11. Restructuring

2016 Plan

During 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a restructuring plan for approximately $41 million, primarily for severance and other exit costs, to align its resources and reduce overcapacity. These actions are expected to continue throughout 2016 and 2017, and are expected to consist of severance, facility closure and other exit-related costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company has recognized approximately $22.3 million, $2.2 million and $2.1 million of restructuring costs related to this plan for activities in the Product Development segment, Integrated Healthcare Services segment and corporate activities, respectively.

2015 Plans

During 2015, the Board approved a restructuring plan for approximately $30.0 million to align the Company’s resources and reduce overcapacity. These actions are expected to continue throughout 2016, and are expected to consist of severance, facility closure and other exit-related costs. Since the start of this plan in 2015, the Company has recognized approximately $12.0 million, $8.9 million and $952,000 of restructuring costs related to this plan for activities in the Product Development segment, Integrated Healthcare Services segment and corporate activities, respectively.

Also, in connection with consummating the joint venture transaction with Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, during 2015, a restructuring plan was approved to reduce facility overcapacity and eliminate redundant roles. These actions are expected to continue throughout 2016 and 2017, and are expected to consist of severance, facility closure and other exit-related costs of approximately $14.0 million. Since the start of this plan in 2015, the Company has recognized approximately $9.6 million of restructuring costs related to this plan for activities in the Product Development segment.

The following amounts were recorded for the restructuring plans (in thousands):

	Severance and Related Costs			Exit Costs			Total
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	12,179		$	1,385		$	13,564
Expense, net of reversals		26,470			1,321			27,791
Payments		(23,419	)		(1,658	)		(25,077	)
Foreign currency translation and other		(1,858	)		827			(1,031	)
Balance at September 30, 2016	$	13,372		$	1,875		$	15,247

Restructuring costs are not allocated to the Company’s reportable segments as they are not part of the segment performance measures regularly reviewed by management. The Company expects the majority of the restructuring accruals at September 30, 2016 will be paid in 2016 and 2017.