The amortized cost, approximate fair value and allowance for credit losses of investment securities at fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:


	June 30, 2023 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	135,188	$	(1,563)	$	—	$	(7,088)	$	126,537



Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	138,869		—		—		(13,561)		125,308

Collateralized loan obligations	848,861		—		396		(18,004)		831,253
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	136,941		—		—		(4,467)		132,474
Corporate notes	642,757		(1,876)		206		(61,336)		579,751
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,082,913		—		1,469		(81,765)		1,002,617


Available for sale debt securities	$	2,985,529	$	(3,439)	$	2,071	$	(186,221)	2,797,940

Equity securities (2)									26,698
Total investment securities, at fair value									$	2,824,638


	December 31, 2022 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	169,170	$	(578)	$	—	$	(8,050)	$	160,542



Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	147,481		—		—		(13,617)		133,864

Collateralized loan obligations	896,992		—		88		(24,342)		872,738
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	142,222		—		1		(5,866)		136,357
Corporate notes	657,086		—		45		(61,878)		595,253
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,125,583		—		308		(63,630)		1,062,261

Available for sale debt securities	$	3,138,534	$	(578)	$	442	$	(177,383)	2,961,015

Equity securities (2)									26,485
Total investment securities, at fair value									$	2,987,500

(2)Includes perpetual preferred stock issued by domestic banks and domestic bank holding companies and equity securities issued by fintech companies, without a readily determinable fair value, and CRA-qualified mutual fund shares at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. No impairments or measurement adjustments have been recorded on the equity securities without a readily determinable fair value since acquisition.

Customers' transactions with unconsolidated VIEs include sales of consumer installment loans and investments in the securities issued by the VIEs. Customers is not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because Customers has no right to make decisions that will most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIEs. Customers' continuing involvement with the unconsolidated VIEs is not significant. Customers' continuing involvement is not considered to be significant when Customers only invests in securities issued by the VIE and was not involved in the design of the VIE or when Customers has transferred financial assets to the VIE for only cash consideration. Customers' investments in the securities issued by the VIEs are classified as AFS or HTM debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets, and represent Customers' maximum exposure to loss.

There were no sales of AFS debt securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Proceeds from the sale of AFS debt securities were $399.0 million and $555.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The following table presents gross realized gains and realized losses from the sale of AFS debt securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(amounts in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross realized gains	$	—	$	2,003	$	—	$	2,563
Gross realized losses	—		(5,032)		—		(6,655)
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of available for sale debt securities	$	—	$	(3,029)	$	—	$	(4,092)

The following table presents AFS debt securities by stated maturity. Debt securities backed by mortgages and other assets have expected maturities that differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay and, therefore, these debt securities are classified separately with no specific maturity date:


	June 30, 2023
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	7,500	$	7,425
Due after one year through five years	521,866		479,208
Due after five years through ten years	113,391		93,118

Asset-backed securities	135,188		126,537
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	138,869		125,308
Collateralized loan obligations	848,861		831,253
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	136,941		132,474



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,082,913		1,002,617


Total available for sale debt securities	$	2,985,529	$	2,797,940

Gross unrealized losses and fair value of Customers' AFS debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	June 30, 2023
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(amounts in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available for sale debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	21,932	$	(23)	$	52,780	$	(3,409)	$	74,712	$	(3,432)


Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		125,308		(13,561)		125,308		(13,561)

Collateralized loan obligations	89,992		(2,442)		599,341		(15,562)		689,333		(18,004)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	17,756		(506)		114,718		(3,961)		132,474		(4,467)
Corporate notes	105,912		(3,892)		424,070		(50,457)		529,982		(54,349)
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	296,673		(22,216)		594,574		(59,549)		891,247		(81,765)


Total	$	532,265	$	(29,079)	$	1,910,791	$	(146,499)	$	2,443,056	$	(175,578)


	December 31, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(amounts in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available for sale debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	160,542	$	(8,050)	$	—	$	—	$	160,542	$	(8,050)


Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	133,864		(13,617)		—		—		133,864		(13,617)

Collateralized loan obligations	386,701		(13,516)		315,270		(10,826)		701,971		(24,342)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	39,828		(1,410)		93,005		(4,456)		132,833		(5,866)
Corporate notes	386,464		(36,119)		178,955		(25,759)		565,419		(61,878)
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	478,096		(29,364)		314,332		(34,266)		792,428		(63,630)


Total	$	1,585,495	$	(102,076)	$	901,562	$	(75,307)	$	2,487,057	$	(177,383)

At June 30, 2023, there were 40 AFS debt securities with unrealized losses in the less-than-twelve-months category and 121 AFS debt securities with unrealized losses in the twelve-months-or-more category. Except for the four asset-backed securities and nine corporate notes where there was a deterioration in future estimated cash flows as further discussed below, the unrealized losses were principally due to changes in market interest rates that resulted in a negative impact on the respective securities' fair value and are expected to be recovered when market prices recover or at maturity. Customers does not intend to sell any of the 161 securities, and it is not more likely than not that Customers will be required to sell any of the 161 securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. At December 31, 2022, there were 156 AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position.

Customers recorded an allowance for credit losses on four asset-backed securities and nine corporate notes where there was a deterioration in future estimated cash flows during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and on four asset-backed securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. A discounted cash flow approach is used to determine the amount of the allowance. The cash flows expected to be collected, after considering expected prepayments, are discounted at the original effective interest rate. The amount of the allowance is limited to the difference between the amortized cost basis of the security and its estimated fair value.

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses on AFS debt securities, by major security type, for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2023						2022
(amounts in thousands)	Asset-backed securities		Corporate notes		Total		Asset-backed securities		Corporate notes		Total
Balance at April 1	$	790	$	1,383	$	2,173	$	728	$	—	$	728
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	—		233		233		329		—		329
Credit losses on previously impaired securities	773		260		1,033		—		—		—
Decrease in allowance for credit losses on previously impaired securities	—		—		—		(646)		—		(646)
Balance at June 30	$	1,563	$	1,876	$	3,439	$	411	$	—	$	411


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023						2022
(amounts in thousands)	Asset-backed securities		Corporate notes		Total		Asset-backed securities		Corporate notes		Total
Balance at January 1	$	578	$	—	$	578	$	—	$	—	$	—
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	—		1,876		1,876		411		—		411
Credit losses on previously impaired securities	1,046		—		1,046		—		—		—
Decrease in allowance for credit losses on previously impaired securities	(61)		—		(61)		—		—		—
Balance at June 30	$	1,563	$	1,876	$	3,439	$	411	$	—	$	411


	June 30, 2023 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Value		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Held to maturity debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	719,551	$	—	$	719,551	$	—	$	(5,117)	$	714,434

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	7,115		—		7,115		—		(669)		6,446
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,889		—		1,889		—		(103)		1,786
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	196,206		—		196,206		—		(16,504)		179,702
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	148,066		—		148,066		—		(9,239)		138,827



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	185,733		—		185,733		—		(14,680)		171,053

Total held to maturity debt securities	$	1,258,560	$	—	$	1,258,560	$	—	$	(46,312)	$	1,212,248


	December 31, 2022 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Value		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Held to maturity debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	361,107	$	—	$	361,107	$	—	$	(4,974)	$	356,133

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	7,189		—		7,189				(563)		6,626
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,928		—		1,928		—		(104)		1,824
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	204,495		—		204,495		—		(18,376)		186,119
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	151,711		—		151,711		—		(9,435)		142,276



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	113,829		—		113,829		—		(12,994)		100,835

Total held to maturity debt securities	$	840,259	$	—	$	840,259	$	—	$	(46,446)	$	793,813

On June 30, 2023, Customers sold consumer installment loans that were classified as held for sale with a carrying value of $556.7 million, inclusive of $154.0 million of other installment loans transferred from held for investment to held for sale during the three months ended June 30, 2023, accrued interest and unamortized deferred loan origination costs, to two third-party sponsored VIEs. As part of these sales, Customers recognized a loss on sale of $1.2 million, inclusive of transaction costs, in gain (loss) on sale of SBA and other loans within non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income. Customers provided financing to the purchasers for a portion of the sale price in the form of $436.8 million of asset-backed securities, presented in the table above, collateralized by the sold loans. Customers will act as the servicer for the sold consumer installment loans to one of the VIEs, and will receive a servicing fee. Customers recognized a servicing asset of $3.8 million upon sale.

At the time of the sale, and at each subsequent reporting period, Customers is required to evaluate its involvement with the VIEs to determine if it holds a variable interest in the VIEs and, if so, if Customers is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. If Customers is both a variable interest holder and the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, it would be required to consolidate the VIEs. As of June 30, 2023, Customers concluded that its investments in asset-backed securities as well as the servicing fees are considered variable interests in the VIEs as there is a possibility, even if remote, that would result in Customers' interests in the asset-backed securities or the servicing fees absorbing some of the losses of the VIEs.

After concluding that Customers has one or more variable interests in the VIEs, Customers must determine if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. U.S. GAAP defines the primary beneficiary as the entity that has both an economic exposure to the VIE as well as the power to direct the activities that are determined to be most significant to the economic performance of the VIE. In order to make this determination, Customers needed to first establish which activities are the most significant to the economic performance of the VIEs. Based on a review of the VIEs' activities, Customers concluded the servicing activities, specifically those performed for significantly delinquent loans contribute most significantly to the performance of the loans and thus the VIEs. The conclusion is based upon review of the historical performance of the types of consumer installment loans sold to the VIEs, as well as consideration of which activities performed by the owner or servicer of the loans contribute most significantly to the ultimate performance of the loans. The loan servicing agreement between Customers and the VIE for a portion of the sold consumer loans provide that the VIE has substantive kick-out rights to replace Customers as the servicer with or without cause. Accordingly, as a holder of the asset-backed securities and the servicer of the loans, Customers does not have the power to direct the servicing of significantly delinquent loans given the VIEs' substantive kick-out rights. As discussed above, Customers is not the servicer for the sold consumer loans to one of the VIEs and therefore does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of this VIE. As the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the VIEs are not controlled by Customers, Customers has concluded that it is therefore not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the VIEs. Customers accounted for its investments in the asset-backed securities as HTM debt securities on the consolidated balance sheet.

The following table presents HTM debt securities by stated maturity. Debt securities backed by mortgages and other assets have expected maturities that differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay and, therefore, these debt securities are classified separately with no specific maturity date:


	June 30, 2023
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value




Asset-backed securities	$	719,551	$	714,434


Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	7,115		6,446
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,889		1,786
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	196,206		179,702
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	148,066		138,827
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	185,733		171,053
Total held to maturity debt securities	$	1,258,560	$	1,212,248

Customers recorded no allowance for credit losses on investment securities classified as held to maturity at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The U.S. government agency securities represent obligations issued by a U.S. government-sponsored enterprise or other federal government agency that are explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. federal government and therefore, assumed to have zero credit losses. The private label collateralized mortgage obligations are highly rated and with sufficient overcollateralization, and therefore have zero expected credit losses. Customers recorded no allowance for its investments in the asset-backed securities. Customers considered the seniority of its beneficial interests, which include overcollateralization of these asset-backed securities in the estimate of the ACL at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The unrealized losses on HTM debt securities with no ACL were due to changes in market interest rates that resulted in a negative impact on the respective securities' fair value and are expected to be recovered when market prices recover or at maturity.

Customers monitors the credit quality of HTM debt securities primarily through credit ratings provided by rating agencies. Investment grade debt securities are rated BBB- or higher by S&P Global Ratings, Baa3 or higher by Moody's Investors Service or equivalent ratings by other rating agencies, and are generally considered to be of low credit risk. Except for the asset-backed securities and a private label collateralized mortgage obligation, all of the HTM debt securities held by Customers were investment grade or U.S. government agency guaranteed securities that were not rated at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The asset-backed securities and a private label collateralized mortgage obligation are not rated by rating agencies. Customers monitors the credit quality of these asset-backed securities and a private label collateralized mortgage obligation by evaluating the performance of the sold consumer installment loans and other underlying loans against the overcollateralization available for these securities.


	June 30, 2023
(amounts in thousands)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Not Rated		Total
Held to maturity debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	719,551	$	719,551

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		7,115		7,115
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		1,889		1,889
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		196,206		196,206
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		148,066		148,066



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	68,435		18,133		25,848		—		73,317		185,733

Total held to maturity debt securities	$	68,435	$	18,133	$	25,848	$	—	$	1,146,144	$	1,258,560