10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

þ	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016
	OR
¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the transition period from ____________________ to_____________________

Commission file number 001-34903

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	27-3679414
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)
17672 Laurel Park Drive North Suite 400 E	48152
Livonia, Michigan	(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

(248) 675-6000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes þ   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes þ   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12(b)-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer þ Accelerated Filer ¨ Non-Accelerated Filer ¨ Smaller Reporting Company ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12(b)-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act).

Yes ¨   No þ

As of April 22, 2016, there were 21,163,021 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Tower International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Form 10-Q

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.  Financial Information		1
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited):	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income / (Loss) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	4
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II.  Other Information		34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
Signatures		36

PART 1 — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements.

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data - unaudited)

	March 31,			December 31,
	2016			2015
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	74,797		$	142,640
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $973 and $1,287		288,641			250,933
Inventories (Note 3)		76,455			70,633
Prepaid tooling, notes receivable, and other		78,117			71,487
Total current assets		518,010			535,693
Property, plant, and equipment, net		495,162			473,159
Goodwill (Note 6)		61,820			59,340
Investment in joint venture		7,705			7,711
Deferred tax asset		128,406			127,633
Other assets, net		12,449			11,961
Total assets	$	1,223,552		$	1,215,497
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of capital lease obligations (Note 8)	$	40,992		$	30,378
Accounts payable		314,493			297,665
Accrued liabilities		127,507			107,911
Total current liabilities		482,992			435,954
Long-term debt, net of current maturities (Note 8)		362,408			412,218
Obligations under capital leases, net of current maturities (Note 8)		6,018			5,984
Deferred tax liability		6,145			6,167
Pension liability (Note 11)		63,475			65,621
Other non-current liabilities		83,381			82,834
Total non-current liabilities		521,427			572,824
Total liabilities		1,004,419			1,008,778
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Stockholders' equity:
Tower International, Inc.'s stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 authorized and 0 issued and outstanding	$	-		$	-
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 350,000,000 authorized, 22,081,578 issued and 21,163,021 outstanding at March 31, 2016, and 22,003,820 issued and 21,111,610 outstanding at December 31, 2015		221			220
Additional paid in capital		338,393			337,864
Treasury stock, at cost, 918,557 and 892,210 shares as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015		(16,689	)		(16,067	)
Accumulated deficit		(37,763	)		(44,030	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 12)		(72,109	)		(80,492	)
Total Tower International, Inc.'s stockholders' equity		212,053			197,495
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (Note 12)		7,080			9,224
Total stockholders' equity		219,133			206,719
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,223,552		$	1,215,497

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts - unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Revenues	$	511,496	$	496,628
Cost of sales		453,597		440,138
Gross profit		57,899		56,490
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		33,908		31,532
Amortization expense (Note 6)		116		-
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net (Note 7)		823		1,031
Operating income		23,052		23,927
Interest expense		7,631		7,850
Interest income		242		125
Other expense		3,576		-
Income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture		12,087		16,202
Provision for income taxes (Note 10)		3,703		2,099
Equity in profit of joint venture, net of tax		-		94
Income from continuing operations		8,384		14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 4)		-		(76	)
Net income		8,384		14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests		6		80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$	8,378	$	14,041
Weighted average basic shares outstanding		21,126,462		21,050,230
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding		21,444,570		21,360,492
Basic income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc.:
Income per share from continuing operations (Note 13)	$	0.40	$	0.67
Income per share from discontinued operations (Note 13)		-		-
Income per share (Note 13)		0.40		0.67
Diluted income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc.:
Income per share from continuing operations (Note 13)	$	0.39	$	0.66
Income per share from discontinued operations (Note 13)		-		-
Income per share (Note 13)		0.39		0.66
Dividends declared per share	$	0.10	$	-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME / (LOSS)

(Amounts in thousands - unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Net income	$	8,384	$	14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax expense / (benefit) of ($3.1) million and $0 million)		8,397		(10,402	)
Other comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax:		8,397		(10,402	)
Comprehensive income		16,781		3,719
Less: Comprehensive income / (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		20		104
Comprehensive income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$	16,761	$	3,615

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands - unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	8,384		$	14,121
Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		-			(76	)
Income from continuing operations		8,384			14,197
Adjustments required to reconcile income from continuing operations to net cash provided by / (used in) continuing operating activities:
Deferred income tax provision		2,996			167
Depreciation and amortization		18,537			19,908
Non-cash share-based compensation		529			959
Pension income, net of contributions		(2,147	)		(3,750	)
Change in working capital and other operating items		(24,257	)		(38,275	)
Net cash provided by / (used in) continuing operating activities	$	4,042		$	(6,794	)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment, net	$	(26,114	)	$	(9,562	)
Net cash used in continuing investing activities	$	(26,114	)	$	(9,562	)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from borrowings	$	146,327		$	30,464
Repayments of borrowings		(139,143	)		(56,845	)
Repayments on Term Loan Credit Facility		(50,000	)		-
Proceeds from termination of cross currency swaps		-			32,377
Dividend payment to Tower shareholders		(2,111	)		-
Proceeds from stock options exercised		-			112
Purchase of treasury stock		(622	)		(6,530	)
Noncontrolling interest dividends		(2,164	)		-
Net cash used in continuing financing activities	$	(47,713	)	$	(422	)
Discontinued operations:
Net cash from discontinued operating activities	$	-		$	9,431
Net cash from discontinued investing activities		-			(4,484	)
Net cash from discontinued financing activities		-			(2,800	)
Net cash from discontinued operations	$	-		$	2,147
Effect of exchange rate changes on continuing cash and cash equivalents	$	1,942		$	(3,201	)
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$	(67,843	)	$	(17,832	)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:
Beginning of period	$	142,640		$	148,561
End of period	$	74,797		$	130,729
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	$	5,075		$	5,334
Income taxes paid		1,567			1,130
Non-cash Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures in liabilities for purchases of property, plant, and equipment		20,630			5,525

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

TOWER INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Tower International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company” or “Tower International”), is a leading integrated global manufacturer of engineered automotive structural metal components and assemblies, primarily serving original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), including Ford, Volkswagen Group, Chrysler, Volvo, Nissan, Fiat, Daimler, Toyota, Chery, BMW, and Honda. Products include body structures, assemblies and other chassis, structures, and lower vehicle systems and suspension components for small and large cars, crossovers, pickups, and sport utility vehicles (“SUVs”). Including both wholly owned subsidiaries and majority owned subsidiaries, the Company has strategically located production facilities in the United States, Germany, Brazil, Belgium, Slovakia, China, Italy, Poland, Mexico, and the Czech Republic, supported by engineering and sales locations in the United States, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Japan, China, and India.

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared by the Company, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information furnished in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements includes normal recurring adjustments and reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of such financial statements. Certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited year-end financial statements and the notes thereto included in the most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC. The interim results for the periods presented may not be indicative of the Company’s actual annual results.

Principles of Consolidation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and all subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Note 2. New Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to utilize to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that will be received in exchange for the goods and services. Additional disclosures will also be required to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. In August 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of this standards update to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted on the original effective date of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, which amends the principal-versus-agent implementation guidance and illustrations in the Board’s new revenue standard. The Company is currently evaluating significant contracts and assessing any impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Inventory 

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which requires entities, that measure inventory using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost, to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This ASU is effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The Company is assessing the potential impact of this new guidance on its Consolidated Financial Statements, but does not expect a material financial statement impact related to the adoption of this ASU.

Leases 

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Lease Accounting. This ASU introduces a lessee model that brings most leases on the balance sheet. Further, the standard also aligns certain of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in ASU 2014-09. This new ASU on leases is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating significant contracts and assessing any impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Stock Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The Company is assessing the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Note 3. Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out method. Maintenance, repair, and non-productive inventory, which are considered consumables, are expensed when acquired and included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as cost of sales. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Raw materials	$	35,945	$	33,989
Work in process		16,478		14,495
Finished goods		24,032		22,149
Total inventory	$	76,455	$	70,633

Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale

During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to sell the Company’s equity interest in its Changchun Tower Golden Ring Automotive Products Co., Ltd. (“TGR”), Xiangtan DIT Automotive Products Co., Ltd. (“Xiangtan”), and Ningbo DIT Automotive Products Co. Ltd. (“Ningbo”) joint ventures. At December 31, 2014 and March 31, 2015, TGR and Xiangtan were considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, and presented as discontinued operations in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, in accordance with FASB ASC No. 205, Discontinued Operations. The Company’s investment in the Ningbo joint venture is accounted for under the cost method and therefore does not qualify for held for sale treatment and does not fall under the scope of FASB ASC No. 205.

During the period ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed the sale of the two Chinese joint ventures (TGR and Xiangtan) that were held for sale at March 31, 2015.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company has no assets that are considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360.

The following table discloses select financial information of the discontinued operations of the Company’s Chinese joint ventures in its International Segment for the three months ended March 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Revenues	$	27,375
Income from discontinued operations:
Income before provision for income taxes		161
Provision for income taxes		(237	)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(76	)

6

Note 5. Tooling

Tooling represents costs incurred by the Company in the development of new tooling used in the manufacture of the Company’s products. All pre-production tooling costs incurred for tools that the Company will not own and that will be used in producing products supplied under long-term supply agreements are expensed as incurred, unless the supply agreement provides the Company with the noncancellable right to use the tools or the reimbursement of such costs is contractually guaranteed by the customer. Generally, the customer agrees to reimburse the Company for certain of its tooling costs at the time the customer awards a contract to the Company.

After the part for which tooling has been developed reaches a production-ready status, the Company is reimbursed by its customer for the cost of the tooling, at which time the tooling becomes the property of the customer. The Company has certain other tooling costs related to tools the Company has the contractual right to use during the life of the supply arrangement, which are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related product program. Customer-owned tooling is included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in prepaid tooling, notes receivable, and other, while company-owned and other tooling is included in other assets, net.

The components of capitalized tooling costs are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Customer-owned tooling, net	$	63,476	$	59,901
Company-owned tooling		11		16
Total tooling, net	$	63,487	$	59,917

Any gain recognized, which is defined as the excess of reimbursement over cost, is amortized over the life of the program. If estimated costs are expected to be in excess of reimbursement, a loss is recorded in the period in which the loss is estimated.

Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill is set forth below by reportable segment and on a consolidated basis (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	50,890	$	8,450	$	59,340
Currency translation adjustment		2,437		43		2,480
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	53,327	$	8,493	$	61,820

Intangibles

In the Americas segment, an intangible asset of $3.5 million was recorded in 2015, as part of the acquisition of a facility in Mexico. This intangible asset has a definite life and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over seven years, the estimated life of the related asset, which approximates the recognition of related revenues.

The Company incurred amortization expense of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Note 7. Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

As of March 31, 2016, the Company has executed various restructuring plans and may execute additional plans in the future to reduce corporate overhead, to realign manufacturing capacity to prevailing global automotive production levels, and to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. Estimates of restructuring charges are based on information available at the time such charges are recorded. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in estimating restructuring expenses, actual amounts paid for such activities may differ from amounts initially recorded. Accordingly, the Company may record revisions of previous estimates by adjusting previously established reserves.

7

Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

Net restructuring and asset impairment charges for each of the Company’s segments include the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
International	$	-	$	100
Americas		823		931
Consolidated	$	823	$	1,031

The following table sets forth the Company’s net restructuring and asset impairment charges by type for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Employee termination costs	$	77	$	210
Other exit costs		746		821
Asset impairments		-		-
Total restructuring charges, net	$	823	$	1,031

The charges incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 related primarily to the following actions:

2016 Actions

During the first quarter of 2016, the charges incurred in the Americas segment related to ongoing maintenance expense of facilities closed as a result of prior actions and severance charges to reduce fixed costs.

2015 Actions

During the first quarter of 2015, the charges incurred in the Americas segment related to ongoing maintenance expense of facilities closed as a result of prior actions and severance charges to reduce fixed costs. The charges incurred in the International segment related to severance charges in Europe to reduce fixed costs.

Restructuring Reserve

The table below summarizes the activity in the restructuring reserve by segment, reflected in accrued liabilities, for the above-mentioned actions through March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	International			Americas			Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	99		$	213		$	312
Payments		(65	)		(147	)		(212	)
Increase in liability		-			77			77
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	34		$	143		$	177

Except as disclosed in the table above, the Company does not anticipate incurring additional material cash charges associated with the actions described above. The increase in the restructuring reserve set forth in the table above does not agree with the restructuring charges for the period, as certain items are expensed as incurred related to the actions described.

The restructuring reserve decreased during the first quarter of 2016, reflecting primarily payments of other exit costs related to prior accruals offset partially by accruals for severance.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred payments related to prior accruals in Europe of $0.1 million and in North America of $0.2 million.

8

Note 8. Debt

Short-Term Debt

Short-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)	$	39,982	$	29,414
Current maturities of capital leases		1,010		964
Total short-term debt	$	40,992	$	30,378

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
Term Loan Credit Facility (net of discount of $1,013 and $1,222)	$	364,987		$	415,903
Other foreign subsidiary indebtedness		45,228			34,691
Debt issue costs		(7,825	)		(8,962	)
Total debt		402,390			441,632
Less: Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)		(39,982	)		(29,414	)
Total long-term debt	$	362,408		$	412,218

Term Loan Credit Facility

On April 23, 2013, the Company entered into a Term Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”) by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC (the “Term Loan Borrower”), the Company, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC (“Term Loan Holdco”), Tower Automotive Holdings II(a), LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b), LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein, the Lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent for the Lenders (the credit facility evidenced by the Term Loan Credit Agreement and related documentation, the “Term Loan Credit Facility”).

On January 31, 2014, the Company amended the Term Loan Credit Agreement by entering into the Second Refinancing Term Loan Amendment and Additional Term Loan Amendment (“Second Term Loan Amendment”), pursuant to which, among other things, the outstanding term loans under the Term Loan Credit Agreement were refinanced in full and additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $33 million (the “Additional Term Loans”) were disbursed, resulting in an increase in cash and cash equivalents. After giving effect to the disbursement of the Additional Term Loans, there were term loans (the “Term Loans”) in the aggregate principal amount of $450 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The maturity date of the Term Loan Credit Facility remains April 23, 2020 and the Term Loans bear interest at (i) the Alternate Base Rate plus a margin of 2.00% or (ii) the Adjusted LIBO Rate (calculated by multiplying the applicable LIBOR rate by a statutory reserve rate, with a floor of 1.00%) plus a margin of 3.00%.

The Term Loan Borrower’s obligations under the Term Loan Credit Facility are guaranteed by the Company on an unsecured basis and guaranteed by Term Loan Holdco and certain of the Company's other direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries on a secured basis (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). The Term Loan Credit Facility is secured by (i) a first priority security interest in certain assets of the Term Loan Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors, other than, inter alia, accounts, chattel paper, inventory, cash deposit accounts, securities accounts, machinery, equipment and real property and all contract rights, and records and proceeds relating to the foregoing and (ii) on a second priority basis to all other assets of the Term Loan Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantor which have been pledged on a first priority basis to the agent for the benefit of the lenders under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility described below.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement includes customary covenants applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and includes customary events of default and amounts due there under may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default.

9

As of March 31, 2016, the outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan Credit Facility was $365 million (net of a remaining $1 million original issue discount) and the effective interest rate was 4.00% per annum.

On January 15, 2016, the Company made a $50 million voluntary repayment on its Term Loan Credit Facility. In connection with this prepayment, the Company accelerated the amortization of the original issue discount and the associated debt issue costs by $0.7 million.

Amended Revolving Credit Facility

On September 17, 2014, the Company entered into a Third Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement (“Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement”), by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC, the Company, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(a), LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b), LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein, the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as Lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Issuing Lender, as Swing Line Lender, and as Administrative Agent for the Lenders. The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement amended and restated, in its entirety, the Second Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2013, by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC (“the Borrower”), its domestic affiliate and domestic subsidiary guarantors named therein, and the lenders party thereto, and the Agent.

The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement provides for a cash flow revolving credit facility (the “Amended Revolving Credit Facility”) in the aggregate amount of up to $200 million. The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement also provides for the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate amount not to exceed $50 million, provided that the total amount of credit (inclusive of revolving loans and letters of credit) extended under the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement is subject to an overall cap, on any date, of $200 million. The Company may request the issuance of Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars or Euros. The expiration date for the Amended Revolving Credit Facility is September 17, 2019.

Advances under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an alternate base rate plus a base rate margin or LIBOR plus a Eurodollar margin. The applicable margins are determined by the Company’s Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement). The applicable margin for the base rate based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 1.25%. The applicable margin for the LIBOR based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 2.25%. The Company will pay a commitment fee at a rate equal to 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused total revolving credit commitment.

The Amended Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by the Company on an unsecured basis and is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s other direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries on a secured basis. The Amended Revolving Credit Facility is secured (i) by a first priority security interest in certain assets of the Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including accounts, inventory, chattel paper, cash, deposit accounts, securities accounts, machinery, equipment and real property and all contract rights, and records and proceeds relating to the foregoing and (ii) on a second priority basis to all other assets of the Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors. The Borrower’s and each Subsidiary Guarantor’s pledge of such assets as security for the obligations under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility is evidenced by a Revolving Credit Security Agreement dated as of September 17, 2014, among the Borrower, the guarantors party thereto, and the Agent.

The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement contains customary covenants applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and includes customary events of default and amounts due there under may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default.

As of March 31, 2016, there was $190.4 million of borrowing availability under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility, of which no borrowings were outstanding and $9.6 million letters of credit were outstanding.

Other Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness

As of March 31, 2016, other foreign subsidiary indebtedness of $45.2 million consisted primarily of receivables factoring in Europe of $30.8 million, other indebtedness in Europe of $10.2 million, and borrowings in Brazil of $4.2 million.

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The change in foreign subsidiary indebtedness from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016 is explained by the following (in thousands):

	Europe			Brazil			Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	30,704		$	3,987		$	34,691
Maturities of indebtedness		(355	)		(238	)		(593	)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net		9,251			-			9,251
Foreign exchange impact		1,470			409			1,879
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	41,070		$	4,158		$	45,228

Generally, borrowings of foreign subsidiaries are made under credit agreements with commercial lenders and are used to fund working capital and other operating requirements.

Europe

As of March 31, 2016, the receivables factoring facilities balance available to the Company was $30.8 million (€27.1 million), of which the entire amount was drawn. These are uncommitted, demand facilities which are subject to termination at the discretion of the banks and bear interest rates based on the average three month EURIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.50% to 3.00%. The effective annual interest rates as of March 31, 2016 ranged from 2.27% to 2.77%, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.63% per annum. Any receivables factoring under these facilities is with recourse and is secured by the accounts receivable factored. These receivables factoring transactions are recorded in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in short-term debt and current maturities of capital lease obligations.

As of March 31, 2016, the secured line of credit balance available to the Company was $8.8 million (€7.8 million), of which $2.2 million (€1.9 million) was outstanding. The facility bears an interest rate based on the EURIBOR plus a spread of 2.15% and has a maturity date of October 2016. The effective annual interest rate as of March 31, 2016 was 1.84% per annum. The facilities are secured by certain accounts receivable related to customer funded tooling, real estate, and other assets, and are subject to negotiated prepayments upon the receipt of funds from completed customer projects.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s European subsidiaries had borrowings of $8.1 million (€7.1 million), which had an annual interest rate of 6.25% and a maturity date of November 2017. This term loan is secured by certain machinery and equipment.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s European subsidiaries had an asset-based revolving credit facility balance available to the Company of $31.5 million, of which no borrowings were outstanding. This facility bears an interest rate based upon the one month LIBOR plus a spread of 4.00% and has a maturity date of October 2017. Availability on the credit facility is determined based upon the appraised value of certain machinery, equipment, and real estate, subject to a borrowing base availability limitation and customary covenants.

Brazil

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s Brazilian subsidiary had borrowings of $4.2 million (R$15 million), which had annual interest rates ranging from 3.00% to 8.70% and maturity dates ranging from February 2018 to July 2022. As of March 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate on the borrowings in Brazil was 5.73% per annum. The loans are provided through bilateral agreements with two local banks and are secured by certain fixed and current assets. Periodic interest and principal payments are required.

Covenants

As of March 31, 2016, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants that govern its credit agreements.

Capital Leases

The Company had the following capital lease obligations as of the dates presented (in thousands). These capital lease obligations expire in March 2018:

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	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of capital leases	$	1,010	$	964
Non-current maturities of capital leases		6,018		5,984
Total capital leases	$	7,028	$	6,948

Debt Issue Costs

The Company had debt issuance costs, net of amortization, of $7.8 million and $9 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. These amounts are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from long-term debt, net of current maturities, rather than as an asset, in accordance with ASU No. 2015-03.

The Company incurred interest expense related to the amortization of debt issue costs of $1.1 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively.

Note 9. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company’s derivative financial instruments include interest rate and cross currency swaps. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. On an on-going basis, the Company monitors counterparty credit ratings. The Company considers credit non-performance risk to be low because the Company enters into agreements with commercial institutions that have at least an S&P, or equivalent, investment grade credit rating. On October 17, 2014, the Company entered into a $200 million variable rate to fixed rate interest rate swap for a portion of the Company’s Term Loan and a €157.1 million cross currency swap based on the U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate of $1.2733 which was the prevailing rate at the time of the transaction. The maturity date for both swap instruments was April 16, 2020.

On January 23, 2015, the Company terminated the cross currency swap entered into on October 17, 2014 and received $21.9 million in cash proceeds. The Company then entered into a new cross currency swap to hedge its net investment in Europe (U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.1265). The Euro notional amount was increased from €157.1 million to €178 million and the interest rate was lowered from 3.97% to 3.70% per annum. Using the proceeds received from the swap termination transaction, the Company made a $25 million voluntary repayment on its Term Loan Credit Facility on February 2, 2015.

On March 13, 2015, the Company terminated the cross currency swap entered into on January 23, 2015 and received $10.5 million in cash proceeds. The Company then entered into a new cross currency swap to hedge its net investment in Europe (U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.0480). The Euro notional amount of €178 million remained the same but the interest rate was lowered from 3.70% to 3.40% per annum.

On April 16, 2015, the Company reduced the U.S. dollar notional amount on the interest rate swap from $200 million to $186.1 million, but the 5.09% interest rate per annum and the maturity date of April 16, 2020 remained the same. The interest rate is fixed at 5.09% per annum, but the fair value of the swap will fluctuate with changes in interest rates.

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.1355 and $1.0906, respectively. The following amounts were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as being payable to counterparties under FASB ASC No. 815, Derivatives and Hedging (in thousands):

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	Location	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Net investment hedge	Other non-current liabilities	$	17,242	$	9,005
Interest rate swap	Other non-current liabilities		5,046		2,592

All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. Effectiveness for net investment and cash flow hedges is initially assessed at the inception of the hedging relationship and on a quarterly basis thereafter. To the extent that derivative instruments are deemed to be effective, changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), and to the extent they are ineffective or were not designated as part of a hedge transaction, they are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as interest expense, net. The cross currency swap qualifies as a net investment hedge of the Company’s European subsidiaries and is accounted for under FASB ASC No. 815. The interest rate swap was not designated as part of a hedge transaction; therefore all changes in fair value are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as interest expense, net.

The following table presents the deferred gain reported in AOCI at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Deferred gain in AOCI
	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Net investment hedge	$	20,874	$	29,139

Derivative instruments held during the period resulted in the following expense recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively (in thousands):

	Expense recognized (ineffective portion)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
Net investment hedge	$	(28	)	$	(536	)
Interest rate swap		2,455			2,440
Total	$	2,427		$	1,904

Note 10. Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded income tax expense of $3.7 million on $12.1 million of pre-tax profit – for a worldwide effective tax rate of 30.6%. Included in the $3.7 million of worldwide tax expense was $2.2 million of deferred income tax expense attributable to U.S. profits. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company released the U.S. valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets. Post U.S. valuation allowance release, the Company will book tax expense – primarily deferred tax expense - on its U.S. profits.

During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the income tax expense of $2.1 million was primarily attributable to certain profitable foreign entities. The net income tax effect on U.S. quarterly profit was $0.1 million for alternative minimum tax expense. The Company did not record deferred income tax expense on 2015 U.S. profit because the utilization of deferred tax assets, primarily net operating losses, released an associated U.S. valuation allowance.

Note 11. Retirement Plans

The Company sponsors a pension and various other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Each plan serves a defined group of employees and has varying levels of Company contributions. The Company’s contributions to certain plans may be required by the terms of the Company’s collective bargaining agreements.

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The following tables provide the components of net periodic pension benefit cost and other post-retirement benefit cost (in thousands):

	Pension Benefits						Other Benefits
	Three Months Ended March 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015			2016		2015
Service cost	$	6		$	8		$	2	$	2
Interest cost		1,947			2,375			136		160
Expected return on plan assets (a)		(2,546	)		(3,087	)		-		-
Amortization of prior service credit		(24	)		(24	)		33		33
Net periodic benefit cost / (income)	$	(617	)	$	(728	)	$	171	$	195

(a) Expected rate of return on plan assets is 7.40% for 2016 and was 7.40% for 2015

The Company expects its minimum pension funding requirements to be $7.6 million during 2016. The Company made contributions of $1.5 million to the Pension Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Additionally, the Company contributed $1.5 million to its defined contribution retirement plans during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests

The table below provides a reconciliation of the carrying amount of total stockholders’ equity, including stockholders’ equity attributable to Tower International, Inc. (“Tower”) and equity attributable to the noncontrolling interests (“NCI”) (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016									2015
		Tower			NCI			Total			Tower			NCI		Total
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	$	197,495		$	9,224		$	206,719		$	43,151		$	56,627	$	99,778
Net income		8,378			6			8,384			14,041			80		14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		8,383			14			8,397			(10,426	)		24		(10,402	)
Total comprehensive income / (loss)		16,761			20			16,781			3,615			104		3,719
Vesting of RSUs		1			-			1			6			-		6
Treasury stock		(622	)		-			(622	)		(6,530	)		-		(6,530	)
Share based compensation expense		529			-			529			959			-		959
Proceeds from stock options exercised		-			-			-			112			-		112
Dividend paid		(2,111	)		-			(2,111	)		-			-		-
Noncontrolling interest dividends		-			(2,164	)		(2,164	)		-			-		-
Stockholders' equity ending balance	$	212,053		$	7,080		$	219,133		$	41,313		$	56,731	$	98,044

The following table presents the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (in thousands):

	As of March 31, 2016			As of December 31, 2015			Change
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $4.7 million and $7.8 million	$	(32,107	)	$	(40,490	)	$	8,383
Defined benefit plans, net of tax of $13.5 million and $13.5 million		(40,002	)		(40,002	)		-
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(72,109	)	$	(80,492	)	$	8,383

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The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

	Defined Benefit Plan, Net of Tax			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments			Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	(40,002	)	$	(40,490	)	$	(80,492	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		-			8,383			8,383
Net current-period other comprehensive income		-			8,383			8,383
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	(40,002	)	$	(32,107	)	$	(72,109	)

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2015:

	Defined Benefit Plan, Net of Tax			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments			Total
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	(39,690	)	$	(7,224	)	$	(46,914	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification		-			(10,229	)		(10,229	)
Net current-period other comprehensive loss		-			(10,229	)		(10,229	)
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	(39,690	)	$	(17,453	)	$	(57,143	)

The Company did not reclassify any material items out of accumulated other comprehensive income during the three months ended March 31, 2016 or March 31, 2015, respectively.

Note 13. Earnings per Share (“EPS”)

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to Tower International, Inc. by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding.

The share count for diluted earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effects of dilutive common stock equivalents (“CSEs”) outstanding during the period.  CSEs, which are securities that may entitle the holder to obtain common stock, include outstanding stock options and restricted stock units.  When the average price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of a stock option, the options are considered potentially dilutive CSEs.  When there is a loss from continuing operations, potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the computation of earnings per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

The Company included the effects of all dilutive shares for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

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A summary of the information used to compute basic and diluted net income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc. is shown below (in thousands – except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Income from continuing operations	$	8,384	$	14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		-		(76	)
Net income		8,384		14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests		6		80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$	8,378	$	14,041
Basic income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.40	$	0.67
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.40		0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		21,126,462		21,050,230
Diluted income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.39	$	0.66
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.39		0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		21,444,570		21,360,492

Note 14. Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“the Plan”)

The Company adopted an equity incentive plan in connection with its 2010 initial public offering that allows for the grant of stock options, restricted stock awards, other equity-based awards, and certain cash-based awards to be made pursuant to the Plan. The eligibility requirements and terms governing the allocation of any common stock and the receipt of other consideration under the Plan are determined by the Board of Directors and/or its Compensation Committee.

At March 31, 2016, 875,739 shares were available for future grants of options and other types of awards under the Plan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s award activity during the three months ended March 31, 2016:

	Options				Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding at:	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares			Weighted Average Grant  Date Fair Value
December 31, 2015		500,138	$	12.17		187,498		$	23.59
Granted		-		-		101,810			23.26
Options exercised or RSUs issued		-		-		(77,158	)		19.87
Forfeited		-		-		-			-
March 31, 2016		500,138	$	12.17		212,150		$	24.79

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Stock Options

The exercise price of each stock option equals the market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Compensation expense is recorded at the grant date fair value and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting periods. The Company’s stock options generally vest over three years, with a maximum term of ten years.

The Company calculates the weighted average grant date fair value of each option granted using a Black-Scholes valuation model. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized expense relating to the options of $0 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The Company did not recognize any tax benefit related to the compensation expense during any of the periods presented. As of March 31, 2015, all of the expense associated with these stock options had been fully recognized.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had an aggregate of 500,138 stock options that had been granted, but had not yet been exercised. As of March 31, 2016, the remaining average contractual life for these options is approximately five years. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no options were exercised. As of March 31, 2016, 500,138 stock options were exercisable, which had an aggregate intrinsic value of $7.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no stock options were granted, forfeited, or expired.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

The grant date fair value of each RSU equals the market price of the Company’s common stock on its date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded at the grant date fair value, less an estimated forfeiture amount, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting periods.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized an expense of $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively, relating to the RSUs. The Company did not recognize any tax benefit related to this compensation expense. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had $4 million of unrecognized compensation expense associated with these RSUs, which will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the next 23 months, on a weighted average basis. The Company’s RSUs generally vest over a three year period.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had an aggregate of 212,150 RSUs that had been granted, but had not yet vested. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no RSUs were forfeited or expired.

During the first quarter of 2016, a total of 102,963 RSUs vested, resulting in the issuance of 77,158 shares. The fair value of all shares issued during the first quarter of 2016 was $1.8 million. After offsets for withholding taxes, a total of 51,157 shares of common stock were issued. This total is net of shares repurchased to provide payment for certain individuals’ minimum statutory withholding tax. The Company paid $0.6 million to acquire 26,001 vested shares to cover the minimum statutory withholding taxes.

Long-Term Compensation

Amended and Restated CEO Employment Agreement

On July 28, 2014, Mark M. Malcolm, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, entered into an amended and restated employment agreement (the “Agreement”), by which Mr. Malcolm’s employment was extended through December 31, 2016 (the “Retirement Date”). The Agreement provides for a $3 million transition bonus, for the successful delivery to Tower’s board of directors of a comprehensive chief executive officer succession and transition plan, and a $3 million retention bonus. These bonus awards, if earned, will be paid in cash on January 16, 2017, and fall under the guidance of FASB ASC No. 450, Contingencies. Per ASC No. 450, a liability should be recorded when a future event is both probable and the amount of the commitment is reasonably estimable.

The Agreement also provides for a stock appreciation bonus payable in cash or shares of common stock, as determined by the Company, if certain price targets related to the per share closing price of the Company’s common stock are achieved during the term of the Agreement. The minimum price of the Company’s common stock per share needed to achieve the bonus is $40.59 per share which would result in a payment of $5 million. The maximum bonus of $20 million would be achieved if the share price of the Company’s common stock exceeded $55.58 per share.

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This stock appreciation bonus falls under the scope of FASB ASC No. 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, because it is a share-based payment transaction in which the Company acquires Mr. Malcolm’s services by incurring a liability to Mr. Malcolm and because the amount of the award is based upon the price of the Company’s common stock. The Company utilizes the assistance of a third party valuation firm to perform a valuation of the award at the end of each quarterly reporting period which is used to adjust the current and future expense based on changes in the fair value of the obligation, accordingly.

The retention bonus and stock appreciation bonus awards are also subject to payment upon a change in control or termination of employment, if certain criteria are met. The transition bonus would not be paid upon a change in control that is consummated prior to the Retirement Date, but is subject to payment upon a termination of employment, if certain conditions are met. Each of these bonus awards are being accrued and expensed ratably through the Retirement Date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, and 2015, the Company recorded an expense related to these awards of $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. At March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $5.5 million related to these awards. This liability is presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as other current liabilities.

Performance Award Agreements

Under the provisions of the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company granted certain awards pursuant to Performance Award Agreements to approximately 80 executives on March 5, 2013. Additional awards were granted on March 6, 2014, March 6, 2015, and March 4, 2016. These awards were designed to provide the executives with an incentive to participate in the long-term success and growth of the Company. The Performance Award Agreements provide for cash-based awards that vest upon payment. Pursuant to meeting the performance conditions set forth in the Performance Award Agreements, each award will be paid three years after it is granted. These awards are also subject to payment upon a change in control or termination of employment, if certain criteria are met. These awards represent unfunded, unsecured obligations of the Company.

2013, 2014, and 2015 Awards

One half of the awards granted on March 5, 2013, March 6, 2014, and March 6, 2015 will be based upon the Company's Adjusted EPS Growth Rate, which is defined as the Company’s cumulative Adjusted EPS for the performance period of the awards, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The Company's EPS will be adjusted to exclude the effect of extraordinary, unusual, and/or nonrecurring items and then will be divided by the number of fiscal years in the specified period, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The other half of the awards will be based upon the Company's percentile ranking of total shareholder return, compared to a peer group of companies, for the performance period.

Pursuant to meeting the performance conditions set forth in the Performance Award Agreements, the awards granted on March 5, 2013 were paid in the first quarter of 2016. The performance period of the awards granted on March 6, 2014, is January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the performance period of the awards granted on March 6, 2015, is January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017.

2016 Awards

One half of the awards granted on March 4, 2016 will be based upon the Company’s Adjusted EBIT Growth Rate, which is defined as the Company’s cumulative Adjusted EBIT for the performance period of the awards, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The Company's EBIT will be adjusted to exclude the effect of extraordinary, unusual, and/or nonrecurring items and then will be divided by the number of fiscal years in the specified period, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The other half of the awards will be based upon the Company's percentile ranking of total shareholder return, compared to a peer group of companies, for the performance period.

The performance period of the awards granted on March 4, 2016 is January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded expense related to all performance awards of $1.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively. At March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $4.9 million related to these awards, of which $3.9 million is payable in March 2017 and is presented as other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, while the remaining $1 million is presented as other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Note 15. Segment Information

The Company defines its operating segments as components of its business where separate financial information is available. The Company’s operating segments are routinely evaluated by management. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer.

The Company produces engineered structural metal components and assemblies primarily serving the global automotive industry. The Company’s operations have similar economic characteristics and share fundamental characteristics, including the nature of the products, production processes, margins, customers, and distribution channels. The Company’s products include body structures stampings, chassis structures (including frames), and complex welded assemblies for small and large cars, crossovers, pickups, and SUVs. The Company is comprised of four operating segments: Europe, China, North America, and South America. These operating segments are aggregated into two reportable segments. The International segment consists of Europe and China while the Americas segment consists of North America and South America.

The Company measures segment operating performance based on Adjusted EBITDA. The Company uses segment Adjusted EBITDA as the basis for the CODM to evaluate the performance of each of the Company’s reportable segments.

The following is a summary of select data for each of the Company’s reportable segments (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016:
Revenues	$	173,099	$	338,397	$	511,496
Adjusted EBITDA		11,891		34,311		46,202
Capital Expenditures		4,630		23,365		27,995
Total Assets		514,502		709,050		1,223,552
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015:
Revenues	$	189,740	$	306,888	$	496,628
Adjusted EBITDA		14,145		33,925		48,070
Capital Expenditures		5,476		4,856		10,332

Inter-segment sales are not significant for any period presented. Capital expenditures do not equal cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment, as presented in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, as capital expenditures above include amounts paid and accrued during the periods presented.

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The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit / (loss) of joint venture (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
Adjusted EBITDA	$	46,202		$	48,070
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net		(823	)		(1,031	)
Depreciation and amortization		(18,537	)		(19,908	)
Acquisition costs and other		(116	)		(89	)
Long-term compensation expense		(3,674	)		(3,115	)
Interest expense, net		(7,389	)		(7,725	)
Other expense		(3,576	)		-
Net income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture	$	12,087		$	16,202

Note 16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC No. 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants, at the measurement date (an exit price). The exit price is based upon the amount that the holder of the asset or liability would receive or need to pay in an actual transaction or in a hypothetical transaction if an actual transaction does not exist, at the measurement date. In some circumstances, the entry and exit price may be the same; however, they are conceptually different.

Fair value is generally determined based upon quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. If quoted market prices are not available, we use valuation techniques that place greater reliance on observable inputs and less reliance on unobservable inputs. In measuring fair value, we may make adjustments for risks and uncertainties, if a market participant would include such an adjustment in its pricing.

FASB ASC No. 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between assumptions based upon market data, referred to as observable inputs, and the Company’s assumptions, referred to as unobservable inputs. Determining where an asset or liability falls within that hierarchy depends on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole. An adjustment to the pricing method used within either Level 1 or Level 2 inputs could generate a fair value measurement that effectively falls in a lower level in the hierarchy. The hierarchy consists of three broad levels as follows:

Level 1:	Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2:	Inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, that are either directly or indirectly observable; and
Level 3:	Unobservable inputs developed using estimates and assumptions that reflect those that market participants would use.

At March 31, 2016, the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s total debt was $410.2 million and $408.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2015, the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s total debt was $450.6 million and $434.2 million, respectively. The majority of the Company’s debt at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was comprised of the Term Loan Credit Facility, which can be traded between financial institutions. Accordingly, this debt has been classified as Level 2. The fair value was determined based upon quoted values. The remainder of the Company’s debt, primarily consisting of foreign subsidiary indebtedness, is asset-backed and is classified as Level 3. As this debt carries variable rates and minimal credit risk, the book values approximate the fair values.

The Company has foreign currency exchange hedges and an interest rate swap that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. These instruments are recorded in other assets, net or other non-current liabilities in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value is measured using Level 2 observable inputs such as foreign currency exchange rates, swap rates, cross currency basis swap spreads and interest rate spreads. At March 31, 2016, the foreign currency exchange hedge (net investment hedge of our European subsidiaries) and the interest rate swap (not designated for hedge accounting) had liability fair values of $17.2 million and $5 million, respectively.

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The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Environmental Matters

The Company owns properties which have been affected by environmental releases. The Company is actively involved in investigation and/or remediation at several of these locations.

Accruals for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. The established liability for environmental matters is based upon management’s best estimates, on an undiscounted basis, of expected investigation/ remediation costs related to environmental contamination. It is possible that actual costs associated with these matters will exceed the environmental reserves established by the Company. Inherent uncertainties exist in the estimates, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations, and legal standards regarding liability and evolving technologies for handling site remediation and restoration. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had $1.4 million accrued for environmental matters.

Contingent Matters

The Company will establish an accrual for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These types of matters may involve additional claims that, if granted, could require the Company to pay penalties or make other expenditures in amounts that will not be estimable at the time of discovery of the matter. In these cases, a liability will be recorded at the low end of the range if no amount within the range is a better estimate in accordance with FASB ASC No. 450, Accounting for Contingencies.

Litigation

The Company is subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to its business, including potential lawsuits with customers or suppliers. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and the outcome of individual litigated matters is not probable or estimable. After discussions with counsel litigating these matters, it is the opinion of management that the outcome of such matters will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Note 18. Subsequent Event

On November 10, 2015, the Company announced plans to investigate the potential sale of its European Operations (“Tower Europe”). The Company has decided to retain Tower Europe and there is no further intention to sell these operations. During the quarter ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred $3.6 million of transaction costs related to the potential sale, these costs are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as other expenses.

In April 2016, our Board of Directors approved a plan to sell our remaining operations in China and Brazil. In the second quarter, these operations will be considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360, Property, Plant and Equipment and will be presented as discontinued operations in our Consolidated Financial Statements, in accordance with FASB ASC No. 205, Discontinued Operations.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Company Overview

We are a leading integrated global manufacturer of engineered structural metal components and assemblies primarily serving original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). We offer our automotive customers a broad product portfolio, supplying body-structure stampings, frame and other chassis structures, as well as complex welded assemblies, for small and large cars, crossovers, pickups, and sport utility vehicles (“SUVs”). Our products are manufactured at 27 facilities strategically located near our customers in North America, Europe, Brazil, and China. We support our manufacturing operations through seven engineering and sales locations around the world. Our products are offered on a diverse mix of vehicle platforms, reflecting the balanced portfolio approach of our business model and the breadth of our product capabilities. We supply products to approximately 170 vehicle models globally to 11 of the 12 largest OEMs based on 2015 production volumes.

We believe that our engineering, manufacturing, and program management capabilities, our competitive cost, our financial discipline, and our colleague engagement position us for long-term success.

Recent Trends

Production Volumes

During the first quarter of 2016, industry production volumes increased from 2015 in China, Europe, and North America, while declining in Brazil. According to IHS, industry production is projected to increase in 2016 in Europe China and North America, while declining in Brazil.

Factors Affecting our Industry, Revenues, and Expenses

For information regarding factors that affect our industry, revenues, and expenses, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Adjusted EBITDA

We use the term Adjusted EBITDA throughout this report. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income / (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, restructuring items, and other adjustments described in the reconciliations provided in this report. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of performance defined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”). We use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplement to our GAAP results in evaluating our business.

Adjusted EBITDA is included in this Report because it is one of the principal factors upon which our management assesses performance. Our Chief Executive Officer measures the performance of our segments on the basis of Adjusted EBITDA. As an analytical tool, Adjusted EBITDA assists us in comparing our performance over various reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful in evaluating our performance as it is a commonly used financial metric for measuring and comparing the operating performance of companies in our industry. We believe that the disclosure of Adjusted EBITDA offers an additional financial metric that, when coupled with the GAAP results and the reconciliation to GAAP results, provides a more complete understanding of our results of operations and the factors and trends affecting our business.

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Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income / (loss) as an indicator of our performance, as an alternative to net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity, or as an alternative to any other measure prescribed by GAAP. There are limitations to using non-GAAP measures such as Adjusted EBITDA. Although we believe that Adjusted EBITDA may make an evaluation of our operating performance more consistent because it removes items that do not reflect our core operations, other companies in our industry may define Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do and, as a result, it may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies in our industry, and Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain financial information that some may consider important in evaluating our performance.

We compensate for these limitations by providing disclosure of the differences between Adjusted EBITDA and GAAP results, including a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to GAAP results, to enable investors to perform their own analysis of our operating results. For a reconciliation of consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, net income / (loss), see “Results of Operations” below.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of the income generated by our business or discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. Our management compensates for these limitations by analyzing both our GAAP results and Adjusted EBITDA.

Results of Operations—Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015

The following table presents production volumes in specified regions, according to IHS, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015 (in millions of units produced):

	Europe			China			North America			Brazil
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		5.6			6.3			4.5			0.5
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015		5.3			5.6			4.3			0.6
Increase / (Decrease)		0.3			0.7			0.2			(0.1	)
Percentage change		6	%		13	%		5	%		(17	)%

According to IHS, full year 2016 vehicle production is expected to increase when compared to 2015 in North America by 4%, in Europe by 3%, and in China by 6%, and decrease in Brazil by 16%.

The following table presents select financial information for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (in millions):

	International				Americas				Consolidated
	Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended				Three Months Ended
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,
	2016		2015		2016		2015		2016		2015
Revenues	$	173.1	$	189.7	$	338.4	$	306.9	$	511.5	$	496.6
Cost of sales		157.5		171.7		296.1		268.4		453.6		440.1
Gross profit		15.6		18.0		42.3		38.5		57.9		56.5
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		10.0		8.8		23.9		22.7		33.9		31.5
Amortization expense		-		-		0.1		-		0.1		-
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net		-		0.1		0.8		0.9		0.8		1.0
Operating income	$	5.6	$	9.1	$	17.5	$	14.9		23.1		24.0
Interest expense, net										7.4		7.7
Other expense										3.6		-
Provision for income taxes										3.7		2.1
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax										-		(0.1	)
Noncontrolling interest, net of tax										-		0.1
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.									$	8.4	$	14.0

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Comparison of Periods – GAAP Analysis of Consolidated Results

Revenues

Total revenues increased during the three months ended March 31, 2016 by $14.9 million, or 3%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, reflecting primarily higher volume in our Americas segment ($41.6 million), offset partially by lower volume in our International segment ($11.5 million). Revenues were adversely affected by the weakening of the Brazilian Real ($7.8 million) against the U.S. dollar in our Americas segment, and the weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar in our International segment, primarily the weakening of the Euro ($3.6 million). Revenues were also adversely affected by unfavorable pricing ($3.6 million).

Gross Profit

When we analyze our total gross profit, we separately categorize external factors—volume, product mix, and foreign exchange—from all other factors that impact gross profit, which we refer to as “other factors”. When we refer to “mix” we are referring to the relative composition of revenues and profitability of the products we sell in any given period. When we refer to “pricing and economics” we are referring to (i) the impact of adjustments in the pricing of particular products, which we refer to as product pricing; (ii) the impact of steel price changes, taking into account the component of our product pricing attributable to steel, the cost of steel included in our cost of sales, and the amounts recovered on the sale of offal, which in total we refer to as the net steel impact; and (iii) the impact of inflation and changes in operating costs, such as labor, utilities, and fuel, which we refer to as economics.

Total gross profit increased by $1.4 million, or 2%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015 to the three months ended March 31, 2016 and our gross profit margin decreased from 11.4% during the 2015 period to 11.3% during the 2016 period. The increase in total gross profit reflects higher volume ($7.1 million) offset partially by unfavorable foreign exchange ($2.7 million, excluding the impact on depreciation) and unfavorable product mix ($1.5 million). All other factors were net unfavorable ($1.5 million). Cost of sales was negatively impacted by unfavorable pricing and economics ($8 million), which was offset partially by favorable efficiencies ($6.8 million).

Total gross profit was positively affected by a decrease in the depreciation included in cost of sales from $18.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2015 to $17.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses (“SG&A”)

Total SG&A increased $2.4 million, or 8%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, reflecting higher compensation costs.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net, decreased $0.3 million, or 4%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, reflecting primarily lower interest expense on our Term Loan offset partially by higher mark-to-market losses on our derivative financial instruments.

Other Expense

Other expense increased $3.6 million from the three months ended March 31, 2015 reflecting the transaction costs incurred to date to support the potential sale of Tower Europe.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income tax expense increased $1.6 million from the three months ended March 31, 2015 despite a $4.1 million decrease in worldwide profitability. The worldwide effective tax rate for the quarter was 30.6%.

During 2015, we did not record deferred income tax expense on our 2015 U.S. profits because the utilization of deferred tax assets – primarily net operating losses – generated a corresponding tax benefit from the release of an associated U.S. valuation allowance. In the fourth quarter of 2015, we released the valuation allowance on the remainder of our U.S. deferred tax assets, since we concluded it was more likely than not we would be able to fully utilize our deferred tax assets in the future. Post U.S. valuation allowance release, we record tax expense - primarily deferred tax expense - on our U.S. profits as we utilize our deferred tax assets to reduce our cash tax liability. In the first quarter of 2016, we recorded $2.2 million of deferred income tax expense on U.S. quarterly profit.

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We expect to utilize U.S. tax attributes such as net operating loss carryforwards and research credits to eliminate our U.S. cash tax liability on U.S. profits except for an immaterial amount for alternative minimum tax and some state taxes until 2018 or 2019.

Comparison of Periods—Non-GAAP Analysis of Adjusted EBITDA

A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income attributable to Tower International, Inc. for the periods presented is set forth below (in millions):

	International						Americas						Consolidated
	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,						March 31,
	2016			2015			2016			2015			2016			2015
Adjusted EBITDA	$	11.9		$	14.2		$	34.3		$	33.9		$	46.2		$	48.1
Intercompany charges		1.7			2.1			(1.7	)		(2.1	)		-			-
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net		-			(0.1	)		(0.8	)		(0.9	)		(0.8	)		(1.0	)
Depreciation and amortization		(7.3	)		(7.1	)		(11.2	)		(12.8	)		(18.5	)		(19.9	)
Acquisition costs and other		(0.1	)		-			-			(0.1	)		(0.1	)		(0.1	)
Long-term non-cash compensation (a)		(0.6	)		-			(3.1	)		(3.1	)		(3.7	)		(3.1	)
Operating income	$	5.6		$	9.1		$	17.5		$	14.9			23.1			24.0
Interest expense, net														(7.4	)		(7.7	)
Other expense (b)														(3.6	)		-
Provision for income taxes														(3.7	)		(2.1	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax														-			(0.1	)
Noncontrolling interest, net of tax														-			(0.1	)
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.													$	8.4		$	14.0

(a)	Represents the compensation expense related to stock options, restricted stock units, one-time CEO compensation awards, and certain compensation programs intended to benefit our long-term success and growth. The compensation charges are incurred during the applicable vesting periods of each program.
(b)	Represents the transaction costs incurred to date to support the potential sale of Tower Europe.

The following table presents revenues (a GAAP measure) and Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure) for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (in millions), as well as an explanation of variances:

	International						Americas						Consolidated
	Revenues			Adjusted EBITDA(c)			Revenues			Adjusted EBITDA(c)			Revenues			Adjusted EBITDA(c)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 results	$	173.1		$	11.9		$	338.4		$	34.3		$	511.5		$	46.2
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 results		189.7			14.2			306.9			33.9			496.6			48.1
Variance	$	(16.6	)	$	(2.3	)	$	31.5		$	0.4		$	14.9		$	(1.9	)
Variance attributable to:
Volume and mix	$	(11.5	)	$	(2.2	)	$	41.6		$	7.8		$	29.9		$	5.6
Foreign exchange		(3.6	)		(0.2	)		(7.8	)		0.1			(11.4	)		(0.1	)
Pricing and economics		(1.5	)		(3.7	)		(2.3	)		(4.3	)		(3.6	)		(8.0	)
Efficiencies		-			3.0			-			3.8			-			6.8
Selling, general, and administrative expenses and other items (d)		-			0.8			-			(7.0	)		-			(6.2	)
Total	$	(16.6	)	$	(2.3	)	$	31.5		$	0.4		$	14.9		$	(1.9	)

(c) We have presented a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income / (loss) attributable to Tower International, Inc, above.

(d) When we refer to “selling, general, and administrative expenses and other items”, the “other items” refer to (i) savings which we generate after implementing restructuring actions, (ii) the costs associated with launching new products, and (iii) one-time items which may include reimbursement of costs.

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Adjusted EBITDA

When we analyze Adjusted EBITDA, we separately categorize external factors—volume, product mix, and foreign exchange—and all other factors which impact Adjusted EBITDA, which we refer to as “other factors.”

Consolidated Company: Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $1.9 million, or 4%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, despite higher volume ($5.6 million). Foreign exchange had a negligible impact. All other factors were net unfavorable ($7.4 million). Unfavorable pricing and economics ($8 million) and unfavorable SG&A expenses and other items ($6.2 million) were offset partially by favorable efficiencies ($6.8 million).

International Segment: In our International segment, Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $2.3 million, or 16%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, reflecting primarily lower volume ($2.2 million) and unfavorable foreign exchange ($0.2 million). All other factors were net favorable ($0.1 million). Favorable efficiencies ($3 million) and favorable SG&A expenses and other items ($0.7 million) were offset by unfavorable pricing and economics ($3.7 million), principally product pricing and labor costs.

Americas Segment: In our Americas segment, Adjusted EBITDA increased by $0.4 million, or 1%, from the three months ended March 31, 2015, reflecting higher volume ($9.2 million), and favorable foreign exchange ($0.1 million), offset partially by unfavorable mix ($1.4 million). All other factors were net unfavorable ($7.5 million). Unfavorable pricing and economics ($4.3 million) and unfavorable SG&A expenses and other items, reflecting primarily higher launch costs and higher compensation costs ($7.0 million), were offset partially by favorable efficiencies ($3.8 million).

Restructuring

The following table sets forth our net restructuring and asset impairment charges by type for the periods presented (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Employee termination costs	$	0.1	$	0.2
Other exit costs		0.7		0.8
Asset impairment charges		-		-
Total restructuring charges, net	$	0.8	$	1.0

We restructure our global operations in an effort to align our capacity with demand and to reduce our costs. Restructuring costs include employee termination benefits and other incremental costs resulting from restructuring activities. These incremental costs principally include equipment and personnel relocation costs. Restructuring costs are recognized in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with FASB ASC No. 420, Exit or Disposal Obligations, and are presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as restructuring and asset impairment charges, net. We believe the restructuring actions discussed below will help our efficiency and results of operations on a going forward basis.

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The charges incurred in our Americas segment during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 related to ongoing maintenance expense of facilities closed as a result of prior actions and severance charges to reduce fixed costs. The charges incurred in our International segment for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 related to severance charges in Europe to reduce fixed costs.

We expect to continue to incur additional restructuring expense in 2016 related primarily to previously announced restructuring actions; however, we do not anticipate any additional expense that will be significant, with respect to previously announced actions. We may engage in new actions if business conditions warrant further actions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

We generally expect to fund expenditures for operations, administrative expenses, capital expenditures, and debt service obligations with internally generated funds from operations and we generally expect to satisfy working capital needs from time-to-time with borrowings under our revolving credit facility or cash on hand. As of March 31, 2016, we had available liquidity of approximately $303.4 million, which we believe is adequate to fund our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. We believe that we will be able to meet our debt service obligations and fund operating requirements for at least the next twelve months with cash flow from operations, cash on hand, and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.

Cash Flows and Working Capital

The following table shows the components of our cash flows from continuing operations for the periods presented (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
Net cash provided by / (used in):
Operating activities	$	4.0		$	(6.8	)
Investing activities		(26.1	)		(9.6	)
Financing activities		(47.7	)		(0.4	)

Net Cash Provided by / (Used in) Operating Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we generated $4 million of cash flow from operations compared with $6.8 million of cash utilized during the three months ended March 31, 2015. The primary reason for this increase was the favorable fluctuation in working capital items.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash utilized in investing activities was $26.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared to $9.6 million utilized during the three months ended March 31, 2015. The $16.5 million increase in cash utilized was attributable primarily to increased capital expenditures related to the timing of program launches.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities

Net cash utilized in financing activities was $47.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared to cash utilized of $0.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2015. The $47.3 million increase in cash utilized was attributable primarily to the repayment of $50 million on the Term Loan Credit Facility and dividend payments during the first quarter of 2016, offset partially by higher borrowings.

Working Capital

We manage our working capital by monitoring key metrics principally associated with inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Our quarterly average inventory days on hand decreased to 15 days during the first quarter of 2016, from 16 days during the fourth quarter of 2015. Our inventory levels increased from $70.6 million at December 31, 2015 to $76.5 million at March 31, 2016, primarily due to the ramp up of production on recently awarded business.

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Our accounts receivable balance increased from $250.9 million as of December 31, 2015 to $288.6 million as of March 31, 2016. The increase reflects the timing of customer payments consistent with normal seasonality.

Our accounts payable balance increased from $297.7 million as of December 31, 2015 to $314.5 million as of March 31, 2016. The change reflects primarily the increase of trade accounts payable, reflecting primarily the matching of terms with our customers and vendors, offset partially by a decrease of accounts payable related to customer funded tooling, which resulted from the timing of customer programs.

Our working capital usage is seasonal in nature. During the first half of the year, production and sales typically increase substantially, which causes our working capital to increase because our accounts receivable and inventory increase. In addition, we make our annual incentive bonus plan payments during the second quarter. In the second half of the year, production and sales typically decline as a result of scheduled customer shutdowns. The lower production and sales generally results in a reduction of accounts receivables and inventory, which decreases our working capital.

Our working capital is also impacted by our net position in regard to customer funded tooling with our customers. Tooling costs represent costs incurred by us in the development of new tooling used in the manufacture of our products. Generally, when a customer awards a contract to us, the customer agrees to reimburse us for certain of our tooling costs. As the tooling is developed, we experience cash outflows because we bear the costs and we typically do not receive reimbursement from our customers until the manufacture of the particular program commences. This timing delay causes our working capital to fluctuate between periods due to the timing of the cash inflows and outflows.

On March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 we had working capital balances of $35 million and $99.7 million, respectively. This substantial decrease is related primarily to our using cash on hand to make a $50 million voluntary repayment on our Term Loan Credit Facility during the first quarter of 2016.

Sources and Uses of Liquidity

Our available liquidity at March 31, 2016 was approximately $303.4 million, which consisted of $74.8 million of cash on hand, and unutilized borrowing availability under our U.S. and foreign credit facilities of $190.4 million and $38.2 million, respectively. A portion of our cash balance is located at foreign subsidiaries and is presently being used to fund operations at and investment in those locations. As of December 31, 2015 we had available liquidity of $371.7 million.

As of March 31, 2016, we had short-term debt, excluding capital leases, of $40 million, of which $30.8 million related to receivables factoring in Europe, $4.5 million related to current maturities of our Term Loan Credit Facility, $3.6 million related to indebtedness in Europe, and $1.1 million related to debt in Brazil. Historically, we have been successful in renewing this debt as it becomes due, but we cannot provide assurance that this debt will continue to be renewed or, if renewed, that this debt will continue to be renewed under the same terms. The receivables factoring in Europe consists of uncommitted demand facilities, which are subject to termination at the discretion of the banks, although we have not experienced any terminations by the banks. We believe that we will be able to continue to renew the majority of our Brazilian debt and to continue the receivables factoring in Europe.

Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow are non-GAAP measures. Free cash flow is defined as cash provided by continuing operating activities less cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment. Adjusted free cash flow is defined as free cash flow excluding cash received or disbursed for customer tooling. We believe these metrics provide useful information to our investors because management regularly reviews these metrics as important indicators of how much cash is generated by our normal business operations, net of capital expenditures and cash provided or disbursed for customer-owned tooling, and makes decisions based upon them. Management also views these metrics as a measure of cash available to reduce debt and grow the business. Free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow are calculated as follows (in millions):

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	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
Net cash provided by / (used in) continuing operating activities	$	4.0		$	(6.8	)
Cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment, net		(26.1	)		(9.6	)
Free cash flow		(22.1	)		(16.4	)
Less: Net cash disbursed for customer-owned tooling		(10.0	)		(10.1	)
Adjusted free cash flow	$	(12.1	)	$	(6.3	)

Adjusted free cash flow was negative $12.1 million during the first three months of 2016, compared to negative $6.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2015. The $5.8 million difference in adjusted free cash flow reflects primarily increased capital expenditures which were offset partially by the favorable fluctuation in working capital items.

Debt

As of March 31, 2016, we had outstanding indebtedness, excluding capital lease obligations, of approximately $402.4 million, which consisted of the following:

• $365 million (net of a $1 million original issue discount) indebtedness outstanding under our Term Loan Credit Facility

• $45.2 million of foreign subsidiary indebtedness

• $7.8 million of debt issue costs netted against our indebtedness

In January 2016, the Company made a $50 million voluntary repayment on the Term Loan Credit Facility.

Term Loan Credit Facility

On April 23, 2013, we and our subsidiaries, Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(a) LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b) LLC and the domestic subsidiary and domestic affiliate guarantors named therein, entered into a Term Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”) whereby we obtained a term loan of $420 million. The maturity date for the initial term loan disbursed under the Term Loan Credit Agreement was April 23, 2020.

On January 31, 2014, we amended the Term Loan Credit Agreement by entering into the Second Refinancing Term Loan Amendment and Additional Term Loan Amendment (the “Second Term Loan Amendment”), pursuant to which, among other things, the outstanding term loans under the Term Loan Credit Agreement were refinanced in full, and additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $33 million (the “Additional Term Loans”) were disbursed. After giving effect to the disbursement of the Additional Term Loans, there were term loans (the “Term Loans”) in the aggregate principal amount of $450 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The term loans bear interest at (i) the Alternate Base Rate plus a margin of 2.00% or (ii) the Adjusted LIBO Rate (calculated by multiplying the applicable LIBOR rate by a statutory reserve rate, with a floor of 1.00%) plus a margin of 3.00%.

Our Term Loan Credit Facility contains customary covenants applicable to certain of our subsidiaries, including a financial covenant (the “Total Net Leverage Ratio”) based on the ratio of Total Net Debt to Consolidated EBITDA (each as defined in the Term Loan Credit Agreement). As of the last day of each fiscal quarter, we are required to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio of not more than 3.75 to 1.00 on a rolling four quarter basis. Our financial condition and liquidity would be adversely impacted by the violation of any of our covenants.

As of March 31, 2016, we were in compliance with the financial covenants that govern our credit agreements.

Amended Revolving Credit Facility

On September 17, 2014, we entered into a Third Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement (`“Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement”) by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC, us, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(a), LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b), LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein, the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as Lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Issuing Lender, as Swing Line Lender, and as Administrative Agent for the Lenders.

29

The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement amended and restated, in its entirety, the Second Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2013, by and among the Borrower, its domestic affiliate and domestic subsidiary guarantors named therein, and the lenders party thereto, and the Agent. The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement provides for a cash flow revolving credit facility (the “Amended Revolving Credit Facility”) in the aggregate amount of up to $200 million. Our Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement also provides for the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate amount not to exceed $50 million, provided that the total amount of credit (inclusive of revolving loans and letters of credit) extended under our Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement is subject to an overall cap, on any date, of $200 million. We may request the issuance of Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars or Euros. As of March 31, 2016, we had no borrowings outstanding under our Amended Revolving Credit Facility and $9.6 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement. Thus, we could have borrowed an additional $190.4 million under the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement as of March 31, 2016, calculated as follows (in millions):

Total Revolving Credit Commitment	$	200.0
Borrowings on Amended Revolving Credit Facility		-
Letter of credit outstanding		9.6
Availability on Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement	$	190.4

Advances under our Amended Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a base rate plus a margin or at LIBOR plus a margin. The applicable margin is determined by our Total Net Leverage Ratio. The applicable margin for the base rate based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 1.25%. The applicable margin for the LIBOR based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 2.25%. Borrowings outstanding under our Amended Revolving Credit Facility may vary significantly from time to time, depending on our cash needs at any given time. Our Amended Revolving Credit Facility matures on September 17, 2019.

Our Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement contains customary covenants applicable to certain of our subsidiaries, including financial maintenance covenant ratios requiring the Borrower and the Guarantors to maintain a ratio, as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, of (i) consolidated adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest charges of not less than 2.75 to 1.00 on a rolling four quarter basis; and (ii) total net debt to consolidated adjusted EBITDA not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00 on a rolling four quarter basis.

As of March 31, 2016, we were in compliance with the financial covenants that govern our credit agreements.

Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness

Our foreign subsidiary indebtedness consists primarily of borrowings in Europe, receivables factoring in Europe, and borrowings in Brazil, which is described above.

Capital and Operating Leases

We maintain capital leases primarily for a manufacturing facility and certain manufacturing equipment. We have several operating leases, including leases for office and manufacturing facilities, as well as certain equipment, with lease terms expiring between the years 2017 and 2026. As of December 31, 2015, our total future operating lease payments amounted to $108.7 million and the present value of minimum lease payments under our capital leases amounted to $6.9 million. As of December 31, 2015, we were committed to making lease payments during 2016 of not less than $24.8 million on our operating leases and not less than $1.3 million on our capital leases.

Off-Balance Sheet Obligations

In addition to the operating leases described above, our off-balance sheet obligations consist of obligations under our Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2016, letters of credit outstanding were $9.6 million under the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility.

30

Net Debt

Net debt is a non-GAAP measure that represents total debt less cash and cash equivalents. We regard net debt as a useful measure of our outstanding debt obligations. Our use of the term “net debt” should not be understood to mean that we will use any cash on hand to repay debt. Net debt is calculated as follows (in millions):

	As of March 31, 2016		As of December 31, 2015
Total debt, including capital leases and net of debt issue costs	$	409.4	$	448.6
Less: Cash and cash equivalents		74.8		142.6
Add: Cash attributable to discontinued operations		-		-
Net debt	$	334.6	$	306.0

As of March 31, 2016, our net debt was $334.6 million, compared to $306 million as of December 31, 2015. The $28.6 million change reflects primarily negative free cash flow and dividend payments.

Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains statements which constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including but not limited to statements relating to trends in the operations, financial results, business and products of our Company, and anticipated production trends. The forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “plan”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “project”, and other similar expressions and statements regarding our intent, belief, current plans, or expectations. Our forward looking statements also include, without limitation, statements regarding our anticipated future financial condition, operating results, free cash flows, adjusted free cash flows, net debt leverage, Adjusted EBITDA, and business and financing plans and models. Forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report and are based upon management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. The following important factors, as well as those important factors described elsewhere in this report or in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, could cause our actual results to differ materially from estimates or expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements:

• global automobile production volumes;

• the financial condition of our customers and suppliers;

• our ability to make scheduled payments of principal or interest on our indebtedness and comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the instruments governing our indebtedness;

• our ability to refinance our indebtedness;

• risks associated with non-U.S. operations, including foreign exchange risks and economic uncertainty in some regions;

• any increase in the expense and funding requirements of our pension and postretirement benefits;

• our customers’ ability to obtain equity and debt financing for their businesses;

• our dependence on our large customers;

• pricing pressure from our customers;

• our ability to integrate acquired businesses;

• risks associated with business divestitures including volatility in the capital markets, the capacity of potential bidders to finance transactions and the difficulty of predicting the outcome of negotiations; and

• costs or liabilities related to environmental and safety regulations.

31

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

This report also contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We have not independently verified the statistical and other industry data generated by independent parties that are contained in this report and, accordingly, we cannot assure you of the accuracy or completeness of such data. In addition, projections, assumptions, and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industries in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. We are exposed to market risk throughout the normal course of our business operations due to our purchases of steel, our sales of scrap steel, our ongoing investing and financing activities, and our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates. We have established policies and procedures to govern our management of market risks.

Commodity Pricing Risk

Steel is the primary raw material that we use. We purchase a portion of our steel from certain of our customers through various OEM resale programs. The purchases through customer resale programs have buffered the impact of price swings associated with the procurement of steel. The remainder of our steel purchasing requirements is met through contracts with steel mills. At times, we may be unable to either avoid increases in steel prices or pass through any price increases to our customers. We refer to the “net steel impact” as the combination of the change in steel prices that are reflected in the price of our products, the change in the cost to procure steel from the mill, and the change in our recovery of offal. Our strategy is to be economically neutral to steel pricing by having these factors offset each other. While we strive to achieve a neutral net steel impact, we are not always successful in achieving that goal, in large part due to timing differences. The timing of a change in the price of steel may occur in separate periods and if a change occurs, that change may have a disproportionate effect, within any fiscal period, on our product pricing. Depending upon when a steel price change or offal price change occurs, that change may have a disproportionate effect, within any particular fiscal period, on our product pricing, our steel costs and the results of our sales of offal. Net imbalances in any one particular fiscal period may be reversed in a subsequent fiscal period, although we cannot provide assurances that, or when, these reversals will occur. Over the past several years, we have not experienced a material net impact from these factors.

Interest Rate Risk

At March 31, 2016, we had total debt, excluding capital leases, of $402.4 million (net of a $1 million discount), consisting of floating rate debt of $204.8 million (51%) and fixed rate debt of $197.6 million (49%), taking into account our $186.1 million variable rate to fixed rate swap. Assuming no changes in the monthly average variable rate debt levels of $228.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, we estimate that a hypothetical change of 100 basis points in the LIBOR and alternative base rate would not have a significant impact on interest expense due to the LIBOR floor in our Term Loan.

On October 17, 2014, we entered into a $200 million variable rate to fixed interest rate swap for a portion of our Term Loan. The maturity date for this swap instrument is April 16, 2020. The interest rate was fixed at 5.09% per annum but the fair value of the swap will fluctuate with changes in interest rates.

On April 16, 2015, the U.S. dollar notional amount of $200 million was reduced to $186.1 million, but the 5.09% interest rate per annum and maturity date of April 16, 2020 remained the same. The interest rate is fixed at 5.09% per annum, but the fair value of the swap will fluctuate with changes in interest rates.

32

Foreign Exchange Risk

A significant portion of our revenues is derived from manufacturing operations in Europe, China, and Brazil. The results of operations and financial condition of our non-United States businesses are principally measured in their respective local currency and translated into U.S. dollars. The effects of foreign currency fluctuations in Europe, China, and Brazil are mitigated by the fact that expenses are generally incurred in the same currency in which revenues are generated, since we strive to manufacture our products in close proximity to our customers. Nevertheless, the reported income of our foreign subsidiaries will be higher or lower depending on a weakening or strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the respective foreign currencies.

Assets located in our foreign facilities are translated into U.S. dollars at foreign currency exchange rates in effect as of the end of each reporting period. The effect of such translations is reflected as a separate component of consolidated stockholders’ equity. As a result, our consolidated stockholders’ equity will fluctuate, depending upon the weakening or strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the respective foreign currencies.

Our strategy for managing currency risk relies primarily upon conducting business in a foreign country in that country’s currency. We may, from time to time, also participate in hedging programs intended to reduce our exposure to currency fluctuations. We believe that the effect of a 100 basis point movement in foreign currency rates against the U.S. dollar would not have materially impacted the results of our operations, our cash flows, or our stockholders’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2015.

On January 23, 2015, we terminated the existing cross currency swap entered into on October 17, 2014 and then we entered into a €178 million cross currency swap based on the U.S. Dollar / Euro exchange rate of $1.1265 which was the prevailing rate at the time of the transaction to hedge our net investment in our European subsidiaries. The maturity date for this swap instrument was April 16, 2020. The Euro notional amount was increased from €157.1 million to €178 million and the interest rate was lowered from 3.97% to 3.70%, per annum.

On March 13, 2015, we terminated the existing cross currency swap entered into on January 23, 2015 and then we entered into a new cross currency swap based on the U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate of $1.0480. The maturity date for this swap instrument is April 16, 2020. The Euro notional amount remained the same but the interest rate was lowered from 3.70% to 3.40% per annum.

Inflation

Over time, we may experience a rise in inflationary pressures impacting certain commodities, such as petroleum-based products, ferrous metals, base metals, and certain chemicals. Additionally, because we purchase various types of equipment, raw materials, and component parts from our suppliers, we may be adversely impacted by their inability to adequately mitigate inflationary, industry, or economic pressures. The overall condition of our supply base may possibly lead to delivery delays, production issues, or delivery of non-conforming products by our suppliers in the future. As such, we continue to monitor our vendor base for the best sources of supply and we continue to work with those vendors and customers to mitigate the impact of inflationary pressures.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2016. Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and the CFO have concluded that, as of March 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

33

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in our risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 6, 2016, one-third of the RSUs granted on March 6, 2015, March 6, 2014, and March 5, 2013, respectively, vested. We reduced the number of shares issuable upon vesting to cover the minimum statutory withholding taxes for certain of the vested participants. This information is reflected in the table below:

Period	Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased		Weighted Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)		Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program (1)	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under Plan or Program (1)
January 1 to January 31, 2016		-	$	-
February 1 to February 29, 2016		-		-
March 1 to March 31, 2016		26,347		23.59
Total		26,347	$	23.59

(1) We have not announced a general plan or program to purchase shares.

34

Item 6. Exhibits.

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32.1	Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer *
32.2	Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer *
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

*       Furnished, not filed

35

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Tower International, Inc.
Date: April 28, 2016		/s/ James C. Gouin
		James C. Gouin
		Chief Financial Officer

36

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Mark Malcolm, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of Tower International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2016

/s/ Mark Malcolm

Mark Malcolm

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, James C. Gouin, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of Tower International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2016

/s/ James C. Gouin

James C. Gouin

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of Tower International, Inc. (the “Company”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Mark Malcolm, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

April 28, 2016

/s/ Mark Malcolm

Mark Malcolm

Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of Tower International, Inc. (the “Company”) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James C. Gouin, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

April 28, 2016

/s/ James C. Gouin

James C. Gouin

Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document And Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Apr. 22, 2016
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2016
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2016
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Registrant Name	Tower International, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001485469
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Trading Symbol	TOWR
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		21,163,021

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 74,797	$ 142,640
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $973 and $1,287	288,641	250,933
Inventories (Note 3)	76,455	70,633
Prepaid tooling, notes receivable, and other	78,117	71,487
Total current assets	518,010	535,693
Property, plant, and equipment, net	495,162	473,159
Goodwill (Note 6)	61,820	59,340
Investment in joint venture	7,705	7,711
Deferred tax asset	128,406	127,633
Other assets, net	12,449	11,961
Total assets	1,223,552	1,215,497
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of capital lease obligations (Note 8)	40,992	30,378
Accounts payable	314,493	297,665
Accrued liabilities	127,507	107,911
Total current liabilities	482,992	435,954
Long-term debt, net of current maturities (Note 8)	362,408	412,218
Obligations under capital leases, net of current maturities (Note 8)	6,018	5,984
Deferred tax liability	6,145	6,167
Pension liability (Note 11)	63,475	65,621
Other non-current liabilities	83,381	82,834
Total non-current liabilities	521,427	572,824
Total liabilities	$ 1,004,419	$ 1,008,778
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Tower International, Inc.'s stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 authorized and 0 issued and outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 350,000,000 authorized, 22,081,578 issued and 21,163,021 outstanding at March 31, 2016, and 22,003,820 issued and 21,111,610 outstanding at December 31, 2015	221	220
Additional paid in capital	338,393	337,864
Treasury stock, at cost, 918,557 and 892,210 shares as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015	(16,689)	(16,067)
Accumulated deficit	(37,763)	(44,030)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 12)	(72,109)	(80,492)
Total Tower International, Inc.'s stockholders' equity	212,053	197,495
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (Note 12)	7,080	9,224
Total stockholders' equity	219,133	206,719
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 1,223,552	$ 1,215,497

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Allowance for accounts receivable (in dollars)	$ 973	$ 1,287
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	350,000,000	350,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	22,081,578	22,003,820
Common stock, shares outstanding	21,163,021	21,111,610
Treasury stock, shares	918,557	892,210

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Revenues	$ 511,496	$ 496,628
Cost of sales	453,597	440,138
Gross profit	57,899	56,490
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	33,908	31,532
Amortization expense (Note 6)	116	0
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net (Note 7)	823	1,031
Operating income	23,052	23,927
Interest expense	7,631	7,850
Interest income	242	125
Other expense	3,576	0
Income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture	12,087	16,202
Provision for income taxes (Note 10)	3,703	2,099
Equity in profit of joint venture, net of tax	0	94
Income from continuing operations	8,384	14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 4)	0	(76)
Net income	8,384	14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	6	80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$ 8,378	$ 14,041
Weighted average basic shares outstanding	21,126,462	21,050,230
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding	21,444,570	21,360,492
Basic income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc.:
Income per share from continuing operations (Note 13)	$ 0.40	$ 0.67
Income per share from discontinued operations (Note 13)	0	0
Income per share (Note 13)	0.40	0.67
Diluted income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc.:
Income per share from continuing operations (Note 13)	0.39	0.66
Income per share from discontinued operations (Note 13)	0	0
Income per share (Note 13)	0.39	0.66
Net income / (loss) per share attributable to Tower International, Inc.:
Dividends declared per share	$ 0.10	$ 0

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME / (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Net income	$ 8,384	$ 14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax expense / (benefit) of ($3.1) million and $0 million)	8,397	(10,402)
Other comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax:	8,397	(10,402)
Comprehensive income	16,781	3,719
Less: Comprehensive income / (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	20	104
Comprehensive income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$ 16,761	$ 3,615

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME / (LOSS) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Foreign currency translation adjustment, tax	$ (3.1)	$ 0.0

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$ 8,384	$ 14,121
Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	0	(76)
Income from continuing operations	8,384	14,197
Adjustments required to reconcile income from continuing operations to net cash provided by / (used in) continuing operating activities:
Deferred income tax provision	2,996	167
Depreciation and amortization	18,537	19,908
Non-cash share-based compensation	529	959
Pension income, net of contributions	(2,147)	(3,750)
Change in working capital and other operating items	(24,257)	(38,275)
Net cash provided by / (used in) continuing operating activities	4,042	(6,794)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment, net	(26,114)	(9,562)
Net cash used in continuing investing activities	(26,114)	(9,562)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from borrowings	146,327	30,464
Repayments of borrowings	(139,143)	(56,845)
Repayments on Term Loan Credit Facility	(50,000)	0
Proceeds from termination of cross currency swaps	0	32,377
Dividend payment to Tower shareholders	(2,111)	0
Proceeds from stock options exercised	0	112
Purchase of treasury stock	(622)	(6,530)
Noncontrolling interest dividends	(2,164)	0
Net cash used in continuing financing activities	(47,713)	(422)
Discontinued operations:
Net cash from discontinued operating activities	0	9,431
Net cash from discontinued investing activities	0	(4,484)
Net cash from discontinued financing activities	0	(2,800)
Net cash from discontinued operations	0	2,147
Effect of exchange rate changes on continuing cash and cash equivalents	1,942	(3,201)
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(67,843)	(17,832)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:
Beginning of period	142,640	148,561
End of period	74,797	130,729
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized	5,075	5,334
Income taxes paid	1,567	1,130
Non-cash Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures in liabilities for purchases of property, plant, and equipment	$ 20,630	$ 5,525

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Organization and Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Tower International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company” or “Tower International”), is a leading integrated global manufacturer of engineered automotive structural metal components and assemblies, primarily serving original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), including Ford, Volkswagen Group, Chrysler, Volvo, Nissan, Fiat, Daimler, Toyota, Chery, BMW, and Honda. Products include body structures, assemblies and other chassis, structures, and lower vehicle systems and suspension components for small and large cars, crossovers, pickups, and sport utility vehicles (“SUVs”). Including both wholly owned subsidiaries and majority owned subsidiaries, the Company has strategically located production facilities in the United States, Germany, Brazil, Belgium, Slovakia, China, Italy, Poland, Mexico, and the Czech Republic, supported by engineering and sales locations in the United States, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Japan, China, and India.

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared by the Company, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information furnished in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements includes normal recurring adjustments and reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of such financial statements. Certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited year-end financial statements and the notes thereto included in the most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC. The interim results for the periods presented may not be indicative of the Company’s actual annual results.

Principles of Consolidation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and all subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

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New Accounting Pronouncements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]

Description of New Accounting Pronouncements Not yet Adopted [Text Block]

Note 2. New Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to utilize to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that will be received in exchange for the goods and services. Additional disclosures will also be required to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. In August 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of this standards update to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted on the original effective date of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, which amends the principal-versus-agent implementation guidance and illustrations in the Board’s new revenue standard. The Company is currently evaluating significant contracts and assessing any impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Inventory 

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which requires entities, that measure inventory using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost, to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This ASU is effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The Company is assessing the potential impact of this new guidance on its Consolidated Financial Statements, but does not expect a material financial statement impact related to the adoption of this ASU.

Leases 

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Lease Accounting. This ASU introduces a lessee model that brings most leases on the balance sheet. Further, the standard also aligns certain of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in ASU 2014-09. This new ASU on leases is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating significant contracts and assessing any impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Stock Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein. The Company is assessing the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Inventories

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 3. Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out method. Maintenance, repair, and non-productive inventory, which are considered consumables, are expensed when acquired and included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as cost of sales. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Raw materials	$	35,945	$	33,989
Work in process		16,478		14,495
Finished goods		24,032		22,149
Total inventory	$	76,455	$	70,633

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Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations, Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale

During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to sell the Company’s equity interest in its Changchun Tower Golden Ring Automotive Products Co., Ltd. (“TGR”), Xiangtan DIT Automotive Products Co., Ltd. (“Xiangtan”), and Ningbo DIT Automotive Products Co. Ltd. (“Ningbo”) joint ventures. At December 31, 2014 and March 31, 2015, TGR and Xiangtan were considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, and presented as discontinued operations in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, in accordance with FASB ASC No. 205, Discontinued Operations. The Company’s investment in the Ningbo joint venture is accounted for under the cost method and therefore does not qualify for held for sale treatment and does not fall under the scope of FASB ASC No. 205.

During the period ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed the sale of the two Chinese joint ventures (TGR and Xiangtan) that were held for sale at March 31, 2015.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company has no assets that are considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360.

The following table discloses select financial information of the discontinued operations of the Company’s Chinese joint ventures in its International Segment for the three months ended March 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2015
Revenues	$	27,375
Income from discontinued operations:
Income before provision for income taxes		161
Provision for income taxes		(237)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(76)

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Tooling

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Preproduction Costs Related to Long-term Supply Arrangements [Abstract]

Preproduction Costs Related To Long Term Supply Arrangements Disclosures [Text Block]

Note 5. Tooling

Tooling represents costs incurred by the Company in the development of new tooling used in the manufacture of the Company’s products. All pre-production tooling costs incurred for tools that the Company will not own and that will be used in producing products supplied under long-term supply agreements are expensed as incurred, unless the supply agreement provides the Company with the noncancellable right to use the tools or the reimbursement of such costs is contractually guaranteed by the customer. Generally, the customer agrees to reimburse the Company for certain of its tooling costs at the time the customer awards a contract to the Company.

After the part for which tooling has been developed reaches a production-ready status, the Company is reimbursed by its customer for the cost of the tooling, at which time the tooling becomes the property of the customer. The Company has certain other tooling costs related to tools the Company has the contractual right to use during the life of the supply arrangement, which are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related product program. Customer-owned tooling is included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in prepaid tooling, notes receivable, and other, while company-owned and other tooling is included in other assets, net.

The components of capitalized tooling costs are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Customer-owned tooling, net	$	63,476	$	59,901
Company-owned tooling		11		16
Total tooling, net	$	63,487	$	59,917

Any gain recognized, which is defined as the excess of reimbursement over cost, is amortized over the life of the program. If estimated costs are expected to be in excess of reimbursement, a loss is recorded in the period in which the loss is estimated.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill is set forth below by reportable segment and on a consolidated basis (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	50,890	$	8,450	$	59,340
Currency translation adjustment		2,437		43		2,480
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	53,327	$	8,493	$	61,820

Intangibles

In the Americas segment, an intangible asset of $3.5 million was recorded in 2015, as part of the acquisition of a facility in Mexico. This intangible asset has a definite life and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over seven years, the estimated life of the related asset, which approximates the recognition of related revenues.

The Company incurred amortization expense of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring, Impairment, and Other Activities Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 7. Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

As of March 31, 2016, the Company has executed various restructuring plans and may execute additional plans in the future to reduce corporate overhead, to realign manufacturing capacity to prevailing global automotive production levels, and to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. Estimates of restructuring charges are based on information available at the time such charges are recorded. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in estimating restructuring expenses, actual amounts paid for such activities may differ from amounts initially recorded. Accordingly, the Company may record revisions of previous estimates by adjusting previously established reserves.

Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

Net restructuring and asset impairment charges for each of the Company’s segments include the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
International	$	-	$	100
Americas		823		931
Consolidated	$	823	$	1,031

The following table sets forth the Company’s net restructuring and asset impairment charges by type for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Employee termination costs	$	77	$	210
Other exit costs		746		821
Asset impairments		-		-
Total restructuring charges, net	$	823	$	1,031

The charges incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 related primarily to the following actions:

2016 Actions

During the first quarter of 2016, the charges incurred in the Americas segment related to ongoing maintenance expense of facilities closed as a result of prior actions and severance charges to reduce fixed costs.

2015 Actions

During the first quarter of 2015, the charges incurred in the Americas segment related to ongoing maintenance expense of facilities closed as a result of prior actions and severance charges to reduce fixed costs. The charges incurred in the International segment related to severance charges in Europe to reduce fixed costs.

Restructuring Reserve

The table below summarizes the activity in the restructuring reserve by segment, reflected in accrued liabilities, for the above-mentioned actions through March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	99	$	213	$	312
Payments		(65)		(147)		(212)
Increase in liability		-		77		77
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	34	$	143	$	177

Except as disclosed in the table above, the Company does not anticipate incurring additional material cash charges associated with the actions described above. The increase in the restructuring reserve set forth in the table above does not agree with the restructuring charges for the period, as certain items are expensed as incurred related to the actions described.

The restructuring reserve decreased during the first quarter of 2016, reflecting primarily payments of other exit costs related to prior accruals offset partially by accruals for severance.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred payments related to prior accruals in Europe of $0.1 million and in North America of $0.2 million.

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Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 8. Debt

Short-Term Debt

Short-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)	$	39,982	$	29,414
Current maturities of capital leases		1,010		964
Total short-term debt	$	40,992	$	30,378

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Term Loan Credit Facility (net of discount of $1,013 and $1,222)	$	364,987	$	415,903
Other foreign subsidiary indebtedness		45,228		34,691
Debt issue costs		(7,825)		(8,962)
Total debt		402,390		441,632
Less: Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)		(39,982)		(29,414)
Total long-term debt	$	362,408	$	412,218

Term Loan Credit Facility

On April 23, 2013, the Company entered into a Term Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”) by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC (the “Term Loan Borrower”), the Company, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC (“Term Loan Holdco”), Tower Automotive Holdings II(a), LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b), LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein, the Lenders from time to time party thereto and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent for the Lenders (the credit facility evidenced by the Term Loan Credit Agreement and related documentation, the “Term Loan Credit Facility”).

On January 31, 2014, the Company amended the Term Loan Credit Agreement by entering into the Second Refinancing Term Loan Amendment and Additional Term Loan Amendment (“Second Term Loan Amendment”), pursuant to which, among other things, the outstanding term loans under the Term Loan Credit Agreement were refinanced in full and additional term loans in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $33 million (the “Additional Term Loans”) were disbursed, resulting in an increase in cash and cash equivalents. After giving effect to the disbursement of the Additional Term Loans, there were term loans (the “Term Loans”) in the aggregate principal amount of $450 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The maturity date of the Term Loan Credit Facility remains April 23, 2020 and the Term Loans bear interest at (i) the Alternate Base Rate plus a margin of 2.00% or (ii) the Adjusted LIBO Rate (calculated by multiplying the applicable LIBOR rate by a statutory reserve rate, with a floor of 1.00%) plus a margin of 3.00%.

The Term Loan Borrower’s obligations under the Term Loan Credit Facility are guaranteed by the Company on an unsecured basis and guaranteed by Term Loan Holdco and certain of the Company's other direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries on a secured basis (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). The Term Loan Credit Facility is secured by (i) a first priority security interest in certain assets of the Term Loan Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors, other than, inter alia, accounts, chattel paper, inventory, cash deposit accounts, securities accounts, machinery, equipment and real property and all contract rights, and records and proceeds relating to the foregoing and (ii) on a second priority basis to all other assets of the Term Loan Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantor which have been pledged on a first priority basis to the agent for the benefit of the lenders under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility described below.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement includes customary covenants applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and includes customary events of default and amounts due there under may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default.

As of March 31, 2016, the outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan Credit Facility was $365 million (net of a remaining $1 million original issue discount) and the effective interest rate was 4.00% per annum.

On January 15, 2016, the Company made a $50 million voluntary repayment on its Term Loan Credit Facility. In connection with this prepayment, the Company accelerated the amortization of the original issue discount and the associated debt issue costs by $0.7 million.

Amended Revolving Credit Facility

On September 17, 2014, the Company entered into a Third Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement (“Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement”), by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC, the Company, Tower Automotive Holdings I, LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(a), LLC, Tower Automotive Holdings II(b), LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein, the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as Lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Issuing Lender, as Swing Line Lender, and as Administrative Agent for the Lenders. The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement amended and restated, in its entirety, the Second Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2013, by and among Tower Automotive Holdings USA, LLC (“the Borrower”), its domestic affiliate and domestic subsidiary guarantors named therein, and the lenders party thereto, and the Agent.

The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement provides for a cash flow revolving credit facility (the “Amended Revolving Credit Facility”) in the aggregate amount of up to $200 million. The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement also provides for the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate amount not to exceed $50 million, provided that the total amount of credit (inclusive of revolving loans and letters of credit) extended under the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement is subject to an overall cap, on any date, of $200 million. The Company may request the issuance of Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars or Euros. The expiration date for the Amended Revolving Credit Facility is September 17, 2019.

Advances under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an alternate base rate plus a base rate margin or LIBOR plus a Eurodollar margin. The applicable margins are determined by the Company’s Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement). The applicable margin for the base rate based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 1.25%. The applicable margin for the LIBOR based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 2.25%. The Company will pay a commitment fee at a rate equal to 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused total revolving credit commitment.

The Amended Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by the Company on an unsecured basis and is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s other direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries on a secured basis. The Amended Revolving Credit Facility is secured (i) by a first priority security interest in certain assets of the Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including accounts, inventory, chattel paper, cash, deposit accounts, securities accounts, machinery, equipment and real property and all contract rights, and records and proceeds relating to the foregoing and (ii) on a second priority basis to all other assets of the Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors. The Borrower’s and each Subsidiary Guarantor’s pledge of such assets as security for the obligations under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility is evidenced by a Revolving Credit Security Agreement dated as of September 17, 2014, among the Borrower, the guarantors party thereto, and the Agent.

The Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement contains customary covenants applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and includes customary events of default and amounts due there under may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default.

As of March 31, 2016, there was $190.4 million of borrowing availability under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility, of which no borrowings were outstanding and $9.6 million letters of credit were outstanding.

Other Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness

As of March 31, 2016, other foreign subsidiary indebtedness of $45.2 million consisted primarily of receivables factoring in Europe of $30.8 million, other indebtedness in Europe of $10.2 million, and borrowings in Brazil of $4.2 million.

The change in foreign subsidiary indebtedness from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016 is explained by the following (in thousands):

	Europe		Brazil		Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	30,704	$	3,987	$	34,691
Maturities of indebtedness		(355)		(238)		(593)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net		9,251		-		9,251
Foreign exchange impact		1,470		409		1,879
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	41,070	$	4,158	$	45,228

Generally, borrowings of foreign subsidiaries are made under credit agreements with commercial lenders and are used to fund working capital and other operating requirements.

Europe

As of March 31, 2016, the receivables factoring facilities balance available to the Company was $30.8 million (€27.1 million), of which the entire amount was drawn. These are uncommitted, demand facilities which are subject to termination at the discretion of the banks and bear interest rates based on the average three month EURIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.50% to 3.00%. The effective annual interest rates as of March 31, 2016 ranged from 2.27% to 2.77%, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.63% per annum. Any receivables factoring under these facilities is with recourse and is secured by the accounts receivable factored. These receivables factoring transactions are recorded in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in short-term debt and current maturities of capital lease obligations.

As of March 31, 2016, the secured line of credit balance available to the Company was $8.8 million (€7.8 million), of which $2.2 million (€1.9 million) was outstanding. The facility bears an interest rate based on the EURIBOR plus a spread of 2.15% and has a maturity date of October 2016. The effective annual interest rate as of March 31, 2016 was 1.84% per annum. The facilities are secured by certain accounts receivable related to customer funded tooling, real estate, and other assets, and are subject to negotiated prepayments upon the receipt of funds from completed customer projects.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s European subsidiaries had borrowings of $8.1 million (€7.1 million), which had an annual interest rate of 6.25% and a maturity date of November 2017. This term loan is secured by certain machinery and equipment.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s European subsidiaries had an asset-based revolving credit facility balance available to the Company of $31.5 million, of which no borrowings were outstanding. This facility bears an interest rate based upon the one month LIBOR plus a spread of 4.00% and has a maturity date of October 2017. Availability on the credit facility is determined based upon the appraised value of certain machinery, equipment, and real estate, subject to a borrowing base availability limitation and customary covenants.

Brazil

As of March 31, 2016, the Company’s Brazilian subsidiary had borrowings of $4.2 million (R$15 million), which had annual interest rates ranging from 3.00% to 8.70% and maturity dates ranging from February 2018 to July 2022. As of March 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate on the borrowings in Brazil was 5.73% per annum. The loans are provided through bilateral agreements with two local banks and are secured by certain fixed and current assets. Periodic interest and principal payments are required.

Covenants

As of March 31, 2016, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants that govern its credit agreements.

Capital Leases

The Company had the following capital lease obligations as of the dates presented (in thousands). These capital lease obligations expire in March 2018:

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of capital leases	$	1,010	$	964
Non-current maturities of capital leases		6,018		5,984
Total capital leases	$	7,028	$	6,948

Debt Issue Costs

The Company had debt issuance costs, net of amortization, of $7.8 million and $9 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. These amounts are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from long-term debt, net of current maturities, rather than as an asset, in accordance with ASU No. 2015-03.

The Company incurred interest expense related to the amortization of debt issue costs of $1.1 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 9. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company’s derivative financial instruments include interest rate and cross currency swaps. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. On an on-going basis, the Company monitors counterparty credit ratings. The Company considers credit non-performance risk to be low because the Company enters into agreements with commercial institutions that have at least an S&P, or equivalent, investment grade credit rating. On October 17, 2014, the Company entered into a $200 million variable rate to fixed rate interest rate swap for a portion of the Company’s Term Loan and a €157.1 million cross currency swap based on the U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate of $1.2733 which was the prevailing rate at the time of the transaction. The maturity date for both swap instruments was April 16, 2020.

On January 23, 2015, the Company terminated the cross currency swap entered into on October 17, 2014 and received $21.9 million in cash proceeds. The Company then entered into a new cross currency swap to hedge its net investment in Europe (U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.1265). The Euro notional amount was increased from €157.1 million to €178 million and the interest rate was lowered from 3.97% to 3.70% per annum. Using the proceeds received from the swap termination transaction, the Company made a $25 million voluntary repayment on its Term Loan Credit Facility on February 2, 2015.

On March 13, 2015, the Company terminated the cross currency swap entered into on January 23, 2015 and received $10.5 million in cash proceeds. The Company then entered into a new cross currency swap to hedge its net investment in Europe (U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.0480). The Euro notional amount of €178 million remained the same but the interest rate was lowered from 3.70% to 3.40% per annum.

On April 16, 2015, the Company reduced the U.S. dollar notional amount on the interest rate swap from $200 million to $186.1 million, but the 5.09% interest rate per annum and the maturity date of April 16, 2020 remained the same. The interest rate is fixed at 5.09% per annum, but the fair value of the swap will fluctuate with changes in interest rates.

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the U.S. dollar / Euro exchange spot rate was $1.1355 and $1.0906, respectively. The following amounts were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as being payable to counterparties under FASB ASC No. 815, Derivatives and Hedging (in thousands):

	Location	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Net investment hedge	Other non-current liabilities	$	17,242	$	9,005
Interest rate swap	Other non-current liabilities		5,046		2,592

All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. Effectiveness for net investment and cash flow hedges is initially assessed at the inception of the hedging relationship and on a quarterly basis thereafter. To the extent that derivative instruments are deemed to be effective, changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), and to the extent they are ineffective or were not designated as part of a hedge transaction, they are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as interest expense, net. The cross currency swap qualifies as a net investment hedge of the Company’s European subsidiaries and is accounted for under FASB ASC No. 815. The interest rate swap was not designated as part of a hedge transaction; therefore all changes in fair value are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as interest expense, net.

The following table presents the deferred gain reported in AOCI at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Deferred gain in AOCI
	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Net investment hedge	$	20,874	$	29,139

Derivative instruments held during the period resulted in the following expense recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively (in thousands):

	Expense recognized (ineffective portion)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Net investment hedge	$	(28)	$	(536)
Interest rate swap		2,455		2,440
Total	$	2,427	$	1,904

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 10. Income Taxes

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded income tax expense of $3.7 million on $12.1 million of pre-tax profit – for a worldwide effective tax rate of 30.6%. Included in the $3.7 million of worldwide tax expense was $2.2 million of deferred income tax expense attributable to U.S. profits. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company released the U.S. valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets. Post U.S. valuation allowance release, the Company will book tax expense – primarily deferred tax expense - on its U.S. profits.

During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the income tax expense of $2.1 million was primarily attributable to certain profitable foreign entities. The net income tax effect on U.S. quarterly profit was $0.1 million for alternative minimum tax expense. The Company did not record deferred income tax expense on 2015 U.S. profit because the utilization of deferred tax assets, primarily net operating losses, released an associated U.S. valuation allowance.

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Retirement Plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 11. Retirement Plans

The Company sponsors a pension and various other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Each plan serves a defined group of employees and has varying levels of Company contributions. The Company’s contributions to certain plans may be required by the terms of the Company’s collective bargaining agreements.

The following tables provide the components of net periodic pension benefit cost and other post-retirement benefit cost (in thousands):

	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
Service cost	$	6	$	8	$	2	$	2
Interest cost		1,947		2,375		136		160
Expected return on plan assets (a)		(2,546)		(3,087)		-		-
Amortization of prior service credit		(24)		(24)		33		33
Net periodic benefit cost / (income)	$	(617)	$	(728)	$	171	$	195

(a) Expected rate of return on plan assets is 7.40% for 2016 and was 7.40% for 2015

The Company expects its minimum pension funding requirements to be $7.6 million during 2016. The Company made contributions of $1.5 million to the Pension Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Additionally, the Company contributed $1.5 million to its defined contribution retirement plans during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders Equity Note Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests

The table below provides a reconciliation of the carrying amount of total stockholders’ equity, including stockholders’ equity attributable to Tower International, Inc. (“Tower”) and equity attributable to the noncontrolling interests (“NCI”) (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016						2015
	Tower		NCI		Total		Tower		NCI		Total
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	$	197,495	$	9,224	$	206,719	$	43,151	$	56,627	$	99,778
Net income		8,378		6		8,384		14,041		80		14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		8,383		14		8,397		(10,426)		24		(10,402)
Total comprehensive income / (loss)		16,761		20		16,781		3,615		104		3,719
Vesting of RSUs		1		-		1		6		-		6
Treasury stock		(622)		-		(622)		(6,530)		-		(6,530)
Share based compensation expense		529		-		529		959		-		959
Proceeds from stock options exercised		-		-		-		112		-		112
Dividend paid		(2,111)		-		(2,111)		-		-		-
Noncontrolling interest dividends		-		(2,164)		(2,164)		-		-		-
Stockholders' equity ending balance	$	212,053	$	7,080	$	219,133	$	41,313	$	56,731	$	98,044

The following table presents the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (in thousands):

	As of March 31,		As of December
	2016		31, 2015		Change
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $4.7 million and $7.8 million	$	(32,107)	$	(40,490)	$	8,383
Defined benefit plans, net of tax of $13.5 million and $13.5 million		(40,002)		(40,002)		-
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(72,109)	$	(80,492)	$	8,383

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

			Foreign
	Defined		Currency
	Benefit Plan,		Translation
	Net of Tax		Adjustments		Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	(40,002)	$	(40,490)	$	(80,492)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		-		8,383		8,383
Net current-period other comprehensive income		-		8,383		8,383
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	(40,002)	$	(32,107)	$	(72,109)

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2015:

			Foreign
	Defined		Currency
	Benefit Plan,		Translation
	Net of Tax		Adjustments		Total
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	(39,690)	$	(7,224)	$	(46,914)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification		-		(10,229)		(10,229)
Net current-period other comprehensive loss		-		(10,229)		(10,229)
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	(39,690)	$	(17,453)	$	(57,143)

The Company did not reclassify any material items out of accumulated other comprehensive income during the three months ended March 31, 2016 or March 31, 2015, respectively.

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Earnings per Share ("EPS")

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share [Text Block]

Note 13. Earnings per Share (“EPS”)

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to Tower International, Inc. by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding.

The share count for diluted earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effects of dilutive common stock equivalents (“CSEs”) outstanding during the period.  CSEs, which are securities that may entitle the holder to obtain common stock, include outstanding stock options and restricted stock units.  When the average price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of a stock option, the options are considered potentially dilutive CSEs.  When there is a loss from continuing operations, potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the computation of earnings per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

The Company included the effects of all dilutive shares for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

A summary of the information used to compute basic and diluted net income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc. is shown below (in thousands – except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Income from continuing operations	$	8,384	$	14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		-		(76)
Net income		8,384		14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests		6		80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$	8,378	$	14,041
Basic income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.40	$	0.67
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.40		0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		21,126,462		21,050,230
Diluted income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.39	$	0.66
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.39		0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		21,444,570		21,360,492

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Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Text Block]

Note 14. Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“the Plan”)

The Company adopted an equity incentive plan in connection with its 2010 initial public offering that allows for the grant of stock options, restricted stock awards, other equity-based awards, and certain cash-based awards to be made pursuant to the Plan. The eligibility requirements and terms governing the allocation of any common stock and the receipt of other consideration under the Plan are determined by the Board of Directors and/or its Compensation Committee.

At March 31, 2016, 875,739 shares were available for future grants of options and other types of awards under the Plan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s award activity during the three months ended March 31, 2016:

	Options				Restricted Stock Units
			Weighted				Weighted
			Average				Average Grant
Outstanding at:	Shares		Exercise Price		Shares		Date Fair Value
December 31, 2015		500,138	$	12.17		187,498	$	23.59
Granted		-		-		101,810		23.26
Options exercised or RSUs issued		-		-		(77,158)		19.87
Forfeited		-		-		-		-
March 31, 2016		500,138	$	12.17		212,150	$	24.79

Stock Options

The exercise price of each stock option equals the market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Compensation expense is recorded at the grant date fair value and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting periods. The Company’s stock options generally vest over three years, with a maximum term of ten years.

The Company calculates the weighted average grant date fair value of each option granted using a Black-Scholes valuation model. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized expense relating to the options of $0 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The Company did not recognize any tax benefit related to the compensation expense during any of the periods presented. As of March 31, 2015, all of the expense associated with these stock options had been fully recognized.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had an aggregate of 500,138 stock options that had been granted, but had not yet been exercised. As of March 31, 2016, the remaining average contractual life for these options is approximately five years. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no options were exercised. As of March 31, 2016, 500,138 stock options were exercisable, which had an aggregate intrinsic value of $7.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no stock options were granted, forfeited, or expired.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

The grant date fair value of each RSU equals the market price of the Company’s common stock on its date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded at the grant date fair value, less an estimated forfeiture amount, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting periods.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized an expense of $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively, relating to the RSUs. The Company did not recognize any tax benefit related to this compensation expense. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had $4 million of unrecognized compensation expense associated with these RSUs, which will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the next 23 months, on a weighted average basis. The Company’s RSUs generally vest over a three year period.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had an aggregate of 212,150 RSUs that had been granted, but had not yet vested. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, no RSUs were forfeited or expired.

During the first quarter of 2016, a total of 102,963 RSUs vested, resulting in the issuance of 77,158 shares. The fair value of all shares issued during the first quarter of 2016 was $1.8 million. After offsets for withholding taxes, a total of 51,157 shares of common stock were issued. This total is net of shares repurchased to provide payment for certain individuals’ minimum statutory withholding tax. The Company paid $0.6 million to acquire 26,001 vested shares to cover the minimum statutory withholding taxes.

Long-Term Compensation

Amended and Restated CEO Employment Agreement

On July 28, 2014, Mark M. Malcolm, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, entered into an amended and restated employment agreement (the “Agreement”), by which Mr. Malcolm’s employment was extended through December 31, 2016 (the “Retirement Date”). The Agreement provides for a $3 million transition bonus, for the successful delivery to Tower’s board of directors of a comprehensive chief executive officer succession and transition plan, and a $3 million retention bonus. These bonus awards, if earned, will be paid in cash on January 16, 2017, and fall under the guidance of FASB ASC No. 450, Contingencies. Per ASC No. 450, a liability should be recorded when a future event is both probable and the amount of the commitment is reasonably estimable.

The Agreement also provides for a stock appreciation bonus payable in cash or shares of common stock, as determined by the Company, if certain price targets related to the per share closing price of the Company’s common stock are achieved during the term of the Agreement. The minimum price of the Company’s common stock per share needed to achieve the bonus is $40.59 per share which would result in a payment of $5 million. The maximum bonus of $20 million would be achieved if the share price of the Company’s common stock exceeded $55.58 per share.

This stock appreciation bonus falls under the scope of FASB ASC No. 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, because it is a share-based payment transaction in which the Company acquires Mr. Malcolm’s services by incurring a liability to Mr. Malcolm and because the amount of the award is based upon the price of the Company’s common stock. The Company utilizes the assistance of a third party valuation firm to perform a valuation of the award at the end of each quarterly reporting period which is used to adjust the current and future expense based on changes in the fair value of the obligation, accordingly.

The retention bonus and stock appreciation bonus awards are also subject to payment upon a change in control or termination of employment, if certain criteria are met. The transition bonus would not be paid upon a change in control that is consummated prior to the Retirement Date, but is subject to payment upon a termination of employment, if certain conditions are met. Each of these bonus awards are being accrued and expensed ratably through the Retirement Date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, and 2015, the Company recorded an expense related to these awards of $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. At March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $5.5 million related to these awards. This liability is presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as other current liabilities.

Performance Award Agreements

Under the provisions of the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company granted certain awards pursuant to Performance Award Agreements to approximately 80 executives on March 5, 2013. Additional awards were granted on March 6, 2014, March 6, 2015, and March 4, 2016. These awards were designed to provide the executives with an incentive to participate in the long-term success and growth of the Company. The Performance Award Agreements provide for cash-based awards that vest upon payment. Pursuant to meeting the performance conditions set forth in the Performance Award Agreements, each award will be paid three years after it is granted. These awards are also subject to payment upon a change in control or termination of employment, if certain criteria are met. These awards represent unfunded, unsecured obligations of the Company.

2013, 2014, and 2015 Awards

One half of the awards granted on March 5, 2013, March 6, 2014, and March 6, 2015 will be based upon the Company's Adjusted EPS Growth Rate, which is defined as the Company’s cumulative Adjusted EPS for the performance period of the awards, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The Company's EPS will be adjusted to exclude the effect of extraordinary, unusual, and/or nonrecurring items and then will be divided by the number of fiscal years in the specified period, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The other half of the awards will be based upon the Company's percentile ranking of total shareholder return, compared to a peer group of companies, for the performance period.

Pursuant to meeting the performance conditions set forth in the Performance Award Agreements, the awards granted on March 5, 2013 were paid in the first quarter of 2016. The performance period of the awards granted on March 6, 2014, is January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, the performance period of the awards granted on March 6, 2015, is January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017.

2016 Awards

One half of the awards granted on March 4, 2016 will be based upon the Company’s Adjusted EBIT Growth Rate, which is defined as the Company’s cumulative Adjusted EBIT for the performance period of the awards, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The Company's EBIT will be adjusted to exclude the effect of extraordinary, unusual, and/or nonrecurring items and then will be divided by the number of fiscal years in the specified period, stated in terms of a percentage growth rate. The other half of the awards will be based upon the Company's percentile ranking of total shareholder return, compared to a peer group of companies, for the performance period.

The performance period of the awards granted on March 4, 2016 is January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded expense related to all performance awards of $1.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively. At March 31, 2016, the Company had a liability of $4.9 million related to these awards, of which $3.9 million is payable in March 2017 and is presented as other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, while the remaining $1 million is presented as other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Segment Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 15. Segment Information

The Company defines its operating segments as components of its business where separate financial information is available. The Company’s operating segments are routinely evaluated by management. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer.

The Company produces engineered structural metal components and assemblies primarily serving the global automotive industry. The Company’s operations have similar economic characteristics and share fundamental characteristics, including the nature of the products, production processes, margins, customers, and distribution channels. The Company’s products include body structures stampings, chassis structures (including frames), and complex welded assemblies for small and large cars, crossovers, pickups, and SUVs. The Company is comprised of four operating segments: Europe, China, North America, and South America. These operating segments are aggregated into two reportable segments. The International segment consists of Europe and China while the Americas segment consists of North America and South America.

The Company measures segment operating performance based on Adjusted EBITDA. The Company uses segment Adjusted EBITDA as the basis for the CODM to evaluate the performance of each of the Company’s reportable segments.

The following is a summary of select data for each of the Company’s reportable segments (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016:
Revenues	$	173,099	$	338,397	$	511,496
Adjusted EBITDA		11,891		34,311		46,202
Capital Expenditures		4,630		23,365		27,995
Total Assets		514,502		709,050		1,223,552
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015:
Revenues	$	189,740	$	306,888	$	496,628
Adjusted EBITDA		14,145		33,925		48,070
Capital Expenditures		5,476		4,856		10,332

Inter-segment sales are not significant for any period presented. Capital expenditures do not equal cash disbursed for purchases of property, plant, and equipment, as presented in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, as capital expenditures above include amounts paid and accrued during the periods presented.

The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit / (loss) of joint venture (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Adjusted EBITDA	$	46,202	$	48,070
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net		(823)		(1,031)
Depreciation and amortization		(18,537)		(19,908)
Acquisition costs and other		(116)		(89)
Long-term compensation expense		(3,674)		(3,115)
Interest expense, net		(7,389)		(7,725)
Other expense		(3,576)		-
Net income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture	$	12,087	$	16,202

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

Note 16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC No. 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants, at the measurement date (an exit price). The exit price is based upon the amount that the holder of the asset or liability would receive or need to pay in an actual transaction or in a hypothetical transaction if an actual transaction does not exist, at the measurement date. In some circumstances, the entry and exit price may be the same; however, they are conceptually different.

Fair value is generally determined based upon quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. If quoted market prices are not available, we use valuation techniques that place greater reliance on observable inputs and less reliance on unobservable inputs. In measuring fair value, we may make adjustments for risks and uncertainties, if a market participant would include such an adjustment in its pricing.

FASB ASC No. 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between assumptions based upon market data, referred to as observable inputs, and the Company’s assumptions, referred to as unobservable inputs. Determining where an asset or liability falls within that hierarchy depends on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole. An adjustment to the pricing method used within either Level 1 or Level 2 inputs could generate a fair value measurement that effectively falls in a lower level in the hierarchy. The hierarchy consists of three broad levels as follows:

Level 1:	Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2:	Inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, that are either directly or indirectly observable; and
Level 3:	Unobservable inputs developed using estimates and assumptions that reflect those that market participants would use.

At March 31, 2016, the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s total debt was $410.2 million and $408.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2015, the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s total debt was $450.6 million and $434.2 million, respectively. The majority of the Company’s debt at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was comprised of the Term Loan Credit Facility, which can be traded between financial institutions. Accordingly, this debt has been classified as Level 2. The fair value was determined based upon quoted values. The remainder of the Company’s debt, primarily consisting of foreign subsidiary indebtedness, is asset-backed and is classified as Level 3. As this debt carries variable rates and minimal credit risk, the book values approximate the fair values.

The Company has foreign currency exchange hedges and an interest rate swap that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. These instruments are recorded in other assets, net or other non-current liabilities in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value is measured using Level 2 observable inputs such as foreign currency exchange rates, swap rates, cross currency basis swap spreads and interest rate spreads. At March 31, 2016, the foreign currency exchange hedge (net investment hedge of our European subsidiaries) and the interest rate swap (not designated for hedge accounting) had liability fair values of $17.2 million and $5 million, respectively.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Text Block]

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Environmental Matters

The Company owns properties which have been affected by environmental releases. The Company is actively involved in investigation and/or remediation at several of these locations.

Accruals for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. The established liability for environmental matters is based upon management’s best estimates, on an undiscounted basis, of expected investigation/ remediation costs related to environmental contamination. It is possible that actual costs associated with these matters will exceed the environmental reserves established by the Company. Inherent uncertainties exist in the estimates, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations, and legal standards regarding liability and evolving technologies for handling site remediation and restoration. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had $1.4 million accrued for environmental matters.

Contingent Matters

The Company will establish an accrual for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These types of matters may involve additional claims that, if granted, could require the Company to pay penalties or make other expenditures in amounts that will not be estimable at the time of discovery of the matter. In these cases, a liability will be recorded at the low end of the range if no amount within the range is a better estimate in accordance with FASB ASC No. 450, Accounting for Contingencies.

Litigation

The Company is subject to various legal actions and claims incidental to its business, including potential lawsuits with customers or suppliers. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties and the outcome of individual litigated matters is not probable or estimable. After discussions with counsel litigating these matters, it is the opinion of management that the outcome of such matters will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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Subsequent Event

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

Note 18. Subsequent Event

On November 10, 2015, the Company announced plans to investigate the potential sale of its European Operations (“Tower Europe”). The Company has decided to retain Tower Europe and there is no further intention to sell these operations. During the quarter ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred $3.6 million of transaction costs related to the potential sale, these costs are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as other expenses.

In April 2016, our Board of Directors approved a plan to sell our remaining operations in China and Brazil. In the second quarter, these operations will be considered held for sale in accordance with FASB ASC No. 360, Property, Plant and Equipment and will be presented as discontinued operations in our Consolidated Financial Statements, in accordance with FASB ASC No. 205, Discontinued Operations

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Inventories (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory, Current [Table Text Block]

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Raw materials	$	35,945	$	33,989
Work in process		16,478		14,495
Finished goods		24,032		22,149
Total inventory	$	76,455	$	70,633

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Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Schedule of Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations, Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures [Table Text Block]

The following table discloses select financial information of the discontinued operations of the Company’s Chinese joint ventures in its International Segment for the three months ended March 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2015
Revenues	$	27,375
Income from discontinued operations:
Income before provision for income taxes		161
Provision for income taxes		(237)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(76)

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Tooling (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Preproduction Costs Related to Long-term Supply Arrangements [Abstract]

Schedule Of Capitalized Tooling Costs [Table Text Block]

The components of capitalized tooling costs are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Customer-owned tooling, net	$	63,476	$	59,901
Company-owned tooling		11		16
Total tooling, net	$	63,487	$	59,917

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill [Table Text Block]

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill is set forth below by reportable segment and on a consolidated basis (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	50,890	$	8,450	$	59,340
Currency translation adjustment		2,437		43		2,480
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	53,327	$	8,493	$	61,820

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring and Related Costs [Table Text Block]

Net restructuring and asset impairment charges for each of the Company’s segments include the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
International	$	-	$	100
Americas		823		931
Consolidated	$	823	$	1,031

Schedule of Restructuring Charges and Asset Impairment Charges [Table Text Block]

The following table sets forth the Company’s net restructuring and asset impairment charges by type for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Employee termination costs	$	77	$	210
Other exit costs		746		821
Asset impairments		-		-
Total restructuring charges, net	$	823	$	1,031

Schedule of Restructuring Liability by Segment [Table Text Block]

The table below summarizes the activity in the restructuring reserve by segment, reflected in accrued liabilities, for the above-mentioned actions through March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	99	$	213	$	312
Payments		(65)		(147)		(212)
Increase in liability		-		77		77
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	34	$	143	$	177

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Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Short-term Debt [Table Text Block]

Short-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)	$	39,982	$	29,414
Current maturities of capital leases		1,010		964
Total short-term debt	$	40,992	$	30,378

Schedule of Debt [Table Text Block]

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Term Loan Credit Facility (net of discount of $1,013 and $1,222)	$	364,987	$	415,903
Other foreign subsidiary indebtedness		45,228		34,691
Debt issue costs		(7,825)		(8,962)
Total debt		402,390		441,632
Less: Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)		(39,982)		(29,414)
Total long-term debt	$	362,408	$	412,218

Schedule of Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness [Table Text Block]

The change in foreign subsidiary indebtedness from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2016 is explained by the following (in thousands):

	Europe		Brazil		Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	30,704	$	3,987	$	34,691
Maturities of indebtedness		(355)		(238)		(593)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net		9,251		-		9,251
Foreign exchange impact		1,470		409		1,879
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	41,070	$	4,158	$	45,228

Schedule of Capital Leased Assets [Table Text Block]

The Company had the following capital lease obligations as of the dates presented (in thousands). These capital lease obligations expire in March 2018:

	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Current maturities of capital leases	$	1,010	$	964
Non-current maturities of capital leases		6,018		5,984
Total capital leases	$	7,028	$	6,948

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value [Table Text Block]

The following amounts were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as being payable to counterparties under FASB ASC No. 815, Derivatives and Hedging (in thousands):

	Location	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Liabilities
Net investment hedge	Other non-current liabilities	$	17,242	$	9,005
Interest rate swap	Other non-current liabilities		5,046		2,592

Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the deferred gain reported in AOCI at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

	Deferred gain in AOCI
	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Net investment hedge	$	20,874	$	29,139

Derivative instruments held during the period resulted in the following expense recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively (in thousands):

	Expense recognized (ineffective portion)
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Net investment hedge	$	(28)	$	(536)
Interest rate swap		2,455		2,440
Total	$	2,427	$	1,904

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Retirement Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Costs of Retirement Plans [Table Text Block]

The following tables provide the components of net periodic pension benefit cost and other post-retirement benefit cost (in thousands):

	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
Service cost	$	6	$	8	$	2	$	2
Interest cost		1,947		2,375		136		160
Expected return on plan assets (a)		(2,546)		(3,087)		-		-
Amortization of prior service credit		(24)		(24)		33		33
Net periodic benefit cost / (income)	$	(617)	$	(728)	$	171	$	195

(a) Expected rate of return on plan assets is 7.40% for 2016 and was 7.40% for 2015

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of Stockholders Equity [Table Text Block]

The table below provides a reconciliation of the carrying amount of total stockholders’ equity, including stockholders’ equity attributable to Tower International, Inc. (“Tower”) and equity attributable to the noncontrolling interests (“NCI”) (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016						2015
	Tower		NCI		Total		Tower		NCI		Total
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	$	197,495	$	9,224	$	206,719	$	43,151	$	56,627	$	99,778
Net income		8,378		6		8,384		14,041		80		14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		8,383		14		8,397		(10,426)		24		(10,402)
Total comprehensive income / (loss)		16,761		20		16,781		3,615		104		3,719
Vesting of RSUs		1		-		1		6		-		6
Treasury stock		(622)		-		(622)		(6,530)		-		(6,530)
Share based compensation expense		529		-		529		959		-		959
Proceeds from stock options exercised		-		-		-		112		-		112
Dividend paid		(2,111)		-		(2,111)		-		-		-
Noncontrolling interest dividends		-		(2,164)		(2,164)		-		-		-
Stockholders' equity ending balance	$	212,053	$	7,080	$	219,133	$	41,313	$	56,731	$	98,044

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (in thousands):

	As of March 31,		As of December
	2016		31, 2015		Change
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $4.7 million and $7.8 million	$	(32,107)	$	(40,490)	$	8,383
Defined benefit plans, net of tax of $13.5 million and $13.5 million		(40,002)		(40,002)		-
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(72,109)	$	(80,492)	$	8,383

Schedule Of Changes In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Table Text Block]

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2016:

			Foreign
	Defined		Currency
	Benefit Plan,		Translation
	Net of Tax		Adjustments		Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	(40,002)	$	(40,490)	$	(80,492)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		-		8,383		8,383
Net current-period other comprehensive income		-		8,383		8,383
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	(40,002)	$	(32,107)	$	(72,109)

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2015:

			Foreign
	Defined		Currency
	Benefit Plan,		Translation
	Net of Tax		Adjustments		Total
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	(39,690)	$	(7,224)	$	(46,914)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification		-		(10,229)		(10,229)
Net current-period other comprehensive loss		-		(10,229)		(10,229)
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	(39,690)	$	(17,453)	$	(57,143)

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Earnings per Share ("EPS") (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Table Text Block]

A summary of the information used to compute basic and diluted net income per share attributable to Tower International, Inc. is shown below (in thousands – except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Income from continuing operations	$	8,384	$	14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		-		(76)
Net income		8,384		14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests		6		80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$	8,378	$	14,041
Basic income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.40	$	0.67
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.40		0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		21,126,462		21,050,230
Diluted income per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.39	$	0.66
Discontinued operations		-		-
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.		0.39		0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		21,444,570		21,360,492

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Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award [Table Text Block]

The following table summarizes the Company’s award activity during the three months ended March 31, 2016:

	Options				Restricted Stock Units
			Weighted				Weighted
			Average				Average Grant
Outstanding at:	Shares		Exercise Price		Shares		Date Fair Value
December 31, 2015		500,138	$	12.17		187,498	$	23.59
Granted		-		-		101,810		23.26
Options exercised or RSUs issued		-		-		(77,158)		19.87
Forfeited		-		-		-		-
March 31, 2016		500,138	$	12.17		212,150	$	24.79

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Segment Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, by Segment [Table Text Block]

The following is a summary of select data for each of the Company’s reportable segments (in thousands):

	International		Americas		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016:
Revenues	$	173,099	$	338,397	$	511,496
Adjusted EBITDA		11,891		34,311		46,202
Capital Expenditures		4,630		23,365		27,995
Total Assets		514,502		709,050		1,223,552
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015:
Revenues	$	189,740	$	306,888	$	496,628
Adjusted EBITDA		14,145		33,925		48,070
Capital Expenditures		5,476		4,856		10,332

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Income loss Before Income Taxes [Table Text Block]

The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit / (loss) of joint venture (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015
Adjusted EBITDA	$	46,202	$	48,070
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net		(823)		(1,031)
Depreciation and amortization		(18,537)		(19,908)
Acquisition costs and other		(116)		(89)
Long-term compensation expense		(3,674)		(3,115)
Interest expense, net		(7,389)		(7,725)
Other expense		(3,576)		-
Net income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture	$	12,087	$	16,202

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Inventory [Line Items]
Raw materials	$ 35,945	$ 33,989
Work in process	16,478	14,495
Finished goods	24,032	22,149
Total inventory	$ 76,455	$ 70,633

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Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Income from discontinued operations:
Loss from discontinued operations	$ 0	$ (76)
Chinese Joint Ventures [Member]
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Revenues	27,375
Income from discontinued operations:
Income before provision for income taxes	161
Provision for income taxes	(237)
Loss from discontinued operations	$ (76)

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Tooling (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Components Of Capitalized Tooling Costs [Line Items]
Customer-owned tooling, net	$ 63,476	$ 59,901
Company-owned tooling	11	16
Total tooling, net	$ 63,487	$ 59,917

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Goodwill [Line Items]
Balance	$ 59,340
Currency translation adjustment	2,480
Balance	61,820
Americas [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Balance	8,450
Currency translation adjustment	43
Balance	8,493
International [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Balance	50,890
Currency translation adjustment	2,437
Balance	$ 53,327

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Amortization Of Intangible Assets	$ 116	$ 0
Americas [Member] | Customer Relationships [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived Intangible Assets Acquired			$ 3,500

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring charges and asset impairments	$ 823	$ 1,031
International [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring charges and asset impairments	0	100
Americas [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring charges and asset impairments	$ 823	$ 931

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Employee termination costs	$ 77	$ 210
Other exit costs	746	821
Asset impairments	0	0
Total restructuring charges, net	$ 823	$ 1,031

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges (Details 2) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Begnning Balance	$ 312
Payments	(212)
Increase in liability	77
Ending Balance	177
International [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Begnning Balance	99
Payments	(65)
Increase in liability	0
Ending Balance	34
Americas [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Begnning Balance	213
Payments	(147)
Increase in liability	77
Ending Balance	$ 143

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Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Payments for Restructuring	$ 212
Europe [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Payments for Restructuring	100
North America [Member]
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Payments for Restructuring	$ 200

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Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Short-term Debt [Line Items]
Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)	$ 39,982	$ 29,414
Current maturities of capital leases	1,010	964
Total short-term debt	$ 40,992	$ 30,378

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Debt (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt	$ 402,390	$ 441,632
Less: Current maturities of debts (excluding capital leases)	(39,982)	(29,414)
Total long-term debt	362,408	412,218
Term Loan Credit Facility [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt	364,987	415,903
Other foreign subsidiary indebtedness [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt	45,228	34,691
Debt Issue Cost [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total debt	$ (7,825)	$ (8,962)

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Debt (Details 2) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness [Line Items]
Balance at December 31, 2015	$ 34,691
Maturities of indebtedness	(593)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net	9,251
Foreign exchange impact	1,879
Balance at March 31, 2016	45,228
Europe [Member]
Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness [Line Items]
Balance at December 31, 2015	30,704
Maturities of indebtedness	(355)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net	9,251
Foreign exchange impact	1,470
Balance at March 31, 2016	41,070
Brazil [Member]
Foreign Subsidiary Indebtedness [Line Items]
Balance at December 31, 2015	3,987
Maturities of indebtedness	(238)
Change in borrowings on credit facilities, net	0
Foreign exchange impact	409
Balance at March 31, 2016	$ 4,158

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Debt (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Capital leases:
Current maturities of capital leases	$ 1,010	$ 964
Non-current maturities of capital leases	6,018	5,984
Total capital leases	$ 7,028	$ 6,948

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Debt (Details Textual) $ in Thousands, € in Millions, BRL in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2014 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 EUR (€)	Mar. 31, 2016 BRL	Jan. 15, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 200,000
Long-term Line of Credit		1,013					$ 1,222
Interest Expenses, Related to Amortization of Debt Issue Cost		1,100	$ 900
Long-term Debt		402,390					441,632
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms	the Term Loans bear interest at (i) the Alternate Base Rate plus a margin of 2.00% or (ii) the Adjusted LIBO Rate (calculated by multiplying the applicable LIBOR rate by a statutory reserve rate, with a floor of 1.00%) plus a margin of 3.00%.
Payments of Debt Issuance Costs		700
Deferred Finance Costs, Net		7,800					9,000
Term Loans [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 450,000
Additional Term Loan [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Gross	$ 33,000
Term Loan Credit Facility [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Debt Instrument, Initial Term Loan						$ 50,000
Debt Instrument, Unamortized Discount		1,000
Long-term Debt		$ 364,987					$ 415,903
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Basis for Effective Rate		4.00%		4.00%	4.00%
Brazil Subsidiary [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt		$ 4,200			BRL 15
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		5.73%		5.73%	5.73%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Effective Percentage Rate Range, Minimum		3.00%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Effective Percentage Rate Range, Maximum		8.70%
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date Range, Start		Feb. 28, 2018
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date Range, End		Jul. 31, 2022
Brazil [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt		$ 4,200
Europe [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity		$ 31,500
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date		Oct. 31, 2017
Debt, Weighted Average Interest Rate		2.63%		2.63%	2.63%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Basis for Effective Rate		4.00%		4.00%	4.00%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Effective Percentage Rate Range, Minimum		2.27%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Effective Percentage Rate Range, Maximum		2.77%
Europe [Member] | Term Loans [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Line of Credit		$ 8,100		€ 7.1
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date		Nov. 30, 2017
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Basis for Effective Rate		6.25%		6.25%	6.25%
Other Europe Subsidiary [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt		$ 45,200
Europe Subsidiary [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt		10,200
Amended ABL [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity		190,400
Long-term Line of Credit		9,600
Factoring Finance [Member] | Europe [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 30,800		€ 27.1
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms		interest rates based on the average three month EURIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.50% to 3.00%
Factoring Finance [Member] | Europe Subsidiary [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt		$ 30,800
Secured Line of Credit [Member] | Europe [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Current Borrowing Capacity		8,800		7.8
Long-term Line of Credit		$ 2,200		€ 1.9
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Basis for Effective Rate		1.84%		1.84%	1.84%
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms		interest rate based on the EURIBOR plus a spread of 2.15% and has a maturity date of October 2016
Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 50,000
Line of Credit Facility, Alternate Base Rate Interest, Description		Advances under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an alternate base rate plus a base rate margin or LIBOR plus a Eurodollar margin. The applicable margins are determined by the Company's Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Third Amended Revolving Credit Facility Agreement). The applicable margin for the base rate based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 1.25%. The applicable margin for the LIBOR based borrowings as of March 31, 2016 was 2.25%. The Company will pay a commitment fee at a rate equal to 0.50% per annum on the average daily unused total revolving credit commitment.
Line of Credit Facility, Expiration Date		Sep. 17, 2019

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Details) - Other Noncurrent Liabilities [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Derivative Liability	$ 5,046	$ 2,592
Net Investment Hedging [Member]
Derivative Liability	$ 17,242	$ 9,005

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Net Investment Hedging [Member]
Net investment hedge	$ 20,874	$ 29,139

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Expense recognized (ineffective portion)	$ 2,427	$ 1,904
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Expense recognized (ineffective portion)	2,455	2,440
Net Investment Hedging [Member]
Expense recognized (ineffective portion)	$ (28)	$ (536)

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Details Textual) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Mar. 13, 2015 USD ($)	Feb. 02, 2015 USD ($)	Jan. 23, 2015 USD ($)	Oct. 17, 2014 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Apr. 16, 2015 USD ($)	Mar. 13, 2015 EUR (€)	Jan. 23, 2015 EUR (€)	Oct. 17, 2014 EUR (€)
Derivative, Notional Amount | €										€ 157.1
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate							5.09%
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate, Remeasurement					1.1355	1.0906
Minimum [Member]
Derivative, Notional Amount							$ 186.1
Maximum [Member]
Derivative, Notional Amount							$ 200.0
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Derivative, Notional Amount				$ 200.0				€ 178.0
Derivative, Forward Exchange Rate				1.2733				1.0480	1.1265	1.2733
Derivative, Maturity Date				Apr. 16, 2020
Derivative, Higher Fixed Interest Rate Range								3.70%	3.97%
Derivative, Lower Fixed Interest Rate Range								3.40%	3.70%
Termination Of Derivative Notional Amount	$ 10.5		$ 21.9
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Derivative, Notional Amount | €									€ 157.1
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Derivative, Notional Amount | €									€ 178.0
Interest Rate Swap [Member] | Term Loan Credit Facility [Member]
Repayments of Long-term Lines of Credit		$ 25.0

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Income Taxes (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ 3,703	$ 2,099
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Foreign Income Tax Rate Differential, Amount		100
Deferred Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	2,200
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Extraordinary Items, Noncontrolling Interest	$ 12,087	$ 16,202
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent, Total	30.60%

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Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Pension Plan, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost		$ 6	$ 8
Interest cost		1,947	2,375
Expected return on plan assets	[1]	(2,546)	(3,087)
Amortization of prior service credit		(24)	(24)
Net periodic benefit cost / (income)		(617)	(728)
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan, Defined Benefit [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost		2	2
Interest cost		136	160
Expected return on plan assets	[1]	0	0
Amortization of prior service credit		33	33
Net periodic benefit cost / (income)		$ 171	$ 195

[1] Expected rate of return on plan assets is 7.40% for 2016 and was 7.40% for 2015

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Retirement Plans (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Expected Long-term Return on Assets	7.40%	7.40%
Defined Benefit Plan Originally Expected Contributions In Current Fiscal Year	$ 7.6
Pension Contributions	1.5
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Discretionary Contribution Amount	$ 1.5

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	$ 206,719	$ 99,778
Net income	8,384	14,121
Other comprehensive income / (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	8,397	(10,402)
Total Comprehensive income / (loss)	16,781	3,719
Vesting of RSUs	1	6
Treasury stock	(622)	(6,530)
Share based compensation expense	529	959
Proceeds from stock options exercised	0	112
Dividend paid	(2,111)	0
Noncontrolling interest dividends	(2,164)	0
Stockholders' equity ending balance	219,133	98,044
Tower International [Member]
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	197,495	43,151
Net income	8,378	14,041
Other comprehensive income / (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	8,383	(10,426)
Total Comprehensive income / (loss)	16,761	3,615
Vesting of RSUs	1	6
Treasury stock	(622)	(6,530)
Share based compensation expense	529	959
Proceeds from stock options exercised	0	112
Dividend paid	(2,111)	0
Noncontrolling interest dividends	0	0
Stockholders' equity ending balance	212,053	41,313
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Stockholders' equity beginning balance	9,224	56,627
Net income	6	80
Other comprehensive income / (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	14	24
Total Comprehensive income / (loss)	20	104
Vesting of RSUs	0	0
Treasury stock	0	0
Share based compensation expense	0	0
Proceeds from stock options exercised	0	0
Dividend paid	0	0
Noncontrolling interest dividends	(2,164)	0
Stockholders' equity ending balance	$ 7,080	$ 56,731

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $4.7 million and $7.8 million	$ (32,107)	$ (17,453)	$ (40,490)	$ (7,224)
Defined benefit plans, net of tax of $13.5 million and $13.5 million	(40,002)	(39,690)	(40,002)	(39,690)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(72,109)	(57,143)	$ (80,492)	$ (46,914)
Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Tower, Foreign currency translation adjustments	8,383
Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Tower, Defined benefit plans, net of tax of $13.7 million	0
Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Tower, Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$ 8,383	$ (10,229)

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Defined Benefit Plan, Net, Beginning Balance	$ (40,002)	$ (39,690)
Defined Benefit Plan, Net, Other comprehensive income / (loss) before reclassification	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net, Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Net, Ending balance	(40,002)	(39,690)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Beginning Balance	(40,490)	(7,224)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Other comprehensive income / (loss) before reclassification	8,383	(10,229)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	8,383	(10,229)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Ending balance	(32,107)	(17,453)
Beginning Balance	(80,492)	(46,914)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification	8,383	(10,229)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	8,383	(10,229)
Ending balance	$ (72,109)	$ (57,143)

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Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests [Line Items]
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Tax	$ 4.7	$ 7.8
Defined benefit plans, net of tax	$ 13.5	$ 13.5

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Earnings per Share ("EPS") (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Earnings Per Share, Basic, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Income from continuing operations	$ 8,384	$ 14,197
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	0	(76)
Net income	8,384	14,121
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	6	80
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$ 8,378	$ 14,041
Basic income per share:
Continuing operations	$ 0.40	$ 0.67
Discontinued operations	0	0
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$ 0.40	$ 0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	21,126,462	21,050,230
Diluted income per share:
Continuing operations	$ 0.39	$ 0.66
Discontinued operations	0	0
Net income attributable to Tower International, Inc.	$ 0.39	$ 0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	21,444,570	21,360,492

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Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted Stock Units, Options exercised or RSUs issued	(102,963)
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options, Outstanding, Beginning	500,138
Options, Granted	0
Options, Options exercised or RSUs issued	0
Options, Forfeited	0
Options, Outstanding, Ending	500,138
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Beginning (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 12.17
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options exercised or RSUs issued (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Ending (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 12.17
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted Stock Units, Outstanding, Beginning	187,498
Restricted Stock Units, Granted	101,810
Restricted Stock Units, Options exercised or RSUs issued	(77,158)
Restricted Stock Units, Forfeited	0
Restricted Stock Units, Outstanding, Ending	212,150
Restricted Stock Units, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Outstanding, Beginning (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 23.59
Restricted Stock Units, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	23.26
Restricted Stock Units, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Options exercised or RSUs issued (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	19.87
Restricted Stock Units, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0
Restricted Stock Units, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Outstanding, Ending (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 24.79

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Share-Based and Long-Term Compensation (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015	Jul. 28, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	102,963
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share based Compensation Arrangement by Share based Payment Award Options Vested in Period	3 years
Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share based Compensation Arrangement by Share based Payment Award Options Vested in Period	10 years
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Compensation Expense	$ 5.0
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 40.59
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Compensation Expense	$ 20.0
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 55.58
Equity Incentive Plan 2010 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant (in shares)	875,739
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock or Unit Option Plan Expense	$ 0.0	$ 0.2
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number (in shares)	500,138		500,138
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	5 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period (in shares)	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	500,138
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Intrinsic Value	$ 7.5
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Net of Forfeitures, Total	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Forfeitures in Period	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Expirations in Period	0
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 4.0
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition	23 months
Restricted Stock or Unit Expense	$ 0.5	0.5
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number	212,150		187,498
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement By Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other Than Options, Forfeited In Period	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period	77,158
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Stock Options Exercised Net of Offsets for Withholding Taxes (in shares)	51,157
Payments to Acquire Vested Shares	$ 0.6
Vested Shares Acquired to Cover Minimum Withholding Taxes One (in shares)	26,001
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value	$ 1.8
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share based Compensation Arrangement by Share based Payment Award Options Vested in Period	6 years
Performance Award Agreements [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Awards Granted to Executives Under Performance Award Agreement	approximately 80 executives
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Compensation Expense	$ 1.9	0.9
Deferred Compensation Share-based Arrangements, Liability, Current	3.9
Deferred Compensation Share-based Arrangements, Liability, Classified, Noncurrent	1.0
Deferred Compensation Share-based Arrangements, Liability, Current and Noncurrent	4.9
Amended And Restated CEO Employment Agreement [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Compensation Expense	0.8	$ 0.9
Deferred Compensation Share-based Arrangements, Liability, Current	$ 5.5
Amended And Restated CEO Employment Agreement [Member] | Retention Bonus [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Cash Award Granted, Amount				$ 3.0
Amended And Restated CEO Employment Agreement [Member] | Transition Bonus [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Cash Award Granted, Amount				$ 3.0

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Segment Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2015
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 511,496	$ 496,628
Adjusted EBITDA	46,202	48,070
Capital Expenditures	27,995	10,332
Total assets	1,223,552		$ 1,215,497
International [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	173,099	189,740
Adjusted EBITDA	11,891	14,145
Capital Expenditures	4,630	5,476
Total assets	514,502
Americas [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	338,397	306,888
Adjusted EBITDA	34,311	33,925
Capital Expenditures	23,365	$ 4,856
Total assets	$ 709,050

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Segment Information (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2015
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Adjusted EBITDA	$ 46,202	$ 48,070
Restructuring and asset impairment charges, net	(823)	(1,031)
Depreciation and amortization	(18,537)	(19,908)
Acquisition costs and other	(116)	(89)
Long-term compensation expense	(3,674)	(3,115)
Interest expense, net	(7,389)	(7,725)
Other expense	(3,576)	0
Net income before provision for income taxes and equity in profit of joint venture	$ 12,087	$ 16,202

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Long-term Debt, Total	$ 402,390	$ 441,632
Long-term Debt, Fair Value	408,800	$ 434,200
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	5,000
Foreign Currency Exchange Hedge [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 17,200

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Environmental Exit Costs, Costs Accrued to Date	$ 1.4	$ 1.4

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Subsequent Events (Details Textual) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Other Expenses, Total	$ 3.6