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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
The following table sets forth the components of the Company's loss before income taxes by country (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202120202019
Country
United States$(32,757)$(35,529)$(27,468)
Canada24,148 14,577 (80,032)
     Total Loss Before Income Taxes$(8,609)$(20,952)$(107,500)
The Company's tax benefit (provision) is comprised of the following components (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202120202019
Current Tax Provision
     Federal$— $— $— 
     State— — — 
     Foreign(286)(1,445)— 
           Total current (provision)$(286)$(1,445)$— 
Deferred tax provision
     Federal$— $— $— 
     State— — — 
     Foreign8,559 — — 
           Total deferred benefit (provision)$8,559 $— $— 
Total Tax Benefit (Provision) $8,273 $(1,445)$— 

The Company did not record current or deferred income tax or benefit for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the statutory United States federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate:
 Year ended December 31,
 202120202019
United States federal statutory income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Impact of foreign rate differential(15.9)(4.2)4.4 
State taxes, net of federal benefit2.3 2.0 0.6 
Stock option cancellations(1.1)(0.2)— 
Contingent consideration178.2 14.4 (18.0)
General business credits and other credits2.4 6.6 0.4 
Permanent differences(1.4)0.2 — 
Other(13.8)(2.1)(0.5)
Foreign taxes(3.3)(6.9)— 
Change in valuation allowance(72.3)(37.7)(7.9)
Effective Income Tax Rate96.1 %(6.9)%— %
The following table sets forth the tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands):
December 31,
202120202019
Deferred tax assets:
     NOL carryforwards$63,381 $57,935 $50,727 
     R&D credit carryforwards4,316 3,787 4,385 
     Accruals and other4,058 3,811 2,464 
     Capitalized start-up costs53 70 91 
     Other41 28 57 
          Gross deferred tax assets71,849 65,631 57,724 
Deferred tax liabilities:
     IPR&D(3,969)(12,528)(12,528)
          Gross deferred tax liabilities(3,969)(12,528)(12,528)
          Valuation allowance(71,849)(65,631)(57,724)
               Net Deferred Tax Liability$(3,969)$(12,528)$(12,528)
In assessing the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets, management considers all relevant positive and negative evidence in determining whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on several factors, including the generation of sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the NOL and R&D credit carryforwards. The Company has generated NOLs since its inception, and management believes that it is more likely than not that the Company's deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result, valuation allowances of $71.8 million, $65.6 million and $57.7 million have been established as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The $6.2 million increase in the valuation allowance was attributable to the NOL for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The net deferred tax liability of $4.0 million primarily relates to the potential future impairments or amortization associated with IPR&D intangible assets, which is not deductible for tax purposes and cannot be considered as a source of income to realize deferred tax assets. As a result, the Company recorded the deferred tax liability with an offset to goodwill.
The following table summarizes the Company's NOL and R&D and other credit carryforwards in the United States and Canada as of December 31, 2021 (in millions):
AmountExpiration Beginning inThrough
United States:
     Federal NOL carryforwards - indefinite$101.1 None None
     Federal NOL carryforwards$118.9 20302038
     State NOL carryforwards$138.4 20302040
     Federal R&D credit carryforwards$2.5 20272040
     State R&D credit carryforwards$0.8 20272040
Canada:
     Federal non-capital loss carryforwards$31.2 20352040
     Federal scientific research and experimental development
          expense carryforwards		$5.1 20322040
     Federal and provincial investment tax credit carryforwards$1.2 20322040
Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the "Act'), NOL and R&D credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service, and there are similar provisions in certain state and non-US tax laws. NOL and R&D credit carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interests of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50 percent, as defined in Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. Management completed a Section 382 study through March 31, 2016 and determined that it is more likely than not that the Company's NOL carryforwards are subject to a material limitation. Accordingly, the Company reduced its NOL carryforward by $0.8 million. The Company has continued to raise additional equity capital since March 2016 but has not done any additional analysis to determine whether or not ownership changes, as defined in the Act, have occurred, which would result in additional limitations. There could be additional ownership changes in the future that could further limit the amount of NOL carryforwards that the Company can utilize. The Company has not yet conducted a study of its R&D credit carryforwards. Such a study may result in an adjustment to the Company’s R&D credit carryforwards; however, until a study is completed and any adjustment is known, no amount is being presented as an uncertain tax position. A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company’s R&D credit carryforwards, and, if an adjustment is required, it would be offset by an adjustment to the valuation allowance.
We assess the impact of various tax reform proposals and modifications to existing tax treaties in all jurisdictions where we have operations to determine the potential effect on our business and any assumptions we have made about our future taxable income. We cannot predict whether any specific proposals will be enacted, the terms of any such proposals or what effect, if any, such proposals would have on our business if they were to be enacted. Beginning in 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminates the currently available option to deduct research and development expenditures and requires taxpayers to amortize them over five years. The U.S. Congress is considering legislation that would defer the amortization requirement to future periods, however, we have no assurance that the provision will be repealed or otherwise modified.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts have been recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Due to NOL and R&D credit carryforwards that remain unutilized, income tax returns filed in the United States, certain states within the United States and Canadian tax jurisdictions from the Company's inception through 2020 remain subject to examination by the taxing jurisdictions. There are currently no audits in process in any of the Company's tax filing jurisdictions.