 2022	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022	F-8
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-9

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited 

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).  In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated statement of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Material Uncertainty Related to Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company incurred a net loss of RMB30.3 million (US$4.5 million) and net negative operating cashflow of RMB7.4 million (US$1.1 million) during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of that date, the Company was in accumulated losses RMB181.0 million (US$26.3 million). We also draw attention to Note 28 of the financial statements, which describes the uncertainty related to the outcome of the lawsuits filed against the Company. In addition, as discussed in Note 29, the Company faces uncertainty as to the operational impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-2

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Credit Impairment Losses Assessment

As described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company´s consolidated credit impairment losses on loans receivable balances were RMB 640.3 million as of December 31, 2022 arising from business combinations completed in the countries in which the Company operates. Management conducts impairment tests for credit impairment losses at least annually or more frequently, if events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. Management calculates the recoverable amount of each loans given under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. In determining value in use, the recoverable cash flows are based on the strategic plans approved by the Board of Directors. Management’s recoverable cash flows included significant judgements when considering key assumptions which would be significantly affected by the future trends in the economic, competitive, regulatory and technological environment in each of the countries in which the Company operates. This judgement is accentuated due to the uncertainty of the evolution of the businesses caused by COVID-19 crisis and the estimation of its effects in Management’s cash flow projections. As described in Note 14, increased in credit impairment losses on the loans receivable by RMB 42.4 million as a result of the worsening of macroeconomic conditions in that country and changes in the regulatory environment which affect to the estimation of the margin.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to credit impairment losses assessment is a critical audit matter are there were significant judgments made by management when developing the assessment of the recoverable amount of loans. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgement and effort in evaluating management’s key assumptions.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s credit impairment losses assessment, including controls over the determination of the recoverable amount of the Company’s loans receivable. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data used in the model and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management. Evaluating whether the significant assumptions used by management were reasonable involved evaluating (1) the degree of fulfilment at the year end of the latest 2021 forecast (2) the consistency with external market and industry data, (3) performing sensitivity analysis, (4) the allocation of the credit impairment losses to the loans receivable and (5) the sufficiency of the Company’s credit impairment losses disclosures. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow model and certain significant assumptions.

/s/ Enrome LLP

Enrome LLP

Public Accountants and

Chartered Accountants

Singapore

May 15, 2023

PCAOB ID Number 6907

F-3

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, the related consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated statement of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021, and the related consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

Audit Alliance LLP

Public Accountants and

Chartered Accountants

Singapore

May 2, 2022

PCAOB ID Number 3487

F-4

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Expressed in Thousands of Chinese Renminbi Yuan, except share and per share amounts)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022

	Notes		2020			2021			2022
Interest income on loans				105,570			20,627			44,797
Interest expense
Interest expenses on loans				(21,909	)		(21,374	)		(21,296	)
Business related taxes and surcharges				(304	)		(452	)		(405	)
Total interest expense				(22,213	)		(21,826	)		(21,701	)
Net interest income/(loss)				83,357			(1,199	)		23,096
Credit impairment losses				(55,264	)		(119,078	)		(42,420	)
Net interest income/(loss) after credit impairment losses				28,093			(120,277	)		(19,324	)
Non-interest and other income				21			387			-
Operating costs and expenses
Sales and marketing				(170	)		(293	)		(514	)
General and administrative				(8,090	)		(7,889	)		(10,506	)
Total operating costs and expenses				(8,260	)		(8,182	)		(11,020	)
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		10		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Income tax expense		11		-			-			-
Net profit/(loss)				19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Net profit/(loss) attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company		12		15,883			(102,458	)		(24,275	)
Non-controlling interest				3,971			(25,614	)		(6,069	)
Net profit/(loss)				19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year
Net profit/(loss)				19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Total currency translation differences arising from consolidation				(177	)		71			(325	)
Total comprehensive income/(loss) for the year				19,677			(128,001	)		(30,669	)
Total comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company				15,742			(102,401	)		(24,535	)
Non-controlling interests				3,935			(25,600	)		(6,134	)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)				19,677			(128,001	)		(30,669	)
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the Company during the year (expressed in RMB per share)		12		0.02			(0.10	)		(0.02	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in the year		12		1,001,575,455			1,002,201,016			1,003,303,952

The annexed notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Expressed in Thousands of Chinese Renminbi Yuan)

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022

	Note		2021			2022
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		13		396			295
Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses		14		555,133			556,112
Prepaid expenses		15		848			4,629
Total current assets				556,377			561,036
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment		16		42,180			39,228
Intangible asset		17		5			5
Total non-current assets				42,185			39,233
Total assets				598,562			600,269
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Loans payable		18		161,569			161,439
Convertible notes payable		19		-			7,264
Salary and benefit payable		20		9,872			12,179
Income taxes payable		21		32,477			32,477
Interest payable		22		54,685			72,810
Other payable		23		21,656			25,942
Total current liabilities				280,259			312,111
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Capital and reserve attributable to equity holders of the Company
Share capital		24		326			340
Additional paid-in capital		24		383,174			383,684
Statutory reserve		25		18,706			18,706
General risk reserve		26		9,180			9,180
Currency translation reserve				30			(231	)
Accumulated losses				(156,774	)		(181,049	)
Non-controlling interests				63,661			57,528
Total shareholders’ equity				318,303			288,158
Total equity and liabilities				598,562			600,269

 The annexed notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

 DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Expressed in Thousands of Chinese Renminbi Yuan)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022

	Share capital		Additional paid-in capital		Statutory reserve		General risk reserve		Currency translation reserve			Accumulated  loss			Total			Non-controlling interests			Total Shareholders Equity
Balance at January 1, 2020		326		383,174		18.706		9,180		(169	)		(70,288	)		340,929			85,233			426,162
Share-based compensation		-		-		-		-		-			89			89			22			111
Other comprehensive income for the year - currency translation differences		-		-		-		-		142			-			142			35			177
Net profit for the year		-		-		-		-		-			15,833			15,883			3,971			19,854
Balance at December 31, 2020		326		383,174		18,706		9,180		(27	)		(54,316	)		357,043			89,261			446,304
Other comprehensive income for the year - currency translation differences		-		-		-		-		57			-			57			14			71
Net loss for the year		-		-		-		-		-			(102,458	)		(102,458	)		(25,614	)		(128,072	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		326		383,174		18,706		9,180		30			(156,774	)		254,642			63,661			318,303
Share issuance		14		510		-		-		-			-			524			-			524
Other comprehensive loss for the year - currency translation differences		-		-		-		-		(261	)		-			(261	)		(64	)		(325	)
Net loss for the year		-		-		-		-		-			(24,275	)		(24,275	)		(6,069	)		(30,344	)
Balance at December 31, 2022		340		383,684		18,706		9,180		(231	)		(181,049	)		230,630			57,528			288,158

 The annexed notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Expressed in Thousands of Chinese Renminbi Yuan)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022

	2020			2021			2022
Cash flow from operating activities
Profit/(loss) before income tax		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Adjustments for:
Reversal of directors’ fee		-			(130	)		-
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		2,977			2,973			2,952
Amortization of intangible asset		1			1			-
Share-based compensation		111			-			-
Credit impairment losses		55,264			119,078			42,420
Operating profit/(loss) before changes in working capital		78,207			(6,150	)		15,028
Loans receivable		(102,263	)		(12,028	)		(43,400	)
Prepaid expenses		(2,250	)		(39	)		(3,781	)
Salary and benefit payable		2,399			2,212			2,307
Interest payable		18,399			18,563			18,125
Other payable		4,882			7,670			4,286
Net cash generated by/(used in) operating activities		(626	)		10,228			(7,435	)
Cash flow from investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant  and equipment		-			-			-
Purchase for property, plant and equipment		-			-			-
Net cash used in investing activities		-			-			-
Cash flow from financing activities
Proceeds received from related party loans		414			-			-
Repayments of related party loans		-			(10,000	)		(130	)
Proceeds received from issuance of convertible notes		-			-			6,758
Net cash (used in)/generated by financing activities		414			(10,000	)		6,628
Net (decrease)/increase  in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(212	)		228			(807	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		132			97			396
Exchange losses on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		177			71			706
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year		97			396			295
Net cash generated by/(used in) operating activities include
Interest received		100			-			-
Interest paid		(200	)		-			-
Net cash (used in)/generated by financing activities
Loans receivable novated to a related party to offset its related party loans to the Company		1,305			-			-

The annexed notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities

Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (“Dunxin,” together with its subsidiaries and the variable interest entity, collectively the “Company”), formerly known as China Xiniya Fashion Limited, was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted limited liability company on June 24, 2010. On December 28, 2017, Dunxin completed the Divestiture and Acquisition transactions (the “Transactions”). In connection with the Divestiture transaction, Dunxin divested its wholly-owned subsidiary, Xiniya Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong company, to Qiming Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, in exchange for a purchase consideration of RMB228,000,000 ($34,588,428). After the divestiture transaction, Dunxin did not meet the definition of a business for accounting and financial reporting purposes. In connection with the Acquisition transaction, Dunxin purchased all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of True Silver Limited (“True Silver”) for a cash payment of RMB228,000,000 ($34,588,428) and the issuance of 772,283,308 of the ordinary shares at RMB1.00 ($0.15) per share to the shareholders of True Silver. True Silver became the wholly owned subsidiary of Dunxin. True Silver utilizes a variable interest entity structure to operate and consolidate 80% of the financial results of Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“Chutian”). Chutian, with a registered capital of RMB450 million, is a joint stock company incorporated under the laws of China specializing in providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China.

The Transactions were accounted for as a “reverse acquisition” since, immediately following the consummation of the Transactions, the shareholders and management of Chutian having effectuated control of the combined company. The former shareholders of Chutian, whose shares were acquired by Dunxin, own and control 88.7% of shares and votes in Dunxin. The management of Dunxin is drawn predominantly from Chutian. For accounting purposes, the legal subsidiaries of True Silver were deemed to be the accounting acquirer in the transaction and Dunxin, the legal acquirer, was deemed to be the accounting acquiree.

The consolidated financial statements represent a continuation of the consolidated financial statements of True Silver and its subsidiaries (the “True Silver Group”) and reflect the following:

(a)	the assets and liabilities of the True Silver Group were recognized and measured in the consolidated statement of financial position at their carrying amount before the Acquisition;
(b)	the identifiable assets and liabilities of the Company were recognized and measured in the consolidated financial statements at their acquisition date fair values;
(c)	the excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the identifiable net assets of the Company at fair value is recognized as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of financial position;
(d)	the retained earnings and other equity balances recognized in the consolidated financial statement are the retained earnings and other equity balances of the True Silver Group immediately before the Acquisition;
(e)	the amount recognized as issued equity interest in the consolidated financial statements were determined by adding the issued equity of the True Silver Group outstanding immediately before the Acquisition to the fair value of purchase consideration of the Acquisition. The fair value of purchase consideration is based on the fair value of the Company at the completion date. However, the equity structure appearing in the consolidated financial statement shall reflect the equity structure of the Company, including the equity instruments issued by the Company to effect the Acquisition;
(f)	the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 reflects that of the True Silver Group for the full period together with the post-acquisition results of the Company;

F-9

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

(g)	the comparative figures presented in the consolidated financial statements were that of the True Silver Group; and
(h)	earnings per share for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 reflects the results of the True Silver Group until the date of acquisition and the results of the enlarged Group from the acquisition date.

The principal place of business is 27th Floor, Lianfa International Building, 128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430063, People’s Republic of China.

The Company is listed on the NYSE American LLC, the ticker symbol is DXF.

These financial statements are presented in Renminbi, unless otherwise stated.

The consolidated financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were authorized for issue by resolution of the board of directors on May 15, 2023.

Reporting entities

Dunxin is a holding company.

The Company principally engaged in the business of providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). The Company operates its microfinance lending business through the 80% variable interest entity (“VIE”) operating company, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“Chutian”). All of the Company’s operations are conducted in the PRC through Chutian, which holds all the approval certificates, business license and other requisite licenses for the microfinance lending businesses.

F-10

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

The following is a brief description of each of the Company’s subsidiaries and variable interest entity:

· True Silver - True Silver Limited (“True Silver”) is a limited company incorporated on June 28, 2016, a British Virgin Islands company. The total amount of paid-up share capital of True Silver is $50,000 with 50,000 ordinary shares. True Silver is a holding company and is wholly owned by the Company.

· Chutian HK - Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited (“Chutian HK”) is a limited company incorporated on August 12, 2016, under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong. The total amount of paid-up share capital of Chutian HK is HKD10,000 with 100 ordinary shares. Chutian HK is a holding company and is wholly owned by True Silver.

· Chutian Holding - Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited (“Chutian Holding”) is a wholly foreign owned enterprise established by Chutian HK on November 4, 2016.

· Chutian - Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. is a joint stock company incorporated under laws of PRC on February 20, 2013. Chutian currently holds a business license issued by the Administrative Approval Bureau of Wuchang District, Wuhan Municipality on April 25, 2017, which allows it to operate a microfinance business and provides individual and business loans to persons residing in and businesses operating in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China. Through a series of contractual agreements (the “VIE Agreements”), Chutian Holding is deemed to control 80% of Chutian and have rights to consolidate 80% of Chutian’s financial results.

F-11

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s subsidiaries and variable interest entity were as follows:

Subsidiary	Place of incorporation	Particular of issued and fully paid up capital		Company’s effective  interest			Held by the Company			Held by a  subsidiary			Principal activities
True Silver Limited	British Virgin Islands	$	50,000		100	%		100	%		-		Investment holding
Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited	Hong Kong	HK$	10,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited.	PRC	$	3,000,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Variable interest entity
Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd	PRC	RMB	450,000,000		80	%		-			80	%	Microfinance lender

An entity, Hubei Kai Wu Small and Micro Economic Research Institute Co. Ltd, was set up in May 2018 with a registered share capital of RMB5 million, where Chutian should subscribe RMB1.365 million of the registered share capital and held 27.3% of the equity interest of this company. However, all shareholders, including Chutian, did not subscribe to the share capital and this company remain dormant as of December 31, 2022.

F-12

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

The VIE arrangements

The following is a brief description of the VIE Agreements entered into on August 10, 2017, between Chutian Holding and the shareholders of Chutian, through which the Company controls 80% equity interests of Chutian:

· Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement. Pursuant to the Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement between Chutian and Chutian Holding, Chutian Holding was appointed as the exclusive services provider to Chutian (including its subsidiaries, branches and any other invested entities) for the following services: comprehensive business support, including but not limited to, daily business management consulting, financial consulting, professionals and technical training during the term of this Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. For services rendered to Chutian by Chutian Holding under this Agreement, Chutian Holding is entitled to collect a service fee equal to 80% of the net operating income of Chutian (the “Service Fees”). The Service Fees are due and payable on a quarterly basis; provided, however, in principle, the payment of the Service Fees should not cause any difficulty to the operation of either party to this Agreement. The exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement has a term of five (5) years. Chutian is not entitled to unilaterally terminate this Agreement. Chutian Holding has the right to terminate this Agreement by giving a thirty (30) day prior notice to Chutian. This Agreement could be extended based on the originally agreed terms upon expiration if Chutian Holding gives written confirmation before expiration of the agreement. The period of extension will be decided by Chutian Holding, which Chutian is required to unconditionally accept.

· Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement. Under the Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, and Wenting (Tina) Xiao (collectively “Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian”) irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding, or any third party designated by WFOE, an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or part of such shareholders’ current and future equity interests in Chutian, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations. Apart from Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding, no other person has the right to purchase such equity interests in Chutian. Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian are required to transfer their respective equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding in accordance with their percentage ownership of such equity interests provided Chutian Holding selects to purchase such shareholders’ equity interests. Chutian irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or a substantial part of Chutian’s assets, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations.

F-13

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

· Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement. Under the Voting Proxy Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian irrevocably granted and entrusted Chutian Holding or their designee to be their exclusive proxy to exercise their voting rights that they would have at a shareholders’ meeting or by written consent for the maximum period permitted pursuant to the PRC laws and in accordance with and within the limitations of the PRC laws and the then effective articles of association of Chutian, including but not limited to, the following rights:

(a)	to attend and participate in the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian as the voting proxy of the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian;
(b)	to vote on the matters proposed at the shareholders’ meetings, including, but not limited to, voting on the appointment and election of the directors and supervisors of Chutian;
(c)	to suggest convening the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian; and
(d)	all other voting rights entitled to the shareholders of Chutian as stipulated in the articles of association of Chutian, as amended from time to time.

· Share Pledge Agreement. Under the Share Pledge Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian pledged all of their equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding to guarantee the performance of Chutian’s obligations under the Exclusive Consigned Management Agreement, Shareholders Voting Proxy Agreement and Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement (the “Main Agreements”). The equity pledge under the agreement constitutes a continuous guarantee and remains effective before fulfillment of the obligations under the Main Agreements or full repayment of the guaranteed liability.

Through the above contractual arrangements, Chutian Holding, has obtained 80% of shareholders' voting interest in the VIE, has the right to receive all dividends declared and paid by the VIE and may receive substantially all of the net income of the VIE through the technical support and service fees as determined by Chutian Holding at its sole discretion. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated the VIE because the Company believes, through the contractual arrangements, (1) Chutian Holding could direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect its economic performance and (2) Chutian Holding could receive substantially all of the benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. 

F-14

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

The Company believes that the VIE arrangements are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. The shareholders of the VIE are also shareholders of the Company and therefore have no current interest in seeking to act contrary to the contractual arrangements. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company's ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and if the shareholders of the VIE were to reduce their interest in the Company, their interests may diverge from that of the Company and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual terms, for example by influencing the VIE not to pay the service fees when required to do so.

The Company's ability to control the VIE also depends on the Voting Proxy Agreement pursuant to which  Chutian Holding has the right to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIE. As noted above, the Company believes the rights granted by the Voting Proxy Agreement is legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.

In addition, if the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of any existing PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government could:

· revoke the business and operating licenses of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and affiliates;

· discontinue or restrict the Company's PRC subsidiaries' and affiliates' operations;

· impose conditions or requirements with which the Company or its PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply; or

· require the Company or its PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations;

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on the Company's ability to conduct the Company's business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes the Company to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIE or the right to receive their economic benefits, the Company would no longer be able to consolidate the VIE. The Company does not believe that any penalties imposed or actions taken by the PRC Government would result in the liquidation of the Company, Chutian Holding, or the VIE.

F-15

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

Risks in relation to the VIE structure - continued

Certain shareholders of the VIE are also beneficial owners or directors of the Company. In addition, certain beneficial owners and directors of the Company are also directors or officers of the VIE. Their interests as beneficial owners of the VIE may differ from the interests of the Company as a whole. The Company cannot be certain that if conflicts of interest arise, these parties will act in the best interests of the Company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in the Company's favor. Currently, the Company does not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest these parties may encounter in their capacity as beneficial owners of the VIE, on the one hand, and as beneficial owners of the Company, on the other hand. The Company believes the shareholders of the VIE will not act contrary to any of the contractual arrangements and the exclusive purchase right contract provides the Company with a mechanism to remove them as shareholders of the VIE should they act to the detriment of the Company. If any conflict of interest or dispute between the Company and the shareholders of the VIE arises and the Company is unable to resolve it, the Company would have to rely on legal proceedings in the PRC. Such legal proceedings could result in disruption of its business; moreover, there is substantial uncertainty as to the ultimate outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The following financial statements information for the Company’s VIE was included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, presented net of intercompany eliminations, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Total current assets		555,478		556,757
Total non-current assets		42,185		39,233
Total assets		597,663		595,990
Total current liabilities		274,213		297,829
Total liabilities		274,213		297,829

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021			2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Interest income on loans		105,570		20,627			44,797
Net profit/(loss)		23,128		(125,370	)		(23,947	)

F-16

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

1. Organization and principal activities - continued

Risks in relation to the VIE structure - continued

The VIE contributed an aggregate of 100.0%, 100.0% and 100.0% of the consolidated interest income on loans for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the VIE accounted for an aggregate of 100.0% and 99.3%, respectively, of the consolidated total assets, and 98.8% and 94.5%, respectively, of the consolidated total liabilities.

There are no consolidated VIE's assets that are collateral for the VIE's obligations and can only be used to settle the VIE's obligations. There are no creditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the VIE that have recourse to the general credit of the Company or any of its consolidated subsidiaries. There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, which require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIE. However, if the VIE ever need financial support, the Company or its subsidiaries may, at its option and subject to statutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIE through loans to the shareholders of the VIE or entrustment loans to the VIE.

On December 23, 2018, the State Council submitted the draft version of the Foreign Investment Law to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on its official site on December 26, 2018 for public consultation until February 24, 2019. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which On December 23, 2018, the PRC State Council submitted the draft version of the Foreign Investment Law to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on its official site on December 26, 2018 for public consultation until February 24, 2019. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which will come into effect on January 1, 2020 and replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations.

F-17

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. These accounting policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. The financial statements are for the Company consisting of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and variable interest entity.

2.1 Basis of preparation

(i) Compliance with IFRS

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with applicable International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

(ii) Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

(iii) Liquidity

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future and that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations.

As shown in the accompanying financial statements as of December 31, 2022, the Company had incurred a net loss of RMB30.3 million (US$4.5 million). Besides, the COVID-19 was contained in China 2022, the Company had made specific allowance for the receivables with amount to RMB 42.4 million (US$6.3 million) as of December 31 2022 based on the specific risk of collectability of the receivables.

The Company funded these losses through:

(1) the continued financial support from its related party or its ability to obtain external financing; or

(2) further implementing management’s business plan to enter into new business and generate sufficient revenues to meet its obligations.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s having a minimum cash balance on the consolidated statement of financial statement. The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including selling, distribution, and administration expenses, to identify and eliminate inefficiencies and redundancies in order to preserve cash while maintaining the business. Given the Company’s existing cash balances and projected cash generated by, and used in, operating activities, the Company believes that it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its operating activities, and react as necessary to market changes, which may include working capital needs for at least twelve months from December 31, 2022. These consolidated financial statements do not reflect adjustments to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, reported expenses and statement of financial position classification that would be necessary if going concern assumption was not appropriate. These adjustments could be material.

The Company has historically met its cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, loans payable from third parties raised through various securities exchanges, loans from shareholders and loans from related parties. The cash requirements of the Company are generally for operating activities and repayments of loans from third parties, related parties and shareholders. Ever since securities exchanges have ceased offering any form of financing to the Company through their platforms as well as loans receivable were credit-impaired, the Company ran into severe liquidity issue. In the beginning of 2019, the Company began to default in certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With loans receivables continued to be further credit-impaired, all obligations of loans payable were defaulted. The liquidity issue of the Company has further severely affected its ability to pay its taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of its obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings were initiated by its shareholders, service providers and others against the Company (see Note 28 - Legal proceedings for detailed disclosure).

The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including intensifying loan and interest collection initiative and monetizing collaterals of loans receivable. The Company has also acquired the financial support letter from Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd, a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, which have expressed the willingness and intention to provide the necessary financial support to the Company. Further, the Company plans to actively seek equity financing from private placements, so as to enable the Company to meet its liabilities as and when it falls due and to carry on its business without a significant curtailment of operations for the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report.

F-18

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.1  Basis of preparation - continued

(iii) Liquidity - continued

The Company believes that available cash and cash equivalents, future cash provided by operating activities, together with the efforts from aforementioned management plan and actions, should enable the Company to meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared the consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will require additional capital in order to execute its longer-term business plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, curtailing the Company’s business development activities, suspending the pursuit of its business plan, controlling operating expenses and seeking to further dispose of non-core assets. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital if needed.

2.2 Basis of consolidation

(i) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities (including variable interest entity) over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when the Company is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Company.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Company.

(ii) Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income, the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity respectively.

F-19

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.3 Business combinations

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all business combinations, regardless of whether equity instruments or other assets are acquired. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary comprises the:

· fair values of the assets transferred;

· liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business;

· equity interests issued by the Company;

· fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement; and

· fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of the

· consideration transferred,

· amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and

· acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase.

2.4 Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segment, has been identified as the steering committee that makes strategic decisions. The Company operates in only one segment.

F-20

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.5 Foreign currency translation

(j)Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Chinese Renminbi (RMB), which is the Company’s presentation currency.

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in the statement of profit and other comprehensive income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income on a net basis within other income or other expenses.

(iii) Group companies

The results and financial position of all the Group entities (none of which has the currency of a hyper-inflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

(a) assets and liabilities for each consolidated statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that consolidated statement of financial position;

(b) income and expenses for each consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions); and

(c) all resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

F-21

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.6 Interest

Interest (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022)

Interest income and expense for all financial instruments are recognized in “Net interest income” as “Interest income” and “Interest expense” in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income using the effective interest method. Interest income for financial assets held at amortized cost is recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discount estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter period) to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortized cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees.

When the Company revises the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognized in profit or loss.

The interest income / interest expense is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of non-credit impaired financial assets (i.e. at the amortized cost of the financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance), or at amortized cost of financial liabilities. Interest income for financial assets that are amortized cost that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition is recognized using the credit adjusted effective interest rate. This rate is calculated in the same manner as the effective interest rate except that expected credit losses are included in the expected cash flows. Interest income is therefore recognized on the amortized cost of the financial asset including expected credit losses. Should the credit risk on a credit-impaired financial asset improve such that the financial asset is no longer considered credit-impaired, interest income recognition reverts to a computation based on the rehabilitated gross carrying value of the financial asset.

A contract modification is a change in the scope or interest rate (or both) of a contract that is approved by the parties to the contract. A contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. When a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, the Company shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the existing contract as the remaining services are not distinct and therefore, form part of single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. The effect that the contract modification has on the interest rate, and on the entity’s measure of progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognized as an adjustment to interest income (either as an increase in or a reduction of interest income) at the date of the contract modification (i.e., the adjustment to interest income is made on a cumulative catch-up basis).

F-22

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.7 Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

i. Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes, if any. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Future taxable profits are determined based on business plans for individual subsidiaries and variable interest entity in the Company and the reversal of temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

iii. Tax exposures

In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Company considers the impact of tax exposures, including whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgments about future events. New information may become available that causes the Company to change its judgments regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities would impact tax expense in the period in which such a determination is made.

F-23

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022 only)

i Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus transaction costs that are incremental and directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability, such as fees and commissions. Immediately after initial recognition, an expected credit loss allowance is recognized for financial assets measured at amortized cost, which results in an accounting loss being recognized in profit or loss when an asset is newly originated.

ii Classification and subsequent measurement

Management determines the classification of its financial assets and liabilities at initial recognition of the instrument or, where applicable, at the time of reclassification.

Financial assets

From January 1, 2018, the Company has applied IFRS 9 and classifies its financial assets into amortized cost measurement category. The Company’s financial assets that are held to collect the contractual cash flows and which contain contractual terms that give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) are measured at amortized cost.

Financial liabilities

The Company classifies its financial liabilities as measured at amortized cost.

F-24

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

iii Derecognition

Financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

In transactions in which the Company neither retains or transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of a financial asset and its retains control over the asset, the Company continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement, determined by the extent to which it is exposed to changes in the value of the transferred asset.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

iv Amortized cost measurement

The “amortized cost” of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition, minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any loss allowance.

F-25

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

v. Identification and measurement of impairment

IFRS 9 outlines a “three-stage” model for impairment based on changes in credit quality since initial recognition as summarized below:

· A financial instrument that is not credit-impaired on initial recognition is classified in “Stage 1” and has its credit risk continuously monitored by the Company.

· If a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is identified, the financial instrument is moved to “Stage 2” but is not yet deemed to be credit-impaired.

· If the financial instrument is credit-impaired, the financial instrument is then moved to “Stage 3”.

· Financial instruments in Stage 1 have their expected credit loss measured at an amount equal to the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that result from default events possible within the next 12 months. Financial instruments in Stages 2 or 3 have their expected credit loss measured based on expected credit losses on a lifetime basis.

· A pervasive concept in measuring expected credit loss in accordance with IFRS 9 is that it should consider forward looking information.

Significant increase in credit risk

The Company monitors its financial assets that are subject to the impairment requirements to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk the Company will measure the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month expected credit loss. The Company’s accounting policy is not to use the practical expedient that financial assets with “low” credit risk at the reporting date are deemed not to have had a significant increase in credit risk. As a result, the Company monitors all financial assets that are subject to impairment for significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognized. In making this assessment, the Company considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort, based on the Company’s historical experience and expert credit assessment including forward-looking information.

The quantitative information is a primary indicator of significant increase in credit risk and is based on the change in lifetime probability of default by comparing:

· the remaining lifetime probability of default at the reporting date; with

· the remaining lifetime probability of default for this point in time that was estimated based on facts and circumstances at the time of initial recognition of the exposure.

The probability of defaults used are forward looking and the Company uses the same methodologies and data used to measure the loss allowance for expected credit loss.

F-26

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8  Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

v. Identification and measurement of impairment - continued

 Significant increase in credit risk - continued

The qualitative factors that indicate significant increase in credit risk are reflected in probability of default models on a timely basis.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the probability of default will be more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial probability of default than compared to a financial instrument with a higher probability of default.

As a back-stop when an asset becomes 30 days past due, the Company considers that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime expected credit loss.

Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is “credit-impaired” when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Credit-impaired financial assets are referred to as Stage 3 assets. Evidence of credit-impairment includes observable data about the following events:

· Significant financial difficulty of the borrower;

· a breach of contract such as a default or past due event; or

· the lender of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event - instead, the combined effect of several events may have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired.

A loan is considered credit-impaired when a concession is granted to the borrower due to a deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition, unless there is evidence that as a result of granting the concession the risk of not receiving the contractual cash flows has reduced significantly and there are no other indicators of impairment. For financial assets where concessions are contemplated but not granted the asset is deemed credit impaired when there is observable evidence of credit-impairment including meeting the definition of default. The definition of default (see below) include unlikeliness to pay indicators.

F-27

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

v. Identification and measurement of impairment - continued

Definition of default

Critical to the determination of expected credit loss is the definition of default. The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of expected credit loss and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime expected credit loss, as default is a component of the probability of default which affects both the measurement of expected credit losses and the identification of a significant increase in credit risk.

The Company considers the following as constituting an event of default:

· the borrower is past due more than nine months on any material credit obligation to the Company; or

· the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Company in full.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, the Company takes into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis. The Company uses a variety of sources of information to assess default which are either developed internally or obtained from external sources.

Objective evidence of impairment

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there is objective evidence that financial assets are impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired when objective evidence demonstrates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets that can be estimated reliably.

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes:

· significant financial difficulty of the borrower; 

· default or delinquency by a borrower; 

· the restructuring of a loan by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise; 

· indications that a borrower will enter bankruptcy; or 

· observable data relating to a group of assets such as adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the Company, or economic conditions that correlate with defaults in the Company.

F-28

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8  Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

v. Identification and measurement of impairment - continued

Impairment measurement and recognition - continued

The Company recognizes loss allowance for expected credit loss on loan receivables.

Expected credit losses are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

· 12-month expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

· Full lifetime expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime expected credit loss is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit loss.

Expected credit losses are computed as unbiased, a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to the Company under the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive by evaluating a range of reasonably possible outcomes, the time value of money, and considering all reasonable and supportable information including that which is forward-looking, discounted at the asset’s effective interest rate.

For Stage 1 and 2 loans, the estimate of expected cash shortfalls over the life time of the loans is determined by multiplying the probability of default (“PD”) with the loss given default (“LGD”).

For credit-impaired financial instruments (Stage 3 loans), the estimate of cash shortfalls may require the use of expert credit judgment. Cash shortfalls are discounted using the effective interest rate on the financial instrument as calculated at initial recognition.

F-29

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 -2020, 2021 and 2022 only) - continued

v. Identification and measurement of impairment - continued

Impairment measurement and recognition - continued

The Company’s initial contractual loan terms are within 12 months. For simplification purpose, for Stage 1 and Stage 2 loans, the Company recognized the expected credit losses for the lifetime of the loans.

Stage 1: Expected credit losses are recognized at the time of initial recognition of a financial instrument and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls arising from possible default events for the life of loan from the balance sheet date. Expected credit losses continue to be determined on this basis until there is either a significant increase in the credit risk of an instrument or the instrument becomes credit-impaired.

Stage 2: If a financial asset experiences a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, an expected credit loss provision is recognized for default events that may occur over the lifetime of the asset. Significant increase in credit risk is assessed by comparing the risk of default of an exposure at the reporting date to the risk of default at origination (after taking into account the passage of time). Significant does not mean statistically significant nor is it assessed in the context of changes in expected credit loss. Whether a change in the risk of default is significant or not is assessed using a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, the weight of which depends on the type of product and counterparty. Financial assets that are 30 or more days past due and not credit-impaired will always be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Stage 3: Financial assets that are credit-impaired (or in default) represent those that are past due more than the historical average collection period for past due loans, but not to exceed the original contractual loan terms. Financial assets are also considered to be credit-impaired where the obligors are unlikely to pay on the occurrence of one or more observable events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event but instead the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

Loss provisions against credit-impaired financial assets are determined based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

2.9 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

For the purpose of the consolidated cash flow statements, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of balances with banks and restricted cash with banks.

 2.10 Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses represent to advances to the suppliers for providing services to the Company. The suppliers usually require advance payment when the Company orders services and prepaid expenses will be utilized to offset the Company's future payments. These amounts are unsecured, non-interest bearing and generally short-term in nature.

F-30

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.11 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost. The cost of an asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to the working condition and location for its intended use. Expenditure incurred after property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, is normally expensed in the period in which incurred.

Property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis, considering any estimated residual value, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

	Estimated useful life
Property	20 years
Leasehold improvement	5 years
Vehicles	5 years
Office equipment and furniture	3-5 years

2.12 Intangible asset

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. These costs are amortized over their estimated useful lives of five years.

F-31

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.13 Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.

For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that is largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets.

The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

2.14 Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost.

F-32

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.15 Share-based payments

In December 2010, the Company established the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan to help recruit and retain key employees, directors or consultants by providing incentives through the granting of equity awards. Under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company may issue equity awards in the form of share options, restricted shares, or share appreciation rights. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards is 23,200,000. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, a total of 269,252 and 1,069,615 ordinary shares were issued to certain directors and a key employee as a share-based compensation, respectively. The Company’s board of directors adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in July, effective as of July 8, 2022, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2022 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards shall be 384,000,000 ordinary shares. There is no share-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.

The Company recognizes share-based compensation in relation to awards issued under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income based on the fair value of the equity awards on the date of the grant, and considering any applicable performance criteria and estimated forfeitures, with compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service to the Company in exchange for the equity award.

The estimation of share awards that ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results differ from estimates, such amounts are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. The Company will consider various factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including historical experience. Actual results may differ substantially from these estimates.

The fair value of share options granted to employees and directors under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan is determined using option pricing models, which consider the exercise price relative to the market value of the underlying shares, the expected share price volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the dividend yield, and the estimated period of time option grants are outstanding before they are ultimately exercised.

For shares granted to employees, the fair value of the shares is measured as the difference between the market price of the Company’s ordinary shares, adjusted to take into account the terms and conditions upon which the shares were granted (except for vesting conditions that are excluded from the measurement of fair value) and the purchase price of the grant. Adjustments to the market price of the ordinary shares could arise, for example, if the employee is not entitled to receive dividends during the vesting period.

2.16 Social benefits contributions

Pursuant to the relevant regulations of the PRC government, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries participate in a local municipal government social benefits plan, and is required to contribute a certain percentage of the basic salaries of its employees to fund their retirement benefits. The local municipal government undertakes to assume the retirement benefits obligations of all existing and future retired employees. The Company’s only obligation is to pay the ongoing required contributions. Contributions are charged to expense as incurred. There are no provisions whereby forfeited contributions may be used to reduce future contributions. Amounts contributed during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, are discussed in Note 10.

F-33

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

2.17 Value added tax (“VAT”)

Interest income in the PRC are subject to VAT at 6% (output VAT). Input tax on purchases can be deducted from output VAT. The net amount of VAT recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of other receivables or other payables in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of VAT except:

· where the VAT incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case the VAT is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item as applicable; and

· receivables and payables are stated with VAT included.

2.18 Loans payable

Loans payable represent to loans granted by relevant financial institutions. The Company has utilized these borrowings to provide loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals.

2.19 Convertible notes payable  

Convertible notes payable that can be converted into ordinary shares at the option of the holder, where the number of shares to be issued is fixed, are accounted for as compound financial instruments, i.e. they contain both a liability component and an equity component.

At initial recognition the liability component of the convertible notes payable is measured at fair value based on the future interest and principal payments, discounted at the prevailing market rate of interest for similar non-convertible instruments. The equity component is the difference between the initial fair value of the convertible notes as a whole and the initial fair value of the liability component. Transaction costs that relate to the issue of a compound financial instrument are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of proceeds.

The liability component is subsequently carried at amortised cost. Interest expense recognised in profit or loss on the liability component is calculated using the effective interest method. The equity component is recognised in the capital reserve until either the bonds are converted or redeemed.

If the notes are converted, the capital reserve, together with the carrying amount of the liability component at the time of conversion, is transferred to share capital and share premium as consideration for the shares issued. If the notes are redeemed, the capital reserve is released directly to retained profits. 

2.20 Share capital

The transaction costs of an equity transaction are accounted for as a deduction from equity (net of any related income tax benefit) to the extent they are incremental costs directly attributable to the equity transaction that otherwise would have been avoided. These incremental costs include registration and other regulatory fees, amounts paid to legal, accounting and other professional advisors, printing costs and stamp duties, excluding management salaries, items normally included in general and administrative expenses or other recurring costs. Specifically, legal and accounting fees do not include any fees that would have been incurred in the absence of such issuance.

2.21 Statutory reserve

In accordance with the relevant regulations and their articles of subsidiaries of the Company incorporated in PRC are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit determined based on the PRC accounting standards and regulations to the statutory reserve until the reserve has reached 50% of the relevant subsidiary's registered capital. The reserve can only be used for the specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the forms of loans, advances or cash dividends. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the statutory reserve have been made by the Company.

2.22 General risk reserve

General risk reserve is referred to as the reserve fund that is created by keeping aside a part of profit earned by the business during the course of an accounting period for fulfilling various business needs like meeting contingencies, offsetting future losses, enhancing the working capital, etc. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the general reserve have been made by the Company.

2.23 Earnings/(loss) per shares

The Company presents basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share (“EPS”) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

F-34

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

3. Standards issued but not yet effective

Up to the date of issue of these financial statements, the following standards and interpretations had been issued which are not mandatory for the year ended December 31, 2022 and which have not been adopted in these financial statements. These include the following which may be relevant to the Company.

	Effective for accounting periods beginning on or after
Amendments to IAS 1, Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Definition of Accounting Estimates	January 1, 2023
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, and IFRS Practice Statement 2, Making Materiality Judgements	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 12,  Income Taxes	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 16,  Leases	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements

Management anticipates that all of the relevant pronouncements will be adopted by the Company for the first period following the effective date of the pronouncement. Information on new standards and amendments, that are expected to be relevant, is provided below.

F-35

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

3. Standards issued but not yet effective - continued

Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8: Definition of Material

The amendments provide a consistent definition of materiality throughout International Financial Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, clarify when information is material and incorporate some of the guidance in IAS 1 about immaterial information. In particular, the amendments clarify: (i) that the reference to obscuring information addresses situations in which the effect is similar to omitting or misstating that information, and that an entity assesses materiality in the context of the financial statements as a whole, and (ii) the meaning of ‘primary users of general purpose financial statements’ to whom those financial statements are directed, by defining them as ‘existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors’ that must rely on general purpose financial statements for much of the financial information they need.

The Company's current practices are in line with these criteria, so the application of these amendments did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results in the period, nor are they expected to do so in the future.

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

The Conceptual Framework is not a standard, and none of the concepts contained therein override the concepts or requirements in any standard. The purpose of the Conceptual Framework is to assist the IASB in developing standards, to help preparers develop consistent accounting policies where there is no applicable standard in place and to assist all parties to understand and interpret the standards. The revised Conceptual Framework includes some new concepts, provides updated definitions and recognition criteria for assets and liabilities and clarifies some important concepts, such as removing the probability threshold for recognition and adding guidance on derecognition, or adding guidance on different measurement basis. No changes were made to any of the current accounting standards.

The Company’s accounting policies are still appropriate under the revised Framework, so these amendments had no impact on the Company's financial position or results in the period.

F-36

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

4. Critical accounting estimates and use of judgments

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management are required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the Company’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates, assumptions and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below.

i. Measurement of the expected credit loss allowance

The measurement of the expected credit loss allowance for financial assets measured at amortized cost is an area that requires the use of significant assumptions about future economic conditions and credit behavior (e.g. the likelihood of customers defaulting and the resulting losses).

A number of significant judgments are also required in applying the accounting requirements for measuring expected credit loss, such as:

· Determining criteria for significant increase in credit risk;

· Choosing appropriate models and assumptions for the measurement of expected credit loss.

Further details of identification and measurement of expected credit loss impairment were discussed in Note 2.8 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-37

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

4. Critical accounting estimates and use of judgments - continued

ii. Income tax 

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of event that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each period end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates, applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. International Accounting Standard 12 Income Taxes (“IAS12”) requires a one-step approach that provides a company to satisfy the probability criterion when assessing whether a deferred tax account should be recorded or not. Under this criterion, the Company record a deferred tax account only to the extent it can show it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deferred tax asset can be utilized.

Current IAS 12 does not have specific guidance on uncertain tax positions. The Company measures tax assets and liabilities at the amount expected to be paid, based on enacted or substantively enacted tax legislation. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax position are recognized and recorded as necessary in the provision for income taxes. According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computation errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances, where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB 100,000. In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitation is ten years. There is no statute of limitation in the case of tax evasion. The PRC tax returns for the Company's PRC subsidiary is open to examination by tax authorities for the tax years beginning in 2018. There were no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the Company does not believe that its unrecognized tax benefits will change over the next twelve months.

iii. Impairment of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of the property, plant and equipment by comparing the carrying value of the property, plant and equipment to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition where the fair value is lower than the carrying value, measurement of an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income for the difference between the fair value, using the expected future discounted cash flows, and the carrying value of the assets. No impairment of property, plant and equipment was recognized for the periods presented.

F-38

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

4. Critical accounting estimates and use of judgments - continued

iv. Fair value of convertible notes payable

The fair value of convertible promissory notes are determined using valuation techniques including reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values.

5. Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a customer or counterparty fail to fulfill its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company’s main income generating activity is lending to customers and therefore credit risk is a principal risk. Credit risk mainly arises from loans to customers. The Company considers all elements of credit risk exposure such as counterparty default risk for risk management purposes.

Credit risk management

The Company’s credit committee is responsible for managing the Company’s credit risk by:

· Ensuring that the Company has appropriate credit risk practices, including an effective system of internal control, to consistently determine adequate allowances in accordance with the Company’s stated policies and procedures, IFRS and relevant supervisory guidance.

· Identifying, assessing and measuring credit risk across the Company, from an individual loan to a portfolio level.

· Creating credit policies to protect the Company against the identified risks including the requirements to obtain collateral from borrowers, to perform robust ongoing credit assessment of borrowers and to continually monitor exposures against internal risk limits.

· Establishing a robust control framework regarding the authorization structure for the approval and renewal of credit facilities.

· Developing and maintaining the Company’s processes for measuring expected credit loss including monitoring of credit risk, incorporation of forward-looking information and the method used to measure expected credit loss.

· Ensuring that the Company has policies and procedures in place to appropriately maintain and validate methods used to assess and measure expected credit loss.

· Establishing a sound credit risk accounting assessment and measurement process that provides it with a strong basis for common systems, tools and data to assess credit risk and to account for expected credit loss. Providing advice, guidance and specialist skills to business units to promote best practice throughout the Company in the management of credit risk.

F-39

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

5. Credit risk - continued

Maximum exposure to credit risk - financial instruments subject to impairment

The following table contains an analysis of the credit risk exposure of financial instruments for which an expected credit loss allowance is recognized. The gross carrying amount of financial assets below also represents the Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk on these assets.

	2022
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		753,043			753,043
Accrued interest		-		-		443,359			443,359
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,196,402			1,196,402
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(640,290	)		(640,290	)
Carrying amount		-		-		556,112			556,112

	2021
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		754,393			754,393
Accrued interest		-		-		398,610			398,610
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,153,003			1,153,003
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(597,870	)		(597,870	)
Carrying amount		-		-		555,133			555,133

F-40

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

6. Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company does not have sufficient financial resources to meet its obligations as they fall due, or will have to do so at an excessive cost. This risk arises from mismatches in the timing of cash flows which is inherent in lending operations and can be affected by a range of Company-specific and market-wide events.

Liquidity risk management

According to relevant laws and regulations, the funds obtained by a microfinance company from banking financial institutions may not exceed 50% of its net capital. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have funds obtained from banking financial institutions.

As all loans receivable of the Company are credit impaired, the Company is facing significant liquidity issue. Obligations to loans payable, State Taxation Administration, employees and service providers are all over due.

F-41

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

7. Market risk

The main non-trading risk types are interest rates and credit spreads.

Interest rate risk may result in of loss from fluctuations in the future cash flows. Interest rate risk is managed principally through monitoring interest rate gaps and basis risk.

Credit spreads reflect the credit risk of the loans to customers, i.e. risk that a customer or counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company's credit risk exposure and the related management process are described in note 5.

The following table sets out the carrying amount of assets and liabilities subject to market risk:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets subject to market risk
Loans receivable		555,133		556,112
Liabilities subject to market risk
Loan payable		161,569		161,439
Convertible notes payable		-		7,264

There has been no change to the manner in which the Company manages and measures it’s market exposure in the current year.

F-42

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

8. Capital risk 

As of December 31, 2022, there was no administrative regulatory authority for the microfinance industry at the national level. According to the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies, jointly issued by the CBRC and the PBOC on May 4, 2008, any provincial government that is able to assign a department, financial office or other similar authority to take charge of the supervision and administration of microfinance companies and is willing to assume the responsibility of risk management of microfinance companies may formulate pilot rules and measures in relation to the incorporation of such companies within the province, autonomous region or municipalities directly under the PRC government. Therefore, the microfinance industry in the PRC is primarily regulated by the financial offices and other similar authorities of the provincial governments of the relevant provinces.

In Hubei Province, the Microfinance Work Joint Session and its office are the regulatory authorities for microfinance companies in Hubei Province. Pursuant to the Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued on May 13, 2009, the Microfinance Work Joint Session is responsible for the organization, coordination, administration, supervision, regulation, and the promotion of the pilot work of microfinance companies. The Microfinance Work Joint Session consists of the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government, Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province.

On February 6, 2013, the Company’s variable interest entity, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“VIE”), was issued an Official Reply (E Jin Ban Fa No. [2013]14) by the Financial Office of People’s Government of Hubei, which approved VIE under the pilot program as a microfinance company, as proposed by the Wuchang People’s Government.

According to the relevant laws and regulations applicable in the Hubei Province, the capital requirement for the microfinance industry is that the registered capital shall not be less than RMB50 million. As of December 31, 2022, the registered capital of the VIE was RMB450 million. There is no other capital requirement from the regulatory authority.

F-43

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

9. Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

The Company’s financial instruments consist of non-derivative financial assets and liabilities. The fair value of these non-derivative financial instruments is determined using internally generated valuation models, which are usually developed from generally accepted valuation models. The majority of the significant inputs into these models may not be observable in the market, and may be derived from interest rates based on assumptions. The selection of the appropriate valuation model, as well as the determination of key inputs used such as the expected future cash flows on the financial instrument, the probability of counterparty default and the appropriate discount rate to be used, require management judgment and estimation.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair value		Carrying Amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		295		295
Loans receivable		556,112		556,112
		556,407		556,407
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,439		161,439
Convertible notes payable		7,264		7,264
		168,703		168,703

The fair values of loans payable are approximately the carrying amount of loans payable as all loans payable are overdue as of December 31, 2022. 

	As of December 31, 2021
	Fair value		Carrying amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		396		396
Loans receivable		555,133		555,133
		555,529		555,529
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,569		161,569

F-44

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

10. Profit/(loss) before income taxes

Expenses by nature

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		2,977		2,973		2,952
Amortization of intangible asset		1		1	*-
Directors
- salaries and related costs		1,051		602		816
- social benefits contribution		5		11		24
- share based compensation		37		-		-
Key management personnel (other than directors)
- salaries and related costs		1,563		1,380		1,212
- social benefits contribution		5		11		-
- share based compensation		74		-		-
Other than directors and key management personnel
- salaries and related costs		707		578		689
- social benefits contribution		10		44		36

*Less than RMB1,000

F-45

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

11.  Income tax expense

The Company is a tax exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In addition, dividend payments by the Company are not subject to withholding taxes. No provision for Hong Kong Profits Tax has been made as the subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong had no assessable profits earned or derived from Hong Kong during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Payments of dividends by Hong Kong companies are not subject to Hong Kong withholding tax. The subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC other than Hong Kong are governed by the Income Tax Law of the PRC concerning Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises and various local income tax laws. Dividends paid by our PRC operating subsidiaries may be subject to withholding taxes of 5%-10%. The Company does not have any deferred tax assets or liabilities as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

The reconciliation between tax expense and accounting profit at applicable PRC tax rates of 25% is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Computed expected income tax expense		4,963			(32,018	)		(7,586	)
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses		13,817			33,058			7,573
Tax effect of tax-exempt entities		804			604			(1,503	)
Tax effect of non-taxable income		(19,584	)		(1,644	)		1,516
Income tax expense		-			-			-

F-46

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

12.  Earnings/(loss) per share

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing the profit/(loss) attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

The weighted average ordinary shares outstanding were 1,001,575,455, 1,002,201,016 and 1,003,303,952 for 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Prior to December 17, 2014, each American Depository Share (“ADS”) represented the right to receive four (4) ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share (the “Shares”), from December 18, 2014, the right to receive sixteen (16) Shares and from December 28, 2017, the right to receive forty-eight (48) Shares.

Computation of basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share:

	2020 RMB’000		2021 RMB’000			2022 RMB’000
Net profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the Company - numerator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		15,883		(102,458	)		(24,275	)
Number of shares in thousands
Weighted average share outstanding - denominator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		1,001,575		1,002,201			1,003,304
Basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		0.02		(0.10	)		(0.02	)

F-47

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

13. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Cash on hand		40		41
Cash at bank		310		87
Restricted cash at bank(1)		46		167
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per consolidated statements of cash flow		396		295

_______________ 

⁽¹⁾ This related to cash deposits in the bank accounts that are frozen by court order as Chutian was subject to multiple legal proceedings, administrative proceedings, claims and other litigation as a result of overdue payments to service providers and loans payable to the lenders.

14. Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses

The total loans receivable are comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable at amortized cost		754,393			753,043
Accrued interest		398,610			443,359
Gross loans receivable		1,153,003			1,196,402
Less: Credit impairment losses		(597,870	)		(640,290	)
Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses		555,133			556,112

The following table provides the changes in credit impairment losses between the beginning and the end of the annual period:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Credit impairment losses as at January 1		478,792		597,870
Charge to statement of profit and other comprehensive income		119,078		42,420
Credit impairment losses as of December 31		597,870		640,290

F-48

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

 14. Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses - continued

The Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Wuhan City, Hubei Province. The Company’s headquarters, borrowers and operations are located in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, the epicenter for the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak which was first reported on December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, the Chinese government imposed a lockdown on the entire Hubei Province, travel restrictions and quarantine, the Company’s borrowers and operations have been significantly disrupted. Further, all of our customers are located in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, government lockdown, travel restrictions, reduced economic activity and quarantines imposed by the Chinese government, together with the overall domestic economy downturn, our customers’ business operations, financial conditions and cash flows were materially adversely affected, which, in turn, materially adversely affected our collection of interest and principal on our loans to customers.

This geographic concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this economic region.

The loans receivable were secured, interest at range from 1.25% to 3.30% (2021: 1.25% to 3.30%) and repayable on demand. 

15. Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Prepaid expenses		848		4,629

F-49

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

16. Property, plant and equipment

The Company’s property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: 

	Property		Motor vehicle		Office  equipment  & furniture		Leasehold improvements		Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		48,140		579		1,078		3,923		53,720
Accumulated depreciation
At December 31, 2020		5,042		550		665		2,310		8,567
Depreciation		2,285		-		135		553		2,973
At December 31, 2021		7,327		550		800		2,863		11,540
Depreciation		2,286		-		113		553		2,952
At December 31, 2022		9,613		550		913		3,416		14,492
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		40,813		29		278		1,060		42,180
At December 31, 2022		38,527		29		165		507		39,228

F-50

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

17. Intangible asset 

	Acquired computer software
	RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		9
Accumulated amortization
At December 31, 2020		3
Amortization		1
At December 31, 2021		4
Amortization	*-
At December 31, 2022		4
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		5
At December 31, 2022		5

 *Less than RMB1,000. 

F-51

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

18. Loans payable

Loans payable represent borrowings from various individuals and companies through various securities exchanges and loans from shareholders. The average annual interest rates were approximately 12.7% and 12.7% at December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Loans payable to third parties		140,558		140,558
Loans payable to related parties(1)		1,011		881
Loans payable to shareholders(2)		20,000		20,000
Total		161,569		161,439

Loans payable to third parties mainly represent to loans from companies through relevant financial institutions. In June 2019, due to macroeconomic regulation and control policy promulgated by the PRC government, the financial institutions were required to cease provision of loans to various entities and their outstanding loans are in the process of recovering. No penalty will subject to this matter.

As of December 31, 2022, loans payable to third parties, related parties and shareholders were all overdue. Although certain loans payable were negotiated with schedule of repayments, the Company is unable to fulfill those obligations due to liquidity issue.

______________ 

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 1.2 of Section 1. Loans payable to related parties for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 2.1 and 2.2 of Section 2. Loans payable to shareholders for detailed disclosure.

F-52

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

19. Convertible notes payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Liability component on initial recognition		-		7,415
Interest accrued		-		360
Notes converted to ADS		-		(517	)
Exchange difference		-		6
Total		-		7,264

On May 24, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company issued an unsecured convertible promissory note with 18 months  maturity (“the Note”) to an institutional accredited investor Streeterville Capital, LLC (“Investor”). The Note has the original principal amount of US$1,075,000 and Investor gave consideration of US$1.0 million, reflecting original issue discount of US$50,000 and Investor’s legal fee of US$25,000.

For the convertible promissory notes issued, interest accrues on the outstanding balance of these notes at 8% per annum. The Investor may redeem all or any part of the outstanding balance of the note, at any time after six months from the issue date, in cash or converting into shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to 75% multiplied by the lowest daily volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) during the ten trading days immediately preceding the applicable redemption conversion,. The Company anticipates using the proceeds for general working capital purposes.

As of May 25, 2022, the Company received principal in full from the Investor.

As of December 31, 2022, shares of the Company’s common stock totaling 40,257,168 were issued by the Company to the Investor equaling principal amounted to US$75,000, and the Notes balance was US$1,053,244.

20. Salary and benefit payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Salary and benefit payable to employees		7,808		9,599
Consulting expenses payable to a shareholder’s representatives(1)		2,064		2,580
Total		9,872		12,179

As of December 31, 2022, due to liquidity issue faced by the Company, the Company was unable to pay its employees on monthly basis.

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 3. Consulting expenses for representatives from a shareholder for detailed disclosure.

21. Income taxes payable

As of December 31, 2022, Chutian had not been paying its corporate income tax of RMB32.5 million to the China State Administration of Taxation since 2018 due to liquidity issue.

22. Interest payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Interest payable to third parties		41,138		54,765
Interest payable to related parties(1)		1,701		1,819
Interest payable to shareholders(2)		11,846		16,226
Total		54,685		72,810

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 1.2 of Section 1. Loans payable to related parties for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-section 2.1 and 2.2 of Section 2 Loans payable to shareholders for detailed disclosure.

F-53

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

23. Other payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Other payable to related parties(1)		10,025		13,347
Accrued expenses		8,820		9,384
Other taxes payable(2)		2,811		3,211
Total		21,656		25,942

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 4. Reverse merger expenses and operating expenses payable to a related party, Section 6. Loans receivable novated and debts transferred to a related party, and Section 7. Debts transferred to a related party for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ Other taxes payable include value-added taxes, urban construction and maintenance taxes, educational surcharge tax, local education surcharge tax, disability insurance tax, property tax and urban land use tax, which are all outstanding to the State Administration of Taxation since 2018.

F-54

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

24. Share capital and additional paid-in capital

(a) Authorized share capital 

In June 2010, the Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands with an authorized share capital of one billion shares, par value of $0.00005, of which 20,000 shares were issued at incorporation. On March 1, 2018, the authorized share capital of the Company increased from $50,000 divided into 1,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each to $100,000 divided into 2,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each by the creation of an additional 1,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each to rank pari passu in all respects with the existing Ordinary Shares.

(b) Issued share capital and additional paid-in capital 

	Number of shares		Ordinary shares		Additional paid-in capital		Total		Non- controlling interest		Total equity
	(thousands)		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
At January 1, 2020		1,001,131		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		1,070	*-			-		-	*-		*-
At December 31, 2020		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		-		-		-		-		-		-
At December 31, 2021		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		40,257		14		510		524		-		524
At December 31, 2022		1,042,458		340		383,684		384,024		95,875		479,899

_____________ 

* Less than 1,000.

F-55

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

25. Statutory reserve

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the entities established in the PRC are required to transfer 10% of profits after taxation (in accordance with the accounting regulations of the PRC) to a statutory reserve, until the reserve balance reaches 50% of the entity’s registered capital. The reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or to increase the registered capital, subject to approval from the PRC authorities, and are not available for dividend distribution to equity owners. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, total statutory reserves were RMB18.7 million and RMB18.7 million, respectively, which did not reach 50% of the variable interest entity’s registered capital.

26. General risk reserve

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s variable interest entity is required to maintain a general risk reserve within the equity, through appropriation of profit, which should not be less than 1.5% of the year end balance of its risk assets over the course of five years. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, total statutory reserves were RMB9.2 million and RMB9.2 million, respectively.

27. Related party transactions

1. Loans payable to related parties

1.1 In 2018, loans payable of RMB60.0 million ($9.4 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd, a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr Ricky Qizhi Wei, at an interest rate of 9% per annum with maturity ranging from August to October 2019. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, these loans payable and the related interest payable were overdue. The interest expenses were RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) and RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB50.0 million ($7.7 million) and RMB50.0 million ($7.3 million) and the related interest payable was RMB15.0 million ($2.4 million) and RMB19.7 million ($2.9 million), respectively.

F-56

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

27. Related party transactions - continued

1.2 In 2018, loans payable of RMB20.0 million ($3.0 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, at an interest rate of 12% per annum and repayable in November 2019. In December 2018, loan of RMB0.5 million ($70,000) was repaid. In 2019, loans payable of RMB17.3 million ($2.5 million) were further borrowed, loans of RMB14.7 million ($2.1 million) were repaid. In 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB9.9 million ($1.4 million) and interest payable of RMB3.1 million ($0.5 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2021 and 2022, the company made repayment amounting to RMB10 million ($1.6 million) and RMB130,000 ($19,000) respectively. The interest expenses were RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million), RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) and RMB118,000 ($17,000) in 20120, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB1.0 million ($0.2 million) and RMB0.9 million ($0.1 million), and the related interest payable was RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and RMB1.8 million ($0.3 million), respectively.

2. Loans payable to shareholders

2.1 In June 2017, a loan payable of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) was borrowed from Wang Hailin, a shareholder who owned 7.7% of the VIE, at 10% interest per annum. The interest expenses for this loan were RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) and RMB1.3 million ($0.2 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. According to the loan extension agreement, the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) is at interest rate of 15% per annum with additional 9% penalty interest per annum and repayable in February 2019. Subsequent to year end, this loan payable was further extended to repayment date in September 2019, at 15% interest per annum with additional 9% penalty interest. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the loan payable and interest payable were overdue.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, interest payable was RMB6.6 million ($1.0 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively.

2.2 In 2019, loans payable of RMB 3.0 million ($0.4 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) were borrowed from Li Ling, a shareholder who owned 2.5% of the VIE, at 12% per annum for 29 days and 74 days, respectively. At maturity, loan payable of RMB 3.0 million ($0.4 million) and the related interest of RMB 29,000 ($4,200) were fully repaid. Loan payable of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) was, however, overdue. On August 27, 2019, Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. Court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB 12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value. 

F-57

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

27. Related party transactions - continued

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB 787,500 ($114,100) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfil its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

As a result of the court ruling mentioned above, the interest expense on these loans was RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) in 2021 and 2022 respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loan payable was RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), and interest payable was RMB 5.3 million ($0.8 million) and RMB7.3 million ($1.0 million).

3. Consulting expenses for representatives from a shareholder

Consulting expenses of RMB 0.5 million ($70,000), RMB 0.5 million ($70,000 ) and RMB 0.5 million ($70,000) were incurred for two representatives sent from Hubei Daily, a shareholder who owned 20% of the VIE, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, consulting expenses payable to these representatives were RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) and RMB 2.5 million ($0.4 million), respectively.

4. Reverse merger expenses and guarantee expenses payable to a related party

During the reverse merger process of the Company, a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, paid reverse merger expenses on behalf of the Company, totaling RMB 11.3 million ($1.7 million) and RMB 10.9 million ($1.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2019, certain operating expenses of RMB 0.7 million ($100,000) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. Also, in 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against payable to Hubei New Nature of RMB 22.6 million ($3.3 million). In 2020, certain loan receivables were novated to Hubei New Nature of RMB 1.3 million ($0.2 million) (see Note 27 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 5). In 2020, certain operating expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. In 2021, the Company’s debts amounting to RMB 0.7 million ($0.1 million) was assigned and assumed to Hubei New Nature. In 2022, the Company made the repayment amounting to RMB484,000.

In addition, guarantee expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) and RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were incurred for Hubei New Nature for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, payables to Hubei New Nature were RMB 8.1 million ($1.3 million) and RMB 10.5 million ($1.5 million), respectively.

F-58

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

27. Related party transactions - continued

5. Loans receivable from related parties 

5.1 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB 8.0 million ($1.2 million) were lent to Hubei Baoli Ecological Conservation Co., Ltd at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. The interest received on the loan was nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, this loan was overdue.

5.2 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB3.0 million ($0.4 million) were lent to Kang Chen at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022 this loan was overdue.

6. Loans receivable novated and debts transferred to a related party

In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to a related party, Hubei New Nature to offset loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.2 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($70,000). In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) were transferred to Hubei New Nature.

 7. Debts transferred to a related party

In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million) were assumed by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei.

F-59

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

28. Legal proceedings 

Proceedings incidental to our lending business 

28.1 On July 24, 2017, Chutian filed an execution case with the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court for property preservation on Hubei Sheng Guang Gong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and related borrowers. On August 20, 2019, Chutian further filed the real estate valuation report to the court for further processing. In August 2020, the secured real estate were auctioned for RMB2.56 million($0.4 million). However, as of the date of this annual report, the proceeds are still held by Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court pending resolution of various ongoing legal proceedings.

Property Preservation Proceedings 

28.2 On July 16, 2019, Shenzhen Lihe Wantong Commerical Factoring Co., Ltd (深圳立合旺通商业保理有限公司)(“Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation protective measures to be taken against the respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei with regards to a contract dispute. On July 31, 2019, the court issued a preservation order freezing a total of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million) of deposits in the bank accounts of Chutian and Mr. Wei for a period of one (1) year; and seizing four properties of Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife. The total limit of the property preservation in this matter is RMB29.9 million ($4.3 million). As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order.  Chutian and Mr. Wei are negotiating with Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong to reach a mediation agreement.

28.3 On September 4, 2019, Hubei Changjiang Microcredit Co., Ltd (湖北长江小额贷款有限公司) (“Hubei Changjiang”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in connection with a loan contract dispute. On September 6, 2019, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in the amount of RMB13.0 million ($1.8 million) and RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million). Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd is a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei. Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd is a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei and 30% owned by Ms. Wenting (Tina) Xiao, Chief Personal/Human Resource Officer. The Court’s ruling was effective immediately. In July 2020, Hubei Changjiang applied for court enforcement and execution, which was accepted. As of the date of this annual report, all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

28.4 On October 14, 2019, Mr. Deng Xinxue, Mr. Zhang Xuan and Mr. Yang Bobiao each applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd (湖北善银财富管理有限公司), a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and Chutian in connection with loan contract disputes. The court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd and Chutian in the amount of RMB2.9 million ($0.4 million), RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively. The court’s ruling was effective immediately. As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order and all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

28.5 On October 15, 2019, the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court received a Letter of Property Preservation from the Wuhan Arbitration Commission in connection with a loan contract dispute among the applicant Hubei Huaya Investment Co., Ltd (湖北华亚投资有限公司) and respondents Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian. On October 23, 2019, after review of the letter by the court, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian in the amount of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million). In August 2020, the parties entered into a mediation agreement whereby Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan agreed to pay the loan principal with penalty interests and costs in connection with the legal proceeding while Chutian, as the third respondent, will be responsible for 50% of the liabilities of Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan under the mediation agreement, should they fail to make the payments. As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan are still making payments pursuant to the mediation agreement.

F-60

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

28. Legal proceedings - continued

Property Services Contract Proceeding

28.6 On September 26, 2019, the Wuhan Branch of Xiamen Lianfa (Group) Property Services Co., Ltd (“Xiamen Lianfa”) filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. On November 27, 2019, the case was scheduled to be heard and Chutian was lawfully summoned and failed to appear, and did not submit a reply. The case was decided and concluded on November 27, 2019. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) for the period from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 26, 2019 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment became effective immediately. On November 10, 2020, court issued a preservation order that froze the assets of Chutian in the maximum amount of RMB 220,000 ($32,000) or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value. On December 18, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements within five years.

In August, 2019, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on October 12, 2020. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB310,311  ($46,000) for the period from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB310,311 ($46,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 11, 2020 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately. In July 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

In 2021, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on November 29, 2021. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB238,344  ($37,000) for the period from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB238,344  ($37,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period until fully paid. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately.  In November 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

As of the date of this annual report, Xiamen Lianfa and the Company are in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

Li Ling Loan Dispute Proceeding

28.7 On August 27, 2019, Ms. Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. The court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value.

F-61

DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

28. Legal proceedings - continued

Li Ling Loan Dispute Proceeding

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB787,500 ($114,000) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Ms. Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Ms. Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfill its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

Cases Entered into the Enforcement Process

Chutian had a total of nine cases entered into the enforcement process for the year ended December 31, 2022, all of which were accepted and enforced by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court, with an aggregate amount of RMB17,262,222 (US$2,554,449). All of the nine cases entered into the enforcement process have been terminated by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court because there were no other assets of Chutian available for enforcement. However, pursuant to the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, once the court or the applicant petitioning for enforcement locates clues that Chutian owns new property or assets available for enforcement, the court may resume the enforcement procedure.

29. Subsequent events

 COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented challenge for many entities with increased uncertainty in the global economy. As the situation is still evolving the full effect of the outbreak is still uncertainty and the Company is therefore unable to provide a quantitative estimate of the potential impact of this outbreak on the Company.

The Company continues to monitor and evaluate any possible impact on the Company’s business and will consider implementation of various measures to mitigate the effects arising from the COVID-19 situation.

F-62

EX-12.1

EXHIBIT 12.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Yuan Gao, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (the “Company”);
2.	Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2023

/s/ Yuan Gao

Name: Yuan Gao

Title: Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-12.2

EXHIBIT 12.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Xiang Zhou, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (the “Company”);
2.	Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 15, 2023

/s/ Xiang Zhou

Name: Xiang Zhou

Title: Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-13.1

EXHIBIT 13.1

CERTIFICATION

In connection with the annual report of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer of the Company does hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to such officer’s knowledge:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 15, 2023

/s/ Yuan Gao

Name: Yuan Gao

Title: Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

EX-13.2

EXHIBIT 13.2

CERTIFICATION

In connection with the annual report of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer does hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to such officer’s knowledge:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 15, 2023

/s/ Xiang Zhou

Name: Xiang Zhou

Title: Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

EX-15.1

EXHIBIT 15.1 

	AUDIT ALLIANCE LLP®
	A Top 18 Audit Firm 10 Anson Road, #20-16 International Plaza, Singapore 079903.
UEN: T12LL1223B GST Reg No: M90367663E Tel: (65) 6227 5428 Website: www.allianceaudit.com

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (No.333-264179) on Form F-3 of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (“ the Company”) and the Registration Statement (No. 333-266073) Form S-8 of the Company of our report dated May 2, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, which report appears in the annual report on Form 20-F of the Company dated 15 May 2023.

Audit Alliance LLP

Singapore

May 15, 2023

EX-15.2

EXHIBIT 15.2 

   AUDIT | ACCOUNTING | TAX | ADVISORY

 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Shareholders and Board of Directors,

Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statements on Form F-3 (333-264179) and Form S-8 (333-266073) of our report dated May 15, 2023 relating to consolidated financial statements of Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, which report appears in the annual report on Form 20-F of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited for the financial year ended December 31, 2022.

/s/ Enrome LLP

Enrome LLP

Singapore

May 15, 2023

XML

Cover	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Document Information Line Items
Entity Registrant Name	DUNXIN FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
Entity Central Index Key	0001499494
Document Type	20-F
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well Known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Entity Common Stock Shares Outstanding	1,042,458,184
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-34958
Entity Incorporation State Country Code	E9
Entity Address Address Line 1	27th Floor, Lianfa International Building
Entity Address Address Line 2	128 Xudong Road
Entity Address Address Line 3	Wuchang District
Entity Address City Or Town	Wuhan City
Entity Address Postal Zip Code	430063
Icfr Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Auditor Name	Audit Alliance LLP
Auditor Location	Singapore
Auditor Firm Id	3487
Security 12b Title	Ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share
Trading Symbol	DXF
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Document Shell Company Report	false
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Accounting Standard	International Financial Reporting Standards
Business Contact [Member]
Document Information Line Items
Entity Address Address Line 1	27th Floor, Lianfa International Building
Entity Address Address Line 2	128 Xudong Road
Entity Address Address Line 3	Wuchang District
Entity Address City Or Town	Wuhan City
Entity Address Postal Zip Code	430063
City Area Code	86
Local Phone Number	27-87303888
Contact Personnel Email Address	contact@dunxin.us
Contact Personnel Name	Mr. Yuan Gao

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Interest income on loans	¥ 44,797	¥ 20,627	¥ 105,570
Interest expense
Interest expenses on loans	(21,296)	21,374	21,909
Business related taxes and surcharges	(405)	(452)	(304)
Total interest expense	(21,701)	(21,826)	(22,213)
Net interest income/(loss)	23,096	(1,199)	83,357
Credit impairment losses	(42,420)	119,078	(55,264)
Net interest income/(loss) after credit impairment losses	(19,324)	(120,277)	28,093
Non-interest and other income	0	387	21
Operating costs and expenses
Sales and marketing	514	293	170
General and administrative	(10,506)	(7,889)	(8,090)
Total operating costs and expenses	(11,020)	(8,182)	(8,260)
Profit/(loss) before income taxes	(30,344)	(128,072)	19,854
Income tax expense	0	0	0
Net profit/(loss)	(30,344)	(128,072)	19,854
Net profit/(loss) attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company	(24,275)	(102,458)	15,883
Non-controlling interest	(6,069)	(25,614)	3,971
Net profit loss)	(30,344)	(128,072)	19,854
Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year
Net profit(loss)	(30,344)	128,072	19,854
Total currency translation differences arising from consolidation	(325)	(71)	(177)
Total comprehensive income/(loss) for the year	(30,669)	(128,001)	19,677
Total comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company	(24,535)	(102,401)	15,742
Non-controlling interests	(6,134)	25,600	(3,935)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)	¥ (30,669)	¥ (128,001)	¥ (19,677)
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the Company during the year (expressed in RMB per share)	¥ (0.02)	¥ (0.10)	¥ 0.02
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in the year	1,003,303,952	1,002,201,016	1,001,575,455

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	¥ 295	¥ 396
Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses	556,112	555,133
Prepaid expenses	4,629	848
Total current assets	561,036	556,377
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment	39,228	42,180
Intangible asset	5	5
Total non-current assets	39,233	42,185
Total assets	600,269	598,562
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Loans payable	161,439	161,569
Convertible notes payable	7,264	0
Salary and benefit payable	12,179	9,872
Income taxes payable	32,477	32,477
Interest payable	72,810	54,685
Other payable	25,942	21,656
Total current liabilities	312,111	280,259
Capital and reserve attributable to equity holders of the Company
Share capital	340	326
Additional paid-in capital	383,684	383,174
Statutory reserve	18,706	18,706
General risk reserve	9,180	9,180
Currency translation reserve	231	30
Accumulated losses	181,049	156,774
Non-controlling interests	57,528	63,661
Total shareholders' equity	288,158	318,303
Total equity and liabilities	¥ 600,269	¥ 598,562

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY - CNY (¥)	Total	Total Equity [member]	Noncontrolling Interest	Additional paid-in capital	Share capital	Statutory reserve [member]	general risk reserve [Member]	Currency Translation Reserve Member	Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2019	¥ 426,162,000	¥ 340,929,000	¥ 85,233,000	¥ 383,174,000	¥ 326,000	¥ 18,706	¥ 9,180,000	¥ (169,000)	¥ (70,288,000)
Statement [Line Items]
Share-based compensation	111,000	89,000	22,000	0	0	0	0	0	89,000
Other comprehensive income for the year - currency translation differences	177,000	142,000	35,000	0	0	0	0	142,000	0
Net profit for the year	19,854,000	15,883,000	3,971,000	0	0	0	0	0	15,833,000
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2020	446,304,000	357,043,000	89,261,000	383,174,000	326,000	18,706,000	9,180,000	(27,000)	(54,316,000)
Statement [Line Items]
Other comprehensive income for the year - currency translation differences	71,000	57,000	14,000	0	0	0	0	57,000	0
Net profit for the year	(128,072,000)	(102,458,000)	(25,614,000)	0	0	0	0	0	(102,458,000)
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2021	318,303,000	254,642,000	63,661,000	383,174,000	326,000	18,706,000	9,180,000	30,000	(156,774,000)
Statement [Line Items]
Net profit for the year	(30,344,000)	(24,275,000)	(6,069,000)	0	0	0	0	0	(24,275,000)
Share issuance	524,000	524,000	0	510,000	14,000	0	0	0	0
Other comprehensive loss for the year - currency translation differences	(325,000)	(261,000)	(64,000)	0	0	0	0	(261,000)	0
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2022	¥ 288,158,000	¥ 230,630,000	¥ 57,528,000	¥ 383,684,000	¥ 340,000	¥ 18,706,000	¥ 9,180,000	¥ (231,000)	¥ (181,049,000)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash flow from operating activities
Profit/(loss) before income tax	¥ 30,344,000	¥ 128,072,000	¥ (19,854,000)
Adjustments for:
Reversal of directors' fee	0	130,000	0
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment	2,952,000	2,973,000	2,977,000
Amortization of intangible asset	0	1,000	1,000
Share-based compensation	0	0	111,000
Credit impairment losses	42,420,000	119,078,000	55,264,000
Operating profit/(loss) before changes in working capital	15,028,000	(6,150,000)	78,207,000
Loans receivable	(43,400,000)	(12,028,000)	(102,263,000)
Prepaid expenses	(3,781,000)	(39,000)	(2,250,000)
Salary and benefit payable	2,307,000	2,212,000	2,399,000
Interest payable	18,125,000	18,563,000	18,399,000
Other payable	4,286,000	7,670,000	4,882,000
Net cash generated by/(used in) operating activities	(7,435,000)	10,228,000	(626,000)
Cash flow from investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment	0	0	0
Purchase for property, plant and equipment	0	0	0
Net cash used in investing activities	0	0	0
Cash flow from financing activities
Proceeds received from related party loans	0	0	414,000
Repayments of related party loans	(130,000)	(10,000,000)	0
Proceeds received from issuance of convertible notes	6,758,000	0	0
Net cash (used in)/generated by financing activities	6,628	(10,000)	414
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(807,000)	228,000	(212,000)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	396,000	97,000	132,000
Exchange losses on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	706,000	71,000	177,000
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	295,000	396,000	97,000
Net cash generated by/(used in) operating activities include
Interest received	0	0	100,000
Interest paid	0	0	(200,000)
Loans receivable novated to a related party to offset its related party loans to the Company	¥ 0	¥ 0	¥ 1,305,000

XML

Organization and principal activities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization and principal activities

Organization And Principal Activities

1. Organization and principal activities

Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited (“Dunxin,” together with its subsidiaries and the variable interest entity, collectively the “Company”), formerly known as China Xiniya Fashion Limited, was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted limited liability company on June 24, 2010. On December 28, 2017, Dunxin completed the Divestiture and Acquisition transactions (the “Transactions”). In connection with the Divestiture transaction, Dunxin divested its wholly-owned subsidiary, Xiniya Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong company, to Qiming Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, in exchange for a purchase consideration of RMB228,000,000 ($34,588,428). After the divestiture transaction, Dunxin did not meet the definition of a business for accounting and financial reporting purposes. In connection with the Acquisition transaction, Dunxin purchased all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of True Silver Limited (“True Silver”) for a cash payment of RMB228,000,000 ($34,588,428) and the issuance of 772,283,308 of the ordinary shares at RMB1.00 ($0.15) per share to the shareholders of True Silver. True Silver became the wholly owned subsidiary of Dunxin. True Silver utilizes a variable interest entity structure to operate and consolidate 80% of the financial results of Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“Chutian”). Chutian, with a registered capital of RMB450 million, is a joint stock company incorporated under the laws of China specializing in providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China.

The Transactions were accounted for as a “reverse acquisition” since, immediately following the consummation of the Transactions, the shareholders and management of Chutian having effectuated control of the combined company. The former shareholders of Chutian, whose shares were acquired by Dunxin, own and control 88.7% of shares and votes in Dunxin. The management of Dunxin is drawn predominantly from Chutian. For accounting purposes, the legal subsidiaries of True Silver were deemed to be the accounting acquirer in the transaction and Dunxin, the legal acquirer, was deemed to be the accounting acquiree.

The consolidated financial statements represent a continuation of the consolidated financial statements of True Silver and its subsidiaries (the “True Silver Group”) and reflect the following:

(a)	the assets and liabilities of the True Silver Group were recognized and measured in the consolidated statement of financial position at their carrying amount before the Acquisition;
(b)	the identifiable assets and liabilities of the Company were recognized and measured in the consolidated financial statements at their acquisition date fair values;
(c)	the excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the identifiable net assets of the Company at fair value is recognized as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of financial position;
(d)	the retained earnings and other equity balances recognized in the consolidated financial statement are the retained earnings and other equity balances of the True Silver Group immediately before the Acquisition;
(e)	the amount recognized as issued equity interest in the consolidated financial statements were determined by adding the issued equity of the True Silver Group outstanding immediately before the Acquisition to the fair value of purchase consideration of the Acquisition. The fair value of purchase consideration is based on the fair value of the Company at the completion date. However, the equity structure appearing in the consolidated financial statement shall reflect the equity structure of the Company, including the equity instruments issued by the Company to effect the Acquisition;
(f)	the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 reflects that of the True Silver Group for the full period together with the post-acquisition results of the Company;

(g)	the comparative figures presented in the consolidated financial statements were that of the True Silver Group; and
(h)	earnings per share for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 reflects the results of the True Silver Group until the date of acquisition and the results of the enlarged Group from the acquisition date.

The principal place of business is 27th Floor, Lianfa International Building, 128 Xudong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430063, People’s Republic of China.

The Company is listed on the NYSE American LLC, the ticker symbol is DXF.

These financial statements are presented in Renminbi, unless otherwise stated.

The consolidated financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were authorized for issue by resolution of the board of directors on May 15, 2023.

Reporting entities

Dunxin is a holding company.

The Company principally engaged in the business of providing loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). The Company operates its microfinance lending business through the 80% variable interest entity (“VIE”) operating company, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“Chutian”). All of the Company’s operations are conducted in the PRC through Chutian, which holds all the approval certificates, business license and other requisite licenses for the microfinance lending businesses.

The following is a brief description of each of the Company’s subsidiaries and variable interest entity:

· True Silver - True Silver Limited (“True Silver”) is a limited company incorporated on June 28, 2016, a British Virgin Islands company. The total amount of paid-up share capital of True Silver is $50,000 with 50,000 ordinary shares. True Silver is a holding company and is wholly owned by the Company.

· Chutian HK - Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited (“Chutian HK”) is a limited company incorporated on August 12, 2016, under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong. The total amount of paid-up share capital of Chutian HK is HKD10,000 with 100 ordinary shares. Chutian HK is a holding company and is wholly owned by True Silver.

· Chutian Holding - Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited (“Chutian Holding”) is a wholly foreign owned enterprise established by Chutian HK on November 4, 2016.

· Chutian - Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd. is a joint stock company incorporated under laws of PRC on February 20, 2013. Chutian currently holds a business license issued by the Administrative Approval Bureau of Wuchang District, Wuhan Municipality on April 25, 2017, which allows it to operate a microfinance business and provides individual and business loans to persons residing in and businesses operating in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China. Through a series of contractual agreements (the “VIE Agreements”), Chutian Holding is deemed to control 80% of Chutian and have rights to consolidate 80% of Chutian’s financial results.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s subsidiaries and variable interest entity were as follows:

Subsidiary	Place of incorporation	Particular of issued and fully paid up capital		Company’s effective  interest			Held by the Company			Held by a  subsidiary			Principal activities
True Silver Limited	British Virgin Islands	$	50,000		100	%		100	%		-		Investment holding
Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited	Hong Kong	HK$	10,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited.	PRC	$	3,000,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Variable interest entity
Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd	PRC	RMB	450,000,000		80	%		-			80	%	Microfinance lender

An entity, Hubei Kai Wu Small and Micro Economic Research Institute Co. Ltd, was set up in May 2018 with a registered share capital of RMB5 million, where Chutian should subscribe RMB1.365 million of the registered share capital and held 27.3% of the equity interest of this company. However, all shareholders, including Chutian, did not subscribe to the share capital and this company remain dormant as of December 31, 2022.

The VIE arrangements

The following is a brief description of the VIE Agreements entered into on August 10, 2017, between Chutian Holding and the shareholders of Chutian, through which the Company controls 80% equity interests of Chutian:

· Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement. Pursuant to the Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement between Chutian and Chutian Holding, Chutian Holding was appointed as the exclusive services provider to Chutian (including its subsidiaries, branches and any other invested entities) for the following services: comprehensive business support, including but not limited to, daily business management consulting, financial consulting, professionals and technical training during the term of this Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. For services rendered to Chutian by Chutian Holding under this Agreement, Chutian Holding is entitled to collect a service fee equal to 80% of the net operating income of Chutian (the “Service Fees”). The Service Fees are due and payable on a quarterly basis; provided, however, in principle, the payment of the Service Fees should not cause any difficulty to the operation of either party to this Agreement. The exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement has a term of five (5) years. Chutian is not entitled to unilaterally terminate this Agreement. Chutian Holding has the right to terminate this Agreement by giving a thirty (30) day prior notice to Chutian. This Agreement could be extended based on the originally agreed terms upon expiration if Chutian Holding gives written confirmation before expiration of the agreement. The period of extension will be decided by Chutian Holding, which Chutian is required to unconditionally accept.

· Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement. Under the Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, Qizhi Wei, Sizhi Yang, Yuyou Hu, Wanxin Deng, Jing Liang, Hailin Wang, and Wenting (Tina) Xiao (collectively “Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian”) irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding, or any third party designated by WFOE, an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or part of such shareholders’ current and future equity interests in Chutian, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations. Apart from Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding, no other person has the right to purchase such equity interests in Chutian. Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian are required to transfer their respective equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding in accordance with their percentage ownership of such equity interests provided Chutian Holding selects to purchase such shareholders’ equity interests. Chutian irrevocably granted to Chutian Holding or any third party designated by Chutian Holding an exclusive purchase option right, at any time to purchase all or a substantial part of Chutian’s assets, to the extent permitted by PRC laws and regulations.

The VIE arrangements - continued

· Shareholders’ Voting Proxy Agreement. Under the Voting Proxy Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian irrevocably granted and entrusted Chutian Holding or their designee to be their exclusive proxy to exercise their voting rights that they would have at a shareholders’ meeting or by written consent for the maximum period permitted pursuant to the PRC laws and in accordance with and within the limitations of the PRC laws and the then effective articles of association of Chutian, including but not limited to, the following rights:

(a)	to attend and participate in the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian as the voting proxy of the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian;
(b)	to vote on the matters proposed at the shareholders’ meetings, including, but not limited to, voting on the appointment and election of the directors and supervisors of Chutian;
(c)	to suggest convening the shareholders’ meetings of Chutian; and
(d)	all other voting rights entitled to the shareholders of Chutian as stipulated in the articles of association of Chutian, as amended from time to time.

· Share Pledge Agreement. Under the Share Pledge Agreement, the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian pledged all of their equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding to guarantee the performance of Chutian’s obligations under the Exclusive Consigned Management Agreement, Shareholders Voting Proxy Agreement and Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement (the “Main Agreements”). The equity pledge under the agreement constitutes a continuous guarantee and remains effective before fulfillment of the obligations under the Main Agreements or full repayment of the guaranteed liability.

Through the above contractual arrangements, Chutian Holding, has obtained 80% of shareholders' voting interest in the VIE, has the right to receive all dividends declared and paid by the VIE and may receive substantially all of the net income of the VIE through the technical support and service fees as determined by Chutian Holding at its sole discretion. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated the VIE because the Company believes, through the contractual arrangements, (1) Chutian Holding could direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect its economic performance and (2) Chutian Holding could receive substantially all of the benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. 

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

The Company believes that the VIE arrangements are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. The shareholders of the VIE are also shareholders of the Company and therefore have no current interest in seeking to act contrary to the contractual arrangements. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company's ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and if the shareholders of the VIE were to reduce their interest in the Company, their interests may diverge from that of the Company and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual terms, for example by influencing the VIE not to pay the service fees when required to do so.

The Company's ability to control the VIE also depends on the Voting Proxy Agreement pursuant to which  Chutian Holding has the right to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIE. As noted above, the Company believes the rights granted by the Voting Proxy Agreement is legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.

In addition, if the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of any existing PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government could:

· revoke the business and operating licenses of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and affiliates;

· discontinue or restrict the Company's PRC subsidiaries' and affiliates' operations;

· impose conditions or requirements with which the Company or its PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply; or

· require the Company or its PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations;

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on the Company's ability to conduct the Company's business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes the Company to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIE or the right to receive their economic benefits, the Company would no longer be able to consolidate the VIE. The Company does not believe that any penalties imposed or actions taken by the PRC Government would result in the liquidation of the Company, Chutian Holding, or the VIE.

Risks in relation to the VIE structure - continued

Certain shareholders of the VIE are also beneficial owners or directors of the Company. In addition, certain beneficial owners and directors of the Company are also directors or officers of the VIE. Their interests as beneficial owners of the VIE may differ from the interests of the Company as a whole. The Company cannot be certain that if conflicts of interest arise, these parties will act in the best interests of the Company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in the Company's favor. Currently, the Company does not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest these parties may encounter in their capacity as beneficial owners of the VIE, on the one hand, and as beneficial owners of the Company, on the other hand. The Company believes the shareholders of the VIE will not act contrary to any of the contractual arrangements and the exclusive purchase right contract provides the Company with a mechanism to remove them as shareholders of the VIE should they act to the detriment of the Company. If any conflict of interest or dispute between the Company and the shareholders of the VIE arises and the Company is unable to resolve it, the Company would have to rely on legal proceedings in the PRC. Such legal proceedings could result in disruption of its business; moreover, there is substantial uncertainty as to the ultimate outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The following financial statements information for the Company’s VIE was included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, presented net of intercompany eliminations, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Total current assets		555,478		556,757
Total non-current assets		42,185		39,233
Total assets		597,663		595,990
Total current liabilities		274,213		297,829
Total liabilities		274,213		297,829

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021			2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Interest income on loans		105,570		20,627			44,797
Net profit/(loss)		23,128		(125,370	)		(23,947	)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure - continued

The VIE contributed an aggregate of 100.0%, 100.0% and 100.0% of the consolidated interest income on loans for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the VIE accounted for an aggregate of 100.0% and 99.3%, respectively, of the consolidated total assets, and 98.8% and 94.5%, respectively, of the consolidated total liabilities.

There are no consolidated VIE's assets that are collateral for the VIE's obligations and can only be used to settle the VIE's obligations. There are no creditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the VIE that have recourse to the general credit of the Company or any of its consolidated subsidiaries. There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, which require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIE. However, if the VIE ever need financial support, the Company or its subsidiaries may, at its option and subject to statutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIE through loans to the shareholders of the VIE or entrustment loans to the VIE.

On December 23, 2018, the State Council submitted the draft version of the Foreign Investment Law to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on its official site on December 26, 2018 for public consultation until February 24, 2019. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which On December 23, 2018, the PRC State Council submitted the draft version of the Foreign Investment Law to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on its official site on December 26, 2018 for public consultation until February 24, 2019. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which will come into effect on January 1, 2020 and replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations.

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Summary of significant accounting policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. These accounting policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. The financial statements are for the Company consisting of Dunxin Financial Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and variable interest entity.

2.1 Basis of preparation

(i) Compliance with IFRS

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with applicable International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

(ii) Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

(iii) Liquidity

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future and that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations.

As shown in the accompanying financial statements as of December 31, 2022, the Company had incurred a net loss of RMB30.3 million (US$4.5 million). Besides, the COVID-19 was contained in China 2022, the Company had made specific allowance for the receivables with amount to RMB 42.4 million (US$6.3 million) as of December 31 2022 based on the specific risk of collectability of the receivables.

The Company funded these losses through:

(1) the continued financial support from its related party or its ability to obtain external financing; or

(2) further implementing management’s business plan to enter into new business and generate sufficient revenues to meet its obligations.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s having a minimum cash balance on the consolidated statement of financial statement. The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including selling, distribution, and administration expenses, to identify and eliminate inefficiencies and redundancies in order to preserve cash while maintaining the business. Given the Company’s existing cash balances and projected cash generated by, and used in, operating activities, the Company believes that it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its operating activities, and react as necessary to market changes, which may include working capital needs for at least twelve months from December 31, 2022. These consolidated financial statements do not reflect adjustments to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, reported expenses and statement of financial position classification that would be necessary if going concern assumption was not appropriate. These adjustments could be material.

The Company has historically met its cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, loans payable from third parties raised through various securities exchanges, loans from shareholders and loans from related parties. The cash requirements of the Company are generally for operating activities and repayments of loans from third parties, related parties and shareholders. Ever since securities exchanges have ceased offering any form of financing to the Company through their platforms as well as loans receivable were credit-impaired, the Company ran into severe liquidity issue. In the beginning of 2019, the Company began to default in certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With loans receivables continued to be further credit-impaired, all obligations of loans payable were defaulted. The liquidity issue of the Company has further severely affected its ability to pay its taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of its obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings were initiated by its shareholders, service providers and others against the Company (see Note 28 - Legal proceedings for detailed disclosure).

The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including intensifying loan and interest collection initiative and monetizing collaterals of loans receivable. The Company has also acquired the financial support letter from Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd, a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, which have expressed the willingness and intention to provide the necessary financial support to the Company. Further, the Company plans to actively seek equity financing from private placements, so as to enable the Company to meet its liabilities as and when it falls due and to carry on its business without a significant curtailment of operations for the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report.

2.1  Basis of preparation - continued

(iii) Liquidity - continued

The Company believes that available cash and cash equivalents, future cash provided by operating activities, together with the efforts from aforementioned management plan and actions, should enable the Company to meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared the consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will require additional capital in order to execute its longer-term business plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, curtailing the Company’s business development activities, suspending the pursuit of its business plan, controlling operating expenses and seeking to further dispose of non-core assets. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital if needed.

2.2 Basis of consolidation

(i) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities (including variable interest entity) over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when the Company is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Company.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Company.

(ii) Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income, the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity respectively.

2.3 Business combinations

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all business combinations, regardless of whether equity instruments or other assets are acquired. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary comprises the:

· fair values of the assets transferred;

· liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business;

· equity interests issued by the Company;

· fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement; and

· fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of the

· consideration transferred,

· amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and

· acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase.

2.4 Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segment, has been identified as the steering committee that makes strategic decisions. The Company operates in only one segment.

2.5 Foreign currency translation

(j)Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Chinese Renminbi (RMB), which is the Company’s presentation currency.

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in the statement of profit and other comprehensive income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income on a net basis within other income or other expenses.

(iii) Group companies

The results and financial position of all the Group entities (none of which has the currency of a hyper-inflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

(a) assets and liabilities for each consolidated statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that consolidated statement of financial position;

(b) income and expenses for each consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions); and

(c) all resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

2.6 Interest

Interest (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022)

Interest income and expense for all financial instruments are recognized in “Net interest income” as “Interest income” and “Interest expense” in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income using the effective interest method. Interest income for financial assets held at amortized cost is recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discount estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter period) to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortized cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees.

When the Company revises the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognized in profit or loss.

The interest income / interest expense is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of non-credit impaired financial assets (i.e. at the amortized cost of the financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance), or at amortized cost of financial liabilities. Interest income for financial assets that are amortized cost that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition is recognized using the credit adjusted effective interest rate. This rate is calculated in the same manner as the effective interest rate except that expected credit losses are included in the expected cash flows. Interest income is therefore recognized on the amortized cost of the financial asset including expected credit losses. Should the credit risk on a credit-impaired financial asset improve such that the financial asset is no longer considered credit-impaired, interest income recognition reverts to a computation based on the rehabilitated gross carrying value of the financial asset.

A contract modification is a change in the scope or interest rate (or both) of a contract that is approved by the parties to the contract. A contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. When a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, the Company shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the existing contract as the remaining services are not distinct and therefore, form part of single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. The effect that the contract modification has on the interest rate, and on the entity’s measure of progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognized as an adjustment to interest income (either as an increase in or a reduction of interest income) at the date of the contract modification (i.e., the adjustment to interest income is made on a cumulative catch-up basis).

2.7 Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

i. Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes, if any. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Future taxable profits are determined based on business plans for individual subsidiaries and variable interest entity in the Company and the reversal of temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

iii. Tax exposures

In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Company considers the impact of tax exposures, including whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgments about future events. New information may become available that causes the Company to change its judgments regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities would impact tax expense in the period in which such a determination is made.

2.8 Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022 only)

i Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus transaction costs that are incremental and directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability, such as fees and commissions. Immediately after initial recognition, an expected credit loss allowance is recognized for financial assets measured at amortized cost, which results in an accounting loss being recognized in profit or loss when an asset is newly originated.

ii Classification and subsequent measurement

Management determines the classification of its financial assets and liabilities at initial recognition of the instrument or, where applicable, at the time of reclassification.

Financial assets

From January 1, 2018, the Company has applied IFRS 9 and classifies its financial assets into amortized cost measurement category. The Company’s financial assets that are held to collect the contractual cash flows and which contain contractual terms that give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) are measured at amortized cost.

Financial liabilities

The Company classifies its financial liabilities as measured at amortized cost.

iii Derecognition

Financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

In transactions in which the Company neither retains or transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of a financial asset and its retains control over the asset, the Company continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement, determined by the extent to which it is exposed to changes in the value of the transferred asset.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

iv Amortized cost measurement

The “amortized cost” of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition, minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any loss allowance.

v. Identification and measurement of impairment

IFRS 9 outlines a “three-stage” model for impairment based on changes in credit quality since initial recognition as summarized below:

· A financial instrument that is not credit-impaired on initial recognition is classified in “Stage 1” and has its credit risk continuously monitored by the Company.

· If a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is identified, the financial instrument is moved to “Stage 2” but is not yet deemed to be credit-impaired.

· If the financial instrument is credit-impaired, the financial instrument is then moved to “Stage 3”.

· Financial instruments in Stage 1 have their expected credit loss measured at an amount equal to the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that result from default events possible within the next 12 months. Financial instruments in Stages 2 or 3 have their expected credit loss measured based on expected credit losses on a lifetime basis.

· A pervasive concept in measuring expected credit loss in accordance with IFRS 9 is that it should consider forward looking information.

Significant increase in credit risk

The Company monitors its financial assets that are subject to the impairment requirements to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk the Company will measure the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month expected credit loss. The Company’s accounting policy is not to use the practical expedient that financial assets with “low” credit risk at the reporting date are deemed not to have had a significant increase in credit risk. As a result, the Company monitors all financial assets that are subject to impairment for significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognized. In making this assessment, the Company considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort, based on the Company’s historical experience and expert credit assessment including forward-looking information.

The quantitative information is a primary indicator of significant increase in credit risk and is based on the change in lifetime probability of default by comparing:

· the remaining lifetime probability of default at the reporting date; with

· the remaining lifetime probability of default for this point in time that was estimated based on facts and circumstances at the time of initial recognition of the exposure.

The probability of defaults used are forward looking and the Company uses the same methodologies and data used to measure the loss allowance for expected credit loss.

The qualitative factors that indicate significant increase in credit risk are reflected in probability of default models on a timely basis.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the probability of default will be more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial probability of default than compared to a financial instrument with a higher probability of default.

As a back-stop when an asset becomes 30 days past due, the Company considers that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime expected credit loss.

Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is “credit-impaired” when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Credit-impaired financial assets are referred to as Stage 3 assets. Evidence of credit-impairment includes observable data about the following events:

· Significant financial difficulty of the borrower;

· a breach of contract such as a default or past due event; or

· the lender of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event - instead, the combined effect of several events may have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired.

A loan is considered credit-impaired when a concession is granted to the borrower due to a deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition, unless there is evidence that as a result of granting the concession the risk of not receiving the contractual cash flows has reduced significantly and there are no other indicators of impairment. For financial assets where concessions are contemplated but not granted the asset is deemed credit impaired when there is observable evidence of credit-impairment including meeting the definition of default. The definition of default (see below) include unlikeliness to pay indicators.

Definition of default

Critical to the determination of expected credit loss is the definition of default. The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of expected credit loss and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime expected credit loss, as default is a component of the probability of default which affects both the measurement of expected credit losses and the identification of a significant increase in credit risk.

The Company considers the following as constituting an event of default:

· the borrower is past due more than nine months on any material credit obligation to the Company; or

· the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Company in full.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, the Company takes into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis. The Company uses a variety of sources of information to assess default which are either developed internally or obtained from external sources.

Objective evidence of impairment

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there is objective evidence that financial assets are impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired when objective evidence demonstrates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets that can be estimated reliably.

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes:

· significant financial difficulty of the borrower; 

· default or delinquency by a borrower; 

· the restructuring of a loan by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise; 

· indications that a borrower will enter bankruptcy; or 

· observable data relating to a group of assets such as adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the Company, or economic conditions that correlate with defaults in the Company.

The Company recognizes loss allowance for expected credit loss on loan receivables.

Expected credit losses are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

· 12-month expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

· Full lifetime expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime expected credit loss is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit loss.

Expected credit losses are computed as unbiased, a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to the Company under the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive by evaluating a range of reasonably possible outcomes, the time value of money, and considering all reasonable and supportable information including that which is forward-looking, discounted at the asset’s effective interest rate.

For Stage 1 and 2 loans, the estimate of expected cash shortfalls over the life time of the loans is determined by multiplying the probability of default (“PD”) with the loss given default (“LGD”).

For credit-impaired financial instruments (Stage 3 loans), the estimate of cash shortfalls may require the use of expert credit judgment. Cash shortfalls are discounted using the effective interest rate on the financial instrument as calculated at initial recognition.

The Company’s initial contractual loan terms are within 12 months. For simplification purpose, for Stage 1 and Stage 2 loans, the Company recognized the expected credit losses for the lifetime of the loans.

Stage 1: Expected credit losses are recognized at the time of initial recognition of a financial instrument and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls arising from possible default events for the life of loan from the balance sheet date. Expected credit losses continue to be determined on this basis until there is either a significant increase in the credit risk of an instrument or the instrument becomes credit-impaired.

Stage 2: If a financial asset experiences a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, an expected credit loss provision is recognized for default events that may occur over the lifetime of the asset. Significant increase in credit risk is assessed by comparing the risk of default of an exposure at the reporting date to the risk of default at origination (after taking into account the passage of time). Significant does not mean statistically significant nor is it assessed in the context of changes in expected credit loss. Whether a change in the risk of default is significant or not is assessed using a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, the weight of which depends on the type of product and counterparty. Financial assets that are 30 or more days past due and not credit-impaired will always be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Stage 3: Financial assets that are credit-impaired (or in default) represent those that are past due more than the historical average collection period for past due loans, but not to exceed the original contractual loan terms. Financial assets are also considered to be credit-impaired where the obligors are unlikely to pay on the occurrence of one or more observable events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event but instead the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

Loss provisions against credit-impaired financial assets are determined based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

2.9 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

For the purpose of the consolidated cash flow statements, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of balances with banks and restricted cash with banks.

 2.10 Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses represent to advances to the suppliers for providing services to the Company. The suppliers usually require advance payment when the Company orders services and prepaid expenses will be utilized to offset the Company's future payments. These amounts are unsecured, non-interest bearing and generally short-term in nature.

2.11 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost. The cost of an asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to the working condition and location for its intended use. Expenditure incurred after property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, is normally expensed in the period in which incurred.

Property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis, considering any estimated residual value, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

	Estimated useful life
Property	20 years
Leasehold improvement	5 years
Vehicles	5 years
Office equipment and furniture	3-5 years

2.12 Intangible asset

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. These costs are amortized over their estimated useful lives of five years.

2.13 Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.

For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that is largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets.

The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

2.14 Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost.

2.15 Share-based payments

In December 2010, the Company established the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan to help recruit and retain key employees, directors or consultants by providing incentives through the granting of equity awards. Under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company may issue equity awards in the form of share options, restricted shares, or share appreciation rights. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards is 23,200,000. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, a total of 269,252 and 1,069,615 ordinary shares were issued to certain directors and a key employee as a share-based compensation, respectively. The Company’s board of directors adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in July, effective as of July 8, 2022, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2022 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards shall be 384,000,000 ordinary shares. There is no share-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.

The Company recognizes share-based compensation in relation to awards issued under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income based on the fair value of the equity awards on the date of the grant, and considering any applicable performance criteria and estimated forfeitures, with compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service to the Company in exchange for the equity award.

The estimation of share awards that ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results differ from estimates, such amounts are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. The Company will consider various factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including historical experience. Actual results may differ substantially from these estimates.

The fair value of share options granted to employees and directors under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan is determined using option pricing models, which consider the exercise price relative to the market value of the underlying shares, the expected share price volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the dividend yield, and the estimated period of time option grants are outstanding before they are ultimately exercised.

For shares granted to employees, the fair value of the shares is measured as the difference between the market price of the Company’s ordinary shares, adjusted to take into account the terms and conditions upon which the shares were granted (except for vesting conditions that are excluded from the measurement of fair value) and the purchase price of the grant. Adjustments to the market price of the ordinary shares could arise, for example, if the employee is not entitled to receive dividends during the vesting period.

2.16 Social benefits contributions

Pursuant to the relevant regulations of the PRC government, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries participate in a local municipal government social benefits plan, and is required to contribute a certain percentage of the basic salaries of its employees to fund their retirement benefits. The local municipal government undertakes to assume the retirement benefits obligations of all existing and future retired employees. The Company’s only obligation is to pay the ongoing required contributions. Contributions are charged to expense as incurred. There are no provisions whereby forfeited contributions may be used to reduce future contributions. Amounts contributed during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, are discussed in Note 10.

2.17 Value added tax (“VAT”)

Interest income in the PRC are subject to VAT at 6% (output VAT). Input tax on purchases can be deducted from output VAT. The net amount of VAT recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of other receivables or other payables in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of VAT except:

· where the VAT incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case the VAT is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item as applicable; and

· receivables and payables are stated with VAT included.

2.18 Loans payable

Loans payable represent to loans granted by relevant financial institutions. The Company has utilized these borrowings to provide loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals.

2.19 Convertible notes payable  

Convertible notes payable that can be converted into ordinary shares at the option of the holder, where the number of shares to be issued is fixed, are accounted for as compound financial instruments, i.e. they contain both a liability component and an equity component.

At initial recognition the liability component of the convertible notes payable is measured at fair value based on the future interest and principal payments, discounted at the prevailing market rate of interest for similar non-convertible instruments. The equity component is the difference between the initial fair value of the convertible notes as a whole and the initial fair value of the liability component. Transaction costs that relate to the issue of a compound financial instrument are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of proceeds.

The liability component is subsequently carried at amortised cost. Interest expense recognised in profit or loss on the liability component is calculated using the effective interest method. The equity component is recognised in the capital reserve until either the bonds are converted or redeemed.

If the notes are converted, the capital reserve, together with the carrying amount of the liability component at the time of conversion, is transferred to share capital and share premium as consideration for the shares issued. If the notes are redeemed, the capital reserve is released directly to retained profits. 

2.20 Share capital

The transaction costs of an equity transaction are accounted for as a deduction from equity (net of any related income tax benefit) to the extent they are incremental costs directly attributable to the equity transaction that otherwise would have been avoided. These incremental costs include registration and other regulatory fees, amounts paid to legal, accounting and other professional advisors, printing costs and stamp duties, excluding management salaries, items normally included in general and administrative expenses or other recurring costs. Specifically, legal and accounting fees do not include any fees that would have been incurred in the absence of such issuance.

2.21 Statutory reserve

In accordance with the relevant regulations and their articles of subsidiaries of the Company incorporated in PRC are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit determined based on the PRC accounting standards and regulations to the statutory reserve until the reserve has reached 50% of the relevant subsidiary's registered capital. The reserve can only be used for the specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the forms of loans, advances or cash dividends. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the statutory reserve have been made by the Company.

2.22 General risk reserve

General risk reserve is referred to as the reserve fund that is created by keeping aside a part of profit earned by the business during the course of an accounting period for fulfilling various business needs like meeting contingencies, offsetting future losses, enhancing the working capital, etc. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the general reserve have been made by the Company.

2.23 Earnings/(loss) per shares

The Company presents basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share (“EPS”) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

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Standards issued but not yet effective

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Standards issued but not yet effective

Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective

3. Standards issued but not yet effective

Up to the date of issue of these financial statements, the following standards and interpretations had been issued which are not mandatory for the year ended December 31, 2022 and which have not been adopted in these financial statements. These include the following which may be relevant to the Company.

	Effective for accounting periods beginning on or after
Amendments to IAS 1, Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Definition of Accounting Estimates	January 1, 2023
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, and IFRS Practice Statement 2, Making Materiality Judgements	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 12,  Income Taxes	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 16,  Leases	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements

Management anticipates that all of the relevant pronouncements will be adopted by the Company for the first period following the effective date of the pronouncement. Information on new standards and amendments, that are expected to be relevant, is provided below.

Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8: Definition of Material

The amendments provide a consistent definition of materiality throughout International Financial Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, clarify when information is material and incorporate some of the guidance in IAS 1 about immaterial information. In particular, the amendments clarify: (i) that the reference to obscuring information addresses situations in which the effect is similar to omitting or misstating that information, and that an entity assesses materiality in the context of the financial statements as a whole, and (ii) the meaning of ‘primary users of general purpose financial statements’ to whom those financial statements are directed, by defining them as ‘existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors’ that must rely on general purpose financial statements for much of the financial information they need.

The Company's current practices are in line with these criteria, so the application of these amendments did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results in the period, nor are they expected to do so in the future.

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

The Conceptual Framework is not a standard, and none of the concepts contained therein override the concepts or requirements in any standard. The purpose of the Conceptual Framework is to assist the IASB in developing standards, to help preparers develop consistent accounting policies where there is no applicable standard in place and to assist all parties to understand and interpret the standards. The revised Conceptual Framework includes some new concepts, provides updated definitions and recognition criteria for assets and liabilities and clarifies some important concepts, such as removing the probability threshold for recognition and adding guidance on derecognition, or adding guidance on different measurement basis. No changes were made to any of the current accounting standards.

The Company’s accounting policies are still appropriate under the revised Framework, so these amendments had no impact on the Company's financial position or results in the period.

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Critical accounting estimates and use of judgments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Critical Accounting Estimates And Use Of Judgments

4. Critical accounting estimates and use of judgments

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management are required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the Company’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates, assumptions and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below.

i. Measurement of the expected credit loss allowance

The measurement of the expected credit loss allowance for financial assets measured at amortized cost is an area that requires the use of significant assumptions about future economic conditions and credit behavior (e.g. the likelihood of customers defaulting and the resulting losses).

A number of significant judgments are also required in applying the accounting requirements for measuring expected credit loss, such as:

· Determining criteria for significant increase in credit risk;

· Choosing appropriate models and assumptions for the measurement of expected credit loss.

Further details of identification and measurement of expected credit loss impairment were discussed in Note 2.8 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

ii. Income tax 

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of event that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each period end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates, applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. International Accounting Standard 12 Income Taxes (“IAS12”) requires a one-step approach that provides a company to satisfy the probability criterion when assessing whether a deferred tax account should be recorded or not. Under this criterion, the Company record a deferred tax account only to the extent it can show it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deferred tax asset can be utilized.

Current IAS 12 does not have specific guidance on uncertain tax positions. The Company measures tax assets and liabilities at the amount expected to be paid, based on enacted or substantively enacted tax legislation. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax position are recognized and recorded as necessary in the provision for income taxes. According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computation errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances, where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB 100,000. In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitation is ten years. There is no statute of limitation in the case of tax evasion. The PRC tax returns for the Company's PRC subsidiary is open to examination by tax authorities for the tax years beginning in 2018. There were no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the Company does not believe that its unrecognized tax benefits will change over the next twelve months.

iii. Impairment of property, plant and equipment

The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of the property, plant and equipment by comparing the carrying value of the property, plant and equipment to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition where the fair value is lower than the carrying value, measurement of an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income for the difference between the fair value, using the expected future discounted cash flows, and the carrying value of the assets. No impairment of property, plant and equipment was recognized for the periods presented.

iv. Fair value of convertible notes payable

The fair value of convertible promissory notes are determined using valuation techniques including reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values.

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Credit risk

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Credit Risk

5. Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a customer or counterparty fail to fulfill its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company’s main income generating activity is lending to customers and therefore credit risk is a principal risk. Credit risk mainly arises from loans to customers. The Company considers all elements of credit risk exposure such as counterparty default risk for risk management purposes.

Credit risk management

The Company’s credit committee is responsible for managing the Company’s credit risk by:

· Ensuring that the Company has appropriate credit risk practices, including an effective system of internal control, to consistently determine adequate allowances in accordance with the Company’s stated policies and procedures, IFRS and relevant supervisory guidance.

· Identifying, assessing and measuring credit risk across the Company, from an individual loan to a portfolio level.

· Creating credit policies to protect the Company against the identified risks including the requirements to obtain collateral from borrowers, to perform robust ongoing credit assessment of borrowers and to continually monitor exposures against internal risk limits.

· Establishing a robust control framework regarding the authorization structure for the approval and renewal of credit facilities.

· Developing and maintaining the Company’s processes for measuring expected credit loss including monitoring of credit risk, incorporation of forward-looking information and the method used to measure expected credit loss.

· Ensuring that the Company has policies and procedures in place to appropriately maintain and validate methods used to assess and measure expected credit loss.

· Establishing a sound credit risk accounting assessment and measurement process that provides it with a strong basis for common systems, tools and data to assess credit risk and to account for expected credit loss. Providing advice, guidance and specialist skills to business units to promote best practice throughout the Company in the management of credit risk.

Maximum exposure to credit risk - financial instruments subject to impairment

The following table contains an analysis of the credit risk exposure of financial instruments for which an expected credit loss allowance is recognized. The gross carrying amount of financial assets below also represents the Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk on these assets.

	2022
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		753,043			753,043
Accrued interest		-		-		443,359			443,359
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,196,402			1,196,402
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(640,290	)		(640,290	)
Carrying amount		-		-		556,112			556,112

	2021
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		754,393			754,393
Accrued interest		-		-		398,610			398,610
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,153,003			1,153,003
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(597,870	)		(597,870	)
Carrying amount		-		-		555,133			555,133

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Liquidity risk

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Liquidity Risk

6. Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company does not have sufficient financial resources to meet its obligations as they fall due, or will have to do so at an excessive cost. This risk arises from mismatches in the timing of cash flows which is inherent in lending operations and can be affected by a range of Company-specific and market-wide events.

Liquidity risk management

According to relevant laws and regulations, the funds obtained by a microfinance company from banking financial institutions may not exceed 50% of its net capital. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have funds obtained from banking financial institutions.

As all loans receivable of the Company are credit impaired, the Company is facing significant liquidity issue. Obligations to loans payable, State Taxation Administration, employees and service providers are all over due.

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Market risk

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Market Risk

7. Market risk

The main non-trading risk types are interest rates and credit spreads.

Interest rate risk may result in of loss from fluctuations in the future cash flows. Interest rate risk is managed principally through monitoring interest rate gaps and basis risk.

Credit spreads reflect the credit risk of the loans to customers, i.e. risk that a customer or counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company's credit risk exposure and the related management process are described in note 5.

The following table sets out the carrying amount of assets and liabilities subject to market risk:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets subject to market risk
Loans receivable		555,133		556,112
Liabilities subject to market risk
Loan payable		161,569		161,439
Convertible notes payable		-		7,264

There has been no change to the manner in which the Company manages and measures it’s market exposure in the current year.

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Capital risk

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Capital Risk

8. Capital risk 

As of December 31, 2022, there was no administrative regulatory authority for the microfinance industry at the national level. According to the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Operation of Microfinance Companies, jointly issued by the CBRC and the PBOC on May 4, 2008, any provincial government that is able to assign a department, financial office or other similar authority to take charge of the supervision and administration of microfinance companies and is willing to assume the responsibility of risk management of microfinance companies may formulate pilot rules and measures in relation to the incorporation of such companies within the province, autonomous region or municipalities directly under the PRC government. Therefore, the microfinance industry in the PRC is primarily regulated by the financial offices and other similar authorities of the provincial governments of the relevant provinces.

In Hubei Province, the Microfinance Work Joint Session and its office are the regulatory authorities for microfinance companies in Hubei Province. Pursuant to the Measures for Administration of Pilot Scheme on Microfinance Companies in Hubei Province issued on May 13, 2009, the Microfinance Work Joint Session is responsible for the organization, coordination, administration, supervision, regulation, and the promotion of the pilot work of microfinance companies. The Microfinance Work Joint Session consists of the Financial Office of the Hubei Province People’s Government, Hubei Province Administration for Industry and Commerce, Hubei Bureaus of the CBRC, Hubei Branch of the PBOC and the Public Security of Hubei Province.

On February 6, 2013, the Company’s variable interest entity, Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd (“VIE”), was issued an Official Reply (E Jin Ban Fa No. [2013]14) by the Financial Office of People’s Government of Hubei, which approved VIE under the pilot program as a microfinance company, as proposed by the Wuchang People’s Government.

According to the relevant laws and regulations applicable in the Hubei Province, the capital requirement for the microfinance industry is that the registered capital shall not be less than RMB50 million. As of December 31, 2022, the registered capital of the VIE was RMB450 million. There is no other capital requirement from the regulatory authority.

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Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

Fair Value Of Financial Assets And Liabilities

9. Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

The Company’s financial instruments consist of non-derivative financial assets and liabilities. The fair value of these non-derivative financial instruments is determined using internally generated valuation models, which are usually developed from generally accepted valuation models. The majority of the significant inputs into these models may not be observable in the market, and may be derived from interest rates based on assumptions. The selection of the appropriate valuation model, as well as the determination of key inputs used such as the expected future cash flows on the financial instrument, the probability of counterparty default and the appropriate discount rate to be used, require management judgment and estimation.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair value		Carrying Amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		295		295
Loans receivable		556,112		556,112
		556,407		556,407
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,439		161,439
Convertible notes payable		7,264		7,264
		168,703		168,703

The fair values of loans payable are approximately the carrying amount of loans payable as all loans payable are overdue as of December 31, 2022. 

	As of December 31, 2021
	Fair value		Carrying amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		396		396
Loans receivable		555,133		555,133
		555,529		555,529
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,569		161,569

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Profit(loss) before income taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Profit/(loss) Before Income Taxes

10. Profit/(loss) before income taxes

Expenses by nature

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		2,977		2,973		2,952
Amortization of intangible asset		1		1	*-
Directors
- salaries and related costs		1,051		602		816
- social benefits contribution		5		11		24
- share based compensation		37		-		-
Key management personnel (other than directors)
- salaries and related costs		1,563		1,380		1,212
- social benefits contribution		5		11		-
- share based compensation		74		-		-
Other than directors and key management personnel
- salaries and related costs		707		578		689
- social benefits contribution		10		44		36

*Less than RMB1,000

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Income tax expense

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income tax expense

Income Tax Expense

11.  Income tax expense

The Company is a tax exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In addition, dividend payments by the Company are not subject to withholding taxes. No provision for Hong Kong Profits Tax has been made as the subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong had no assessable profits earned or derived from Hong Kong during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Payments of dividends by Hong Kong companies are not subject to Hong Kong withholding tax. The subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC other than Hong Kong are governed by the Income Tax Law of the PRC concerning Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises and various local income tax laws. Dividends paid by our PRC operating subsidiaries may be subject to withholding taxes of 5%-10%. The Company does not have any deferred tax assets or liabilities as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

The reconciliation between tax expense and accounting profit at applicable PRC tax rates of 25% is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Computed expected income tax expense		4,963			(32,018	)		(7,586	)
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses		13,817			33,058			7,573
Tax effect of tax-exempt entities		804			604			(1,503	)
Tax effect of non-taxable income		(19,584	)		(1,644	)		1,516
Income tax expense		-			-			-

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Earnings(loss) per share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings(loss) per share

Earnings Per Share

12.  Earnings/(loss) per share

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing the profit/(loss) attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

The weighted average ordinary shares outstanding were 1,001,575,455, 1,002,201,016 and 1,003,303,952 for 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Prior to December 17, 2014, each American Depository Share (“ADS”) represented the right to receive four (4) ordinary shares, par value $0.00005 per share (the “Shares”), from December 18, 2014, the right to receive sixteen (16) Shares and from December 28, 2017, the right to receive forty-eight (48) Shares.

Computation of basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share:

	2020 RMB’000		2021 RMB’000			2022 RMB’000
Net profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the Company - numerator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		15,883		(102,458	)		(24,275	)
Number of shares in thousands
Weighted average share outstanding - denominator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		1,001,575		1,002,201			1,003,304
Basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		0.02		(0.10	)		(0.02	)

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Cash cash equivalents and restricted cash

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Cash, Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash

13. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Cash on hand		40		41
Cash at bank		310		87
Restricted cash at bank(1)		46		167
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per consolidated statements of cash flow		396		295

_______________ 

⁽¹⁾ This related to cash deposits in the bank accounts that are frozen by court order as Chutian was subject to multiple legal proceedings, administrative proceedings, claims and other litigation as a result of overdue payments to service providers and loans payable to the lenders.

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Loans receivable net of credit impairment losses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Loans Receivable, Net Of Credit Impairment Losses

14. Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses

The total loans receivable are comprised of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable at amortized cost		754,393			753,043
Accrued interest		398,610			443,359
Gross loans receivable		1,153,003			1,196,402
Less: Credit impairment losses		(597,870	)		(640,290	)
Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses		555,133			556,112

The following table provides the changes in credit impairment losses between the beginning and the end of the annual period:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Credit impairment losses as at January 1		478,792		597,870
Charge to statement of profit and other comprehensive income		119,078		42,420
Credit impairment losses as of December 31		597,870		640,290

The Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Wuhan City, Hubei Province. The Company’s headquarters, borrowers and operations are located in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, the epicenter for the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak which was first reported on December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, the Chinese government imposed a lockdown on the entire Hubei Province, travel restrictions and quarantine, the Company’s borrowers and operations have been significantly disrupted. Further, all of our customers are located in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, government lockdown, travel restrictions, reduced economic activity and quarantines imposed by the Chinese government, together with the overall domestic economy downturn, our customers’ business operations, financial conditions and cash flows were materially adversely affected, which, in turn, materially adversely affected our collection of interest and principal on our loans to customers.

This geographic concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this economic region.

The loans receivable were secured, interest at range from 1.25% to 3.30% (2021: 1.25% to 3.30%) and repayable on demand. 

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Prepaid expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Prepaid expenses

Prepaid Expenses

15. Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses consist of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Prepaid expenses		848		4,629

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Property, plant and equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, plant and equipment

16. Property, plant and equipment

The Company’s property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: 

	Property		Motor vehicle		Office  equipment  & furniture		Leasehold improvements		Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		48,140		579		1,078		3,923		53,720
Accumulated depreciation
At December 31, 2020		5,042		550		665		2,310		8,567
Depreciation		2,285		-		135		553		2,973
At December 31, 2021		7,327		550		800		2,863		11,540
Depreciation		2,286		-		113		553		2,952
At December 31, 2022		9,613		550		913		3,416		14,492
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		40,813		29		278		1,060		42,180
At December 31, 2022		38,527		29		165		507		39,228

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Intangible asset

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Intangible Asset

17. Intangible asset 

	Acquired computer software
	RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		9
Accumulated amortization
At December 31, 2020		3
Amortization		1
At December 31, 2021		4
Amortization	*-
At December 31, 2022		4
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		5
At December 31, 2022		5

 *Less than RMB1,000. 

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Loans payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Loans Payable

18. Loans payable

Loans payable represent borrowings from various individuals and companies through various securities exchanges and loans from shareholders. The average annual interest rates were approximately 12.7% and 12.7% at December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Loans payable to third parties		140,558		140,558
Loans payable to related parties(1)		1,011		881
Loans payable to shareholders(2)		20,000		20,000
Total		161,569		161,439

Loans payable to third parties mainly represent to loans from companies through relevant financial institutions. In June 2019, due to macroeconomic regulation and control policy promulgated by the PRC government, the financial institutions were required to cease provision of loans to various entities and their outstanding loans are in the process of recovering. No penalty will subject to this matter.

As of December 31, 2022, loans payable to third parties, related parties and shareholders were all overdue. Although certain loans payable were negotiated with schedule of repayments, the Company is unable to fulfill those obligations due to liquidity issue.

______________ 

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 1.2 of Section 1. Loans payable to related parties for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 2.1 and 2.2 of Section 2. Loans payable to shareholders for detailed disclosure.

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Convertible notes payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Convertible notes payable

Convertible Notes Payable

19. Convertible notes payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Liability component on initial recognition		-		7,415
Interest accrued		-		360
Notes converted to ADS		-		(517	)
Exchange difference		-		6
Total		-		7,264

On May 24, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company issued an unsecured convertible promissory note with 18 months  maturity (“the Note”) to an institutional accredited investor Streeterville Capital, LLC (“Investor”). The Note has the original principal amount of US$1,075,000 and Investor gave consideration of US$1.0 million, reflecting original issue discount of US$50,000 and Investor’s legal fee of US$25,000.

For the convertible promissory notes issued, interest accrues on the outstanding balance of these notes at 8% per annum. The Investor may redeem all or any part of the outstanding balance of the note, at any time after six months from the issue date, in cash or converting into shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to 75% multiplied by the lowest daily volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) during the ten trading days immediately preceding the applicable redemption conversion,. The Company anticipates using the proceeds for general working capital purposes.

As of May 25, 2022, the Company received principal in full from the Investor.

As of December 31, 2022, shares of the Company’s common stock totaling 40,257,168 were issued by the Company to the Investor equaling principal amounted to US$75,000, and the Notes balance was US$1,053,244.

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Salary and benefit payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Salary and benefit payable

Salary And Benefit Payable

20. Salary and benefit payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Salary and benefit payable to employees		7,808		9,599
Consulting expenses payable to a shareholder’s representatives(1)		2,064		2,580
Total		9,872		12,179

As of December 31, 2022, due to liquidity issue faced by the Company, the Company was unable to pay its employees on monthly basis.

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 3. Consulting expenses for representatives from a shareholder for detailed disclosure.

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Income taxes payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income taxes payable

Income Taxes Payable

21. Income taxes payable

As of December 31, 2022, Chutian had not been paying its corporate income tax of RMB32.5 million to the China State Administration of Taxation since 2018 due to liquidity issue.

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Interest payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Interest payable

Interest Payable

22. Interest payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Interest payable to third parties		41,138		54,765
Interest payable to related parties(1)		1,701		1,819
Interest payable to shareholders(2)		11,846		16,226
Total		54,685		72,810

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-sections 1.2 of Section 1. Loans payable to related parties for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, sub-section 2.1 and 2.2 of Section 2 Loans payable to shareholders for detailed disclosure.

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Other payable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other payable

Other Payable

23. Other payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Other payable to related parties(1)		10,025		13,347
Accrued expenses		8,820		9,384
Other taxes payable(2)		2,811		3,211
Total		21,656		25,942

⁽¹⁾ See Note 27 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 4. Reverse merger expenses and operating expenses payable to a related party, Section 6. Loans receivable novated and debts transferred to a related party, and Section 7. Debts transferred to a related party for detailed disclosure.

⁽²⁾ Other taxes payable include value-added taxes, urban construction and maintenance taxes, educational surcharge tax, local education surcharge tax, disability insurance tax, property tax and urban land use tax, which are all outstanding to the State Administration of Taxation since 2018.

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Share capital and additional paid-in capital

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share capital and additional paid-in capital

Share capital and additional paid-in capital

24. Share capital and additional paid-in capital

(a) Authorized share capital 

In June 2010, the Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands with an authorized share capital of one billion shares, par value of $0.00005, of which 20,000 shares were issued at incorporation. On March 1, 2018, the authorized share capital of the Company increased from $50,000 divided into 1,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each to $100,000 divided into 2,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each by the creation of an additional 1,000,000,000 Ordinary Shares of a par value of $0.00005 each to rank pari passu in all respects with the existing Ordinary Shares.

(b) Issued share capital and additional paid-in capital 

	Number of shares		Ordinary shares		Additional paid-in capital		Total		Non- controlling interest		Total equity
	(thousands)		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
At January 1, 2020		1,001,131		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		1,070	*-			-		-	*-		*-
At December 31, 2020		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		-		-		-		-		-		-
At December 31, 2021		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		40,257		14		510		524		-		524
At December 31, 2022		1,042,458		340		383,684		384,024		95,875		479,899

_____________ 

* Less than 1,000.

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Statutory reserve

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Statutory reserve

Statutory Reserve

25. Statutory reserve

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the entities established in the PRC are required to transfer 10% of profits after taxation (in accordance with the accounting regulations of the PRC) to a statutory reserve, until the reserve balance reaches 50% of the entity’s registered capital. The reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or to increase the registered capital, subject to approval from the PRC authorities, and are not available for dividend distribution to equity owners. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, total statutory reserves were RMB18.7 million and RMB18.7 million, respectively, which did not reach 50% of the variable interest entity’s registered capital.

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General risk reserve

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

General risk reserve

General Risk Reserve

26. General risk reserve

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s variable interest entity is required to maintain a general risk reserve within the equity, through appropriation of profit, which should not be less than 1.5% of the year end balance of its risk assets over the course of five years. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, total statutory reserves were RMB9.2 million and RMB9.2 million, respectively.

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Related party transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Related Party Transactions

27. Related party transactions

1. Loans payable to related parties

1.1 In 2018, loans payable of RMB60.0 million ($9.4 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd, a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr Ricky Qizhi Wei, at an interest rate of 9% per annum with maturity ranging from August to October 2019. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, these loans payable and the related interest payable were overdue. The interest expenses were RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) and RMB4.7 million ($0.7 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB50.0 million ($7.7 million) and RMB50.0 million ($7.3 million) and the related interest payable was RMB15.0 million ($2.4 million) and RMB19.7 million ($2.9 million), respectively.

1.2 In 2018, loans payable of RMB20.0 million ($3.0 million) were borrowed from a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, at an interest rate of 12% per annum and repayable in November 2019. In December 2018, loan of RMB0.5 million ($70,000) was repaid. In 2019, loans payable of RMB17.3 million ($2.5 million) were further borrowed, loans of RMB14.7 million ($2.1 million) were repaid. In 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB9.9 million ($1.4 million) and interest payable of RMB3.1 million ($0.5 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) to Hubei New Nature. In 2021 and 2022, the company made repayment amounting to RMB10 million ($1.6 million) and RMB130,000 ($19,000) respectively. The interest expenses were RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million), RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) and RMB118,000 ($17,000) in 20120, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB1.0 million ($0.2 million) and RMB0.9 million ($0.1 million), and the related interest payable was RMB1.7 million ($0.3 million) and RMB1.8 million ($0.3 million), respectively.

2. Loans payable to shareholders

2.1 In June 2017, a loan payable of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) was borrowed from Wang Hailin, a shareholder who owned 7.7% of the VIE, at 10% interest per annum. The interest expenses for this loan were RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) and RMB1.3 million ($0.2 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. According to the loan extension agreement, the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.5 million) is at interest rate of 15% per annum with additional 9% penalty interest per annum and repayable in February 2019. Subsequent to year end, this loan payable was further extended to repayment date in September 2019, at 15% interest per annum with additional 9% penalty interest. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the loan payable and interest payable were overdue.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loans payable were RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, interest payable was RMB6.6 million ($1.0 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively.

2.2 In 2019, loans payable of RMB 3.0 million ($0.4 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) were borrowed from Li Ling, a shareholder who owned 2.5% of the VIE, at 12% per annum for 29 days and 74 days, respectively. At maturity, loan payable of RMB 3.0 million ($0.4 million) and the related interest of RMB 29,000 ($4,200) were fully repaid. Loan payable of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) was, however, overdue. On August 27, 2019, Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. Court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB 12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value. 

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB 787,500 ($114,100) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfil its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

As a result of the court ruling mentioned above, the interest expense on these loans was RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) in 2021 and 2022 respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, loan payable was RMB 10.0 million ($1.6 million) and RMB 10.0 million ($1.5 million), and interest payable was RMB 5.3 million ($0.8 million) and RMB7.3 million ($1.0 million).

3. Consulting expenses for representatives from a shareholder

Consulting expenses of RMB 0.5 million ($70,000), RMB 0.5 million ($70,000 ) and RMB 0.5 million ($70,000) were incurred for two representatives sent from Hubei Daily, a shareholder who owned 20% of the VIE, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, consulting expenses payable to these representatives were RMB 2.0 million ($0.3 million) and RMB 2.5 million ($0.4 million), respectively.

4. Reverse merger expenses and guarantee expenses payable to a related party

During the reverse merger process of the Company, a related party, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd (“Hubei New Nature”), a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, paid reverse merger expenses on behalf of the Company, totaling RMB 11.3 million ($1.7 million) and RMB 10.9 million ($1.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2019, certain operating expenses of RMB 0.7 million ($100,000) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. Also, in 2019, certain loans receivable were novated to Hubei New Nature to offset against payable to Hubei New Nature of RMB 22.6 million ($3.3 million). In 2020, certain loan receivables were novated to Hubei New Nature of RMB 1.3 million ($0.2 million) (see Note 27 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Section 5). In 2020, certain operating expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were paid by Hubei New Nature on behalf of the Company. In 2021, the Company’s debts amounting to RMB 0.7 million ($0.1 million) was assigned and assumed to Hubei New Nature. In 2022, the Company made the repayment amounting to RMB484,000.

In addition, guarantee expenses of RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) and RMB 2.8 million ($0.4 million) were incurred for Hubei New Nature for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, payables to Hubei New Nature were RMB 8.1 million ($1.3 million) and RMB 10.5 million ($1.5 million), respectively.

5. Loans receivable from related parties 

5.1 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB 8.0 million ($1.2 million) were lent to Hubei Baoli Ecological Conservation Co., Ltd at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. The interest received on the loan was nil, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, this loan was overdue.

5.2 In 2016, loans receivable of RMB3.0 million ($0.4 million) were lent to Kang Chen at an interest rate of 36% per annum. The loan was guaranteed by Ms. Jing Liang, a shareholder who owned 4.3% of the VIE. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022 this loan was overdue.

6. Loans receivable novated and debts transferred to a related party

In 2020, certain loans receivable were novated to a related party, Hubei New Nature to offset loans payable of RMB1.7 million ($0.2 million) and interest payable of RMB0.5 million ($70,000). In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB0.7 million ($0.1 million) were transferred to Hubei New Nature.

 7. Debts transferred to a related party

In 2021, certain debts amounting to RMB1.4 million ($0.2 million) were assumed by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei.

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Legal proceedings

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Legal proceedings

Legal Proceedings

28. Legal proceedings 

Proceedings incidental to our lending business 

28.1 On July 24, 2017, Chutian filed an execution case with the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court for property preservation on Hubei Sheng Guang Gong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and related borrowers. On August 20, 2019, Chutian further filed the real estate valuation report to the court for further processing. In August 2020, the secured real estate were auctioned for RMB2.56 million($0.4 million). However, as of the date of this annual report, the proceeds are still held by Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court pending resolution of various ongoing legal proceedings.

Property Preservation Proceedings 

28.2 On July 16, 2019, Shenzhen Lihe Wantong Commerical Factoring Co., Ltd (深圳立合旺通商业保理有限公司)(“Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation protective measures to be taken against the respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei with regards to a contract dispute. On July 31, 2019, the court issued a preservation order freezing a total of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million) of deposits in the bank accounts of Chutian and Mr. Wei for a period of one (1) year; and seizing four properties of Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife. The total limit of the property preservation in this matter is RMB29.9 million ($4.3 million). As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order.  Chutian and Mr. Wei are negotiating with Shenzhen Lihe Wangtong to reach a mediation agreement.

28.3 On September 4, 2019, Hubei Changjiang Microcredit Co., Ltd (湖北长江小额贷款有限公司) (“Hubei Changjiang”) applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Mr. Wei and Ms. Peng Yan, Mr. Wei’s wife, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in connection with a loan contract dispute. On September 6, 2019, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, Chutian, Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd and Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd in the amount of RMB13.0 million ($1.8 million) and RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million). Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd is a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei. Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd is a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei and 30% owned by Ms. Wenting (Tina) Xiao, Chief Personal/Human Resource Officer. The Court’s ruling was effective immediately. In July 2020, Hubei Changjiang applied for court enforcement and execution, which was accepted. As of the date of this annual report, all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

28.4 On October 14, 2019, Mr. Deng Xinxue, Mr. Zhang Xuan and Mr. Yang Bobiao each applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd (湖北善银财富管理有限公司), a company that is 69.5% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and Chutian in connection with loan contract disputes. The court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd and Chutian in the amount of RMB2.9 million ($0.4 million), RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million) and RMB9.0 million ($1.3 million), respectively. The court’s ruling was effective immediately. As of the date of this annual report, our cash deposits and properties have not been released from the preservation order and all parties are still in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

28.5 On October 15, 2019, the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court received a Letter of Property Preservation from the Wuhan Arbitration Commission in connection with a loan contract dispute among the applicant Hubei Huaya Investment Co., Ltd (湖北华亚投资有限公司) and respondents Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian. On October 23, 2019, after review of the letter by the court, the court issued a preservation order seizing the bank deposits, or property in the corresponding value, of Mr. Wei, Ms. Peng Yan, and Chutian in the amount of RMB12.3 million ($1.8 million). In August 2020, the parties entered into a mediation agreement whereby Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan agreed to pay the loan principal with penalty interests and costs in connection with the legal proceeding while Chutian, as the third respondent, will be responsible for 50% of the liabilities of Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan under the mediation agreement, should they fail to make the payments. As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Wei and Ms. Yan are still making payments pursuant to the mediation agreement.

Property Services Contract Proceeding

28.6 On September 26, 2019, the Wuhan Branch of Xiamen Lianfa (Group) Property Services Co., Ltd (“Xiamen Lianfa”) filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. On November 27, 2019, the case was scheduled to be heard and Chutian was lawfully summoned and failed to appear, and did not submit a reply. The case was decided and concluded on November 27, 2019. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) for the period from April 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB193,944 ($27,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 26, 2019 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment became effective immediately. On November 10, 2020, court issued a preservation order that froze the assets of Chutian in the maximum amount of RMB 220,000 ($32,000) or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value. On December 18, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements within five years.

In August, 2019, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on October 12, 2020. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB310,311  ($46,000) for the period from September 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB310,311 ($46,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period from September 11, 2020 until fully paid. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately. In July 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

In 2021, Xiamen Lianfa filed an action in the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court against Chutian in connection with a property service contract dispute. The case was decided and concluded on November 29, 2021. The court found that Chutian failed to pay the owed property services fees to Xiamen Lianfa from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020. The court rendered a judgment in favor of Xiamen Lianfa and ordered Chutian to pay property services fee in the amount of RMB238,344  ($37,000) for the period from May 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020 to Xiamen Lianfa, within 10 days of the judgment. The court further ordered Chutian to pay the accrued interest, to be calculated based on the principal amount of RMB238,344  ($37,000) and based on the People’s Bank of China lending interest rate for the period until fully paid. Chutian did not appeal the judgment and the judgment was effected immediately.  In November 2021, the court issued the notice of enforcement.

As of the date of this annual report, Xiamen Lianfa and the Company are in negotiation of a mediation agreement.

Li Ling Loan Dispute Proceeding

28.7 On August 27, 2019, Ms. Li Ling applied to the Wuhan Wuchang People’s Court for pre-litigation property preservation of respondents Chutian and Mr. Wei in connection with a loan contract dispute. The court issued a preservation order that froze the bank deposits of Chutian and Mr. Wei in the amount of RMB12.0 million ($1.7 million), or to seize or attach property in the corresponding value.

Li Ling Loan Dispute Proceeding

On October 9, 2019, the case was filed and accepted in the Wuhan Jiang’an People’s Court. Li Ling filed the following actions with the court: (1) that the two defendants Chutian and Mr. Wei repay the borrowed principal of RMB 10.0 million ($1.4 million) and interest of RMB787,500 ($114,000) (based on the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), calculated from February 1, 2019 until fully paid, currently calculated until August 30, 2019), and (2) the costs of litigation to be fully borne by both defendants. On December 4, 2019, the court ruled that there was a valid loan relationship, that Chutian had failed to repay the loan as agreed and that Ms. Li Ling had the right to request full repayment of the loan principal and interest. The court ordered Chutian to repay the principal amount of the loan of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million) to Ms. Li Ling, and to pay the interest rate of 1.125% per month on the principal amount of RMB10.0 million ($1.4 million), beginning February 2019 until the date the loan is fully paid. The court further ordered that Mr. Wei shall also be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan. In the event that the repayment obligation is not fulfilled, the court ordered that the debt interest would be doubled in accordance with PRC law.

On May 20, 2020, due to the failure of Chutian to fulfill its obligation to repay the principal amount determined above, the court issued a consumer restriction order against Mr. Wei to restrict high consumption and high expenditure behaviors. Violation of this order carries the imposition of fines and detention, and in circumstances sufficiently serious to constitute a crime, pursuit of criminal liability according to law.

On July 27, 2020, the court terminated the enforcement proceeding and will recommence the enforcement proceeding if enforceable assets are located and meet the enforcement requirements.

Cases Entered into the Enforcement Process

Chutian had a total of nine cases entered into the enforcement process for the year ended December 31, 2022, all of which were accepted and enforced by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court, with an aggregate amount of RMB17,262,222 (US$2,554,449). All of the nine cases entered into the enforcement process have been terminated by the Wuhan Wuchang District People’s Court because there were no other assets of Chutian available for enforcement. However, pursuant to the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, once the court or the applicant petitioning for enforcement locates clues that Chutian owns new property or assets available for enforcement, the court may resume the enforcement procedure.

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Subsequent events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Subsequent Events

29. Subsequent events

 COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented challenge for many entities with increased uncertainty in the global economy. As the situation is still evolving the full effect of the outbreak is still uncertainty and the Company is therefore unable to provide a quantitative estimate of the potential impact of this outbreak on the Company.

The Company continues to monitor and evaluate any possible impact on the Company’s business and will consider implementation of various measures to mitigate the effects arising from the COVID-19 situation.

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Summary of significant accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Basis Of Preparation

(i) Compliance with IFRS

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with applicable International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

(ii) Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

(iii) Liquidity

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes the Company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future and that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations.

As shown in the accompanying financial statements as of December 31, 2022, the Company had incurred a net loss of RMB30.3 million (US$4.5 million). Besides, the COVID-19 was contained in China 2022, the Company had made specific allowance for the receivables with amount to RMB 42.4 million (US$6.3 million) as of December 31 2022 based on the specific risk of collectability of the receivables.

The Company funded these losses through:

(1) the continued financial support from its related party or its ability to obtain external financing; or

(2) further implementing management’s business plan to enter into new business and generate sufficient revenues to meet its obligations.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s having a minimum cash balance on the consolidated statement of financial statement. The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including selling, distribution, and administration expenses, to identify and eliminate inefficiencies and redundancies in order to preserve cash while maintaining the business. Given the Company’s existing cash balances and projected cash generated by, and used in, operating activities, the Company believes that it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its operating activities, and react as necessary to market changes, which may include working capital needs for at least twelve months from December 31, 2022. These consolidated financial statements do not reflect adjustments to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, reported expenses and statement of financial position classification that would be necessary if going concern assumption was not appropriate. These adjustments could be material.

The Company has historically met its cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, loans payable from third parties raised through various securities exchanges, loans from shareholders and loans from related parties. The cash requirements of the Company are generally for operating activities and repayments of loans from third parties, related parties and shareholders. Ever since securities exchanges have ceased offering any form of financing to the Company through their platforms as well as loans receivable were credit-impaired, the Company ran into severe liquidity issue. In the beginning of 2019, the Company began to default in certain loans payable, even though certain loans payable were negotiated for revised repayment terms. With loans receivables continued to be further credit-impaired, all obligations of loans payable were defaulted. The liquidity issue of the Company has further severely affected its ability to pay its taxes, service providers, employees and others. Due to non-payment of its obligations when due, multiple significant legal proceedings were initiated by its shareholders, service providers and others against the Company (see Note 28 - Legal proceedings for detailed disclosure).

The Company has taken an intensive review of operations and expenditures, including intensifying loan and interest collection initiative and monetizing collaterals of loans receivable. The Company has also acquired the financial support letter from Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd, a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, which have expressed the willingness and intention to provide the necessary financial support to the Company. Further, the Company plans to actively seek equity financing from private placements, so as to enable the Company to meet its liabilities as and when it falls due and to carry on its business without a significant curtailment of operations for the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report.

(iii) Liquidity - continued

The Company believes that available cash and cash equivalents, future cash provided by operating activities, together with the efforts from aforementioned management plan and actions, should enable the Company to meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared the consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will require additional capital in order to execute its longer-term business plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, curtailing the Company’s business development activities, suspending the pursuit of its business plan, controlling operating expenses and seeking to further dispose of non-core assets. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital if needed.

Basis Of Consolidation

(i) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities (including variable interest entity) over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when the Company is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Company.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Company.

(ii) Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income, the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity respectively.

Business Combinations

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all business combinations, regardless of whether equity instruments or other assets are acquired. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary comprises the:

· fair values of the assets transferred;

· liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business;

· equity interests issued by the Company;

· fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement; and

· fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of the

· consideration transferred,

· amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and

· acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase.

Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segment, has been identified as the steering committee that makes strategic decisions. The Company operates in only one segment.

Foreign Currency Translation

(j)Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Chinese Renminbi (RMB), which is the Company’s presentation currency.

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in the statement of profit and other comprehensive income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income on a net basis within other income or other expenses.

(iii) Group companies

The results and financial position of all the Group entities (none of which has the currency of a hyper-inflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

(a) assets and liabilities for each consolidated statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that consolidated statement of financial position;

(b) income and expenses for each consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions); and

(c) all resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Interest

Interest (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022)

Interest income and expense for all financial instruments are recognized in “Net interest income” as “Interest income” and “Interest expense” in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income using the effective interest method. Interest income for financial assets held at amortized cost is recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discount estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability (or, where appropriate, a shorter period) to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortized cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees.

When the Company revises the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognized in profit or loss.

The interest income / interest expense is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of non-credit impaired financial assets (i.e. at the amortized cost of the financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance), or at amortized cost of financial liabilities. Interest income for financial assets that are amortized cost that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition is recognized using the credit adjusted effective interest rate. This rate is calculated in the same manner as the effective interest rate except that expected credit losses are included in the expected cash flows. Interest income is therefore recognized on the amortized cost of the financial asset including expected credit losses. Should the credit risk on a credit-impaired financial asset improve such that the financial asset is no longer considered credit-impaired, interest income recognition reverts to a computation based on the rehabilitated gross carrying value of the financial asset.

A contract modification is a change in the scope or interest rate (or both) of a contract that is approved by the parties to the contract. A contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. When a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract, the Company shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the existing contract as the remaining services are not distinct and therefore, form part of single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. The effect that the contract modification has on the interest rate, and on the entity’s measure of progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognized as an adjustment to interest income (either as an increase in or a reduction of interest income) at the date of the contract modification (i.e., the adjustment to interest income is made on a cumulative catch-up basis).

Income Tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

i. Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes, if any. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Future taxable profits are determined based on business plans for individual subsidiaries and variable interest entity in the Company and the reversal of temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

iii. Tax exposures

In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Company considers the impact of tax exposures, including whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgments about future events. New information may become available that causes the Company to change its judgments regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities would impact tax expense in the period in which such a determination is made.

Financial assets and financial liabilities (IFRS 9 - 2020, 2021 and 2022 only)

i Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus transaction costs that are incremental and directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability, such as fees and commissions. Immediately after initial recognition, an expected credit loss allowance is recognized for financial assets measured at amortized cost, which results in an accounting loss being recognized in profit or loss when an asset is newly originated.

ii Classification and subsequent measurement

Management determines the classification of its financial assets and liabilities at initial recognition of the instrument or, where applicable, at the time of reclassification.

Financial assets

From January 1, 2018, the Company has applied IFRS 9 and classifies its financial assets into amortized cost measurement category. The Company’s financial assets that are held to collect the contractual cash flows and which contain contractual terms that give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) are measured at amortized cost.

Financial liabilities

The Company classifies its financial liabilities as measured at amortized cost.

iii Derecognition

Financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

In transactions in which the Company neither retains or transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of a financial asset and its retains control over the asset, the Company continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement, determined by the extent to which it is exposed to changes in the value of the transferred asset.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

iv Amortized cost measurement

The “amortized cost” of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition, minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any loss allowance.

v. Identification and measurement of impairment

IFRS 9 outlines a “three-stage” model for impairment based on changes in credit quality since initial recognition as summarized below:

· A financial instrument that is not credit-impaired on initial recognition is classified in “Stage 1” and has its credit risk continuously monitored by the Company.

· If a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is identified, the financial instrument is moved to “Stage 2” but is not yet deemed to be credit-impaired.

· If the financial instrument is credit-impaired, the financial instrument is then moved to “Stage 3”.

· Financial instruments in Stage 1 have their expected credit loss measured at an amount equal to the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that result from default events possible within the next 12 months. Financial instruments in Stages 2 or 3 have their expected credit loss measured based on expected credit losses on a lifetime basis.

· A pervasive concept in measuring expected credit loss in accordance with IFRS 9 is that it should consider forward looking information.

Significant increase in credit risk

The Company monitors its financial assets that are subject to the impairment requirements to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk the Company will measure the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month expected credit loss. The Company’s accounting policy is not to use the practical expedient that financial assets with “low” credit risk at the reporting date are deemed not to have had a significant increase in credit risk. As a result, the Company monitors all financial assets that are subject to impairment for significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognized. In making this assessment, the Company considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort, based on the Company’s historical experience and expert credit assessment including forward-looking information.

The quantitative information is a primary indicator of significant increase in credit risk and is based on the change in lifetime probability of default by comparing:

· the remaining lifetime probability of default at the reporting date; with

· the remaining lifetime probability of default for this point in time that was estimated based on facts and circumstances at the time of initial recognition of the exposure.

The probability of defaults used are forward looking and the Company uses the same methodologies and data used to measure the loss allowance for expected credit loss.

The qualitative factors that indicate significant increase in credit risk are reflected in probability of default models on a timely basis.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the probability of default will be more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial probability of default than compared to a financial instrument with a higher probability of default.

As a back-stop when an asset becomes 30 days past due, the Company considers that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime expected credit loss.

Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is “credit-impaired” when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Credit-impaired financial assets are referred to as Stage 3 assets. Evidence of credit-impairment includes observable data about the following events:

· Significant financial difficulty of the borrower;

· a breach of contract such as a default or past due event; or

· the lender of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event - instead, the combined effect of several events may have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired.

A loan is considered credit-impaired when a concession is granted to the borrower due to a deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition, unless there is evidence that as a result of granting the concession the risk of not receiving the contractual cash flows has reduced significantly and there are no other indicators of impairment. For financial assets where concessions are contemplated but not granted the asset is deemed credit impaired when there is observable evidence of credit-impairment including meeting the definition of default. The definition of default (see below) include unlikeliness to pay indicators.

Definition of default

Critical to the determination of expected credit loss is the definition of default. The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of expected credit loss and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime expected credit loss, as default is a component of the probability of default which affects both the measurement of expected credit losses and the identification of a significant increase in credit risk.

The Company considers the following as constituting an event of default:

· the borrower is past due more than nine months on any material credit obligation to the Company; or

· the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Company in full.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, the Company takes into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis. The Company uses a variety of sources of information to assess default which are either developed internally or obtained from external sources.

Objective evidence of impairment

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there is objective evidence that financial assets are impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired when objective evidence demonstrates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets and that the loss event has an impact on the future cash flows of the assets that can be estimated reliably.

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes:

· significant financial difficulty of the borrower; 

· default or delinquency by a borrower; 

· the restructuring of a loan by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise; 

· indications that a borrower will enter bankruptcy; or 

· observable data relating to a group of assets such as adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the Company, or economic conditions that correlate with defaults in the Company.

The Company recognizes loss allowance for expected credit loss on loan receivables.

Expected credit losses are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

· 12-month expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

· Full lifetime expected credit loss, i.e. lifetime expected credit loss that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime expected credit loss is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit loss.

Expected credit losses are computed as unbiased, a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to the Company under the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive by evaluating a range of reasonably possible outcomes, the time value of money, and considering all reasonable and supportable information including that which is forward-looking, discounted at the asset’s effective interest rate.

For Stage 1 and 2 loans, the estimate of expected cash shortfalls over the life time of the loans is determined by multiplying the probability of default (“PD”) with the loss given default (“LGD”).

For credit-impaired financial instruments (Stage 3 loans), the estimate of cash shortfalls may require the use of expert credit judgment. Cash shortfalls are discounted using the effective interest rate on the financial instrument as calculated at initial recognition.

The Company’s initial contractual loan terms are within 12 months. For simplification purpose, for Stage 1 and Stage 2 loans, the Company recognized the expected credit losses for the lifetime of the loans.

Stage 1: Expected credit losses are recognized at the time of initial recognition of a financial instrument and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls arising from possible default events for the life of loan from the balance sheet date. Expected credit losses continue to be determined on this basis until there is either a significant increase in the credit risk of an instrument or the instrument becomes credit-impaired.

Stage 2: If a financial asset experiences a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, an expected credit loss provision is recognized for default events that may occur over the lifetime of the asset. Significant increase in credit risk is assessed by comparing the risk of default of an exposure at the reporting date to the risk of default at origination (after taking into account the passage of time). Significant does not mean statistically significant nor is it assessed in the context of changes in expected credit loss. Whether a change in the risk of default is significant or not is assessed using a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, the weight of which depends on the type of product and counterparty. Financial assets that are 30 or more days past due and not credit-impaired will always be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Stage 3: Financial assets that are credit-impaired (or in default) represent those that are past due more than the historical average collection period for past due loans, but not to exceed the original contractual loan terms. Financial assets are also considered to be credit-impaired where the obligors are unlikely to pay on the occurrence of one or more observable events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event but instead the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.

Loss provisions against credit-impaired financial assets are determined based on an assessment of the recoverable cash flows under a range of scenarios, including the realization of any collateral held where appropriate. The loss provisions held represent the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be recovered, discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate, and the gross carrying value of the instrument prior to any credit impairment.

Cash, Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash

For the purpose of the consolidated cash flow statements, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of balances with banks and restricted cash with banks.

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid expenses represent to advances to the suppliers for providing services to the Company. The suppliers usually require advance payment when the Company orders services and prepaid expenses will be utilized to offset the Company's future payments. These amounts are unsecured, non-interest bearing and generally short-term in nature.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost. The cost of an asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to the working condition and location for its intended use. Expenditure incurred after property, plant and equipment have been put into operation, such as repairs and maintenance, is normally expensed in the period in which incurred.

Property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis, considering any estimated residual value, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

	Estimated useful life
Property	20 years
Leasehold improvement	5 years
Vehicles	5 years
Office equipment and furniture	3-5 years

Intangible Assets

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. These costs are amortized over their estimated useful lives of five years.

Impairment Of Non-financial Assets

At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.

For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that is largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets.

The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income.

An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost.

Share-based Payments

In December 2010, the Company established the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan to help recruit and retain key employees, directors or consultants by providing incentives through the granting of equity awards. Under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company may issue equity awards in the form of share options, restricted shares, or share appreciation rights. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards is 23,200,000. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, a total of 269,252 and 1,069,615 ordinary shares were issued to certain directors and a key employee as a share-based compensation, respectively. The Company’s board of directors adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in July, effective as of July 8, 2022, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. Under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2022 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards shall be 384,000,000 ordinary shares. There is no share-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.

The Company recognizes share-based compensation in relation to awards issued under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan in the Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income based on the fair value of the equity awards on the date of the grant, and considering any applicable performance criteria and estimated forfeitures, with compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service to the Company in exchange for the equity award.

The estimation of share awards that ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results differ from estimates, such amounts are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. The Company will consider various factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including historical experience. Actual results may differ substantially from these estimates.

The fair value of share options granted to employees and directors under the 2010 and 2022 Equity Incentive Plan is determined using option pricing models, which consider the exercise price relative to the market value of the underlying shares, the expected share price volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the dividend yield, and the estimated period of time option grants are outstanding before they are ultimately exercised.

For shares granted to employees, the fair value of the shares is measured as the difference between the market price of the Company’s ordinary shares, adjusted to take into account the terms and conditions upon which the shares were granted (except for vesting conditions that are excluded from the measurement of fair value) and the purchase price of the grant. Adjustments to the market price of the ordinary shares could arise, for example, if the employee is not entitled to receive dividends during the vesting period.

Social Benefits Contributions

Pursuant to the relevant regulations of the PRC government, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries participate in a local municipal government social benefits plan, and is required to contribute a certain percentage of the basic salaries of its employees to fund their retirement benefits. The local municipal government undertakes to assume the retirement benefits obligations of all existing and future retired employees. The Company’s only obligation is to pay the ongoing required contributions. Contributions are charged to expense as incurred. There are no provisions whereby forfeited contributions may be used to reduce future contributions. Amounts contributed during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, are discussed in Note 10.

Value Added Tax ("vat")

Interest income in the PRC are subject to VAT at 6% (output VAT). Input tax on purchases can be deducted from output VAT. The net amount of VAT recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of other receivables or other payables in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of VAT except:

· where the VAT incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case the VAT is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item as applicable; and

· receivables and payables are stated with VAT included.

Loans Payable

Loans payable represent to loans granted by relevant financial institutions. The Company has utilized these borrowings to provide loan facilities to micro sized enterprises, SMEs, sole proprietors and individuals.

Convertible notes payable

Convertible notes payable that can be converted into ordinary shares at the option of the holder, where the number of shares to be issued is fixed, are accounted for as compound financial instruments, i.e. they contain both a liability component and an equity component.

At initial recognition the liability component of the convertible notes payable is measured at fair value based on the future interest and principal payments, discounted at the prevailing market rate of interest for similar non-convertible instruments. The equity component is the difference between the initial fair value of the convertible notes as a whole and the initial fair value of the liability component. Transaction costs that relate to the issue of a compound financial instrument are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of proceeds.

The liability component is subsequently carried at amortised cost. Interest expense recognised in profit or loss on the liability component is calculated using the effective interest method. The equity component is recognised in the capital reserve until either the bonds are converted or redeemed.

If the notes are converted, the capital reserve, together with the carrying amount of the liability component at the time of conversion, is transferred to share capital and share premium as consideration for the shares issued. If the notes are redeemed, the capital reserve is released directly to retained profits. 

Share Capital

The transaction costs of an equity transaction are accounted for as a deduction from equity (net of any related income tax benefit) to the extent they are incremental costs directly attributable to the equity transaction that otherwise would have been avoided. These incremental costs include registration and other regulatory fees, amounts paid to legal, accounting and other professional advisors, printing costs and stamp duties, excluding management salaries, items normally included in general and administrative expenses or other recurring costs. Specifically, legal and accounting fees do not include any fees that would have been incurred in the absence of such issuance.

Statutory Reserve

In accordance with the relevant regulations and their articles of subsidiaries of the Company incorporated in PRC are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit determined based on the PRC accounting standards and regulations to the statutory reserve until the reserve has reached 50% of the relevant subsidiary's registered capital. The reserve can only be used for the specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the forms of loans, advances or cash dividends. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the statutory reserve have been made by the Company.

General Risk Reserve

General risk reserve is referred to as the reserve fund that is created by keeping aside a part of profit earned by the business during the course of an accounting period for fulfilling various business needs like meeting contingencies, offsetting future losses, enhancing the working capital, etc. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no appropriations to the general reserve have been made by the Company.

Earnings/(loss) Per Shares

The Company presents basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share (“EPS”) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

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Organization and principal activities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization and principal activities

Details Of Subsidiaries And Variable Interest Entity

Subsidiary	Place of incorporation	Particular of issued and fully paid up capital		Company’s effective  interest			Held by the Company			Held by a  subsidiary			Principal activities
True Silver Limited	British Virgin Islands	$	50,000		100	%		100	%		-		Investment holding
Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited	Hong Kong	HK$	10,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Wuhan Chutian Investment Holding Limited.	PRC	$	3,000,000		100	%		-			100	%	Investment holding
Variable interest entity
Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd	PRC	RMB	450,000,000		80	%		-			80	%	Microfinance lender

Schedule Of Accompanying Consolidated Financial

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Total current assets		555,478		556,757
Total non-current assets		42,185		39,233
Total assets		597,663		595,990
Total current liabilities		274,213		297,829
Total liabilities		274,213		297,829

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021			2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Interest income on loans		105,570		20,627			44,797
Net profit/(loss)		23,128		(125,370	)		(23,947	)

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Summary of significant accounting policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Summary Of estimated useful lives

	Estimated useful life
Property	20 years
Leasehold improvement	5 years
Vehicles	5 years
Office equipment and furniture	3-5 years

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Standards issued but not yet effective (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Standards issued but not yet effective

Schedule Of Standards Issued

	Effective for accounting periods beginning on or after
Amendments to IAS 1, Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Definition of Accounting Estimates	January 1, 2023
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, and IFRS Practice Statement 2, Making Materiality Judgements	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors	January 1, 2023
Amendments to IAS 12,  Income Taxes	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 16,  Leases	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements

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Credit risk (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Gross Carrying Amounts Of Loans To Customers

	2022
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		753,043			753,043
Accrued interest		-		-		443,359			443,359
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,196,402			1,196,402
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(640,290	)		(640,290	)
Carrying amount		-		-		556,112			556,112

	2021
	ECL staging
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3
	Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL		Lifetime ECL			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable		-		-		754,393			754,393
Accrued interest		-		-		398,610			398,610
Gross loans receivable		-		-		1,153,003			1,153,003
Credit impairment losses		-		-		(597,870	)		(597,870	)
Carrying amount		-		-		555,133			555,133

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Market risk (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Assets And Liabilities Subject To Market Risk

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets subject to market risk
Loans receivable		555,133		556,112
Liabilities subject to market risk
Loan payable		161,569		161,439
Convertible notes payable		-		7,264

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Fair value of financial assets and liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

Schedule Of Fair Value Of Financial Assets And Liabilities

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair value		Carrying Amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		295		295
Loans receivable		556,112		556,112
		556,407		556,407
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,439		161,439
Convertible notes payable		7,264		7,264
		168,703		168,703

	As of December 31, 2021
	Fair value		Carrying amount
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		396		396
Loans receivable		555,133		555,133
		555,529		555,529
Financial liabilities
Loans payable		161,569		161,569

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Profit(loss) before income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Profit Before Taxation

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		2,977		2,973		2,952
Amortization of intangible asset		1		1	*-
Directors
- salaries and related costs		1,051		602		816
- social benefits contribution		5		11		24
- share based compensation		37		-		-
Key management personnel (other than directors)
- salaries and related costs		1,563		1,380		1,212
- social benefits contribution		5		11		-
- share based compensation		74		-		-
Other than directors and key management personnel
- salaries and related costs		707		578		689
- social benefits contribution		10		44		36

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Income tax expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income tax expense

Schedule Of Reconciliation Of Income Taxes

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		19,854			(128,072	)		(30,344	)
Computed expected income tax expense		4,963			(32,018	)		(7,586	)
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses		13,817			33,058			7,573
Tax effect of tax-exempt entities		804			604			(1,503	)
Tax effect of non-taxable income		(19,584	)		(1,644	)		1,516
Income tax expense		-			-			-

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Earnings(loss) per share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings(loss) per share

Schedule Of Basic And Diluted Earnings/(loss) Per Share

	2020 RMB’000		2021 RMB’000			2022 RMB’000
Net profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the Company - numerator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		15,883		(102,458	)		(24,275	)
Number of shares in thousands
Weighted average share outstanding - denominator for basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		1,001,575		1,002,201			1,003,304
Basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share		0.02		(0.10	)		(0.02	)

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Cash cash equivalents and restricted cash (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Cash And Cash Equivalent

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Cash on hand		40		41
Cash at bank		310		87
Restricted cash at bank(1)		46		167
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per consolidated statements of cash flow		396		295

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Loans receivables net of credit impairment losses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Loans Receivables

	As of December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB’000			RMB’000
Loans receivable at amortized cost		754,393			753,043
Accrued interest		398,610			443,359
Gross loans receivable		1,153,003			1,196,402
Less: Credit impairment losses		(597,870	)		(640,290	)
Loans receivable, net of credit impairment losses		555,133			556,112

Schedule Of Changes In Credit Impairment Losses Of Loans Receivable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Credit impairment losses as at January 1		478,792		597,870
Charge to statement of profit and other comprehensive income		119,078		42,420
Credit impairment losses as of December 31		597,870		640,290

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Prepaid expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Prepaid expenses

Schedule Of Prepaid Expenses

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Prepaid expenses		848		4,629

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Property, plant and equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Property, plant and equipment

	Property		Motor vehicle		Office  equipment  & furniture		Leasehold improvements		Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		48,140		579		1,078		3,923		53,720
Accumulated depreciation
At December 31, 2020		5,042		550		665		2,310		8,567
Depreciation		2,285		-		135		553		2,973
At December 31, 2021		7,327		550		800		2,863		11,540
Depreciation		2,286		-		113		553		2,952
At December 31, 2022		9,613		550		913		3,416		14,492
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		40,813		29		278		1,060		42,180
At December 31, 2022		38,527		29		165		507		39,228

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Intangible asset (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Intangible Asset

	Acquired computer software
	RMB’000
Cost
At December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		9
Accumulated amortization
At December 31, 2020		3
Amortization		1
At December 31, 2021		4
Amortization	*-
At December 31, 2022		4
Carrying amount
At December 31, 2021		5
At December 31, 2022		5

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Loans payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule Of Loans Payble

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Loans payable to third parties		140,558		140,558
Loans payable to related parties(1)		1,011		881
Loans payable to shareholders(2)		20,000		20,000
Total		161,569		161,439

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Convertible notes payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Convertible notes payable

Schedule Of Convertible notes payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Liability component on initial recognition		-		7,415
Interest accrued		-		360
Notes converted to ADS		-		(517	)
Exchange difference		-		6
Total		-		7,264

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Salary and benefit payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Salary and benefit payable

Schedule Of Salary And Benefit Payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Salary and benefit payable to employees		7,808		9,599
Consulting expenses payable to a shareholder’s representatives(1)		2,064		2,580
Total		9,872		12,179

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Interest payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Interest payable

Schedule Of Interest Payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Interest payable to third parties		41,138		54,765
Interest payable to related parties(1)		1,701		1,819
Interest payable to shareholders(2)		11,846		16,226
Total		54,685		72,810

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Other payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other payable

Schedule Of Other Payable

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB’000		RMB’000
Other payable to related parties(1)		10,025		13,347
Accrued expenses		8,820		9,384
Other taxes payable(2)		2,811		3,211
Total		21,656		25,942

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Share capital and additional paidin capital (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share capital and additional paid-in capital

Disclosure Of Issued Share Capital And Additional Paid-in Capital

	Number of shares		Ordinary shares		Additional paid-in capital		Total		Non- controlling interest		Total equity
	(thousands)		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
At January 1, 2020		1,001,131		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		1,070	*-			-		-	*-		*-
At December 31, 2020		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		-		-		-		-		-		-
At December 31, 2021		1,002,201		326		383,174		383,500		95,875		479,375
Shares issued during the year		40,257		14		510		524		-		524
At December 31, 2022		1,042,458		340		383,684		384,024		95,875		479,899

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Organization and principal activities (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 HKD ($)
Wuhan Chutian Investment Holdings Co. Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Issued And Fully Paid Up Capital	$ 3,000,000
Group's Effective Interest	100.00%	100.00%
Principal Activities	Investment holding
Held By A Subsidiary	100.00%	100.00%
True Silver Limited [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Issued And Fully Paid Up Capital	$ 50,000
Group's Effective Interest	100.00%	100.00%
Held By Company	100.00%	100.00%
Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Issued And Fully Paid Up Capital		$ 10,000
Group's Effective Interest	100.00%	100.00%
Principal Activities	Investment holding
Held By A Subsidiary	100.00%	100.00%
Variable interest entity Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Issued And Fully Paid Up Capital		$ 450,000,000
Group's Effective Interest	80.00%	80.00%
Principal Activities	Microfinance lender
Held By A Subsidiary	80.00%	80.00%

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Organization and principal activities (Details 1) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Total Current Assets	¥ 561,036	¥ 556,377
Total Non-current Assets	39,233	42,185
Total Assets	600,269	598,562
Total Current Liabilities	312,111	280,259
VIEs [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Total Current Assets	556,757	555,478
Total Non-current Assets	39,233	42,185
Total Assets	595,990	597,663
Total Current Liabilities	297,829	274,213
Total Liabilities	¥ 297,829	¥ 274,213

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Organization and principal activities (Details 2) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Income On Loans	¥ (44,797,000)	¥ (20,627,000)	¥ (105,570,000)
VIEs [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Income On Loans	44,797	20,627,000	105,570,000
Net Profit	¥ (23,947,000)	¥ (125,370,000)	¥ 23,128,000

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Organization and principal activities (Details Narrative) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 28, 2017 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2020	May 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 28, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares
Statement [Line Items]
Registered Share Capital						¥ 5,000,000	$ 450
Voting Interest			27.30%
VIEs [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Income On Loan Rate			100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Total Assets Percentage			99.30%	100.00%
Total Liabilities Percentage			94.50%	98.80%
Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Shareholders Holding Description		Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian
Shareholders Voting Proxy Agreement [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Shareholders Holding Description		Chutian as the voting proxy of the Shareholders holding 80% Equity Interests of Chutian
Share Pledge Agreement [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Shareholders Holding Description		holding 80% equity interests of Chutian pledged all of their equity interests in Chutian to Chutian Holding to guarantee the performance of Chutian’s obligations under the Exclusive Consigned Management Agreement, Shareholders Voting Proxy Agreement and Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement (the “Main Agreements”)
Ordinary Shares [Member] | March 1, 2018 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Share Price | $ / shares			$ 0.005
True Silver Limited [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Registered Capital				¥ 50,000
Paid-up Share Capital		¥ 50,000
Date Of Incorporation		Jun. 28, 2016
Business Acquisition Consideration Paid In Cash	¥ 228,000,000
Ordinary Shares Capital | shares		50,000
True Silver Limited [Member] | Ordinary Stock Shares [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Share Price | $ / shares							$ 1.00
Business Acquisition Consideration Paid, Shares Issued | shares	772,283,308
Chutian Financial Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Paid-up Share Capital		¥ 10,000
Date Of Incorporation		Aug. 12, 2016
Ordinary Shares Capital | shares		100
Variable interest entity Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Registered Capital	¥ 450,000,000			¥ 450,000,000
Variable Interest Entity, Ownership Percentage Hold By True Silver	80.00%						80.00%
Ownership Interest Held By The Former Shareholders	88.70%
Xiniya Holdings Limited [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Divestiture Of Business, Consideration Receivable In Cash	¥ 228,000,000
Hubei Chutian Microfinance Co., Ltd [Member] | VIE Agreements [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Contractual Agreements Description		Chutian Holding is deemed to control 80% of Chutian and have rights to consolidate 80% of Chutian’s financial results.
Chutian and Chutian Holding [Member] | Management Service Agreement [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Exclusive Consigned Management Service Agreement		Chutian Holding is entitled to collect a service fee equal to 80% of the net operating income of Chutian (the “Service Fees”). The Service Fees are due and payable on a quarterly basis; provided, however, in principle, the payment of the Service Fees should not cause any difficulty to the operation of either party to this Agreement.

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Summary of significant accounting policies (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Property [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life	$ 20
Leasehold improvements [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life	5
Vehicles [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life	5
Office equipment and furniture [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life	3
Office equipment and furniture [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life	$ 5

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Summary of significant accounting policies (Details Narrative) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2010
Statement [Line Items]
Net Loss	¥ (30.3)
Receivables Allowance	¥ 42.4
Intangible Assets Estimated Useful Life	12 months
Ownership Percentage Description	financial support letter from Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd, a company that is 80.8% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, and from Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd, a company that is 70% owned by the former Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Wei, which have expressed the willingness and intention to provide the necessary financial support to the Company
Common Stock, Shares Issued	40,257,168
PRC [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest And Fee Income	6.00%
Equity Incentive Plan [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Issued	269,252	1,069,615	23,200,000
Ordinary shares	384,000,000

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Credit risk (Details) - CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Loan Receivables	¥ 753,043,000	¥ 754,393,000
Accrued Interest	443,359,000	398,610,000
Gross Loan Receivables	1,196,402,000	1,153,003,000
Credit Impairment Losses	(640,290,000)	(597,870,000)
Carrying Amount	556,112	555,133,000
Stage 1 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loan Receivables	0	0
Accrued Interest	0	0
Gross Loan Receivables	0	0
Credit Impairment Losses	0	0
Carrying Amount	0	0
Stage 2 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loan Receivables	0	0
Accrued Interest	0	0
Gross Loan Receivables	0	0
Credit Impairment Losses	0	0
Carrying Amount	0	0
Stage 3 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loan Receivables	753,043,000	754,393,000
Accrued Interest	443,359,000	398,610,000
Gross Loan Receivables	1,196,402,000	1,153,003,000
Credit Impairment Losses	(640,290,000)	(597,870,000)
Carrying Amount	¥ 556,112,000	¥ 555,133,000

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Market risk (Details) - CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Convertible notes payable	¥ 7,264,000	¥ 0
Loan Receivables	753,043,000	754,393,000
Market risk [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loan Receivables	556,112,000	555,133,000
Loan Payable	¥ 161,439	¥ 161,569,000

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Capital risk (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Statement [Line Items]
Capital Of Variable Interest Entity	¥ 450
Hubei Province [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Capital Requirement, Description	50

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Fair value of financial assets and liabilities (Details) - CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Convertible notes payable	¥ 7,264,000	¥ 0
Loan Receivables	753,043,000	754,393,000
Fair value [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Convertible notes payable	7,264,000
Cash, Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash	295,000	396,000
Loan Receivables	556,112,000	555,133,000
Total Financial Assets	556,407,000	555,529,000
Total Financial Liabilities	168,703,000
Loans Payable	161,439,000	161,569,000
Carrying amount [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Convertible notes payable	7,264,000
Cash, Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash	295,000	396,000
Loan Receivables	556,112	555,133,000
Total Financial Assets	556,407,000	555,529,000
Total Financial Liabilities	168,703,000
Loans Payable	¥ 161,439,000	¥ 161,569,000

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Profit(loss) before income taxes (Details) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Depreciation Of Property And Equipment	¥ 2,952,000	¥ 2,973,000	¥ 2,977,000
Amortization Of Intangible Asset	0	1,000	1,000
Directors
Salaries And Related Costs	816,000	602,000	1,051,000
Social Benefits Contribution	24,000	11,000	5,000
Share Based Compensation	0	0	37,000
Key Management Personnel (other Than Directors)
Salaries And Related Costs	1,212,000	1,380,000	1,563,000
Social Benefits Contribution	0	11,000	5,000
Share Based Compensation	0	0	74,000
Other Than Directors And Key Management Personnel
Salaries And Related Costs	689,000	578,000	707,000
Social Benefits Contribution	¥ 36,000	¥ 44,000	¥ 10,000

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Income tax expense (Details) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement [Line Items]
Profit/(loss) Before Income Taxes	¥ (30,344,000)	¥ (128,072,000)	¥ 19,854,000
Income Taxes [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Profit/(loss) Before Income Taxes	(30,344)	(128,072,000)	19,854,000
Computed Expected Income Tax Expense	(7,586,000)	(32,018,000)	4,963,000
Tax Effect Of Non-deductible Expenses	7,573,000	33,058,000	13,817,000
Tax Effect Of Tax-exempt Entities	(1,503,000)	604,000	804,000
Tax Effect Of Non-taxable Income	1,516,000	(1,644,000)	(19,584,000)
Income Tax Expense	¥ 0	¥ 0	¥ 0

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Income tax expense (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Income tax expense
Reconciliation Tax Rates	25.00%

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Earnings(loss) per share (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings(loss) per share
Net Profit/(loss) Attributable To The Equity Holders Of The Company - Numerator For Basic And Diluted Earnings/(loss) Per Share	¥ (24,275)	¥ (102,458)	¥ 15,883
Weighted Average Share Outstanding - Denominator For Basic And Diluted Earnings/(loss) Per Share	1,003,304	1,002,201	1,001,575
Basic And Diluted Earnings/(loss) Per Share	¥ (0.02)	¥ (0.10)	¥ 0.02

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Earnings(loss) per share (Details Narrative) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 28, 2017	Dec. 18, 2014	Dec. 17, 2014
Statement [Line Items]
Weighted Average Number Of Shares Outstanding In The Year	1,003,303,952	1,002,201,016	1,001,575,455
American Depository Share [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Recevable Shares				48	16	4
Common Stock, Par Value						$ 0.00005

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Cash cash equivalents and restricted cash (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash On Hand	¥ 41	¥ 40
Cash At Bank	87	310
Restricted Cash At Bank(1)	167	46
Cash, Cash Equivalents And Restricted Cash Per Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flow	¥ 295	¥ 396

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Loans receivable net of credit impairment losses (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans Receivable At Amortized Cost	¥ 753,043	¥ 754,393
Accrued Interest	443,359	398,610
Gross Loans Receivable	1,196,402	1,153,003
Less: Credit Impairment Losses	(640,290)	(597,870)
Loans Receivable, Net Of Credit Impairment Losses	¥ 556,112	¥ 555,133

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Loans receivable net of credit impairment losses (Details 1) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Credit Impairment Losses As At January 1	¥ 597,870	¥ 478,792
Charge to statement of profit and other comprehensive income	42,420	119,078
Credit Impairment Losses As At December 31	¥ 640,290	¥ 597,870

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Loans receivable net of credit impairment losses (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans Receivable Secured, Interest Range	1.25% to 3.30%	1.25% to 3.30%

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Prepaid expenses and others (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Prepaid Expenses	¥ 4,629	¥ 848

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Property, plant and equipment (Details) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance		¥ 53,720,000
Depreciation	¥ 2,952,000	2,973,000
Ending Balance		53,720,000
Carrying Amount Of Assets	39,228,000	42,180,000
Balance At The Beginning		8,567,000
Balance At The End	14,492,000	11,540,000
Property [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance		48,140,000
Depreciation	2,286,000	2,285
Ending Balance		48,140,000
Carrying Amount Of Assets	38,527,000	40,813,000
Balance At The Beginning		5,042,000
Balance At The End	9,613,000	7,327,000
Leasehold improvements [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance		3,923,000
Depreciation	553,000	553,000
Ending Balance		2,863,000
Carrying Amount Of Assets	507,000	1,060,000
Balance At The Beginning		2,310,000
Balance At The End	3,416,000	2,310,000
Office equipment & furniture [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance		1,078,000
Depreciation	113,000	135,000
Ending Balance		1,078,000
Carrying Amount Of Assets	165,000	278,000
Balance At The Beginning		665,000
Balance At The End	913,000	800,000
Motor vehicles [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance		579,000
Depreciation	0	0
Ending Balance		579,000
Carrying Amount Of Assets	29,000	29,000
Balance At The Beginning		550,000
Balance At The End	¥ 550,000	¥ 550,000

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Intangible asset (Details) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cost
Ending Balance	¥ 9,000	¥ 9,000	¥ 9,000
Accumulated Amortization
Amortization	0	1,000
Ending Balance	4,000	4,000	¥ 3,000
Carrying Amount	¥ 5,000	¥ 5,000

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Loans payable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable	¥ 161,439	¥ 161,569
Third parties [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable	140,558	140,558
Shareholders [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable	20,000	20,000
Related parties [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable	¥ 881	¥ 1,011

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Loans payable (Details Narrative)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Average Annual Interest Rates	12.70%	12.70%

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Convertible notes payable (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Convertible notes payable
Liability component on initial recognition	¥ 0		$ 7,415
Interest accrued	0	¥ 360
Notes converted to ADS	0	(517)
Exchange difference	0	6
Total	¥ 0	¥ 7,264

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Convertible notes payable (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended
	May 24, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Convertible notes payable
Maturity of issued unsecured convertible promissory note	18 months
Principal amount of notes payable	$ 1,075,000
Consideration amount	1,000,000.0
Original issue discount	50,000
Investor legal fee	$ 25,000
Interest rate on notes	8.00%
Common stock share issued		40,257,168
Principal amount of issued share		$ 75,000
Notes balance		$ 1,053,244

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Salary and benefit payable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Salary and benefit payable
Salary And Benefit Payable To Employees	¥ 9,599	¥ 7,808
Consulting Expenses Payable To A Shareholder's Representatives(1)	2,580	2,064
Total	¥ 12,179	¥ 9,872

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Income taxes payable (Details Narrative) ¥ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)
Income taxes payable
Corporate Income Tax	¥ 32.5

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Interest payable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Payable	¥ 72,810	¥ 54,685
Third parties [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Payable	54,765	41,138
Shareholders [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Payable	16,226	11,846
Related parties [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Payable	¥ 1,819	¥ 1,701

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Other payable (Details) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other payable
Other Payable To Related Parties	¥ 13,347	¥ 10,025
Accrued Expenses	9,384	8,820
Other Taxes Payable	3,211	2,811
Total	¥ 25,942	¥ 21,656

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Share capital and additional paidin capital (Details) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Amount	¥ 479,375,000	¥ 479,375,000	¥ 479,375,000
Shares Issued During The Year, Amount	524,000	0	0
Ending Balance, Amount	479,899,000	479,375,000	479,375,000
Total Equity [member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Amount	383,500,000	383,500,000	383,500,000
Shares Issued During The Year, Amount	524,000	0	0
Ending Balance, Amount	384,024,000	383,500,000	383,500,000
Noncontrolling Interest
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Amount	95,875,000	95,875,000	95,875,000
Shares Issued During The Year, Amount	0	0	0
Ending Balance, Amount	95,875,000	95,875,000	95,875,000
Additional paid-in capital
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Amount	383,174,000	383,174,000	383,174,000
Shares Issued During The Year, Amount	510,000	0	0
Ending Balance, Amount	383,684,000	383,174,000	383,174,000
Ordinary Stock Shares [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Amount	326,000	326,000	326,000
Shares Issued During The Year, Amount	14,000	0	0
Ending Balance, Amount	¥ 340,000	¥ 326,000	¥ 326,000
Number of shares [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance, Shares	1,002,201	1,002,201	1,001,131
Shares Issued During The Year, Shares	40,257		1,070
Ending Balance, Shares	1,042,458	1,002,201	1,002,201

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Share capital and additional paidin capital (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥) shares	Jun. 30, 2010 shares
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Issued | shares			20,000
Common Stock, Par Value | $ / shares	$ 0.00005
March 1, 2018 [Member] | Ordinary Shares [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Issued | shares	2,000,000,000	2,000,000,000
Common Stock, Par Value | $ / shares	$ 0.00005
Dividend | ¥		¥ 100,000
Ordinary Shares Two [Member] | March 1, 2018 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Issued | shares	1,000,000,000	1,000,000,000
Common Stock, Par Value | $ / shares	$ 0.00005
Common Stock, Increased Value | ¥	$ 50,000	¥ 50,000
Ordinary Shares One [Member] | March 1, 2018 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Issued | shares	1,000,000,000	1,000,000,000
Common Stock, Par Value | $ / shares	$ 0.00005

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Statutory reserve (Details Narrative) - PRC [Member] - CNY (¥) ¥ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
Profits After Taxation, Percentage	10.00%
Total Statutory Reserve	¥ 18.7	¥ 18.7
Variable Interest Entity	50.00%
Reserve Balance	50.00%

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General risk reserve (Details Narrative) - PRC 1 [member] - CNY (¥) ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement [Line Items]
General Risk Reserve Description	In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s variable interest entity is required to maintain a general risk reserve within the equity, through appropriation of profit, which should not be less than 1.5% of the year end balance of its risk assets over the course of five years
Total Statutory Reserve	¥ 9.2	¥ 9.2

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Related party transactions (Details Narrative)		12 Months Ended
	Oct. 09, 2019 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2021 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2020 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2019 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 04, 2019 CNY (¥)	Oct. 14, 2019 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Expenses		¥ 21,701,000	¥ 21,826,000	¥ 22,213,000
Loans Payable		161,439,000	161,569,000
Loan Receivables		753,043,000	754,393,000
Debt Transferred			¥ 1,400
Deposited In Bank Accounts										¥ 9,000,000.0
Loan Extension Agreement [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Borrowed Amount											¥ 10,000.0
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage											15.00%
Penalty Interest Rate											9.00%
Loan Extension Agreement September 2019 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage			15.00%
Penalty Interest Rate			9.00%
Chutian And Mr Wei [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable To Related Parties			¥ 10,000.0					$ 10,000.0
Interest Expense	¥ 787,500,000	2,000.0	2,000.0
Repay Borrowings Principal Amount	¥ 10,000.0								¥ 10,000.0
Interest Payable		7,300	5,300
Chief Executive Officer [Member] | In 2018 [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Interest Payable To Related Parties		1,800	1,700
Borrowed Amount					¥ 17,300	¥ 20,000.0
Ownership Interest, Percentage						80.80%
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage						12.00%
Repayments Of Loan Payable		130,000,000	10,000		14,700	¥ 500
Interest Expenses		118,000,000	700		1,400
Interest Payable				500
Offset Against Loan Payable				¥ 1,700	9,900
Loans Payable		900	1,000.0		3,100
Wang Hailin [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable To Related Parties		10,000.0	10,000.0
Interest Payable To Related Parties		¥ 9,000.0	¥ 6,600
Borrowed Amount											¥ 10,000.0
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage											10.00%
Variable Interest Entity											7.70%
Hubei Daily Media Group [Member] | Lease commitment [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Variable Interest Entity		20.00%	20.00%	20.00%				20.00%
Consulting Expenses		¥ 500	¥ 500	¥ 500
Consulting Expenses Payable		¥ 2,500	2,000.0
Hubei New Nature Investment Co [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Offset Against Loan Payable				1,700	22,600
Loans Payable			¥ 700
Variable Interest Entity		80.80%	80.80%					80.80%
Payable To Related Party		¥ 10,500	¥ 8,100
Loan Receivables				1,300
Operating Expenses				2,800	700
Guarantee Expenses		2,800	2,800
Debt Repaymnet Amount		484,000,000
Paid Reverse Merger Expenses On Behalf						¥ 10,900	¥ 11,300
Offset Against Interest Payable				¥ 500
Debt Transferred			700
Hubei Baoli Ecological Conservation [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Variable Interest Entity												4.30%
Loan Receivables												¥ 8,000.0
Interest Income Rate												36.00%
Kang Chen [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Variable Interest Entity												4.30%
Loan Receivables												¥ 3,000.0
Interest Income Rate												36.00%
Li Ling [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Borrowed Amount					¥ 10,000.0
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage					12.00%
Repayments Of Loan Payable					¥ 3,000.0
Interest Expenses					¥ 29,000,000
Variable Interest Entity					2.50%
Deposited In Bank Accounts					¥ 12,000.0
Loan Payable					¥ 3,000.0
Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts										¥ 2,900,000
Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd [Member] | Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Loans Payable To Related Parties		50,000.0	50,000.0
Ownership Interest, Percentage						69.50%
Borrowings Interest Rate, Percentage						9.00%
Interest Expenses		4,700	4,700
Interest Payable		¥ 19,700	¥ 15,000.0
Loans Payable						¥ 60,000.0

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Legal proceedings (Details Narrative) - CNY (¥)				1 Months Ended		18 Months Ended
	Oct. 14, 2019	Oct. 09, 2019	Sep. 06, 2019	Apr. 30, 2020	Aug. 31, 2019	Oct. 30, 2020	Nov. 10, 2020	Aug. 31, 2020	Dec. 04, 2019	Oct. 15, 2019	Aug. 27, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts	¥ 9,000,000.0
Owned Percentage			30.00%
Wuhan Wuchang People's Court [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Payable To Related Party								¥ 2,560,000
Mr Deng Xinxue, Mr Zhang Xuan and Mr Yang Bobiao [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Owned Percentage	69.50%
Property Services Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Accrued Interest				¥ 310,311	¥ 193,944	¥ 238,344
Property Service Fee				¥ 310,311	¥ 193,944	¥ 238,344
Mr Wei Qizhi Wei, Ms Peng Yan, and Chutian [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts										¥ 12,300,000
Chutian [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts	¥ 9,000,000.0
Hubei New Nature Investment Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts			¥ 13,000,000.0
Owned Percentage			80.80%
Dunxin Holdings Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts			¥ 12,000,000.0
Owned Percentage			70.00%
Hubei Shanyin Wealth Management Co., Ltd [Member]
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts	¥ 2,900,000
Share capital
Statement [Line Items]
Deposited In Bank Accounts											¥ 12,000,000.0	¥ 12,300,000
Property Preservation Limit												¥ 29,900,000
Value Of Attached Property							¥ 220,000
Repay Borrowings Principal Amount		¥ 10,000,000.0							¥ 10,000,000.0
Interest Expenses		787,500
Principal Amount		¥ 10,000,000.0							¥ 10,000,000.0