Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption “Experts” and to the use of our report dated July 25, 2014, in the Registration Statement (Form S-1) and related Prospectus of Calithera Biosciences, Inc. for the registration of shares of its common stock.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Redwood City, California

August 25, 2014