Fair Value of Measurement

The following table presents the assets reported on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, by level within the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:


•	Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•

Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlations or other means.


•	Level 3 Inputs – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The following tables summarize financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value (in thousands):



	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Investment securities:
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities
GSE	$	448,842	$	—	$	448,842	$	—
Non-GSE	270		—		270		—
Debt securities
Municipal bonds	2,158		—		2,158
Corporate bonds	45,159		—		45,159		—
Other securities
Equity investments - mutual funds	1,218		271		947		—
Other	1,250		—		1,250		—
Total available-for-sale	498,897		271		498,626		—
Trading securities	7,857		7,857		—		—
Total	$	506,754	$	8,128	$	498,626	$	—
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Assets:
Impaired loans:
Real estate loans:
Commercial real estate	$	10,730	$	—	$	—	$	10,730
One-to-four family residential mortgage	2,177		—		—		2,177
Multifamily	1,276		—		—		1,276
Home equity and lines of credit	274		—		—		274
Total impaired real estate loans	14,457		—		—		14,457
Commercial and industrial loans	21		—		—		21
Other real estate owned	850		—		—		850
Total	$	15,328	$	—	$	—	$	15,328



	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2015 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Investment securities:
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities
GSE	$	529,524	$	—	$	529,524	$	—
Non-GSE	579		—		579		—
Debt securities
Corporate bonds	11,011		—		11,011		—
Other securities
Equities	481		481		—		—
Total available-for-sale	541,595		481		541,114		—
Trading securities	6,713		6,713		—		—
Total	$	548,308	$	7,194	$	541,114	$	—
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Assets:
Impaired loans:
Real estate loans:
Commercial real estate	$	9,091	$	—	$	—	$	9,091
One-to-four family residential mortgage	2,873		—		—		2,873
Multifamily	1,288		—		—		1,288
Home equity and lines of credit	303		—		—		303
Total impaired real estate loans	13,555		—		—		13,555
Commercial and industrial loans	25		—		—		25
Other real estate owned	45		—		—		45
Total	$	13,625	$	—	$	—	$	13,625

The following table presents qualitative information for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2016:



	Fair Value		Valuation Methodology	Unobservable Inputs	Range of Inputs
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	14,478	Appraisals	Discount for costs to sell	7.0%
				Discount for quick sale	10%
			Discounted cash flows	Interest rates	4.75% - 7.5%
Other real estate owned	$	850	Appraisals	Discount for costs to sell	7.0%

The following table presents qualitative information for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2015:



	Fair Value		Valuation Methodology	Unobservable Inputs	Range of Inputs
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	13,580	Appraisals	Discount for costs to sell	7.0%
				Discount for quick sale	10.0%
			Discounted cash flows	Interest rates	4.75% - 7.5%
Other real estate owned	$	45	Appraisals	Discount for costs to sell	7.0%

Available-for-Sale Securities: The estimated fair values for mortgage-backed securities, GSE bonds, and corporate securities are obtained from a nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The estimated fair values are derived primarily from cash flow models, which include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayment speeds. Broker/dealer quotes are utilized as well when such quotes are available and deemed representative of the market. The significant inputs utilized in the cash flow models are based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company (observable inputs,) and are therefore classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair value of equity securities classified as Level 1, are derived from quoted market prices in active markets. Equity securities consist primarily of money market mutual funds. There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Trading Securities: Fair values are derived from quoted market prices in active markets. The assets consist of publicly traded mutual funds.

Impaired Loans: At December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015, the Company had originated impaired loans held-for-investment with outstanding principal balances of $17.7 million and $17.0 million that were recorded at their estimated fair value of $14.5 million and $13.6 million, respectively. The Company recorded a net decrease in the specific reserve for impaired loans of $562,000 and $725,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and net charge-offs of $810,000 and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, utilizing Level 3 inputs. For purposes of estimating fair value of impaired loans, management utilizes independent appraisals, if the loan is collateral dependent, adjusted downward by management, as necessary, for changes in relevant valuation factors subsequent to the appraisal date, or the present value of expected future cash flows for non-collateral dependent loans and troubled debt restructurings.

Other Real Estate Owned: At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had assets acquired through foreclosure of $850,000 and $45,000, respectively, recorded at estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs when acquired, thus establishing a new cost basis. Estimated fair value is generally based on independent appraisals. These appraisals include adjustments to comparable assets based on the appraisers’ market knowledge and experience, and are considered Level 3 inputs. When an asset is acquired, the excess of the loan balance over fair value, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for loan losses. If the estimated fair value of the asset declines, a write-down is recorded through non-interest expense. The valuation of foreclosed assets is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in the future because of changes in the economic conditions.

In addition, the Company may be required, from time to time, to measure the fair value of certain other financial assets on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write downs of individual assets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The FASB Accounting Standards Topic for Financial Instruments requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of other financial assets and financial liabilities not already discussed above:


(a)	Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Certificates of Deposit

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term in nature with original maturities of three months or less; the carrying amount approximates fair value. Certificates of deposits having original terms of six-months or less; carrying value generally approximates fair value. Certificate of deposits with an original maturity of six months or greater the fair value is derived from discounted cash flows.


(b)	Securities (Held-to-Maturity)

The estimated fair values for substantially all of our securities are obtained from an independent nationally recognized pricing service. The independent pricing service utilizes market prices of same or similar securities whenever such prices are available. Prices involving distressed sellers are not utilized in determining fair value. Where necessary, the independent third-party pricing service estimates fair value using models employing techniques such as discounted cash flow analyses. The assumptions used in these models typically include assumptions for interest rates, credit losses, and prepayments, utilizing market observable data where available.


(c)	Federal Home Loan Bank of New York Stock

The fair value for FHLB of New York stock is its carrying value, since this is the amount for which it could be redeemed and there is no active market for this stock.


(d)	Loans (Held-for-Investment)

Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as originated and purchased, and further segregated by residential mortgage, construction, land, multifamily, commercial and consumer. Each loan category is further segmented into amortizing and non-amortizing and fixed and adjustable rate interest terms and by performing and non-performing categories. The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current prepayment assumptions and current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities. This method of estimating fair value does not incorporate the exit price concept of fair value prescribed by the FASB ASC Topic for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which would also consider adjustments for other factors such as liquidity and credit quality. The fair value would be affected significantly by these other factors.


(e)	Loans (Held-for-Sale)

Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and therefore fair value is equal to carrying value.


(f)	Deposits

The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as non-interest-bearing demand deposits, savings, NOW and money market accounts, is equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.


(g)	Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit

The fair value of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan commitments, fair value also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair value of off-balance-sheet commitments is insignificant and therefore not included in the following table.


(h)	Borrowings

The fair value of borrowings is estimated by discounting future cash flows based on rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturity.


(i)	Advance Payments by Borrowers for Taxes and Insurance

Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance have no stated maturity; the fair value is equal to the amount currently payable.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s significant financial instruments at December 31, 2016 and 2015, are presented in the following table (in thousands):



	December 31, 2016
			Estimated Fair Value
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	96,085	$	96,085	$	—	$	—	$	96,085
Trading securities	7,857		7,857		—		—		7,857
Securities available-for-sale	498,897		271		498,626		—		498,897
Securities held-to-maturity	10,148		—		10,118		—		10,118
FHLB of New York stock, at cost	25,123		—		25,123		—		25,123
Net loans held-for-investment	2,943,489		—		—		2,970,438		2,970,438
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,713,587	$	—	$	2,720,176	$	—	$	2,720,176
Repurchase agreements and other borrowings	473,206		—		472,387		—		472,387
Advance payments by borrowers	12,331		—		12,331		—		12,331



	December 31, 2015
			Estimated Fair Value
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	51,853	$	51,853	$	—	$	—	$	51,853
Trading securities	6,713		6,713		—		—		6,713
Securities available-for-sale	541,595		481		541,114		—		541,595
Securities held-to-maturity	10,346		—		10,369		—		10,369
FHLB of New York stock, at cost	25,803		—		25,803		—		25,803
Net loans held-for-investment	2,348,945		—		—		2,375,028		2,375,028
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,052,929	$	—	$	2,058,894	$	—	$	2,058,894
Repurchase agreements and other borrowings	558,129		—		557,537		—		557,537
Advance payments by borrowers	10,862		—		10,862		—		10,862

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with a high degree of precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.